Design T Slot Lower Truncated T Shaped Microstrip Patch

Antenna for Satellite Application

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC
ENGINEERING

By
ANIKA MEHNAZ

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY CHITTAGONG

Design T Slot Lower Truncated T Shaped Microstrip Patch

Antenna for Satellite Application
Department of EEE, FSET, USTC
 This thesis has been carried out by

Under the supervision of

MD. SARWAR UDDIN CHOWDHURY
Assistant Professor and Head
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Submitted to the
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology
University of Science & Technology Chittagong
DECEMBER, 2018

Abstract

Department of EEE, FSET, USTC

The goal of this thesis is to design and analysis the Microstrip Patch Antenna which covers 10 to
12 GHz. This thesis covers study of basics and fundamentals of microstrip patch antenna. A
series of parametric study were done to find that how the characteristics of the antenna depends
on its various geometrical and other parameters. The various geometrical parameters of the
antenna are the dimensions of the patch and ground planes and the separation between them and
it also includes the dielectric constant of the substrate material. The parametric study also
contains the study of different techniques for optimizing the different parameters of antenna to
get the optimum results and performance. A square microstrip T shape antenna in comparison to
conventional antenna found that the potential Parameters of the proposed antenna is increased.
This design is operated at 10.786 GHz .The frequency bandwidth .22GHz. Antenna efficiency
93% and the maximum gain of the proposed antenna 87.5%. This is a simulation based study.
The design and simulation of the antenna is carried out using CST microwave Studio simulation
software.

Declaration

Department of EEE, FSET, USTC

This is to certify that the project titled “ Design T Slot Lower Truncated T Shaped Microstrip Patch
Antenna For Satellite Application” is the result of my study in partial fulfillment of the B.Sc.
Engineering degree under the supervision of Md. Sarwar Uddin Chowdhury, Assistant professor &
Head, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering &
Technology, University Of Science & Technology Chittagong and it has not been submitted
elsewhere for any other degree or diploma.

Signature of The Candidate

_____________________

ANIKA MEHNAZ

Roll no 15010308

Registration no: 648

Signature of Supervisor

________________________

Md. Sarwar Uddin Chowdhury

Assistant Professor and Head
Department of EEE, FSET, USTC

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
The project titled “Design T Slot Lower Truncated T Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna For
Satellite Application” submitted by Anika Mehnaz Roll no: 15010308, Reg. no: 648, Session:
Department of EEE, FSET, USTC
January 2015 has been accepted as satisfactory in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the
degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
on February 18, 2019.

Board of Examiner

1 ____________________

Mr. Razuan Karim

Associate Professor and Dean
Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology, USTC

2. _____________________

Mr. Md. Sarwar Uddin Chowdhury

Assistant Professor and Head
Department of EEE, FSET, USTC

3._____________________

Mr. Md. Shahadat Hossain

Assistant Professor
Department of EEE, FSET, USTC

4. _________________

Mrs. Chitra Biswas

Lecturer
Department of EEE, FSET, USTC

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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 We would like to convey heartiest gratitude to our most venerable and respectable
teacher Mr. Md. Sarwar Uddin Chowdhury, Assistant professor & Head,
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science,
Engineering & Technology, University Of Science & Technology Chittagong, for
his continuous guideline, cordial help, valuable advices and encouraging us for the
design and implementation of the project successfully. We are really owed to him
forever for his frankly aid.

We are also thankful to our honorable teacher Mr. Razuan Karim, Dean of the
Faculty of Science, Engineering & Technology, University of Science &
Technology Chittagong, for his outstanding recommendation and constant
vigilance in making progress of the project work.

We would like to express our sincere respect to our madam Ms. Amita Singha,
Faculty member, FSET, USTC for her kind help to complete our thesis work and
all other staffs of Electrical & Electronic Engineering department of USTC, for
their cordial help in the successful completion of the thesis work.

Finally, we are grateful to Almighty for giving the strength and courage to this
project

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 Table Of Contents

Chapter: 1 Introduction

1.1 Preface

1.2 Literature Review and Methodology

Chapter: 2 Microstrip patch antenna

2.1 Basic Concept of Antenna

2.2 Types of Antenna

2.2.1 Wire Antennas

2.2.2 Aperture Antennas

2.2.3 Array Antennas

2.2.4 Reflector Antennas

2.2.5 Lens Antennas

2.2.6 Microstrip Antennas

2.3 Patch Antenna theory

2.3.1 Introduction

2.3.2 Types of Patch Antenna

2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages

2.5 Application

2.6 Feeding Technique

2.6.1 Coaxial Probe Feed

2.6.2 Microstrip Line Feed

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 2.6.3 Aperture Coupled Feed

2.6.4 Proximity Coupled Feed

2.7 Polarization

2.7.1 Linear Polarization

2.7.2 Circular Polarization

2.7.3 Elliptical Polarization

Chapter: 3 Antenna parameters

3.1 Return loss

3.2 Radiation pattern

3.3 Gain

3.4 Directivity

3.5 Antenna efficiency

3.6 Bandwidth

3.7 Fringing effect

Chapter: 4 Design Process & Specification of Proposed Single Band Antenna

4.1 Proposed Antenna

4.1.1 Design Parameters

4.2 Design process

4.3 Simulation and Results

4.3.1 S-Parameter characteristics

4.3.2 VSWR

4.3.3 Radiation pattern

4.3.4 Gain

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 4.3.5 Efficiency

4.3.6 Current Distributing

Chapter: 5 Conclusions and Future Scope

5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Future Scope

List of Figures

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Figure Page no

Fig: 1.1 Methodology of the project……………………………………………………………. 04

Fig: 2.1 Different types of wire antennas…………………………………………………….. 06-07

Fig: 2.2 Different types of Aperture antennas……………………………………………… 07

Fig: 2.3 Different types of Array antennas ………………………………………………….. 08

Fig: 2.4 Different types of Reflector antennas ……………………………………………..09

Fig: 2.5 Different types of Lens antennas …………………………………………………….09

Fig: 2.6 Microstrip antennas of different shapes…………………………………………..10

Fig: 2.7 Configuration of different types of patch antennas…………………………. 11

Fig: 2.8 Antenna used in mobile applications………………………………………………..12

Fig: 2.9 Antenna used in Satellite Communication…………………………………………13

Fig:2.10 Antenna used in Global Positioning System…………………………………….14

Fig: 2.11 Antenna used in Direct Broadcast Satellite System…………………………14

Fig: 2.12 Antenna used for Pedestrian………………………………………………………..15

Fig: 2.13 Antenna used for Radar application……………………………………………….16

Fig 2.14 Microstrip applicator used for hyperthermia application………………..16

Fig: 2.15 Coaxial Probe Feed……………………………………………………………………….18

Fig: 2.16 Microstrip Line Feed………………………………………………………………………19

Fig: 2.17 Aperture coupled feed…………………………………………………………………20

Fig: 2.18 Proximity Coupled Feed………………………………………………………………….20

Fig: 2.19The equivalent circuit………………………………………………………………………21

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Fig: 2.20 Direction of Polarization………………………………………………………………..22

