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12
Practical Research 2
Semester I – Week 2
Quantitative Research Variables

CONTEXTUALIZED LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

SCHOOLS DIVISION OF PUERTO PRINCESA CITY
Practical Research 2 – Grade 12
Contextualized Learning Activity Sheets (CLAS)
Semester I - Week 2: Quantitative Research Variables
First Edition, 2021

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 Lesson 1
Quantitative Research Variables

MELC: Illustrates the importance of quantitative research across fields. CS_RS12-Ia-c-2

Differentiates kinds of variables and their uses. CS_RS12-Ia-c-3

Objectives:
1. Define variables;
2. Identify the uses of variables in quantitative research;
3. Differentiate the kinds of variables in quantitative research; and
4. Explain the importance of quantitative research across fields.

Let’s Try
Directions: Choose the letter of the BEST answer. Write your answer on the space
provided before each number.
_____1. In quantitative research, what do you call a factor that can affect or change the
results of a study?
A. Hypothesis C. Theories
B. Law D. Variable

_____2. This is a variable that is presumed to cause changes in another variable. It is also
called as a causal variable. What do you call it?
A. Independent Variable C. Mediating Variable
B. Dependent Variable D. Moderator Variable

_____3. What do call a variable that delineates how a relationship of interest changes under
different conditions or circumstances?
A. Independent Variable C. Mediating Variable
B. Dependent Variable D. Moderator Variable

_____4. What do you call the variable that changes and is sometimes called outcome
variable?
A. Independent Variable C. Mediating Variable
B. Dependent Variable D. Moderator Variable

_____5. What do you call the variable that comes in between other variables and helps to
delineate the process through which variables affect one another?
A. Independent Variable C. Mediating Variable
B. Dependent Variable D. Moderator Variable

_____6. What is the dependent variable in this situation: “Voting procedures do not fully
safeguard the secrecy of the vote”?
A. Election system C. Vote buying
B. Secrecy of the vote D. Voting procedures

3
_____7. Which of the following is an example of a quantitative research in the field of
business?
A. Studies to develop vaccines for HIV.
B. Statistical profiles of a population for the past 20 years.
C. Searching for a good paint substance and painting material.
D. Relationship between expenditures in advertisements and sales.

_____8. Which of the following is an example of quantitative research in the field of

medicine?
A. Studies to develop vaccines for HIV.
B. Statistical profiles of a population for the past 20 years.
C. Searching for a good paint substance and painting material.
D. Relationship between expenditures in advertisements and sales.

_____9. Which of the following is an example of quantitative research in the field of

agriculture?
A. Statistical profiles of a population for the past 20 years.
B. Health benefits of organically grown vegetables to elderly.
C. Searching for a good paint substance and painting material.
D. Effects of organic fertilizers in vegetable production and sales.

_____10. Which of the following is NOT a good characteristic of quantitative research?

A. Quantitative research assumes sample as representative of the population.
B. Quantitative research often reduces and restructures a complex problem to
a limited number of variables
C. Quantitative research looks at relationships between variables and can
establish cause and effect in highly controlled circumstances.
D. Quantitative research is more detailed than qualitative data and may miss a
desired response from the participant.

4
 Let’s Explore and Discover

Variables play a significant role in quantitative

Unlocking of Difficulty research. When you intend to accomplish something through
research, the boundaries of your goal must be defined first to
Variables are any direct your focus into a specific characteristic or condition
characteristics that can through identifying the variables of your research study.
take on different values Doing such eliminates complexities and elaborate work
such as height, age, especially for a senior high school student like you. Knowing
species, or exam score. the different kinds of research variables also aids in smooth
data collection and analysis.

Variables in quantitative research and their uses

Research Variables is the foundation of quantitative research that can affect or

change the results of a study. These are measures of the concepts or constructs that we
want to study in quantitative research. Every study has variables because these are needed
to understand differences. What are the different variables and their uses in a quantitative
research?

Kinds of variables in quantitative research

Independent variable – a variable that is presumed to cause changes in another variable. It

is a causal variable.

Dependent variable – a variable that changes because of another variable. This is the effect
or outcome variable.

Mediating variable – a variable that comes in between other variables. It helps to delineate
the process through which variables affect one another.

