Primary-side regulation

Controllers

October 2015
 Contents 2

PRIMARY-SIDE • Functions and applications

REGULATION • PSR controllers topologies and ST solutions
Controllers

SMPS

Primary side Secondary side

AC LINE

PFC CC/CV

LOAD
PRIMARY SYNC RECT
SUPERVISOR
 Main applications 3

• Workstations
Computer • Desktop PCs
• Servers
peripherals • Printers

• SMPSs
Industrial • Home appliances – White goods
• Metering SMPSs

• Games
• Flat panel TVs
Consumer • Set-top boxes
• AC-DC adapters

• LED signage
LED lighting • Street lighting
 Competitive advantages 4

Robustness and • Advanced protection features integrated

• Output overvoltage, brownout detection, inductor saturation
reliability detection, and feedback loop disconnection

Regulation • Blue Angel, Energy Star, EU Code of Conduct, DOE compliant

• Perfect synergy with ST PFC controllers for all topologies: flyback,

Easy design quasi-resonant, resonant and half-bridge
• Full support and tools available

WW reference • L6599A LLC resonant controller recognized as worldwide reference

 PSR controller topologies & portfolio 5

POWER
• L6699 SO16
LLC resonant • L6599A/AT/AF DIP16, SO16
asymmetrical HB • L6591 SO16
• L6598 DIP16, SO16

• L6566A/B/BH SO16
Quasi-resonant • L6565 DIP8, SO8

• • L6668
• L6566A/B/BH
SO16
SO16
PWM FF • SG3524, SG3525 DIP16, SO16
• UC384 2B/3B/4B/5B SO8, DIP8
• L5991, L5991A DIP16, SO16
 L6566A multi-mode controller 6

L6566A
FEATURES
16 pins
L6566A  For SMPSs with PFC front-end
 Selectable multi-mode operation: fixed frequency or quasi-resonant
 On-board 700 V high-voltage startup
 Advanced light load management
 Low quiescent current (< 3 mA)
 Adaptive UVLO
 Line feed-forward for constant power capability vs. mains voltage
 Pulse-by-pulse OCP, shutdown on overload (latched or auto-restart)
 Transformer saturation detection
 Switched supply rail for PFC controller
 Latched or auto-restart OVP
 Brownout protection
 -600/+800 mA totem pole gate-driver with active pull-down during UVLO
 Package: SO16

APPLICATION NOTES & EVALUATION BOARDS

 AC-DC adapters/chargers
APPLICATIONS

 Notebook, TV and LCD monitor adapters • AN2690: 19 V - 75 W adapter with pre-regulator PFC using the L6563 and the L6566A
 Consumer appliances (DVD players, set-top boxes,..) • AN2941: 19 V - 75 W SMPS compliant with latest ENERGY STAR® criteria using the
 IT equipment, games L6563S and the L6566A
 Server auxiliary power supplies • EVL6566A-75WES4: 19 V - 75 W SMPS compliant with latest Energy Star criteria using
 Metering SMPS the L6563 and the L6566A
• EVL6566A-75WADP: 19 V - 75 W laptop adapter with tracking boost PFC pre-regulator,
using the L6563 and the L6566A
 L6566B/BH multi-mode controllers 7

L6566B/BH
FEATURES

16 pins
L6566B  for single-stage SMPS
Recommended for power supplies below 75 W
 Same features and functions as L6566A plus:
 Programmable frequency modulation for EMI reduction

L6566BH  for single-stage SMPS

Recommended for power supplies below 75 W
 Same features and functions as L6566B plus:
 On-board 840 V high-voltage startup

APPLICATION NOTES & EVALUATION BOARDS

• AN3089: 19 V - 65 W quasi-resonant flyback adapter using L6566B and TSM1014

• AN4248: 60 W PSU design details for water purifier system
• STEVAL-ISA161V1: Evaluation board for the SEA01 constant voltage and current controller
with online digital trimming
 AC-DC adapters/chargers
APPLICATIONS

• EVL6566B-65W-SR: 12 V - 65 W FF flyback adapter with synchronous rectification featuring

 TV and LCD monitor adapters
L6566B, STSR30 and SEA05L
 Consumer appliances (DVD players, set-top boxes,..)
 IT equipment, games
• EVL6566B-40WSTB: 40 W wide input range flyback converter using L6566BH Multimode
 Server auxiliary power supplies controller for SMPS
 Metering SMPS • EVL6566B-65W-QR: 19 V - 65 W quasi-resonant flyback adapter board
 QR operating modes 8