Fig: 2.21 Polarization……………………………………………………………….................... 23

Fig: 2.22 Linear Polarization…………………………………………………………………………23

Fig: 2.23 Circular Polarization……………………………………………………………………… 24

Fig: 2.24 Left handed and right handed circular polarization………………………..25

Fig: 2.25 Elliptical Polarization……………………………………………………………………..25

Fig: 3.1 Antenna radiation pattern……………………………………………………………….27

Fig: 3.2Bandwidth……………………………………………………………………………………….29

Fig: 3.3 Fringing Effect………………………………………………………………………………..30

Fig 4.1 Geometry of dual band antenna……………………………………………………..32

Fig 4.2: Frequency selection in software…………………………………………………….33

Fig 4.3 brick window…………………………………………………………………………………..34

Fig: 4.4: Material library using PTFE properties measured…………………………35

Fig: 4.5 S parameter…………………………………………………………………………………..36

Fig 4.6 VSWR…………………………………………………………………………………………….37

Fig 4.7 Radiation pattern………………………………………………………………………….38

Fig 4.8 Frequency vs bandwidth……………………………………………………………….38

Fig 4.9 Efficiency………………………………………………………………………………………39

Fig 4.10 comparison s parameter……………………………………………………………..

Fig 4.11 Current density…………………………………………………………………………….

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 Introduction

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 Chapter One

INTRODUCTION

This chapter gives the overview of the thesis. Here a brief introduction is given about the growing
need of antennas around the globe and how the proposed antenna qualifies to meet those needs. Also
this chapter includes the thesis motivation, literature review and methodology. This chapter is
dedicated to Literature Survey of my thesis gives an overview about the microstrip antenna and this
chapter also concluded with the details of outline of the present thesis.

1.1 Preface
An antenna is defined by Webster's Dictionary as ''usually a metallic device (as a rod or wire) for
radiating or receiving radio waves." The IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas (IEEE Std
145-1983) defines the antenna or aerial as a mean for radiating or receiving radio waves. In other words,
the antenna is the transitional structure between free space and a guiding device. The guiding device or
transmission line may take the form of a coaxial line or a hollow pipe waveguide; and it is used to
transport electromagnetic energy from the transmitting source to the antenna or from the antenna to the as
receiver. In the former case, we have a transmitting antenna and in the latter, a receiving antenna [1].
Antennas are key components of wireless communication systems. An antenna transfers an electrical
signal to electromagnetic waves that propagate through space and can be received by another antenna. It
is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies
an electric current oscillating at radio frequency i.e., a high frequency alternating current (AC)) to the
antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio
waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order
to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified. Antennas can be
of different types, such as- wire antennas, reflector antennas, aperture antennas, microstrip antennas etc.
Different types of antennas are used for different purposes. As for example-highly directive antennas are
required for satellite communications, whereas omnidirectional antennas are preferable in mobile
communication. Nowadays, low profile antennas are required especially in high performance aircraft,
spacecraft, and satellite and missile applications [1]. In order to meet their requirements, microstrip patch
antennas provide significant advantages such as low profile, low weight, relatively low manufacturing
cost and polarization diversity [2-5]. Metamaterial based patch antennas may be good solutions to

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Introduction

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meet all these requirements [6, 7]. But due to the fabrication complexity of metamaterial at laboratory, it
may be convenient to use conventionally available dielectrics, such as-plastic, Teflon etc. or artificially
fabricated dielectric materials such barium titanate as the substrates of patch antenna for obtaining
appreciable performance at the desired frequency. Patch Antennas can be of different shapes such as-
rectangular, circular, elliptical etc. fabricated dielectric materials such barium titanate as the substrates
of patch antenna for obtaining appreciable performance at the desired frequency. Patch Antennas can
be of different shapes such as- rectangular, circular, elliptical etc. Due to simpler geometric
structure, rectangular patch antennas are preferable in many applications. Radiation performance of
rectangular patch antennas is also comparatively better [8]. In literature, there are several descriptions of
practical construction of patch antennas of different shapes loaded with conventional and unconventional
dielectrics [9-13]. However, the bandwidth, gain, return loss, radiation efficiency etc. of these antennas
may vary due to the use of different dielectrics as substrate. So, for optimum antenna performance at the
desired frequency, proper choice of the substrate is also very important. The attention on the fact that
these microstrip structures can be used as radiator for electromagnetic wave got in 1950s.

1.2 Literature Review

Earlier in the 19th century in microwave circuitry we have started using coaxial cable and twin
parallel wire line as the transmission lines. In the mid-20 th century the invention of printed circuit
board technology allow us to make the printed circuit versions of these transmission lines which were
very in expensive and simple. The two wire transmission line in printed circuit version is known as
microstrip line, has a metallic ground plane providing the virtual 2nd conductor and the coaxial line
cable is adapted in printed circuit version as Stripline. The attention on the fact that these microstrip
structures can be used as radiator for electromagnetic wave got in 1950s . First in year the 1953
Deschamps introduces the concept of microstrip radiators [1]. In 1955 a patent on the name of Gutton
and Baissinot was issued in France [2, 3]. After getting the concept of microstrip radiator about 20
year a practical microstrip antenna was fabricated. Earlier these microstrip radiators were limited in
the laboratories no commercial antennas are available at that time due to high loss and poor radiation.
One of the reasons was unavailability of good dielectric material with minimum loss tangent which
can use as substrate and can radiate efficiently. At that time stripline got more attention due to easy to
design, analysis and suitable to microwave planar structure and it also allows transverse electromagnetic
wave (TEM) [3]. In 1955 R. M. Barret commented that “advantages of stripline and microstrip line are
essentially the advantage of coaxial and twin wire transmission line” [5]. May be these were some reasons
microstrip radiators didn’t get the instant attention in that period. The research on microstrip radiator got
attention when some good dielectric material were found with better thermal and mechanical properties
has a low loss tangent. In 1969 Denlinger found the microstrip radiators with rectangular and circular
shape could be able to radiate efficiently [6]. Researchers had found previously that the half of the input
power would escape in microstrip radiator as a radiation. Denlinger found the mechanism behind the
radiation that if microstrip line is left open ended at the end this discontinuity will cause the
electromagnetic waves to arise from the each open end. It was realized that the radiations will be

