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What Is Ping Utility?

Ping is a diagnostic utility that uses ICMP to send echo requests and receive echo replies to diagnose network connectivity. A hub broadcasts information to all connected devices while a switch intelligently forwards packets based on MAC addresses. Supernetting reduces subnets and increases hosts by reducing network bits and increasing host bits. Static and dynamic routing can both be used in the same network but will not operate simultaneously. The three-way TCP handshake establishes a connection between client and server through SYN and ACK packets.

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Sanjeev Raj
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
74 views

What Is Ping Utility?

Ping is a diagnostic utility that uses ICMP to send echo requests and receive echo replies to diagnose network connectivity. A hub broadcasts information to all connected devices while a switch intelligently forwards packets based on MAC addresses. Supernetting reduces subnets and increases hosts by reducing network bits and increasing host bits. Static and dynamic routing can both be used in the same network but will not operate simultaneously. The three-way TCP handshake establishes a connection between client and server through SYN and ACK packets.

Uploaded by

Sanjeev Raj
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is ping utility?

PING : Packet Internet Gropper


it's a diagnostic utility , which diagnose devices connectivity.
it use ICMP: Internet Control Messaging protocol to send echo requests ( usually 4 packets) and receive
echo replies (4 packets)

What is deffrence between switch & hub?

A Hub is a Layer2 device. It is a Broadcast device which sends out the information to all the
devices connected to it. It is a non-intelligent device which is used in smaller networks and
increases the network traffic. A Hub is a multiport repeater.
A Switch is also a Layer2 device but an intelligent device which forwards packets based on the
MAC address. It stores information in the form of CAM Tables (Content addressable Memory).
It works on CSMA/CD by sensing the medium whether it is free before sending the packet. A
Switch is a multiport- Bridge.

Hub is not a layer 2 device but layer 1 device dude ...


In hub - shared bandwidth. for example, 8-port shared in 100 mbps.
In Switch - each port has 100 mbps bandwidth.

What is supernetting?why it is used?

Supernetting refers to increase host and reduce the subnet's. It mean reduce the network bits and
increase the host bits. We do use supernetting because when the PCs in the network increase
where we need the more valid IP's in the same network.

Supernetting is dividing the Subnet into different subnets each one of them has its particular
required needs , such as Number of Networks and Number of Hosts.

Can we use static and dynamic routing in one network?

we can use static and Dynamic Routing in one network. However Dyanmic Routing is used to
have the best path no matter what the status of the physical links.All routing protocols have some
sort of shortest-path or lowest-cost or best-choice algorithm to help you weigh all the options
available.
Static routing can be used in a small network to reduce the work of the network administrator or
to use a particular route only to forward the packet; we need static routing.

Yes, we can use both static and dynamic in one network. But either static or dynamic will work
at a time

Describe a 3-way TCP/IP Handshake.?


when we want to connect to server for communication we need to establish a connection
between server and client. The procedure used for this is called 3-way handshake...this is
described as follows
1. Initillay the server is ready to accept the incoming connection by binding to local port. This is
called passive open.
2. The client now can connect to server by sending SYN J segment to server. The server
responds with SYN J+1 and ACK K
3. At the end the client sends ACK K+1 to server..
At this stage we say that client and server are connected

What does CIDR stand for?

CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) is a way to allocate and specify the Internet addresses
used in inter-domain routing

What is MTU of a link ?

Maximum Transmission Unit is the largest physical packet size, measured in bytes, that a network can
transmit. Any messages larger than the MTU are divided into smaller packets before being sent.
Every network has a different MTU, which is set by the network administrator. On Windows 95, you can
also set the MTU of your machine. This defines the maximum size of the packets sent from your
computer onto the network. Ideally, you want the MTU to be the same as the smallest MTU of all the
networks between your machine and a message's final destination. Otherwise, if your messages are
larger than one of the intervening MTUs, they will get broken up (fragmented), which slows down
transmission speeds.
What is the default subnet mask for an ipv6 address ?

255.255.255.255.255.0

What is piggy backing?

