HOW ARE MATERIALS CLASSIFIED?

Module3 a: Different Ways of Classifying Matter Time requirement: 1.5 hours

Introduction.

The materials we see around us are very varied. They differ in many ways like color,
consistency and texture. Scientists, especially chemists, have found that a very good way of studying
many different things is to classify them based on certain characteristics

Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, you can;

1. describe the states of matter.

2. define physical, chemical, extrinsic and intrinsic property.
3. identify the physical, chemical, extrinsic and intrinsic properties of matter
4. differentiate physical change from a chemical change.
_________________________________________________________________________
Topics/outline
1. States of matter
2.Properties of matter
3. Changes of matter

Try this!

1. Give examples of physical and chemical properties of coconut oil.

Physical properties:
 Color: Coconut oil is colorless at or above 30 °C. It is white when in its solid form.
 Odor: The typical smell of coconut oil is that of coconuts (if not refined, bleached, and
deodorized).
 Melting point: Coconut oil melts at 25 °C (76 Fahrenheit). It is solid below this temperature.
 Smoking point: 177 °C (350 Fahrenheit).
 Solubility in water: Coconut oil forms a white homogenous mixture when beaten well with a
little water. Otherwise, it is insoluble in water at room temperature.
 Density: 924.27 Kg/Meter3
Chemical properties:
Coconut oil is a fat consisting of about 90% saturated fat. The oil contains
predominantly triglycerides with 86.5% saturated fatty acids, 5.8% monounsaturated fatty
acids, and 1.8% polyunsaturated fatty acids. Of the saturated fatty acids, coconut oil is
primarily 44.6% lauric acid, 16.8% myristic acid and 8.2% palmitic acid, although it contains
seven different saturated fatty acids in total. Its only monounsaturated fatty acid is  oleic acid
while its only polyunsaturated fatty acid is linoleic acid.

2. Explain the difference between physical and chemical properties.

Physical properties are characteristics that scientists can measure without changing the composition of
the sample under study, such as mass, color, and volume (the amount of space occupied by a sample).
While the Chemical properties describe the characteristic ability of a substance to react to form new
substances; they include its flammability and susceptibility to corrosion. All samples of a pure substance
have the same chemical and physical properties. For example, pure copper is always a reddish-brown
solid (a physical property) and always dissolves in dilute nitric acid to produce a blue solution and a
brown gas (a chemical property).

3. List down some properties that are classified under intensive or extensive properties.
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Intensive Properties Extensive Properties
Color Amount of substance
Concentration Enthalpy
Density Entropy
Melting point and boiling point Heat capacity
Chemical potential Mass
Pressure Volume
Temperature Internal energy
Viscosity Gibbs energy

Think ahead!
What kind of change (physical or
chemical) does each process below Indicate physical or chemical change
undergo?
1. formation of clouds Physical change
2. corrosion of galvanized iron Chemical change
3. fermentation of grapes Chemical change
4. drying of clothes Physical change
5. tanning of leather Chemical change
6. melting of sugar Physical change
9. making hardboiled egg Chemical change
10. ripening of papaya Chemical change
11. melting of ice cream Physical change
12. making ice candy Physical change
13. dissolving salt Chemical change
 Read and Ponder!

1. States or Phases of Matter:

Matter exists in any of four physical states or phases, namely, solid, liquid, gas and plasma. Most
commonly, we find matter in one of the first three phases, although many of them can exist in all
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Four phases depending on the conditions. Sometimes, a substance has different name for each of the
phases it exists in, such as water, ice and water vapor. Sometimes, it has the same name but symbols are
used along with its name or formula to indicate the phase it is in. These symbols are
(s) for solid: NaCl ( s)
(l) for liquid: HCl(l)
(g) for gas: H2 (g)
(aq) for aqueous, or in water solution: KBr(aq)

Solids consist of molecules held together in fixed positions by strong forces of attraction. The
molecules can vibrate but cannot move out of position. If they are subjected to intense heat, the
molecules may be able to break loose from the strong forces, as in melting. This is the reason why solids
have definite sizes and shapes.

Liquids, on the other hand, consist of molecules which are held together by forces of attraction
which are not as strong as those in solids. Thus, the molecules can move about. This is the reason why
liquids have definite volumes but no definite shapes.

As for gases, these consist of molecules that can move constantly and freely in all directions. The
forces of attraction are not strong. These molecules may have come from liquids or solids and have
acquired enough energy to overcome the molecular forces of attraction. Thus, gases have neither
definite volume nor shape.