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Introduction

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more from the discontinuity when these are separated by half of wavelength distance or a multiple of
that long to each other. It was also realized that the amount of power radiated from the open ends will
increase if the height of the dielectric substrate increases. Denlinger noted that by increasing the
height of substrate microstrip radiators was able to radiate the 70% of power available. He also-
carried his research on circular microstrip radiators and found that it was possible to attain up to 75%
of radiation from a circular microstrip radiators. Microstrip radiators were now termed as microstrip
antenna. One of the major benefits of microstrip antenna is that they are very comfy to planar and
non planar surfaces can be easily mounted on that. This was the main reason that the microstrip
antenna acquired the serious attention to the researchers in early 1970s when high performance
application such as aircraft, spacecraft, missile, satellite communication put the motivation for
researchers to investigate on usefulness of conformal microstrip antennas. After about 2 years
Howell introduced a basic rectangular shape microstrip antenna that was fed using the microstrip
transmission line. In that days microstrip antenna was a major focus for investigators. Researchers
introduced many various designs. But it was difficult to get the better radiation efficiency that was
limited unto 90%. Narrow bandwidth was also a severe problem for microstrip antenna. By 1981
research and study of microstrip antenna got a drift when IEEE made the microstrip antenna a special
issue in the IEEE Transaction on Antenna and propagation [7].

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 Introduction

1.3 METHODOLOGY:

Start

Theories analysis and good paper searching

Design and simulation in CST for learning

CST

Graph analysis and research for copper

Make our own antenna and change

Get S parameter

No Satisfied Yes
result

Make final report

End

Fig: 1.1 Methodology of the thesis.

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 Microstrip patch antenna

Chapter two

Microstrip patch antenna

Chapter Two of the thesis contains the overall introduction to the microstrip antenna the mechanism
of radiation behind the microstrip antenna, advantages and disadvantages as compare to their
counterpart and finally the major applications in different fields. All the popular feeding methods
used in microstrip antenna with their significance, Antenna polarization are also discussed in this
chapter

2.1 Basic Concept of Antenna

Basically an antenna is an electromagnetic radiator which creates electromagnetic field. The main job of
antenna is to convert electromagnetic radiation in space into electrical currents in conductor or vice versa.
It mainly depends on whether the antenna is transmitting or receiving the signal. There are several types
of antenna under three main categories which are Omni-directional, directional and semi-directional
antenna. Omni-directional antennas are designed in such a way that they can radiate in all directions. It is
very easy to install for its horizontal pattern. These type of antennas can deliver large communication
distances but coverage under the antenna is very poor which is one of the main drawbacks of Omni
directional antenna . Directional antennas are designed for diverting the RF energy to specific direction to
further distances. So we can cover long areas but effective beam width decreases. For the point to point
links these antennas are used. Sometimes it is needed in the base stations where a sector needs to be
covered separate antennas. Panel antennas are the examples of directional antenna. Semi-directional
antennas operate in a constricted fashion and are designed to provide a directed signal over a large area.
This is also known as microstrip antenna. If we want to design an antenna, we need to understand the
basic parameters that characterize the antenna or define how that specific antenna will work and which
will be the usage. Those parameters are frequency, frequency bands, gain, VSWR, return loss,
polarization, impedance, bandwidth, efficiency, effective area or aperture, substrate, field regions, s-
parameters, ground plane, directivity and radiation pattern. We will discuss this thoroughly in this thesis
which will help us to understand the design of our proposed microstrip antenna.

2.2 Types of Antennas

There are many fundamental antenna types. Different types of antennas are necessary for different
purposes. Some specific applications such as- satellites require highly directive antennas, while some
others need Omni-directional antennas, such as- cell phones. On the basis of shapes and performance, a

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Microstrip patch antenna

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Antenna can be classified as follows

i) Wire Antennas

ii) Aperture Antennas

iii) Microstrip Antennas

iv) Array Antennas

v) Reflector Antennas

vi) Lens Antennas

2.2.1 Wire Antennas:

Wire Antennas are familiar to the layman because they are virtually seen on everywhere on automobiles,
buildings, ships, spacecrafts, aircrafts and so on [1]. There are various shapes of wire antennas, such as a
straight wire (dipole), loop and helix. Loop antennas need not only be circular. They may take the form of
a rectangle, square, ellipse, or any other configuration. The circular loop is the most common because of
its simplicity in construction.

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 Fig: 2.1 Different types of wire antennas.

2.2.2 Aperture Antennas:

Because of increasing demand for more sophisticated forms of antennas and utilization of higher
frequencies, aperture antennas have become more familiar today [1]. Some forms of aperture antennas are
shown in Fig. 2.2. Antennas of this type are very useful for aircraft and spacecraft applications, because
they can be very conveniently flush-mounted on the skin of the aircraft or spacecraft [1]. In addition, they
can be covered with a dielectric material to protect them from hazardous conditions of the environment.

Fig: 2.2 Different types of aperture antennas .

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2.2.3 Array Antennas:

Many applications require radiation characteristics that may not be achievable by a single element. It
may however be possible that an aggregate of radiating elements in electrical and geometrical
arrangements will result in the desired radiation characteristics. The arrangement of the array may be such
that the radiation from the elements adds up to give a radiation maximum in a particular direction,
minima in other directions. In an electrical and geometrical arrangement

Fig: 2.3 Different types of Array antennas.

2.2.4 Reflector Antennas:

The success in the exploration of outer space has resulted in the advancement of antenna theory. Because
of the need to communicate over great distances, sophisticated forms of antennas need to be used in order
to transmit and receive signals that travel millions of miles. A very common antenna form for such an
application is a parabolic reflector shown in Fig. 2.5(a). Antennas of this type have been built with
diameters as large as 305 meters. Such large dimensions are needed to achieve the high gain required to
transmit or receive signals after millions of miles of travel. Another form of a reflector, although not as
common as the parabolic is the corner reflector as shown Fig. 2.4

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 Fig: 2.4 Different types of Reflector antennas.

