2nd Quarter Pre-calculus Reviewer.

AY 2019-2020
Prepared by Leo Matthew Sarne (Mapua SHS — Math Club)

COURSE OUTCOME 4: Trigonometry

Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
Sine and Cosine
y = sinx

y = cosx

Tangent
y = tanx

*One period (cycle) is shown in red.

y = a sinbx
y = a cosbx
a (amplitude) = |a|
p (period) = |2ᴨ/b|
intervals: y = tanx or y = tan(bx+c)
p/4 period:
p/2 p = |ᴨ/b|
3p/4 vertical asymptotes:
P get the vertical asymptotes by equating x or bx+c
Phase shift (horizontal): to -ᴨ/2 and ᴨ/2 (bx + c = -ᴨ/2; bx + c = ᴨ/2)
y = a sin(bx+c) intersection at x-axis:
y = a cos(bx+c) get the intersection by using the midpoint formula
formula: c/b on the two values of x obtained from equating it to
*if negative, move to the right -ᴨ/2 and ᴨ/2
*if positive, move to the left graphing:
period intervals: Graph the vertical asymptotes; then, draw the
*reverse the sign before adding it to the period graph of the tangent as shown in the image above,
intervals intersecting the x-axis at the midpoint of the two
p/4 – phase shift asymptotes.
p/2 – phase shift Cotangents
3p/4 – phase shift y = cotx
p – phase shift
Vertical Shift/Translation:
y = a cos(bx+c) + d
*move the graph d units up if d is positive
*move the graph d units down if d is negative
Secant and Cosecant
First, graph its reciprocal function (sine for
cosecant; cosine for secant); then, draw vertical
asymptotes where the graph touches the x-axis.
After that, draw the final graph.
 2nd Quarter Pre-calculus Reviewer. AY 2019-2020
Prepared by Leo Matthew Sarne (Mapua SHS — Math Club)

y = cotx or y = cot(bx+c) TanX=SinX/CosX

period:
p = |ᴨ/b| Squares
vertical asymptotes: Sin2 X= 1 − Cos2 X
get the vertical asymptotes by equating x or bx+c Cos2 X= 1 − Sin2 X
to 0 and ᴨ (bx + c = 0; bx + c = ᴨ) 1−Cos2 X
Tan2 X= 1−Sin2X
intersection at x-axis:
Sin2 X + Cos2 X=1
get the intersection by using the midpoint formula
on the two values of x obtained from equating it to
Double Angle
0 and ᴨ
Sin2X= 2SinXCosX
graphing:
Cos2X= Cos2 X − Sin2 X
Graph the vertical asymptotes; then, draw the
= 2Cos2 X − 1
graph of the cotangent as shown in the image, 2TanX
intersecting the x-axis at the midpoint of the two Tan2X= 1−Tan2X
asymptotes.
Inverse Functions Triple Angle
Domains and ranges of the inverse functions: Sin3X= 3SinX − 4Sin3 X
Cos3X= 4Cos3 X − 3CosX

Half angle
X 1−CosX
Sin 2 = ±√ 2

X 1+CosX
Cos = ±√
2 2

X 1−CosX
Tan 2 = ±√1+CosX
Inverse identities:

Addition Formula
Sin(A+B) = SinaCosB+CosASinB
Cos(A+B) = CosACosB-SinASinB
TanA+TanB
Tan(A+B) = 1−TanATanB

Subtraction Formula
Sin(A-B) = SinaCosB-CosASinB
Cos(A-B) = CosACosB+SinASinB
TanA−TanB
Tan(A-B) = 1+TanATanB

COURSE OUTCOME 5: Conic Sections

Circles
-Generated when a plane intersects the cone and is
*if the given value for x is not within the shown
parallel to the base of the cone
intervals, find an angle equivalent to it which is
-Set of points that are equidistant from a certain
within the interval. If the given value for x is within
point called the center
the shown interval; then, that is the value for the
function

Trigonometric Identities
Base Formula
SinX=CosX(TanX)
Standard Equation:
CosX=SinX/TanX
 2nd Quarter Pre-calculus Reviewer. AY 2019-2020
Prepared by Leo Matthew Sarne (Mapua SHS — Math Club)

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
Conic Equation:
A𝑥 2 +B𝑦 2 +Cx+Dy+E=0
(A=B, A≠ 0, B≠ 0)
Center: (h,k)

Determining points Inside, Outside, or On a circle

Step 1. The line segment parallel to the directrix and

Find the general equation: A𝑥 2 +B𝑦 2 +Cx+Dy+E=0 passes through the focus is called the Focal
Step 2. Cord/Latus Rectum
Substitute point (x,y) to the equation
Step 3.
Determine the point.
*If equation=0, then point (x,y) is On the circle
*If equation<0, point (x,y) is Inside the circle
*If equation>0, point (x,y) is Outside the circle

A parabola is a symmetric figure, and the axis of

Parabola
symmetry divides it into 2 equal parts.
-Generated if a plane intersects the cone and is
The axis of symmetry is an imaginary line that is
parallel to the edge/slant of the cone
parallel to the directrix and passes through the
Focus.

1) Horizontal Parabola
Standard equation: y=a𝑥 2 +bx+c
Vertex form: y= a(𝑥 − ℎ)2 +k
(a=1/4p)
Vertex: (h,k)
Focus: (h,k+p)
Directrix: y=k-p
y-intercept: (0,c)
−𝑏+√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏−√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
x-intercept: ( ,0), ( ,0)
2𝑎 2𝑎

For every given parabola, D1=D2

D1= Distance between focus and P
D2= Distance between directrix and P
Additionally, the distance from the Vertex to the
Focus and Directrix are the same.