Plasma is actually a gas at a very high temperature but the particles carry electrical charges.
 2. PROPERTIES OF MATTER.

The term matter, material and substance are often used in day –to- day conversation or
readings. Material is a general term for whatever things are made of. Thus paper, wood, cloth, plastic,
oil, and metals are referred to as materials. The word matter as used in science refers to all things that
occupy space have mass. The term chemical substance or pure substance or simply substance in
chemistry also has a specific meaning so that not all that we see around us can be called a chemical
substance.

A chemical substance like water, sodium chloride (table sugar), copper (in electrical wires),
sucrose) table sugar) or oxygen (in air) has a definite set of properties. The properties of a given
substance are the same for all samples of that substance. Whatever their source. Whether it is sucrose
that comes from sugarcane grown in Tarlac or Bacolod or South America or from sugar beets in the
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United States, its properties are the same – white, crystalline, melts at 185 0C, density of 1.59 g/ml,
sweet tasting, very soluble in water, burns to a black char, ferments to produce alcohol and acetic acid
(for vinegar) and many others. Sodium chloride is also white, crystalline and very soluble in water, but it
has a greater density at 2.17 g/ml and is not acted upon by yeast to undergo fermentation. Similarities
and differences in properties among substances form the basis for their classification.

The properties of matter can be classified as physical or chemical. For example, coconut oil
extracted from coconut meat is slightly yellowish in color, viscous and solidifies when put in a cold place.
These properties, called physical properties, can be observed without the substance changing into
substances.

One important physical property of a substance is its physical state at a given temperature. A
substance may be either a solid, liquid or gas. Solids have a definite volume and a definite shape. Liquids
have the ability to flow and take the shape of the container. Gases always fill up the container, giving it
no definite size or shape.
Substances can exist in different states. For example, water is liquid at room temperature, about
30 C, but it is a solid below 00C. oxygen is a gas at room temperature but, at very low temperatures
0

(below -1830C), it is a liquid and, at even lower temperatures (below -218 0C), it is a solid. Copper is a
solid at room temperature; it melts into liquid at 108.3 0C. and boils at 25670C.

When coconut oil is left exposed to air, it will turn rancid after some time. Some substances in
the oil change into other substances as a result of interaction with oxygen in the air. The turning rancid
of the oil, which involves the transformation of a substance into another substance, is a chemical
property of the oil. A chemical property can be observed only when a substance changes into a new
substance. Gasoline easily burns with the oxygen in air. Substances similar to gasoline are said to be
flammable. Flammability is the ability of a substance to burn in the presence of oxygen. Another
example is the property of coco shell to be made into charcoal by a process called carbonization.

Color, melting point and density are properties that do not depend on the amount of the
substance. These are intensive properties of substances. On the other hand, length, volume and mass
are examples of extensive properties. These properties change when the amount of the substance
changes. To distinguish between intensive and extensive properties of matter, try to answer the activity
given below.

3. CHANGES IN MATTER.

Matter can undergo either physical or chemical change. Physical change occurs when a
substance changes its appearance without changing its composition. The transformation of ice to water
at 00C and from water to steam at 100 0C is a physical change. The process of changing from one physical
state to another is known as phase change. One type of physical change.
A chemical change is also known as a chemical reaction. It occurs when a substance is
transformed into another substance with a totally different composition and properties. A chemical
change is always accompanied by the formation of a new substance. Coconut oil becomes rancid when
exposed to air because new substances are formed. Thus, the oil has undergone a chemical change or a
chemical reaction. Another example is the rusting of iron. Iron combines with oxygen to form rust, or
iron (111) oxide.
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In some instances, it is difficult to determine if a certain process is a chemical change. The
following evidences can be used to help you determine if a chemical change has occurred.
1. The process involves the production of heat and light, e.g. burning of wood.
2. a gaseous product is evolved, e. g., oxygen in the photosynthesis of plants.
3. a precipitate is formed, e. g., curdling of milk
4. Mechanical energy, or electrical energy is produced, e. g., dynamite explosion and
battery usage

See if you can do this!

Answer the following briefly:

1. Below is a short description of the element tungsten (W) . What physical properties and
chemical properties of the element are mentioned?

Tungsten Physical properties- Melting point 3410 0C and boils at 56600C, density is 19.3 g/cm3 at 250C,
tungsten is steel gray to white in color.
Chemical Properties- It can combine with oxygen in air especially at high temperatures to form tungstic
oxide. The metal is commercially obtained by the reaction of tungstic oxide with hydrogen or carbon.