Lens Antennas:
Lenses are primarily used to collimate incident divergent energy to prevent it from spreading in undesired
directions. By properly shaping the geometrical configuration and choosing the appropriate material of
the lenses, they can transform various forms of divergent energy into plane waves [1]. They can be used
in most of the same applications as are the parabolic reflectors, especially at higher frequencies. Their
dimension and weight become exceedingly large at lower frequencies. Lens antennas are classified
according to the materials from which they are constructed, or according to their geometrical shapes

Fig: 2.5 different types of Lens antennas.

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Microstrip patch antenna

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Microstrip patch antenna:

The use of microstrip patch antenna is increasing day by day as it can be printed quite easily on the circuit
board and not to mention it is widely spread in the mobile phone market. These microstrip patch antennas
are easier to fabricate, have low profile and most importantly low cost. Microstrip patch antennas have
many geometrical shapes and dimensions but rectangular and circular designs are the most popular and
have been used in many applications. They are highly used for their simple design and affinity with the
printed circuit technology. A simple microstrip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch and a ground
plane. The radiating patch on one side is set with a dielectric substrate. A rectangular microstrip patch
antenna has rectangular patch with a substrate thickness (h), permittivity ( r) and with width (W) and
length (L) over a ground plane. The length (L) of the patch is usually λo/3 < L <λo/2 and the thick of the
patch is very thin (t <<λo) [1, 3]. There is a simple rectangular microstrip patch antenna shown below in
the figure no.1 which will specify the transmission line, substrate and ground plane of the micros. The
patch of a microstrip patch antenna is generally made of copper or gold. On the surface of the dielectric
substrate feed line and the radiating patch are basically photo etched. Due to the fringing fields between
the patch edges the microstrip antenna primarily radiate. Just for its fringing fields the patch is electrically
bigger than its physical size. Rectangular microstrip patch antenna is a very simple design considering its
geometric structure but the electromagnetic field is complex. Calculating all the parameters need
thorough analysis and accurate calculation. The main advantage of a microstrip patch antenna is its
lightweight and simple design. But the drawbacks are the narrow frequency bandwidth, deceptive feed
radiation, poor polarization purity, limited power capacity, tolerance problem and the excitation of
surface waves.

Fig: 2.6 Microstrip antennas of different shapes

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 Microstrip patch antenna

2.3 Patch Antenna Theory

2.3.1introduction

Microstrip or patch antennas are becoming increasingly useful because they can be printed directly onto a
circuit board. These antennas are becoming very widespread within the mobile phone market. Patch
antennas are low cost, have a low profile and are easily fabricated. However, some major operational
disadvantages are their low efficiency, high Q (sometimes in excess of 100), poor polarization purity,
poor scan performance, spurious feed radiation and very narrow frequency bandwidth, which is typically
only a fraction of a percent or at most a few percent. In order to make an efficient use of patch antennas, it
is necessary to investigate the theory of those.

2.3.2 Types of Patch Antennas

When the conductive structure is energized by a current flow in the circuit a standing wave is generated
by the complex impedance structure of the antenna and an electric field is generated from the edge of the
antenna. The electric field becomes a propagating electromagnetic wave, thus the functionality of an
antenna is achieved. Almost all antennas work on this basic principle; microstrip patch antennas are no
exception to this. Square, rectangular, dipole (strip) and circular microstrip patches are the most common
because of analysis and fabrication, and their attractive radiation characteristics, especially low cross-
polarization radiation. Microstrip dipoles are attractive because they inherently possess a large bandwidth
and occupy less space, which makes them attractive for arrays. Rectangular patch antennas are the most
popular for its simplicity of construction and good radiation characteristics. However, circular microstrip
patch antennas are also used for the widest and most demanding applications. Dual characteristics,
circular polarizations, dual frequency operation, frequency agility, broad band width, feed line flexibility,
beam scanning can be easily obtained from circular patch antennas. Circular patch antennas come in
many different forms, the most common form being a conductive structure printed on a dielectric
substrate over a ground plane 25 [20].

Figure 2.7: Configuration of different types of patch antennas

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 Microstrip patch antenna

2.5 Applications:
After a number of limitations due to the several advantages microstrip antenna found very useful in
different applications. Microstrip antenna widely used in the defense systems like missiles, aircraft,
satellites and rockets. Now a day’s microstrip antenna is used in commercial sectors due to its
inexpensiveness and easy to manufacture benefit by advanced printed circuit technology. Due to the
development and ongoing research in the area of microstrip antenna it is expected that in future after
some time most of the conventional antenna will be replaced by microstrip antenna. Some of the major
applications of microstrip antennas are:

 Mobile Communication:-

Antenna used in mobile applications should be light weight, small size. Microstrip antenna possesses this
entire requirement. The most of mobile applications are handheld gadgets or pocket size equipment,
cellular phones, UHF pagers and the radar applications in vehicles like car, planes, and ships. Various
types of designs are made and used for radar applications like marine radar, radar for surveillance and for
remote sensing.

Fig: 2.8 Antenna used in mobile applications.

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 Microstrip patch antenna

 Satellite Communication:-

In satellite communication antenna should have the circular polarization. One of the major benefit of
microstrip antenna is that one can easily design an antenna with require polarization by using dual feed
networks and different techniques. Parabolic antennas are used in satellite communication to broadcasting
from satellite. A flat microstrip antenna array can be used in the place of parabolic reflector.

Fig: 2.9 Antenna used in Satellite Communication

 Global Positioning System:-

16 Initially the satellite based GPS system are used for only in military purposes but now a day’s GPS
found a large application in everyone’s life and now used commercially. GPS found an essential
requirement in vehicles, ships and planes to track the exact location and position. 24 satellites are working
in GPS encircling the earth in every 12 hours at altitude 20,200 km. GPS satellite using two frequencies
in L-band to transmit the signal which is received by thousands of receivers on earth. The receiver
antenna should be circularly polarized. An omnidirectional microstrip antenna has wide beam and low
gain can be easily design with dual frequency operation in L-band.

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 Microstrip patch antenna

Fig: 2.10 Antenna used in global positioning system

 Direct Broadcast Satellite System:-

In many countries direct broadcasting system is used to provide the television services. A high gain
(~33db) antenna should be used at the ground by the user side. A parabolic reflector antennas are
generally used are bulky requires space and affected by snow and rain. An array of circularly polarized
microstrip antenna can be used for direct broadcasting reception. Which are easy to install, has less affect
from snow and rain and cheaper also.

