MOTIVATIONAL
THEORIES AND
ADULT LEARNING
THEORY
Ma. Felizma S. Bustillos
MOTIVATIONAL
THEORY?
Motivation Theory
Factors that
affect
Motivational
It is the study of understanding wh
at drives a person to work towards
Theories:
1) Intrinsic factor
a particular goal or outcome. 2) Extrinsic factor
A. MASLOW MOTIVATION THEORY:
The Hierarchy of Needs
● Psychologist Abraham Maslow – first developed his famous theory of
individual development and motivation in the 1940’s. He
suggested that human beings have a hierarchy of needs. That
all humans act in a way which will address basic needs, before
moving on to satisfy other, so-called higher level needs.
● Maslow represented this theory as a hierarchical triangle. This shows
how basic needs must be met before one can “climb” the hierarchy,
to address more complex needs.
Verywell / Joshua Seong
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological Safety Social
Needs Needs Needs
Added motivational
Esteem Self- Transcend
need:
Needs actualization ence
B. Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene
Theory
Psychologist Frederick Herzberg extended the
work of Maslow and proposed a new
motivation theory popularly known as
Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene (Two-Factor)
Theory.
Retrieved from toolshero website:
https://www.toolshero.com/toolsheroes/frederick
-herzberg/
B. Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene
Theory
The conclusion he drew is that job
satisfaction and job dissatisfaction
Factors for Satisfaction Factors for are not opposites.
Dissatisfaction
Achievement Company policies ● The opposite
of Satisfaction is No
Recognition Supervision Satisfaction.
● The opposite
The work itself Relationship with supervisor of Dissatisfaction is No
and peers Dissatisfaction.
Responsibility Work conditions
To apply the theory, a two-stage
Advancement Salary process is adopted to motivate
people:
Growth Status First, the need to eliminate the
dissatisfaction they're
Security experiencing and,
Second, the need to help them
find satisfaction.
C. McClelland’s Theory of Needs
(Power, Achievement, and Affiliation)
David McClelland was an American Psychologist
who developed his theory of needs or Achievement
Theory of Motivation, which revolves around three
important aspects, namely, Achievement, Power
And Affiliation.
Retrieved from toolshero website:
https://le-citazioni.it/autori/david-
mcclelland/
C. McClelland’s Theory of Needs
(Power, Achievement, and Affiliation)
Need for Need for
Need for Power
Achievement Affiliation
The drive to excel, to Concerned with making an The desire to
achieve in relation to a set impact on others, influencing establish and
of standard, and to strive others, have the urge to maintain friendly and
to succeed. change people and make a warm relations with
difference in life. other people.
a behavior directed toward people who like to be in similar to
competition with a control of people and Maslow’s
standard of excellence events, which results to social needs
ultimate satisfaction.
D. McGregor’s Participation
Theory
Douglas McGregor formulated two distinct views
of human being based on participation of
workers. The first basically negative, labeled
Theory X, and the other basically positive, labeled
Theory Y.
Retrieved from toolshero website: website:
https://www.toolshero.com/toolsheroes/douglas-
mcgregor/
E. Urwick’s Theory Z
Much after the
propositions of theories X
and Y by McGregor, the The two propositions in
three theorists Urwick,
Rangnekar, and Ouchi Urwicks’s theory are that:
propounded the third
i. Each individual should know the
theory labeled as Z
organizational goals precisely and the
theory.
amount of contribution through his efforts
towards these goals.
ii. Each individual should also know that the
relation of organizational goals is going to
satisfy his/her needs positively.
F. Argyris’s Theory
Immaturity Maturity
Argyris has developed his
Passivity Activity motivation theory based on
proposition how management
Dependence Independence practices affect the individual
behavior and growth.
Capable of behaving in a few Capable of behaving in many
ways ways
In his view, the seven
Shallow interest Deep interest changes taking place in an
individual personality make
Short-term perspective Long-term perspective him/her a mature one.