Piggybacking is gaining access to restricted communication channel by using session that


another user has already established. Piggybacking can be defeated by logging off before leaving
a workstation or terminal or by initiating a protected mode, such as via a screensaver, that
requires re-authentication before access can be resumed.

Piggy backing means the combinaton of dataframe and acknowledgment in stop and wait method
which is used for flow and error control mechanism.

What is erd?

Emergency repair disk.

what is the vlan ? how it is work?


Vlan is virtual Lan...
vlan have 2 main advantages:
1] it is used for security purpose, eg by making vlan u can diffenrentiate group.
2]u can increase collision domain, so collision is reduced

Why should we care about the OSI Reference Model ? What is the main purpose for creating this osi
model? why it is a layered model?

It is very important model for networking:


The main aim to design the OSI model is that actully they want to set a standerd for the communication
and want to standarized the network equipement so that they would not be any Brand consuines.

Whatz the difference between DNS and WINS?

DNS- Domain Name Server or Services.


WINS- Windows Internet Name Service.
DNS is resolve the web site name to IP address or you can say.
In WINS used a file name those is LMhost, this file in the System32, and when we put the websit name
and its IP address, then it resolve the particular IP address those insert in the LMhost file.DNS:it converts
host name to ip address.
wins:it converts nrtbios name to ipaddress.

what is .ost file?

In Microsoft Office Outlook 2003, a new offline folder file format is introduced that offers greater
storage capacity for items and folders and supports multilingual Unicode data. An offline file folder is
used to keep a local copy of your Exchange Server mailbox on your computer. The items in your .ost file
are synchronized with the server when a connection is available.
Steps for offline file folder:-
1. On the File menu, click Work Offline.
2. Select or clear the Prompt me at startup so I may choose to work offline or online check box, and then
click OK. If you clear the check box, Outlook will automatically start offline if a connection to the server is
not available.
3. Click Yes to copy the data from the server to your new Offline Folder file (.ost).

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of DHCP?

Your machine name does not change when you get a new IP address. The DNS (Domain Name System)
name is associated with your IP address and therefore does change. This only presents a problem if
other clients try to access your machine by its DNS name.
Domain Host Configuration Protocol.
Advantage: By automatically assigning the IP adress one can reduce the time..
Disavantage:
IP name of the client sytem dosenot change so nearby machine can acess the clientmachine
DHCP is Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol which use to assign the IP address Dynamically and
Automatically in system.
Advantage: Due to assign the IP automatically in the system, it does not required to assign the IP
manually.
Disadvantage : Once you do the wrong DHCP configuration in the DHCP Server, it will deliver the wrong
settings to clients then, we have to reset the settings individually each client system.

What is point-to-point protocol?

A communications protocol used to connect computers to remote networking services including


Internet service providers.

1] Industry standard protocol


2] used to create point-to-point links between different vendors equipment

What is Protocol Data Unit?

The data unit in the LLC level is called the protocol data unit (PDU). The PDU contains of four fields a
destination service access point (DSAP), a source service access point (SSAP), a control field and an
information field. DSAP, SSAP are addresses used by the LLC to identify the protocol stacks on the
receiving and sending machines that are generating and using the data. The control field specifies
whether the PDU frame is a information frame (I - frame) or a supervisory frame (S - frame) or a
unnumbered frame (U - frame).

What are major types of networks and explain?

Server-based network.
Peer-to-peer network.

Peer-to-peer network, computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients using the
resources.

Server-based networks provide centralized control of network resources and rely on server computers
to provide security and network administration.

What are the important topologies for networks?

Topology:topology defines physical or logical arrangement of links in a network


There are five basic topologies possible:mesh,star,tree,bus,ring

mesh:every device has a dedicated point-to-point to every other device

star:every device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller,usually called a hub

tree:A tree topology is a variation of a star.as in star nodes in a tree are linked to a central hub that
controls the traffic to the network.however ,not every device plugs directly into the central hub.the
majority of devices connected to a secondary hub that in turn is connected to the central hub
bus:bus topology is a ultipoint.nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps.a drop line is
a connection running between the device and the main cable.

ring:each device has a dedicated point-to-point line configuration only with the two devices on either
side of it.