Fig: 2.11 Antenna used in Direct Broadcast Satellite System

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 Microstrip patch Antenna

 Antenna for Pedestrian:-

For pedestrian applications antenna should be as small as possible due to space constraints. Low profile,
light weight and small structure antennas are generally used in the handheld pocket equipment. Microstrip
antenna is the best candidate for that. Various types of techniques can be used to reducing the size of
antenna like short circuiting the patch or using the high dielectric constant material. But it has a drawback
that smaller antenna leads to poorer efficiency Fig: 2.13 Antenna used in Direct Broadcast Satellite
System.

Fig: 2.13 Antenna used for Pedestrian

 In Radar Applications:-

Radar application such as Manpack radar, Marine radar and Secondary surveillance radar requires
antenna with appropriate gain and beamwidth. An array of microstrip antenna with desired gain and
desired beamwidth can be used. For some application such as sensing the ocean wave speed and

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 Microstrip patch antenna

direction and for 17 determining the ground soil grades Synthetic Aperture radar method is used. Two
arrays of patch antennas separated by a proper distance are used in this system

Fig: 2.14 Antenna used for Radar application

 Application in Medical Science:-

In medical science for treating the malignant tumors microwave energy is used to induce hyperthermia.
The microwave energy radiator used for this should be adaptable to the surface being treated and should
be light weight. Microstrip patch antenna is the only one that can fulfil that requirement.

Fig: 2.15 Microstrip applicator used for hyperthermia application

Department of EEE, FSET, USTC

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Microstrip patch antenna

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:

 Advantages of Microstrip Antenna

Following are the benefits or advantages of Microstrip Antenna:

➨They operate at microwave frequencies where traditional antennas are not feasible to be designed.

➨This antenna type has smaller size and hence will provide small size end devices.

➨The microstrip based antennas are easily etched on any PCB and will also provide easy access for
troubleshooting during design and development. This is due to the fact that microstrip pattern is visible
and accessible from top. Hence they are easy to fabricate and comfortable on curved parts of the device.
Hence it is easy to integrate them with MICs or MMICs

➨As the patch antennas are fed along centerline to symmetry; it minimizes excitation of other undesired
modes.

➨The microstrip patches of various shapes e.g. rectangular, square, triangular etc. are easily etched.

➨They have lower fabrication cost and hence they can be mass manufactured.

➨They are capable of supporting multiple frequency bands (dual, triple).

➨ They support dual polarization types via linear and circular both.

➨They are light in weight.

➨They are robust when mounted on rigid surfaces of the devices.

 Drawbacks or disadvantages of Microstrip Antenna

Following are the disadvantages of Microstrip Antenna:

➨The spurious radiation exists in various microstrip based antennas such as microstrip patch antenna,
microstrip slot antenna and printed dipole antenna.

➨It offers low efficiency due to dielectric losses and conductor losses.

➨It offers lower gain.

➨It has higher level of cross polarization radiation.

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 Microstrip patch antenna

➨It has lower power handling capability.

➨It has inherently lower impedance bandwidth.

2.6 FEEDING TECHNIQUES

Feeding techniques are classified in two categories. The one is contacting and the other is non-contacting
[4]. There are four types of the feeding techniques and they are

 Coaxial probe
 Microstrip line
 Aperture coupled and
 Proximity coupled.

4.1 Coaxial Probe Feed

In this feeding method, inner conductor of coaxial cable is connected to the microstrip patch of an
antenna and outer one is connected with ground plane [1]. Mostly, the feed networks are isolated from the
microstrip patch, but in this mechanism, it is not like that [6]. Spurious radiation minimization, easy
fabrication and efficient feeding are the advantages of coaxial feeding method. The coaxial probe feed is
as shown in Figure 2.16

Fig: 2.16 Coaxial Probe Feed

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 Microstrip patch antenna

Microstrip Line Feed

It is a feeding technique, in which the microstrip patch is directly connected with the conducting
microstrip feed line. The dimensions of the feed line are different than microstrip patch. It is easy to
fabricate and match. The microstrip line feed is as shown in Figure 2.17

Fig: 2.17 Microstrip Line Feed

Aperture Coupled Feed

Aperture coupling consists of two different substrates, which are different from each other and are
separated by a ground plane [1]. In this method, the microstrip patch and feed line are coupled through a
slot in the ground plane [2]. Minimization in interference and pure polarization are the advantages of
aperture coupled feeding 2.18

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 Microstrip patch antenna

Fig: 2.18 Aperture coupled feed

Proximity Coupled Feed

The fabrication of this feeding method is bit complicated comparatively. Two dielectric substrates are
used in this technique. The microstrip patch is there at the upper surface of the upper dielectric substrate
and the feed line is there between two substrates. It provides highest bandwidth and avoids spurious
radiation. The proximity coupled feed is as shown in Figure 6 method. The aperture coupled feed is as
shown in Figure 2.19

Fig: 2.19 Proximity Coupled Feed

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 Microstrip patch antenna

The area of slot is kept small to minimize the radiation below the ground plane. This type of feeding has
better polarization purity, low spurious feed radiation and large bandwidth as compared to microstrip and
coaxial probe feeding. The equivalent circuit for each of them is shown in figure below

Fig: 2.20.The equivalent circuit

Characteristics Microstrip line Coaxial feed Aperture coupled Proximity coupled

feed feed feed
Spurious feed More More Less Minimum
radiation
Ease to fabrication Easy Soldering and Alignment Alignment
drilling needed required required
Impendence Easy Easy Easy Easy
matching
Reliability Better Poor due to Good Good
soldering
Bandwidth 2-5% 2-5% 21% 13%

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 Microstrip patch antenna

2.7 Polarization
Polarization, also called wave polarization, is an expression of the orientation of the lines of
electric flux in an electromagnetic field. Polarization can be constant -- that is, existing in a particular
orientation at all times, or it can rotate with each wave cycle. Polarization is important in wireless
communications systems. The physical orientation of a wireless antenna corresponds to the polarization
of the radio waves received or transmitted by that antenna. Thus, a vertical antenna receives and emits
vertically polarized waves, and a horizontal antenna receives or emits horizontally polarized waves. The
best short-range communications is obtained when the transmitting and receiving (source and destination)
antennas have the same polarization. The least efficient short-range communications usually takes place
when the two antennas are at right angles (for example, one horizontal and one vertical). Over long
distances, the atmosphere can cause the polarization of a radio wave to fluctuate, so the distinction
between horizontal and vertical becomes less significant.