Moderator variable – a variable that delineates how a relationship of interest changes under
different conditions or circumstances.

Look at the given example below:

Kinds of Variable Example

Independent variable Amount of studying

Dependent variable Affects test grades

Mediating variable Amount of studying leads to input and organization in

one’s long-term memory which affects test grades.

Perhaps the relationship between studying and test

Moderator variable grades changes according to the level of use of a drug
such as Ritalin.

5
The importance of quantitative research across fields

There are different ways where quantitative research can be relevant and useful. The
value of quantitative data analysis is commonly applied in different fields such as medicine,
arts, sports, market research, economics, sociology, psychology, and other branches of
science. Since it is about numerical data and statistics, it is important because it:

1. is more reliable and objective

2. can use statistics to generalize a finding
3. often reduces and restructures a complex problem to a limited number of variables
4. looks at relationships between variables and can establish cause and effect in
highly controlled circumstances
5. tests theories or hypotheses
6. assumes sample as representative of the population
7. subjectivity of researcher in methodology is recognized less
8. is less detailed than qualitative data and may miss a desired response from the
participant

The table below shows some of the contributions of quantitative research to other fields and
their example.

Field Contribution/Application Example

Social Science • Effects of intervention to The effects of pandemic
group behavior on social behavior and
• Understanding cultural or economic stability
racial conflicts
• Human satisfaction and
stressors
Natural and Physical • Investigate the effectiveness Antidiabetic properties
Sciences of a product or treatment to of common Philippine
illnesses herbs
• Finding or enhancing
alternative energy sources
• Advancement in material
science
Agriculture and • Increase the yield of crops The effectiveness of
Fisheries • Prevention and cure for organic and inorganic
crops and livestock diseases fertilizer to vegetable
production
Sports • Enhance athletic Diet and exercise
performance techniques for different
kinds of sports
Business • Device marketing strategies Effectiveness of
• Improve marketability Facebook ads on sales
Arts and Design • Relationship between color The effects of music on
and architectural space learning and behavior
• Multimedia use and
adaptation for recreation,
business marketing and
lifestyle changes
Environmental • Causes and effects of climate The environmental
Science change factors affecting natural
calamities

(Source: Rochelle A. Luzano, Ma. Doris P. Napone, Kim Charies L. Okit and Maria Eleonor C.
Bañares, Module in Practical Research 2, Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro,
2020, p.10.)

6
 Let’s Practice

Directions: Listed in Column A are the important inventions, innovations, or discoveries

in history. Match column A with the discoveries in column B. Write only the letter of your
answer on the blank provided before each number.

Column A Column B

_______1. Vaccine A. Agriculture and Fisheries

_______2. Refrigeration B. Natural and Physical Science
_______3. Printing press C. Business and Accounting
_______4. Computer D. Information and Communications Technology
_______5. Airplane E. Arts
_______6. Photo finishes F. Education
_______7. Social media G. Sports
_______8. Paint H. Humanities and Social Science
I. Mathematics

Directions: Differentiate dependent from independent variable by filling in the missing

cause or effect in the following pairs of variables.

Independent (causal) variable Dependent (effect or outcome) variable

1. smoking
2. High blood pressure
3. Racism
4. Poor or low calcium intake
5. Electoral fraud
6. High level of political participation
7. Flooding
8. Air pollution
9. Poor educational system
10. High quality of life

7
 Let’s Do More

Directions: Identify the causal variables for the electoral victory of President Rodrigo
Duterte. Write your answers on the space provided.
Question: Why did Rodrigo Duterte win the presidential election held on May 9, 2016?
Dependent variable: Winning the presidency
Task: Identify at least 5 independent (causal) variables
1. ___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________

5. ___________________________________________________________

Directions: Identify the Independent, Dependent, Mediating and Moderator variables in

the given situation below.

A teacher wanted to know which learning delivery modes (pure online, pure
modular, combination of online and modular) is the most effective and has the fastest
turnaround time in the submission of accomplished activities among her Grade 12
students. She divided the students into 3 groups, gave them the same activity sheets, and
asked them to submit as soon as it is completed. She then compared the scores and
completion time of the 3 groups.

