Scribd
Upload
631 views

Logic 3

The document discusses conditional and biconditional statements in logic. It defines conditionals as statements in the form "If p, then q" and defines the antecedent as p and the consequent as q. Conditionals are represented by p → q. Biconditionals are defined as statements in the form "p if and only if q" and are represented by p ↔ q. Truth tables are provided showing the conditional is false only when the antecedent is true and consequent false, and the biconditional is false when the two sides have different truth values. Examples demonstrate identifying conditionals and determining their truth values using the tables.

Uploaded by

Kim Abigelle Garcia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
631 views

Logic 3

The document discusses conditional and biconditional statements in logic. It defines conditionals as statements in the form "If p, then q" and defines the antecedent as p and the consequent as q. Conditionals are represented by p → q. Biconditionals are defined as statements in the form "p if and only if q" and are represented by p ↔ q. Truth tables are provided showing the conditional is false only when the antecedent is true and consequent false, and the biconditional is false when the two sides have different truth values. Examples demonstrate identifying conditionals and determining their truth values using the tables.

Uploaded by

Kim Abigelle Garcia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

Logic

Chapter 3
Logic
Chapter 3

Section 3.1: Logic Statements and Quantifiers


Section 3.2: Truth Tables, Equivalent Statements
and Tautologies
Section 3.3: The Conditional and Biconditional
Section 3.4: The Conditional and Related
Statements
Conditional
Statements
CONDITIONAL
STATEMENTS
__________________________________

Conditional statements can be written in if p, then q form


or in if p, q form. The arrow notation p → q is used to
indicate that such a statement is conditional.

In any conditional statement represented by “If p, then q”


or by “p implies q,” the p statement is called the
antecedent and the q statement is called the
consequent.
Example 1: Identify the
Antecedent and Consequent
Identify the antecedent and consequent in the following statements:

Antecedent Consequent

I would go there
If our school was this nice, I would go our school
more than
there more than once a week. was this nice
once a week

If you don’t get in that plane, you’ll you don’t get


you’ll regret it
regret it. in that plane

I shall become
If you strike me down, I shall become more more powerful
you strike me down than you can
powerful than you can possibly imagine. possibly imagine
More Examples: Antecedent and Consequent
The Truth
Table for the
Conditional
Statement
The truth table for the
conditional p → q is given on
the table on the left.

The conditional p → q is false if


p is true and q is false. It is true
in all other cases.
Example 2: Find the Truth Value of a Conditional
Statement

Determine whether each statement is true or false:

If 2 is an integer, then 2 is an even number.


If 3 is a negative number, then 5 > 7.
If 5 > 3, then 2 + 7 = 4.
Solution 2: Find the Truth Value of a Conditional
Statement

Answers:

Because both statements are true, this is a true


statement.
Because both statements are false, this is a false
statement.
Because the antecedent is true and the
consequent is false, this is a false statement.
More Examples: Truth Values of the Conditional
Example 3: Constructing a Truth Table involving a Conditional

1. Construct a table for [ p ^ (q v ~p) ] → ~p.


Solution 3:

Enter the truth values for each simple statement and its
negation as shown in columns 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Use the truth values in columns 2 and 3 to determine the truth


values to enter in column 5, under the “or” connective.

Use the truth values in columns 1 and 5 to determine the truth


values to enter in column 6 under the “and” connective.
Solution to the Example 6:
Use the truth values in columns 6 and 4 to determine the truth
values to enter in column 7 under the “If . . . then” connective.
More Examples: Truth Table involving the
Conditional
An Equivalent
Form of the
Conditional
The truth table for ~p v q is shown on the first table below. The truth
values in this table are identical to the truth values on the second
table, which is the truth table for the conditional statement p → q.
Hence, the conditional p → q is
equivalent to the disjunction
~p v q.

Refer to the table on the left.


Example 4: Write a Conditional in its Equivalent
Disjunctive Form

Write each of the following in its equivalent disjunctive form.

If I could play the guitar, I would join the band.

If Cam Newton cannot play, then his team will lose.


Solution 4: Write a Conditional in its Equivalent
Disjunctive Form

Answers:

I cannot play the guitar or I would join the band.

Cam Newton can play or his team will lose.


More Example: Writing a Conditional in its
Equivalent Disjunctive Form
Negation of a
Conditional
Because p → q ≡ ~p v q, an
equivalent form of ~( p → q ),
which, by one of De Morgan’s
laws, can be expressed as the
conjunction p ^ ~q.

Refer to the table on the left.


Example 5: Write the Negation of a Conditional
Statement

Write the negation of each conditional statement.

If they pay me the money, I will sign the contract.

If the lines are parallel, then they do not intersect.


Solution 5: Write the Negation of a Conditional
Statement

Answers:

They paid me the money and I did not sign the


contract.

The lines are parallel and they intersect.


More Examples: Writing the Negation of a
Conditional Statement
Biconditional
Statements
BICONDITIONAL
STATEMENTS
__________________________________

Biconditional statements can be written in


p if and only if q form.
The double-headed arrow notation p ↔ q is used to
indicate that such a statement is biconditional.
The Truth
Table for the
Biconditional
Statement
The truth table for the
conditional p ↔ q is given on
the table on the left.

The biconditional p ↔ q is true


only when p and q have the
same truth value. And, is false
otherwise.
Example 6: Determine the Truth Value of a
Biconditional Statement
Determine whether each statement is true or false:

x + 4 = 7 if and only if x = 3.

x² = 36 if and only if x = 6.
Solution 6: Determine the Truth Value of a
Biconditional Statement

Answers:

Both equations are true when x = 3, and both are


false when x ≠ 3. Both equations have the same
truth value for any value of x, so this is a true
statement.
If x = –6, the first equation is true and the second
equation is false. Thus this is a false statement.
More Examples: Truth Values of the
Biconditional

You might also like