COMPUTER

HARDWARE
Presented By: Engr. JCMSacdalan
Presented By:

Course Packet 02
 Objectives
• Describe the computer hardware and computer
hardware components.
• Explain how RAM works and how it differs from disk
storage.
• Describe the Motherboard, CPU (Central
Processing/Processor Unit), RAM, Hard Drive, Graphics
Processing Unit (GPU), and Power Supply Unit (PSU).
Computer Hardware
- is the collection of physical parts of a
computer system.
- is what you can physically touch.
- includes the computer case, monitor,
keyboard, and mouse.
- It also includes all the parts inside the
computer case, such as the hard disk drive,
motherboard, video card, and many others.
Category of Computer Hardware
Internal Component
External Component
External Hardware Components
 also called Peripheral Components, are those
items that are often connected to the computer
in order to control either its input or output.
 Input / Output hardware devices are designed
to either provide instructions to the software or
render the results from its execution.
External Hardware Components
 Input Components include a mouse, keyboard,
microphone, camera, touchpad, stylus, joystick,
scanner, USB flash drive or memory card.
 Output Components include monitors, printers,
speakers, headphones and earphones/earbuds.
 Other common external hardware components
include digital cameras, scanners and memory
cards.
Internal Hardware Components
 Include items such as the motherboard, central
processing unit (CPU), random access memory
(RAM), hard drive, optical drive, heat sink,
power supply, transistors, chips, graphics
processing unit (GPU), network interface card
(NIC) and Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports.
 These components collectively process or store
the instructions delivered by the program or
operating system (OS).
A. What is a Motherboard?
 The motherboard is at the center of what makes
a PC work.
 It houses the CPU and is a hub that all other
hardware runs through.
 The motherboard acts as a brain; allocating
power where it’s needed, communicating with
and coordinating across all other components –
making it one of the most important pieces of
hardware in a computer.
Motherboard
Motherboard
 When choosing a motherboard, it’s important to
check what hardware ports the motherboard
supplies.
 Although the motherboard is just one piece of
circuitry, it is home to another one of the most
important pieces of hardware: THE PROCESSOR.
B. What is a CPU?
 The CPU (Central Processing Unit or Processor)
is responsible for processing all information
from programs run by your computer.
 The ‘clock speed’, or the speed at which the
processor processes information, is measured in
gigahertz (GHz).
C. What is RAM?
 Random Access Memory or RAM, is hardware
found in the memory slots of the motherboard.
 The role of RAM is to temporarily store on-the-
fly information created by programs and to do
so in a way that makes this data immediately
accessible.
 The tasks that require random memory could
be; rendering images for graphic design, edited
video or photographs, multi-tasking with
multiple apps open.
Random Access Memory or RAM
D. What is a Hard Drive?
 The hard drive is a storage device responsible for
storing permanent and temporary data.
 There are two different types of storage devices:
 the traditional hard disk drive (HDD) - hard disk
drives work by writing binary data onto spinning
magnetic disks called platters that rotate at high
speeds.
 the newer solid state drives (SSD) - a solid-state drive
stores data by using static flash memory chips.
E. What is a GPU?
 Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
 Especially important for 3D rendering, the GPU
does exactly what its name suggests and
processes huge batches of graphic data.
 As opposed to the basic on-board graphic
capabilities that PC motherboards supply,
dedicated graphics cards interface with the
motherboard via an expansion slot to work
almost exclusively on graphic rendering.
F. What is a PSU?
 A Power Supply Unit (PSU) does more than just supply your
computer with power.
 It is the point where power enters your computer system from
an external power source and is then allocated by the
motherboard to individual component hardware.
 Not all power supplies are made equally and without the right
wattage PSU your computer system will fail to work.
 A modern computer will generally need a PSU that is rated
between 500W – 850W to effectively power all hardware,
although the size of the PSU will depend entirely on the power
consumption of the system.
 It is recommended to have a power supply that more than
covers your system usage.
Computer Memory
 Computer Memory is any physical device capable of storing
information temporarily, like RAM (random access memory), or
permanently, like ROM (read-only memory).
 Memory devices utilize integrated circuits and are used by
operating systems, software, and hardware.