Independent variable: _______________________________________________

Dependent variable: ________________________________________________
Mediating variable: _________________________________________________
Moderator variable: _________________________________________________

8
 Let’s Sum It Up
Directions: Supply answers for each item. Write your answer on the space provided.

1. Give the importance of quantitative research across fields.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2. Differentiate the kinds of variables in quantitative research.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Let’s Assess
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on the space provided
before each number.

_____1. What do call a variable that delineates how a relationship of interest changes under
different conditions or circumstances?
A. Independent Variable C. Mediating Variable
B. Dependent Variable D. Moderator Variable

_____2. In quantitative research, what do you call a factor that can affect or change the
results of a study?
A. Hypothesis C. Theories
B. Law D. Variable

_____3. What do you call the variable that comes in between other variables and helps to
delineate the process through which variables affect one another?
A. Independent Variable C. Mediating Variable
B. Dependent Variable D. Moderator Variable

_____4. This is a variable that is presumed to cause changes in another variable. It is also
called as a causal variable. What do you call it?
A. Independent Variable C. Mediating Variable
B. Dependent Variable D. Moderator Variable

_____5. What is the dependent variable in this situation: “Voting procedures do not fully
safeguard the secrecy of the vote”?
A. Election system C. Vote buying
B. Secrecy of the vote D. Voting procedures

9
_____6. What do you call the variable that changes and is sometimes called the outcome
variable?
A. Independent Variable C. Mediating Variable
B. Dependent Variable D. Moderator Variable

_____7. Which of the following is an example of quantitative research in the field of

agriculture?
A. Statistical profiles of a population for the past 20 years.
B. Health benefits of organically grown vegetables to elderly.
C. Searching for a good paint substance and painting material.
D. Effects of organic fertilizers in vegetable production and sales.

_____8. Which of the following is an example of quantitative research in the field of

medicine?
A. Studies to develop vaccines for HIV.
B. Statistical profiles of a population for the past 20 years.
C. Searching for a good paint substance and painting material.
D. Relationship between expenditures in advertisements and sales.

_____9. Which of the following is an example of a quantitative research in the field of

business?
A. Studies to develop vaccines for HIV.
B. Statistical profiles of a population for the past 20 years.
C. Searching for a good paint substance and painting material.
D. Relationship between expenditures in advertisements and sales.

_____10. Which of the following is NOT a good characteristic of quantitative research?

A. Quantitative research assumes sample as representative of the population.
B. Quantitative research often reduces and restructures a complex problem to
a limited number of variables
C. Quantitative research looks at relationships between variables and can
establish cause and effect in highly controlled circumstances.
D. Quantitative research is more detailed than qualitative data and may miss a
desired response from the participant.

10
 Answer Key
Let’s Practice
Let’s Do More
Answers may vary

Answers may vary

Answers may vary

Independent (causal) Dependent (Effect or
variable outcome) variable
Smoking Lung related diseases
high salt intake High blood pressure Let’s Sum it up
historical events, Racism 1.Can be applied in different field such as
social inequality, market research, economics, sociology,
cultural diversity psychology and other branches of science.
Poor or low calcium Bone density problem 2. Independent variable – a variable that is
intake
presumed to cause changes in another
Poor implementation Electoral fraud
variable. It is a causal variable.
of electoral laws
High level of political High level of political
Dependent variable – a variable that changes
interest participation because of another variable. This is the effect
Poor garbage Flooding or outcome variable.
disposal Mediating variable – a variable that comes in
Air pollution Health related between other variables. It helps to delineate
problems the process through which variables affect
Poor educational Underemployment one another.
system Moderator variable – a variable that
High quality of life Happiness delineates how a relationship of interest
changes under different

Let’s Try 1.D 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.D 8.A 9.D 10.D

Let’s Assess 1.D 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.D 8.A 9.D 10.D

References

Online Sources

Agacite, Mark Vince. "Characteristics, Strengths, Weaknesses, Kinds of Quantitative

Research." Accessed July 10, 2020. https://www.academia.edu/.

Bhat, Adi. "Question Pro" Accessed July 11, 2020. https://www.questionpro.com.

Bryman, Allan. "Social Research Methods." New York: Oxford University Press. Accessed
July 16, 2020. https://www.academia.edu/3.

Shuttleworth, Martin. "Quantitative Research Design." Accessed July 16, 2020.

https://explorable.com/quantitative-research-design.

11
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