2) Vertical Parabola
Standard equation: x=a𝑦 2 +by+c
Vertex form: x= a(𝑦 − 𝑘)2 +h
 2nd Quarter Pre-calculus Reviewer. AY 2019-2020
Prepared by Leo Matthew Sarne (Mapua SHS — Math Club)

(a=1/4p) Center: (h,k)

Vertex: (h,k) Foci: (h+√𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ,k), (h-√𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ,k)
Focus: (h+p,k) Major Extrema: (h+a,k),(h-a,k)
Directrix: x=h-p Minor Extrema: (h, k+b), (h, k-b)
−𝑏+√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏−√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
y-intercept: (0, ), (0, )
2𝑎 2𝑎
2) Vertical Ellipse
x-intercept: (c,0)
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
Standard Equation: + = 1 (Given
𝑎2 𝑏2
a<b)
Center: (h,k)
Foci: (h, 𝑘 + √𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 ), (h, k-√𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 )
Major Extrema: (h, k+b), (h, k-b)
Minor Extrema: (h+a,k),(h-a,k)

Hyperbola

Ellipse
Set of all points (x,y) such the sum of distances
from 2 fixed points f1 and f2 is a constant
Points f1 and f2 are called the foci of the ellipse
(focus: singular)
Thus, d1+d2=constant
-Generated when a place perpendicular to the
base of a cone intersects it.
Asymptotes – Lines/Curves which the graph of
the equation is not allowed to cross and are
found using fractions and whole numbers.

Finding asymptotes:
𝑥2
Given the equation 𝑥+1, find its asymptotes.

Using long hand division,

𝑥2 1
= x-1 + 𝑥+1
𝑥+1

Therefore the asymptotes are y=x-1 and x=1

1) Sideward Hyperbola
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
Standard Equation: - =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
Center: (h,k)
Vertices: (h+a,k),(h-a,k)
Foci: (h+√𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ,k), (h-√𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ,k)
𝑏(𝑥−ℎ)
Asymptotal equation: y-k=± 𝑎

1) Horizontal Ellipse
(𝑥−ℎ)2 (𝑦−𝑘)2
Standard Equation: + = 1 (Given a>b)
𝑎2 𝑏2
 2nd Quarter Pre-calculus Reviewer. AY 2019-2020
Prepared by Leo Matthew Sarne (Mapua SHS — Math Club)

a2=a+d
a3=a+2d
.
.
In general, we can express this as
an=a+(n-1)d

Example: given first term 20, and 15th term 90.

Solve for the common difference and general term.
[SOL]
2) Upward/Downward hyperbola
A15=(1st term)+(n-1)(common difference)
(𝑦−𝑘)2 (𝑥−ℎ)2
Standard Equation: − =1 Sub 1st term=20, and n=15
𝑏2 𝑎2
Center: (h,k)[intersection of asymptotes] 20+(15-1)d=90
Vertices: (h, k+b), (h, k-b) 20+14d=90
14d=70
Foci: (h, 𝑘 + √𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 ), (h, k-√𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 )
𝑎(𝑥−ℎ) d=5
Asymptotal equation: y-k=± therefore the general term is:
𝑏
an=20+5(n-1)=5n+15

Finding the sum of an arithmetic sequence

Since Sn=a+(a+d)+(a+2d)+(l-d)+…+l
Wherein a= first term, d=common difference and
l=last term
Reversing this:
Sn=l+(l-d)+(l-2d)+…+a

Adding these 2 results in:

2Sn=(a+l)+(a+l)+(a+l)+…..
2Sn=n(a+l)
𝑛(𝑎+𝑙)
Sn=
2
Wherein a= first term, d=common difference, l=last
term and n=number of terms

COURSE OUTCOME 6: Sequences and Series Geometric sequences

Sequence – Succession of numbers which are Given a1=a, a2=a(r), a3=a(r2)
arranged in a specific order following a general The general term is: an=a(rn-1) wherein a is the first
formula/rule term, n is the number of terms, and r is the
common ratio.
Term – Each number in a series is called a term
counting from the beginning. Positions of each Finding the sum of a geometric sequence
term are defined by n (n>0, n=ℝ) Given Sn= a+a(r)+a(r2)+…… {1}
1st term, n=1 r(Sn)= a(r)+a(r2)+ a(r3)+…… {2}
2nd term, n=2 {1}-{2} = Sn=a-arn
3rd term, n=3
𝑎
When r≠1, Sn=1−𝑟
Arithmetic Sequence
Finding the general term: When r=1, Sn=n(a)
An arithmetic sequence with first term a and
common difference d is defined as: Shorthand formulas
a1=a ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑎𝑘 + 𝑏𝑘 =∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑎𝑘 + ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑏𝑘
 2nd Quarter Pre-calculus Reviewer. AY 2019-2020
Prepared by Leo Matthew Sarne (Mapua SHS — Math Club)

∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑐(𝑎𝑘 )= c(∑𝑛𝑘=1(𝑎𝑘 )

𝑛(𝑛+1)
∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑘 =
2
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)
∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑘 2 =
6
𝑛(𝑛+1) 2
∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑘 3 =[ ]
2