Socialist law

Socialist law or Soviet law denotes a general type of

legal system which has been (and continues to be)
used in socialist and formerly socialist states. It is
based on the civil law system, with major
modifications and additions from Marxist-Leninist
ideology. There is controversy as to whether socialist
law ever constituted a separate legal system or not.[1]
If so, prior to the end of the Cold War, socialist law
would be ranked among the major legal systems of
the world.

While civil law systems have traditionally put great

pains in defining the notion of private property, how it
may be acquired, transferred, or lost, socialist law
systems provide for most property to be owned by the
Government or by agricultural co-operatives, and
having special courts and laws for state enterprises.[2]

Many scholars argue that socialist law was not a

separate legal classification.[3] Although the command
economy approach of the communist states meant that
most types of property could not be owned, the Soviet
Union always had a civil code, courts that interpreted
this civil code, and a civil law approach to legal
reasoning (thus, both legal process and legal
reasoning were largely analogous to the French or
German civil code system). Legal systems in all
socialist states preserved formal criteria of the
Romano-Germanic civil law; for this reason, law Bulletin at the Elections to the Supreme Soviet of
theorists in post-socialist states usually consider the the USSR (1946)
socialist law as a particular case of the Romano-
Germanic civil law. Cases of development of common
law into socialist law are unknown because of incompatibility of basic principles of these two systems
(common law presumes influential rule-making role of courts while courts in socialist states play a
dependent role).[4]

Recent work, however, suggests that socialist law – at least from the perspective of public law and
constitutional design – is a useful category. William Partlett and Eric Ip (in the NYU Journal of
International Law and Policy) argue that socialist law helps to understand the "Russo-Leninist transplants"
that currently operate in China's socialist law system. This helps to understand the "distinctive public law
institutions and approaches in China that have been ignored by many scholars."[5]

Contents
Soviet legal theory
 Characteristic traits
See also
Notes
Further reading

Soviet legal theory

Soviet law displayed many special characteristics that derived from the socialist nature of the Soviet state
and reflected Marxist-Leninist ideology. Vladimir Lenin accepted the Marxist conception of the law and the
state as instruments of coercion in the hands of the bourgeoisie and postulated the creation of popular,
informal tribunals to administer revolutionary justice. One of the main theoreticians of Soviet socialist
legality in this early phase was Pēteris Stučka.

Alongside this utopian trend was one more critical of the concept of "proletarian justice", represented by
Evgeny Pashukanis. A dictatorial trend developed that advocated the use of law and legal institutions to
suppress all opposition to the regime. This trend reached its zenith under Joseph Stalin with the ascendancy
of Andrey Vyshinsky, when the administration of justice was carried out mainly by the security police in
special tribunals.

During the de-Stalinization of the Nikita Khrushchev era, a new trend developed, based on socialist
legality, that stressed the need to protect the procedural and statutory rights of citizens, while still calling for
obedience to the state. New legal codes, introduced in 1960, were part of the effort to establish legal norms
in administering laws. Although socialist legality remained in force after 1960, the dictatorial and utopian
trends continued to influence the legal process. Persecution of political and religious dissenters continued,
but at the same time there was a tendency to decriminalize lesser offenses by handing them over to people's
courts and administrative agencies and dealing with them by education rather than by incarceration.[6] By
late 1986, the Mikhail Gorbachev era was stressing anew the importance of individual rights in relation to
the state and criticizing those who violated procedural law in implementing Soviet justice. This signaled a
resurgence of socialist legality as the dominant trend. Socialist legality itself still lacked features associated
with Western jurisprudence.

Characteristic traits
Socialist law is similar to the civil law but with a greatly increased public law sector and decreased private
law sector.[7]

extensive social warrants of the state (the rights to a job, free education, free healthcare,
retirement at 60 for men and 55 for women, maternity leave, free disability benefits and sick
leave compensation, subsidies to multichildren families, ...) in return for a high degree of
social mobilization.
the judicial process lacks an adversarial character; public prosecution is considered as
"provider of justice."
partial or total expulsion of the former ruling classes from the public life at early stages of
existence of each socialist state; however, in all socialist states this policy gradually
changed into the policy of "one socialist nation without classes"
diversity of political views directly discouraged.
the ruling Communist party was eventually subject to prosecution through party committees
in first place.
 abolition of private property, thus near total collectivization and nationalization of the means
of production;
subordination of the judiciary to the Communist Party
low respect for privacy, extensive control of the party over private life;
low respect for intellectual property as knowledge and culture was considered a right for
human kind, and not a privilege as in the free market economies.

A specific institution characteristic to Socialist law was the so-called burlaw court (or, verbally, "court of
comrades", Russian товарищеский суд) which decided on minor offences.[8]

See also
General

Legal systems of the world

Cuba

Cuban Legal System

Cuban law

Soviet Union

Law of the Soviet Union

Ministry of Justice of the USSR
Procurator General of the USSR
Review of Central and East European Law, formerly known as the Review of Socialist Law

Notes
1. Quigley, J. (1989). "Socialist Law and the Civil Law Tradition". The American Journal of
Comparative Law. 37 (4): 781–808. doi:10.2307/840224 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F84022
4). JSTOR 840224 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/840224).
2. "Soviet law" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Soviet-law). Retrieved September 10, 2016.
3. Markovits, I. (December 2007). "The Death of Socialist Law?". Annual Review of Law and
Social Science. 3: 233–253. doi:10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.3.081806.112849 (https://doi.or
g/10.1146%2Fannurev.lawsocsci.3.081806.112849).
4. "Soviet law" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Soviet-law). Retrieved September 10, 2016.
5. Is Socialist Law Really Dead? (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=266009
8), SSRN 2660098 (https://ssrn.com/abstract=2660098)
6. Elie, Marc (2013). "Khrushchev's Gulag: the Soviet Penitentiary System after Stalin's death,
1953-1964" (https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00859338/). In Kozlov, Denis; Gilburd,
Eleonory (eds.). The Thaw: Soviet Society and Culture during the 1950s and 1960s. Toronto
University Press. pp. 109–142. ISBN 978-1442644601. HAL 00859338. Retrieved
October 30, 2017.
7. Glenn, H. Patrick (2010). Legal Traditions of the World: Sustainable Diversity in Law (https://
books.google.com/books?id=eERrPWIQn2kC&q=%22Socialist+law%22&pg=PA331)
(4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958080-4. OCLC 650838256
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/650838256).
 8. Berman, Harold J.; Spindler, James W. (1973). "Soviet Criminal Law and Procedure: The
RFSR Codes" (https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1227986). Stanford Law Review. 25 (2): 842.
doi:10.2307/1227986 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1227986). ISSN 0038-9765 (https://www.w
orldcat.org/issn/0038-9765). JSTOR 1227986 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1227986).

Further reading
Stuchka, P.I. (1988). Selected Writings on Soviet Law and Marxism. Robert Sharlet, Peter B.
Maggs, and Piers Beirne (eds.). Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-87332-473-1.
OCLC 17353762 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/17353762).
Evenson, Debra (2003). Law and Society in Contemporary Cuba (2nd ed.). The Hague:
Kluwer Law International. ISBN 978-90-411-2165-3. OCLC 52976800 (https://www.worldcat.
org/oclc/52976800).
Partlett, W & E. Ip, Is Socialist Law Really Dead? 48 NYU Journal of International Law and
Politics 463 (2016). Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?
abstract_id=2660098.

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