 A memory is just like a human brain.
 It is used to store data and instructions.
 Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where
data is to be processed and instructions required for processing
are stored.
 The memory is divided into large number of small parts called
Cells.
Memory Capacity Conversion
1 byte (B) = 8 bits
1 Kilobytes (KB) = 1024 bytes
1 Megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB
1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB
1 Terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB
1 Exabyte (EB) = 1024 PB
1 Zettabyte = 1024 EB
1 Yottabyte (YB) = 1024 ZB
3 Types of Memory
1. Cache Memory - is a very high speed
semiconductor memory which can speed up the
CPU.
2. Primary Memory/Main Memory - holds only
those data and instructions on which the computer
is currently working.
3. Secondary Memory - is usually physically located
within a separate storage device, such as a hard
disk drive or solid state drive (SSD), which is
connected to the computer system either directly
or over a network.
Subcategories of Primary Memory
 RAM (Random Access Memory) is the internal memory
of the CPU for storing data, program, and program result.
It is a read/write memory which stores data until the
machine is working. As soon as the machine is switched
off, data is erased.
 ROM (Read Only Memory) - the memory from which we
can only read but cannot write on it. This type of
memory is non-volatile. The information is stored
permanently in such memories during manufacture. A
ROM stores such instructions that are required to start a
computer this operation is referred to as bootstrap.
2-Types of RAM
• Static RAM (SRAM) - the word static
indicates that the memory retains its
contents as long as power is being
supplied.
• Dynamic (DRAM) - must be continually
refreshed in order to maintain the data.
Types of ROMs
• MROM (Masked ROM) - the very first ROMs were hard-
wired devices that contained a pre-programmed set of
data or instructions.
• PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) - is read-
only memory that can be modified only once by a user.
• EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only
Memory) - can be erased by exposing it to ultra-violet
light for a duration of up to 40 minutes.
• EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read
Only Memory) - is programmed and erased electrically.
Secondary Memory Types
Secondary memory comprises many different storage media
which can be directly attached to a computer system. These
include:
– Hard Disk Drives (HDDs)
– Solid State Drives (SSDs)
– Optical (CD or DVD) Drives
– Tape Drives
– Cloud Storage
The most basic distinction is between types
of computer memory is between
Primary Memory (System Memory)
and
Secondary Memory (Storage).
Computer Data Storage
– Hard Drive
– Solid-State Drive
– USB Thumb Drive
– SD Card
– CD
– DVD
– Floppy Diskette
– Tape Drive
Computer Data Storage
Hard Disk Drive
- is a non-volatile data
storage device
- sometimes abbreviated
as a hard drive, HD, or
HDD
Computer Data Storage
Solid-State Drive
- an SSD is a storage
medium that uses
non-volatile memory
to hold and access
data.
Computer Data Storage
USB flash drive, data stick,
pen drive, memory unit,
keychain drive, and thumb
drive, a jump drive - is a
portable storage device.
Computer Data Storage
Secure Digital (SD) card -
the SD card is one of the
more common types of
memory cards used with
electronics.
• SD - 32mm x 24mm x 2.1mm.
• MiniSD - 21.5mm x 20mm x 1.4mm.
• MicroSD - 15mm x 11mm x 1.0mm.
Computer Data Storage
Compact Disc (CD) - is a flat,
round, optical storage medium
invented by James Russell.
Digital Versatile Disc or Digital
Video Disc (DVD or DVD-ROM) - is
a disc capable of storing a
significant amount more data
than a standard compact disc.
Computer Data Storage
Floppy or floppy disk or a
floppy diskette - is a type of
storage media capable of
storing electronic data, like a
computer file.
Computer Data Storage
Magnetic Tape - is a
magnetically thin coated
piece of plastic wrapped
around wheels capable
of storing data.
CPU ( Central Processing Unit)
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) was first
developed at Intel with the help of Ted Hoff and
others in the early 1970s.
• The first processor released by Intel was the
4004 processor.
• Sometimes referred to simply as the central
processor called a PROCESSOR
• It is the brains of the computer where most
calculations take place.
• In terms of computing power, it is the most
important element of a computer system.
2-Typical Components of a CPU
• Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU) - which
performs arithmetic
and logical
operations.
• Control Unit (CU) -
which extracts
instructions from
memory and decodes
and executes them,
calling on the ALU
when necessary.
 REMINDERS

 Activity 02

 Assessment 02
 Assignment 02

 Learner’s Feedback Form 2