Fig: 2.21 The Direction of Polarization.

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 Microstrip patch antenna

Fig: 2.22. The slender arrow represents a ray of unpolarized light. The bold arrows represent the
direction of polarization of the individual waves composing the ray. a) If the light is unpolarized, the
arrows point in all directions. b) A polarizing filter has a polarization axis acts as a slit passing through
electric fields parallel to its direction. The direction of polarization of an EM wave is defined to be
direction of its electric field.

Linear polarization:
Linear polarization or plane polarization of electromagnetic radiation is a confinement of the electric field
vector or magnetic field vector to a given plane along the direction of propagation. The orientation of a
linearly polarized electromagnetic wave is defined by the direction of the electric field vector. For
example, if the electric field vector is vertical (alternately up and down as the wave travels) the radiation
is said to be vertically polarized.

Fig: 2.23 linear polarizations

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 Microstrip patch antenna

Circular polarization:
Circular polarization of an electromagnetic wave is a polarization state in which, at each point, the
electric field of the wave has a constant magnitude but its direction rotates with time at a steady rate in a
plane perpendicular to the direction of the wave.

Fig: 2.24 Circular polarizations.

In electrodynamics the strength and direction of an electric field is defined by its electric field vector. In
the case of a circularly polarized wave, as seen in the accompanying animation, the tip of the electric
field vector, at a given point in space, describes a circle as time progresses. At any instant of time, the
electric field vector of the wave describes a helix along the direction of propagation.

The phenomenon of polarization arises as a consequence of the fact that light behaves as a two-

dimensional transverse wave.

Circular polarization can be further classified according to the rotation. Looking at the oncoming light
wave, if the electric field vector of the light appears to be rotated in a clockwise direction, then the wave
is referred to as right-circularly polarized. On the other hand, if the light vector appears to rotate in a
counterclockwise direction, then the wave is said to be left-circularly polarized

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 Microstrip patch antenna

Fig: 2.25 Left handed and right handed circular polarization.

Elliptical polarization:

The third state of polarization is called elliptical polarization. Elliptically polarized light consists of two
light waves that are linearly polarized and having unequal amplitudes but has the same frequency. This
results in a light wave with electric vectors that both rotates and changes its magnitude. An elliptical
shape can be traced out by the tip of the electric field vector, and therefore it is referred to as elliptical
polarization. It is also worthy to mention that circular polarization is a special case of elliptical
polarization

Fig: 2.26 Elliptical polarizations.

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 Antenna parameter

Chapter 3

Antenna parameter

Chapter 3 The basic parameters on which the selection and performance of an antenna is
characterize, are Bandwidth, radiation, Pattern, Efficiency, Antenna Gain are described in brief in
this chapter

S-parameter (Return Loss)

S-parameter describes the input-output relationship between ports (or terminals) in an electrical system.
For instance, if we have 2 ports (intelligently called Port 1 and Port 2), then S12 represents the power
transferred from Port 2 to Port 1. S21 represents the power transferred from Port 1 to Port 2. S11 on the
port of any radiator indicates the logarithmic value of the ratio between reflected and incident voltages. It
is usually measured in dB. The smaller the value of S11,lesser will be the power reflected back to the
antenna. Mathematically it can be written by Eq. (3.1) [1].

S11 (dB) = 10 log (V-/V+)

Where,

V- = Reflected Voltage

V+ =Incident Voltage

For an antenna to operate properly, the value of S11 parameter should lie below -10 db

2.1.4 Radiation Pattern

A radiation pattern defines the variation of the power radiated by an antenna as a function of the direction
away from the antenna. This power variation as a function of the arrival angle is observed in the antenna's
far field. As an example, basic antenna radiation pattern is shown in Fig. 3.1

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 Antenna parameter

Fig: 3.1 Antenna radiation pattern

In this case, along the Z-axis, which would correspond to the radiation directly overhead the antenna,
there is very little power transmitted. In the X-Y plane (perpendicular to the z-axis), the radiation is
maximum. These plots are useful for visualizing which directions the antenna.

How an Antenna radiates

In order to know how an antenna radiates, let us first consider how radiation occurs. A conducting wire
radiates mainly because of time-varying current or an acceleration (or deceleration) of charge. If there is
no motion of charges in a wire, no radiation takes place, since no flow of current occurs. Radiation will
not occur even if charges are moving with uniform velocity along a straight wire. However, charges
moving with uniform velocity along a curved or bent wire will produce radiation. If the charge is
oscillating with time, then radiation occurs even along a straight wire as explained by Balanis [5].

The radiation from an antenna can be explained with the help of Figure 2.1 which shows a voltage source
connected to a two conductor transmission line. When a sinusoidal voltage is applied across the
transmission line, an electric field is created which is sinusoidal in nature and this result in the creation of
electric lines of force which are tangential to the electric field. The magnitude of the electric field is
indicated by the bunching of the electric lines of force. The free electrons on the conductors are forcibly
displaced by the electric lines of force and the movement of these charges causes the flow of current
which in turn leads to the creation of a magnetic field. Due to the time varying electric and

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 Antenna parameter

Magnetic fields, electromagnetic waves are created and these travel between the conductors. As these
waves approach open space, free space waves are formed by connecting the open ends of the electric
lines. Since the sinusoidal source continuously creates the electric disturbance, electromagnetic waves are
sustained due to the charges, but as soon as they enter the free space, they form closed loops and are
radiated

2.10 Gain
It represents the antenna performance basically. The definition of antenna gain is close to that of
directivity. The main difference is that gain is depended on both efficiency of antenna and the directivity.
It is usually expressed in dB. It depends if our desired gain should be high or low. If we know from where
we are getting our signals then the antenna gain can be high, on the other side if we have less idea about
the location of the signal the gain should be low. For example, WIFI and television antennas have gain on
the other hand GPS and cellular antennas have low gain [29].
G= ϵ D where, G= gain and D= Directivity

Directivity
Directivity of an antenna shows that how much the antenna is able to radiate in a particular given
direction. It is a major requirement when antenna is working as a receiver. If an antenna radiates equally
in all direction then the directivity of antenna is 1 or when measured with respect to isotropic antenna is
0dB. Directivity in its simple form can be described as the comparison of maximum radiation intensity to
average radiation intensity. As

maximum radiation intensity

Directivity=
average radiation intensity

Directivity of an antenna with given angle shows that the antenna radiations are more concentrated in that
given direction when talking about antenna at transmitting end. While in case of receiving antenna it will
receive the power efficiently from the particular direction. For example if an antenna radiates in all
direction equally that means it has zero directivity. The shape of the radiation pattern is solely responsible
for the directivity of the antenna. Directivity can be smaller than unity even it can be zero.

