What Is Ping Utility?
What Is Ping Utility?
A Hub is a Layer2 device. It is a Broadcast device which sends out the information to all the
devices connected to it. It is a non-intelligent device which is used in smaller networks and
increases the network traffic. A Hub is a multiport repeater.
A Switch is also a Layer2 device but an intelligent device which forwards packets based on the
MAC address. It stores information in the form of CAM Tables (Content addressable Memory).
It works on CSMA/CD by sensing the medium whether it is free before sending the packet. A
Switch is a multiport- Bridge.
Supernetting refers to increase host and reduce the subnet's. It mean reduce the network bits and
increase the host bits. We do use supernetting because when the PCs in the network increase
where we need the more valid IP's in the same network.
Supernetting is dividing the Subnet into different subnets each one of them has its particular
required needs , such as Number of Networks and Number of Hosts.
we can use static and Dynamic Routing in one network. However Dyanmic Routing is used to
have the best path no matter what the status of the physical links.All routing protocols have some
sort of shortest-path or lowest-cost or best-choice algorithm to help you weigh all the options
available.
Static routing can be used in a small network to reduce the work of the network administrator or
to use a particular route only to forward the packet; we need static routing.
Yes, we can use both static and dynamic in one network. But either static or dynamic will work
at a time
CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) is a way to allocate and specify the Internet addresses
used in inter-domain routing
Maximum Transmission Unit is the largest physical packet size, measured in bytes, that a network can
transmit. Any messages larger than the MTU are divided into smaller packets before being sent.
Every network has a different MTU, which is set by the network administrator. On Windows 95, you can
also set the MTU of your machine. This defines the maximum size of the packets sent from your
computer onto the network. Ideally, you want the MTU to be the same as the smallest MTU of all the
networks between your machine and a message's final destination. Otherwise, if your messages are
larger than one of the intervening MTUs, they will get broken up (fragmented), which slows down
transmission speeds.
What is the default subnet mask for an ipv6 address ?
255.255.255.255.255.0
Piggy backing means the combinaton of dataframe and acknowledgment in stop and wait method
which is used for flow and error control mechanism.
What is erd?
Why should we care about the OSI Reference Model ? What is the main purpose for creating this osi
model? why it is a layered model?
In Microsoft Office Outlook 2003, a new offline folder file format is introduced that offers greater
storage capacity for items and folders and supports multilingual Unicode data. An offline file folder is
used to keep a local copy of your Exchange Server mailbox on your computer. The items in your .ost file
are synchronized with the server when a connection is available.
Steps for offline file folder:-
1. On the File menu, click Work Offline.
2. Select or clear the Prompt me at startup so I may choose to work offline or online check box, and then
click OK. If you clear the check box, Outlook will automatically start offline if a connection to the server is
not available.
3. Click Yes to copy the data from the server to your new Offline Folder file (.ost).
Your machine name does not change when you get a new IP address. The DNS (Domain Name System)
name is associated with your IP address and therefore does change. This only presents a problem if
other clients try to access your machine by its DNS name.
Domain Host Configuration Protocol.
Advantage: By automatically assigning the IP adress one can reduce the time..
Disavantage:
IP name of the client sytem dosenot change so nearby machine can acess the clientmachine
DHCP is Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol which use to assign the IP address Dynamically and
Automatically in system.
Advantage: Due to assign the IP automatically in the system, it does not required to assign the IP
manually.
Disadvantage : Once you do the wrong DHCP configuration in the DHCP Server, it will deliver the wrong
settings to clients then, we have to reset the settings individually each client system.
The data unit in the LLC level is called the protocol data unit (PDU). The PDU contains of four fields a
destination service access point (DSAP), a source service access point (SSAP), a control field and an
information field. DSAP, SSAP are addresses used by the LLC to identify the protocol stacks on the
receiving and sending machines that are generating and using the data. The control field specifies
whether the PDU frame is a information frame (I - frame) or a supervisory frame (S - frame) or a
unnumbered frame (U - frame).