Tungsten has the highest melting point among the elements. It melts at 3410 0C and boils at 56600C. Due
to its extremely high melting point, tungsten is used as a filament in electric lamps. Its density is 19.3
g/cm3 at 250C. In its pure form, tungsten is steel gray to white in color. It can combine with oxygen in air
especially at high temperatures to form tungstic oxide. The metal is commercially obtained by the
reaction of tungstic oxide with hydrogen or carbon.
 2. You are about to open a can of corned beef for breakfast one morning when suddenly you
notice that it has a bulge on its upper lid. What do you think is causing it? What kind of change
does it signify? What does it say about the food inside the can?

Bulged cans are caused by the formation of gas from chemical reactions between the metal cans
and their acidic contents, there is a remote possibility that inadequate heat processing did not
destroy all bacteria spores. Chemical change and the food inside of the can is dangerous to eat.

Activity 1
Physical Properties of Matter
Objective: To distinguish between intensive and extensive properties of matter.
Materials: a long candle (diameter of about 1.5 cm), sharp razor blade or small knife, 3 iron nails of
different sizes, ruler, 2 graduated cylinders (one 10- ml and one 100 –ml), platform balance,
or any small weighing scale, stick.
Procedure: Note- As you perform the procedure, write down your observations right away under
OBSERVATIONS.

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A.
1. Cut the candle into 3 parts of different lengths.
2. measure the length of each in centimeters.
3. determine the mass of each candle piece using a weighing scale.
4. determine the volume of each by water displacement (figure above) using the 50ml or 100 ml
graduated cylinder. See to it that the entire candle is under water. If the candle floats, push it
down with a stick see figure above.
5.Record your observations in a table similar to the one below.

Sample Color Length (cm) Volume(ml) Mass (g) Density

(g/ml)
Candle 1 White 6 cm 62 ml 12 g 0.2 g/ml
Candle 2 White 4.5 cm 58.5 ml 8.5 g 0.14 g/ml
Candle 3 White 3 cm 56 ml 6g 0.10 g/ml
Nail 1 Grey 6 cm 10.92 ml 0.92 g 0.08 g/ml
Nail 2 Grey 3.5 cm 10.55 ml 0.55 g 0.05 g/ml
Nail 3 Grey 2 cm 10.4 ml 0.4 g 0.04 g/ml
6.Find the density using formula:

D=M/V where M= mass in grams

V= volume in milliliters
D= density in g/ml

1st Candle 1ST Iron nail

D=M/V D=M/V
D= 12 g/ 62 ml D= 0.92 g/ 10.92 ml
D= 0.2 g/ml D= 0.084 g/ml

2nd Candle 2nd Iron nail

D= M/V D=M/V
D= 8.5 g/ 58.5 ml D= 0.55 g/ 10.55 ml
D= 0.14 g/ml D= 0.052 g/ml

3rd Candle 3rd Iron nail

D= M/V D= M/V
D= 6 g/ 56 ml D= 0.4 g/ 10.4 ml
D= 0.10 g/ml D= 0.038 g/ml

B.
Repeat procedure A-2 to 6 using iron nails of different sizes instead of candle. Note: Use a 10-ml
cylinder for this. The length of the nails must not be more than 7 centimeters.

OBSERVATIONS/DISCUSSION:
Answer the following questions based on the table above
1. a. What properties are common to all three pieces of candle? a. The common to all
b. Do these properties change when the amount of three pieces of candle
matter(ex.candle) changes? is the color.
b. No, there is no
changed in the
properties even if the
amount of the candle
change.
2. a. Which properties differ among the 3 pieces of candle? a. Among the 3 pieces of
b. Do these properties change when the amount of matter candle they are all
(ex. Candle) change? different in length,
mass and even the
density.
b. Yes, if the amount of
the three candle is
different the volume
 of the water and
density will changed.
3. a. What properties are common to all nails used in this a. The common to all nails
activity? used in the activity is the
b. Do these properties change when the amount of matter color.
changes? b. No. the color of the iron
nails don’t change even the
amount of the nails changed.
4. a. Which properties differ among the 3 nails? a. In the 3 nails they are all
b. Do these properties change when the amount of matter different in length, weight
changes? and density.
b. Yes, the volume of the
water change because of the
different size of the length
and mass.
5. Are the properties constant to candle also constant to nail? Yes
These are called INTENSIVE PROPERTIES.
6. Are the properties which are different among the 3 sizes of Yes
candles the same as the properties which are different among
the 3 sizes of nails? These are called EXTENSIVE PROPETIES>

CONGRATULATIONS!! For a job well done.