2.1.7 Antenna Efficiency

The efficiency of an antenna relates the power delivered to the antenna and the power radiated or
dissipated within the antenna. A high efficiency antenna has most of the power present at the antenna's
input radiated away. A low efficiency antenna has most of the power absorbed as losses with in the
antenna, or reflected away due to impedance mismatch. The losses associated with in an
antenna are typically the conduction losses (due to finite conductivity of the antenna) and dielectric

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 Antenna parameter

Which may be present within an antenna. The antenna efficiency (or radiation efficiency) can be written
as the ratio of the radiated power to the input power of the antenna in Eq. (2.1.7) [1]

ƞ= PRADIATION/PRADIATION
Efficiency is ultimately a ratio, giving a number between 0 and 1. Efficiency is very often quoted in terms
of a percentage; for example, an efficiency of 0.5 is the same as 50%.

2.1.8 Bandwidth
Antenna bandwidth is another important parameter of antenna can be described as the range of
frequencies over which antenna fulfill some desired characteristics. Bandwidth can be described on the
basis of gain, axial ratio bandwidth, and Impedance or VSWR bandwidth. The impedance bandwidth is
the range of frequencies over which the input impedance of antenna is perfectly matched to the
characteristic impedance of the feeding transmission line. Impedance bandwidth related to Q factor can be
described as

S−1
BW= (VSWR S: 1) generally fractional bandwidth is used for microstrip antenna. Given by
QT √ S

f h−fL
BW=
fc

Where fh and flare the upper and lower frequencies where the VSWR matches to S: 1. Generally VSWR is
taken 2:1 and ideally it is 1:1. To maximize the impedance bandwidth for VSWR 2:1 proper impedance
matching is required. That is we have to feed at the driving point where antenna impedance is Z O= 50
ohm generally. One can get a little bit more bandwidth by feeding at the point where the antenna
impedance is 65Ω.

Fig 3.3 bandwidth

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 Antenna parameter

In Table-2.1 bandwidth ranges for different antennas are shown:

Antenna Center Frequency Fractional Ratio Percentage

type frequency Range Bandwidth bandwidth
Patch 1000 MHz 985-1015 MHz 0.03 1.0305:1 3%
Dipole 1000 MHz 960-1040 MHz 0.08 1.083:1 8%
Horn 1000 MHz 154-1848 MHz 1.694 12;1 169.40%
SPIRAL 1000 MHz 95-1900 MHz 1.80595-1900 20:1 180.50%
MHz

Fringing effect:
Fringing fields play an important role on the performance of a microstrip patch antenna. As the
dimension of the patch is finite, the fields at the edges of the patch go through fringing. The amount
of fringing is measured by the dimension of the patch and the height of the substrate. So the higher
the substrate, the greater the fringing is. In the microstrip patch antennas the electric field in the
center of the patch is zero. Because of fringing effect the microstrip patch antenna looks greater than
its physical dimension.

Fig: 3.4 Fringing Effect

(a) Electric field lines (top view) (b) Electric field lines (side view)

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 Design Process & Specification of Proposed Single Band Antenna

Chapter: 4
Design Process & Specification of Proposed Single Band Antenna

In this Chapter basic and mostly used microstrip patch Rectangular, corner truncated and slot added
patch and microstrip line feed are discussed this chapter also deals that how the design parameters
are calculated and their effect on the antenna performance. Various simulation results and graphs
characterizing the antenna performance are plotted and the effect of various antenna parameters on
the antenna performance is also observed and compared and shown in the chapter. This proposed
antenna structures are simulated in CAD software Microwave Studio in Computer Simulation
Technology Simulator (CST), one commercial 3-D full-wave electromagnetic simulation software.

Design parameters

The following table lists the dimensions of the proposed design:

SYMBOL QUANTITY Value for the proposed

antenna
Wg Width of the ground 80mm
Lg Length of the ground 80mm
Ws Width of the 80mm
substrate
Ls Length of the 80mm
substrate
Wp Width of the patch 35.11mm
Lp Length of the patch 27.13mm
Lf Length of the feed 01mm
Wf Width of the feed 13.016mm

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 Design Process & Specification of Proposed Single Band Antenna

4.2.1 Proposed Design

Fig 4.1 Geometry of dual band antenna (front view)

The geometry of the proposed antenna for wireless applications with optimized parameters is depicted in
Figure 4.1. This antenna was designed on TEFLON substrate with the dielectric constant of 2.15 and the
substrate thickness of 0.8 mm, and fed by a transmission line with a fixed metal strip thickness W f of
1mm. The basis of the antenna structure is rectangular patch loaded with low corner truncated and slot

Design Process
We have used CST (Computer Simulation Technology) software for modeling and simulation. This
software is efficient enough to do computational solutions for electromagnetic design and
analysis .We found this 3D software is user friendly and easy to choose appropriate method for
design.

Design Process
Our proposed antenna is supposed to work within the frequency range of 10-12 GHz.

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Design Process & Specification of Proposed Single Band Antenna

Fig 4.2: Frequency selection in software

In the following picture we can see the CST microwave studio tab on computer. Here we have
indicated the frequency range and we have selected the options of electric and far-field which we will
notice after simulation.

After selecting the frequency range and other settings are needed to be measured so that we can
design the antenna structure part by part such as substrate, patch and ground plane. In this part we
can choose the brick which is a basic step to build structure of the antenna

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 Design Process & Specification of Proposed Single Band Antenna

Fig 4.3: Brick window

A microstrip antenna is consisting of three major components which are substrate, patch and ground
plane. As mentioned we will build these three components in the brick window. For example we
showed one formation to build a component. Here we put name, parameters (width, length and
thickness) and material of the component. X, Y and Z axis represents width, length and thickness
respectively.