Server-based network.
Peer-to-peer network.
Peer-to-peer network, computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients using the
resources.
Server-based networks provide centralized control of network resources and rely on server computers
to provide security and network administration.
star:every device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central controller,usually called a hub
tree:A tree topology is a variation of a star.as in star nodes in a tree are linked to a central hub that
controls the traffic to the network.however ,not every device plugs directly into the central hub.the
majority of devices connected to a secondary hub that in turn is connected to the central hub
bus:bus topology is a ultipoint.nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps.a drop line is
a connection running between the device and the main cable.
ring:each device has a dedicated point-to-point line configuration only with the two devices on either
side of it.
What is subnet?
A portion of a network that shares a common address component. On TCP/IP networks, subnets
are defined as all devices whose IP addresses have the same prefix. For example, all devices with
IP addresses that start with 100.100.100. would be part of the same subnet. Dividing a network
into subnets is useful for both security and performance reasons. IP networks are divided using a
subnet mask.
What is SAP?
Sevice Advertisement Protocol thru which n/w devices advrtise their presence & the services they
provide.
-used in netware3.11 and earlier
-less used in netware4.0 bcoz it uses NDS(Netware Directory Services) to locate the service.
Its Service Access Point ,where in the Network Protocols Stack at this point the different layers used to
communicate with the help of this points.Its a part of the layers.
What is Brouter?
Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers.
Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.
FRAME RELAY is packet-switching protocol for connecting devices on a Wide Area Network
(WAN). Frame Relay networks in the U.S. support data transfer rates at T-1 (1.544 Mbps) and T-
3 (45 Mbps) speeds. In fact, you can think of Frame Relay as a way of utilizing existing T-1 and
T-3 lines owned by a service provider. Most telephone companies now provide Frame Relay
service for customers who want connections at 56 Kbps to T-1 speeds. (In Europe, Frame Relay
speeds vary from 64 Kbps to 2 Mbps. it operats at datalink layer os osi model.
What is RAID?
A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.
RAID stands for Redundant Array of Independent(or Inexpensive) Disk Drives that employ two
or more drives in combination for fault tolerance and Performance.
The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet address when it
knows only its physical address.
What is ICMP?
ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by
hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo
test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control
and error messages.
ICMP stands for internet control message protocol used to get a reply from the destination node
for ping command.
What is MAU?
The Logical Link Control (LLC) data communication protocol layer is the upper sub-layer of the Data Link
Layer (which is itself layer 2, just above the Physical Layer) in the seven-layer OSI reference model. It
provides multiplexing and flow control mechanisms that make it possible for several network protocols
(IP, IPX) to coexist within a multipoint network and to be transported over the same network media.
Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called multicast
routing.
The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the core routing protocol of the Internet. It maintains a
table of IP networks or 'prefixes' which designate network reachability among autonomous
systems (AS). It is described as a path vector protocol. BGP does not use traditional Interior
Gateway Protocol (IGP) metrics, but makes routing decisions based on path, network policies
and/or rulesets.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the three types of routing tables?
The three types of routing tables are fixed, dynamic, and fixed central. The fixed table must be manually
modified every time there is a change. A dynamic table changes its information based on network traffic,
reducing the amount of manual maintenance. A fixed central table lets a manager modify only one
table, which is then read by other devices. The fixed central table reduces the need to update each
machine's table, as with the fixed table. Usually a dynamic table causes the fewest problems for a
network administrator, although the table's contents can change without the administrator being aware
of the change.
RIP is a dynamic, distance vector routing protocol and was developed for smaller IP based networks. As
mentioned earlier, RIP calculates the best route based on hop count.
RIPv1, and
RIPv2
RIPv1: RIP version 1 is among the oldest protocols.
It is a very simple protocol used for transmission of IP datagrams across a serial line.
What is Kerberos?
DNS uses UDP for communication between servers. It is a better choice than TCP because of the
improved speed a connectionless protocol offers. Of course, transmission reliability suffers with UDP.