Subordinate position Superordinate position
Lack of self-awareness Self-awareness and control
G. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
● One of the most widely accepted explanations of motivation is
offered by Victor Vroom in his “Expectancy Theory”.
● A cognitive process theory of motivation.
● Founded on the basic notions that people will be motivated to exert a
high level of effort when they believe there are relationships
between the effort they put forth, the performance they achieve, and
the outcomes/ rewards they receive.
H. Porter and Lawler’s
Expectancy Theory
● An improvement over Vroom’s expectancy theory.
● Assumes that motivation does not equal satisfaction or performance.
● The model suggested by them encounters some of the simplistic
traditional assumptions made about the positive relationship
between satisfaction and performance.
ADULT
LEARNING
THEORIES
Adult Learning Theories
• Developed by Malcolm Knowles in 1968
• Adult Learning Theory or andragogy is the concept or study of how adults
learn and how it’s different from children.
• Aims to show how adult learning is distinct and identify the learning styles, which
suit them best.
Adult Learning Theories
Transformative learning Self-directed learning
Acknowledges that the majority of
The central claim of
the learning that adults do is
transformative learning approach
outside the context of formal
is – true learning experiences
training, and so the emphasis is on
should somehow change the
augmenting those informal
individual.
learning experiences.
Adult Learning Theories
Experiential learning Andragogy
Combines the insights from the
Makes the case that the essence previous theories.
of adult learning is making sense
of experiences. This approach starts by
recognizing the differences
Learned best when learned by between adults and children and
doing. designs learning experiences from
there.
TEACHING STYLES &
EFFECTIVENESS
Teaching Styles &
Effectiveness
The Authority Style The Delegator Style
Primarily used in a lecture or A delegator or group style of
auditorium setting. tutoring is used in subjects that
necessitate group work, peer
The teacher gives a lengthy, one- feedback or lab-based learning.
way discussion on a pre-assigned
topic while students take notes The teacher may take an observer
and memorize key pieces of role to promote collaboration and
information. encourage peer-to-peer learning.
Teaching Styles & Effectiveness
The
The Facilitator The Hybrid
Demonstrator
Style Style
Style
Encourages self-learning in the Similar to lecture or authority An integrated teaching
classroom through increased style wherein the demonstrator style that incorporates
peer to teacher learning. retains authority in the their personality,
classroom. preferences and interests
Ask students to question rather into their teaching.
than simply have the answer Combines lectures with other
given to them. teaching forms, including
multimedia presentations,
Activities are used to promote demonstrations and class
self-discovery and develop activities.
problem-solving skills.
REFERENCES
● Western Governors University. (2020, April 7). Adult Learning Theories and Principles. Retrieved June 10, 2021,
from Western Governors University website: https://www.wgu.edu/blog/adult-learning-theories-
principles2004.html#close
● innova. (2015, April 17). Innova Design Group. Retrieved June 10, 2021, from Innova Design Group website:
https://www.innovadesigngroup.co.uk/news/how-effective-are-these-five-teaching-styles/
● Irish, K. (2019). What is Adult Learning Theory and Why Is It Important? Retrieved June 10, 2021, from Ej4.com
website: https://www.ej4.com/blog/what-is-adult-learning-theory-and-why-is-it-important?
fbclid=IwAR3d_sxBCWjstYrJJH5PXYlE0KiPKcEqt9jFg77MG2XRg1jVAqE33KitV9Q
● Herzberg’s Motivators and Hygiene Factors: Learn how to Motivate Your Team. (2017). Retrieved June 10, 2021,
from Mindtools.com website: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/herzberg-motivators-hygiene-
factors.htm
● Colman, H. (2019, October 11). 6 Adult Learning Theories: Put Theory into Practice. Retrieved June 10, 2021,
from Explore the eLearning world with us website: https://www.ispringsolutions.com/blog/adult-learning-
theories
