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MODULE-5-Reasoning With Answer

This document discusses inductive and deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning involves reasoning from general statements to specific conclusions, while inductive reasoning involves reasoning from specific examples to general conclusions. The document provides examples of each type of reasoning and discusses how inductive reasoning based on specific examples cannot always be relied upon to draw accurate general conclusions. Exercises are provided to determine whether arguments use inductive or deductive reasoning and to solve logic problems applying these reasoning concepts.

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Siahara Garcia
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834 views

MODULE-5-Reasoning With Answer

This document discusses inductive and deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning involves reasoning from general statements to specific conclusions, while inductive reasoning involves reasoning from specific examples to general conclusions. The document provides examples of each type of reasoning and discusses how inductive reasoning based on specific examples cannot always be relied upon to draw accurate general conclusions. Exercises are provided to determine whether arguments use inductive or deductive reasoning and to solve logic problems applying these reasoning concepts.

Uploaded by

Siahara Garcia
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 4 – Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Math Elective: Logic

Problem solving is done not only in formal mathematics courses or limited to mathematicians and
scientists. Almost any profession or discipline requires problem solving. In addition, if you love solving
sudoku puzzles, rubiks cube, logic, or pattern problems, these recreational activities are also forms of
problem solving which basically involves finding a conclusion or answer from known facts. Correct
reasoning is important when we solve problems We discuss here two processes of reasoning, deductive
and inductive, and use these to solve some problems.

Deductive reasoning (or logical deduction) is the process of reasoning from a general statement to a
specific instance. We have seen this in the valid argument forms given in the previous sections. The
classic example of a deductive argument:
All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
is the primary form of deductive reasoning, which is the valid argument form modus ponens. The
statement “All men are mortal” is a general statement and the conclusion is deduced from this and the
specific instance that Socrates is a man. The modus tollens and syllogism are also forms of deductive
reasoning.

Inductive reasoning is the process of reasoning from specific instances to a general statement.
The following is an example of an inductive argument:
2 is an even number. 12 is an even number. 22 is an even number. Therefore, all numbers
ending in 2 are even.
Although the conclusion drawn in this example is true, this is not always the case when inductive
reasoning is employed.

Look at numbers of the form 2p- 1, where p is a prime number (p = 2, 5, 7, …). We have
22 - 1 = 4 – 1 = 3
23 - 1 = 8 – 1 = 7
25 - 1 = 32 – 1 = 31
Note that 3, 7, 31 are prime numbers. By inductive reasoning, we can conclude that 2p- 1 is a prime
number when p is a prime number. However, this is false. The number 211- 1 = 2048 – 1 = 2047 is not
prime since it is the product of 23 and 89.
(Trivia: Prime numbers which can be expressed in the form 2p- 1 where p is a prime number are called
Mersenne primes, named after the French scholar Marin Mersenne who took interest in prime numbers of
this form. The search for Mersenne primes continues and the largest known as of December 2017 is
277,232,917 – 1.) Hence, When a general statement is concluded from specific examples using inductive
reasoning, this still has to be formally established or proved using known facts, in which case, deductive
reasoning is necessary.

Exercises 5.1
1. Determine whether the following arguments use inductive or deductive reasoning.
a. All Filipinos are nationalistic. Jose Rizal is a Filipino. Hence, Jose Rizal is nationalistic.
b. Module 1 is easy. Module 2 is easy. Therefore, all modules are easy.
c. In a mystery case, it is known that Jose did it or Maria did it. Maria did not do it. Therefore,
Jose did it.
d. Ducks do not waltz. I can waltz. Therefore, I am not a duck.
Answer:
1.) Determine whether the following arguments use inductive or deductive reasoning.
A.) DEDUCTIVE
B.) INDUCTIVE
C.) DEDUCTIVE
D.) DEDUCTIVE

Exercises 5.2
Solve the following problems
1. Find the next two (2) numbers, x and y, in the given sequences:
a. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, x, y
b. 3, 9, 15, 21, 27, x, y
c. 3, 15, 75, x, y
d. 1, 6, 15, 28, 45, x, y
e. 2, 6, 22, 56, 114, x, y
Answer:

A.) 36,49
B.) 33,38
C.) 123,171
D.) 65,87
E.) 105,176

2.) Lift side is glory


Middle side is milky
Right side is junnie.

3.) “ I always lie” – tribe


4.) 2 times

2. Three school children Junie, Glory, and Mickey are sitting side by side. Junie always tells
the truth, Glory sometimes tells the truth and Mickey never tells the truth. The child on the left
says
“Junie is in the middle”. The child in the middle says “I’m Glory”, and the child on the right says
“Mickey is in the middle”. Determine the seating arrangement of the three.

3. In a certain jungle, there are three tribes: Tribe T, Tribe L, Tribe X. Members of Tribe T
always tell the truth, Tribe L members never tell the truth and Tribe X members sometimes tell
the truth and they sometimes lie. If you meet one tribe member and he tells you, “I always lie,”
which tribe does he come from? If you meet another tribe member and he says, “I sometime lie,”
which tribe can he come from?

4. Jose must take a cat, a mouse, and a sack of rice across a river with his boat. The boat to
be used can only accommodate Juan and either the cat, mouse or the sack of rice. However, if left
together, the cat will eat the mouse. Also, if the mouse is left alone with the rice, it will eat the
rice. The cat does not eat rice. The mouse and rice are safe when Jose is present.
What is the minimum number of times Jose needs to cross the river so he could get everything
across?

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