What is subnet?

A portion of a network that shares a common address component. On TCP/IP networks, subnets
are defined as all devices whose IP addresses have the same prefix. For example, all devices with
IP addresses that start with 100.100.100. would be part of the same subnet. Dividing a network
into subnets is useful for both security and performance reasons. IP networks are divided using a
subnet mask.

What is SAP?

Sevice Advertisement Protocol thru which n/w devices advrtise their presence & the services they
provide.
-used in netware3.11 and earlier
-less used in netware4.0 bcoz it uses NDS(Netware Directory Services) to locate the service.

Its Service Access Point ,where in the Network Protocols Stack at this point the different layers used to
communicate with the help of this points.Its a part of the layers.

What is Brouter?

Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers.

What is frame relay, in which layer it comes?

Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.

FRAME RELAY is packet-switching protocol for connecting devices on a Wide Area Network
(WAN). Frame Relay networks in the U.S. support data transfer rates at T-1 (1.544 Mbps) and T-
3 (45 Mbps) speeds. In fact, you can think of Frame Relay as a way of utilizing existing T-1 and
T-3 lines owned by a service provider. Most telephone companies now provide Frame Relay
service for customers who want connections at 56 Kbps to T-1 speeds. (In Europe, Frame Relay
speeds vary from 64 Kbps to 2 Mbps. it operats at datalink layer os osi model.

What is RAID?

A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.

RAID stands for Redundant Array of Independent(or Inexpensive) Disk Drives that employ two
or more drives in combination for fault tolerance and Performance.

What is difference between ARP and RARP?


The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit IP address with the 48 bit physical
address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address of another host on its network by
sending a ARP query packet that includes the IP address of the receiver.

The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet address when it
knows only its physical address.

What is ICMP?

ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by
hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo
test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control
and error messages.

ICMP stands for internet control message protocol used to get a reply from the destination node
for ping command.

What is MAU?

In token Ring , hub is called Multistation Access Unit(MAU).

Mau is connect two or more pc together in network.

What is logical link control?

The Logical Link Control (LLC) data communication protocol layer is the upper sub-layer of the Data Link
Layer (which is itself layer 2, just above the Physical Layer) in the seven-layer OSI reference model. It
provides multiplexing and flow control mechanisms that make it possible for several network protocols
(IP, IPX) to coexist within a multipoint network and to be transported over the same network media.

What is multicast routing?

Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called multicast
routing.

What is BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)?

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the core routing protocol of the Internet. It maintains a
table of IP networks or 'prefixes' which designate network reachability among autonomous
systems (AS). It is described as a path vector protocol. BGP does not use traditional Interior
Gateway Protocol (IGP) metrics, but makes routing decisions based on path, network policies
and/or rulesets.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the three types of routing tables?

The three types of routing tables are fixed, dynamic, and fixed central. The fixed table must be manually
modified every time there is a change. A dynamic table changes its information based on network traffic,
reducing the amount of manual maintenance. A fixed central table lets a manager modify only one
table, which is then read by other devices. The fixed central table reduces the need to update each
machine's table, as with the fixed table. Usually a dynamic table causes the fewest problems for a
network administrator, although the table's contents can change without the administrator being aware
of the change.

What is RIP (Routing Information Protocol)?

RIP stands for Routing Information Protocol.

RIP is a dynamic, distance vector routing protocol and was developed for smaller IP based networks. As
mentioned earlier, RIP calculates the best route based on hop count.

There are currently two versions of RIP protocol.

RIPv1, and
RIPv2
RIPv1: RIP version 1 is among the oldest protocols.

What is SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol)?

It is a very simple protocol used for transmission of IP datagrams across a serial line.

What is Kerberos?

It is an authentication service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kerberos uses


encryption to prevent intruders from discovering passwords and gaining unauthorized access to files.

What protocol is used by DNS name servers?

DNS uses UDP for communication between servers. It is a better choice than TCP because of the
improved speed a connectionless protocol offers. Of course, transmission reliability suffers with UDP.

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