Now we are going to choose the material of the substrate. We select the material from the material
library of the software. The material we are using in substrate is PTFEA (lossy). In a similar way, we
will make the patch and ground plane using copper. But in CST material library, the default PTFEA
properties are measured in GHz frequency range. On the other hand our proposed antenna is working
in a frequency range of 10-12 GHz. Therefore we had to create new PTFEA with Mue ( μ) = 1.0 and
Epsilon (ε ) = 2.15.These properties have been measured in GHz frequency range.
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 Design Process & Specification of Proposed Single Band Antenna

Putting electric conductivity

Fig: 4.4: Material library using PTFE properties measured in 10-12 GHz range

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Design Process & Specification of Proposed Single Band Antenna

Return loss:
Return loss of any antenna should be less if the antenna is efficient. Return loss is a measure of
how well antenna matching is done. In figure presents the simulated return loss for the
proposed antenna. S parameter or reflection coeff icient indicates how much power is reflected
from the antenna. This plot provides some information, whether the antenna is single band or
multiband and also calculated the frequency bandwidth. The criterion for the determination of
frequency band is value of return loss less than -10dB.The proposed antenna resonant at 10.6 GHz
to 10.8GHz between the 10GHz to 12 GHz frequency range.

Fig: 4.5 S parameter of the proposed microstrip antenna

VSWR:
The range of values for VSWR is from 1 to ∞. A VSWR value under 2 is considered suitable for most
antenna applications. The antenna can be described as having a good match. This figure shows the
simulated Voltage Standing Wave Ratio for the proposed antenna. It is clear from the figure that, VSWR
value for the operating frequency band is 1.02.

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Design Process & Specification of Proposed Single Band Antenna

Fig: 4.6 VSWR of the proposed microstrip antenna

Radiation pattern:

A radiation pattern looks into the difference of the power that radiated by an antenna and shows the
direction path from the antenna. This difference as a function of the angle is observed as antenna’s far
field. Beside the return loss measurement radiation pattern is also important because we need to know in
which direction the pattern is radiating well. The radiation pattern is the spatial distribution of a quantity
that characterizes the electromagnetic field generated by an antenna. This distribution can be expressed as
a mathematical function or graphical representation [8]. Most of the time, the radiation pattern is
Determined in the far-field region and is usually represented with the spherical coordinate system
[9].Gain and directivity of antenna is shown in the figure 4 and 5

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 Design Process & Specification of Proposed Single Band Antenna

(a) (b)

Fig: 4.7 (a) Far Field Pattern, polar (Phi=90 o) at 10.78 GHz; (b) Far Field Pattern, polar (Phi=0 o) at
10.78 GHz

Department of EEE, FSET, USTC

 Fig: 4.8 Radiation efficiency of the proposed T shaped patch antenna

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Design Process & Specification of Proposed Single Band Antenna

Fig.4.9. Gain over Frequency curve of the proposed antenna

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Design Process & Specification of Proposed Single Band Antenna

Current distribution:
The surface current distribution on the patch geometry with respect to their resonant frequency is
shown in the "Fig.6". At first resonance frequency, the current distribution is maximum at the centre
and across the boundary of the upper rectangular shape while it is maximum at lower and upper part of
the lower rectangular shape of the patch. The current density is minimum at the upper part and it is
maximum at the junction of both rectangular shapes

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 Page 40

Conclusion and future work

Chapter: 5
Conclusion and Future work
5.1 Conclusion:
Contains the conclusion of the thesis and future work.

Comparison between a conventional patch antenna and a square T shape patch antenna using the
simulation results obtained from CST microwave studio has been carried out. The antenna configuration
show quite good results on return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain and radiation efficiency. The proposed
antenna has several advantages such as small size indication satellite application.

5.2 Future work:

Micro strip patch antenna should provide high gain and efficiency. These goals are almost achieved in
this work. In addition to this some work can be done in following:

i) Improving cross polar to co polar levels.

ii) Converting linear to circular polarization.

Department of EEE, FSET, USTC

 REFERENCES

[1] Singh, Indrasen, and V. S. Tripathi. "Micro strip patch antenna and its applications: a
survey." Int. J. Comp. Tech. Appl 2, no. 5 (2011): 1595-1599.
[2] Kumar, P. "AT shaped microstrip antenna for wireless local area network (WLAN)
applications." In 2017 International Conference on Multimedia, Signal Processing and
Communication Technologies (IMPACT), pp. 147-150. IEEE, 2017.
[3] Kumar, P. "AT shaped microstrip antenna for wireless local area network (WLAN)
applications." In 2017 International Conference on Multimedia, Signal Processing and
Communication Technologies (IMPACT), pp. 147-150. IEEE, 2017.
[4] Singh, Swati, Rajesh Kumar Gangwar, and Sweta Agarwal. "A Dualband T-Shaped
Microstrip Antenna for Wearable Application." International Journal of Electronic and
Electrical Engineering 7, no. 2 (2014): 195-200.
[5] Garg, Komal, and Sukhdeep Kaur. "A Compact Microstrip Fed T Shape Patch Antenna with
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[6] Negi, Archana, Brajlata Chauhan, and Sandip Vijay. "A Microstrip Patch Antenna π and T-
Shaped Slot for X-Band Application." IUP Journal of Telecommunications 8, no. 2 (2016).
[7] Ge, Yuehe, Karu P. Esselle, and Trevor S. Bird. "A compact E-shaped patch antenna with
corrugated wings." IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation 54, no. 8 (2006): 2411-
2413.
[8] Ismaeel, Mohamed, and T. Jayanthy. "Comparison of T-shaped microstrip antenna and U-
shaped microstrip antenna." In Proceedings of the 3rd WSEAS international conference on
Circuits, systems, signal and telecommunications, pp. 168-171. World Scientific and
Engineering Academy and Society (WSEAS), 2009
[9] Mak, C. L., K. F. Lee, and K. M. Luk. "Broadband patch antenna with a T-shaped
probe." IEE Proceedings-Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 147, no. 2 (2000): 73-76.
[10] Jang, Y-W. "Broadband T-shaped microstrip-fed U-slot coupled patch antenna." Electronics
Letters 38, no. 11 (2002): 495-496.
[11] Jang, Yong‐Woong. "Wide‐Band T‐Shaped Microstrip‐Fed Twin‐Slot Array Antenna." ETRI
journal 23, no. 1 (2001): 33-38.
[12] Yang, SL Steven, Kai-Fong Lee, Ahmed A. Kishk, and Kwai Man LUK. "Design and study
of wideband single feed circularly polarized microstrip antennas." Progress In
Electromagnetics Research (2008).

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Department of EEE, FSET, USTC