Burst Mode Valley Skipping Quasi-resonant

@ No Load @ Light Load @ Heavy Load
• Most switching cycles are skipped • Frequency does not exceed an externally • Variable frequency operation
• Average frequency reduction programmed value • Possible to achieve ZVS
• Constant peak switch current • Benefit on switching losses • Low EMI (auto frequency jittering)
• Threshold can be adjusted to get noise-free • MOSFET turn-on always occurs on drain • Low capacitive losses (Coss + parasitic)
operation oscillation valleys to minimize losses and
• Very low stand-by consumption noise
• No audible noise (low peak current)

fsw
VALLEY SKIPPING fosc

QUASI RESONANT MODE

BURST MODE

Pin
 Typical QR schematic 9

PFC PRE-REGULATOR (BOOST) DC-DC CONVERTER (FLYBACK)

EMI
Vinac Voutdc
filter

PFC's

L6562A
L6563S L6566A
L6564
 L5991 PWM FF controllers 10

L5991/A
16 pins FEATURES

 Current-mode control PWM

 Switching frequency up to 1 MHz
 Low start-up current (< 120 mA)
 High current output drive suitable for power MOSFET (1A)
 Fully latched PWM logic with double pulse suppression
 Programmable duty cycle
 100% and 50% maximum duty cycle limit
 Standby function
 Programmable soft start
 Primary overcurrent fault detection with re-start delay
 PWM UVLO with hysteresis
 In/out synchronization
 Latched disable
 Internal 100 ns leading edge blanking of current sense
 Packages: SO16 and DIP16
APPLICATIONS

 Hi-end AC-DC adapters/chargers

 Desktop PCs, monitors, entry-level servers
 Telecom SMPS
APPLICATION NOTES & EVALUATION BOARDS
• AN1049: Minimize power losses of lightly loaded flyback converters with the L5991 PWM controller
• AN1132: 90W SMPS for monitors with standby function
• AN1134: 45W AC-DC adapter with standby function
• AN1215: How to handle short circuit conditions with ST's advanced PWM controllers
• AN1537: A simple trick enhances L5991’s standby function
• AN1620: 25W off-line autoranging battery charger with L5991A
• AN1621: 300W secondary controlled two-switch forward converter with L5991A
• AN1686: AN L5991-based converter with temporary extra power capability
• AN1842: 60W wide range power supply for LCD monitor or TV, using the L5991
• AN2131: High-power 3-phase auxiliary power supply design based on L5991 and ESBT STC08DE150
• AN2439: 27W Output power ultra wide range input flyback converter
• AN2623: Evaluation board for off-line forward converter based on L5991
 L6668 PWM FF controllers 11

L6668 FEATURES

16 pins  Load-dependent current-mode control: fixed frequency (heavy load),

frequency fold-back (light load), burst-mode (no-load)
 On-board high-voltage start-up
 Improved standby function
 Low quiescent current (< 2 mA)
 Slope compensation
 Pulse-by-pulse and hiccup-mode OCP
 Interface with PFC controller
 Disable function (on/off control)
 Latched disable for OVT/OTP function
 Programmable soft-start
 Reference voltage with 2% precision externally available
 ±800 mA totem pole gate driver with internal clamp and UVLO pull-down
 Package: SO16
APPLICATIONS

 Hi-end AC-DC adapters/chargers

 TV monitors
 Digital consumer goods
APPLICATION NOTES & EVALUATION BOARDS

• AN2242: Reference design: high performance, L6668-based flyback converter for set-top boxes and PVRs
• AN2432: EVALSTSR30-60W: 60W AC-DC adapter with synchronous rectification using L6668 and STSR30
• AN2600: SMPS for high-end PVR based on L6668
• EVAL6668-STB: Reference design: high performance, L6668-based flyback converter for set-top boxes and PVRs
 L6565 QR controllers 12

FEATURES
L6565
 Quasi-resonant (QR) Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS)
8 pins 

Line feed forward to deliver constant power vs. Mains change
Frequency fold-back for optimum standby efficiency
 Pulse-by-pulse & Hiccup mode OCP
 Ultra-low start-up (< 70 μA) and quiescent current (< 3.5 mA)
 Disable function (on/off control)
 Internal voltage reference 1% precision (@ Tj = 25 °C)
 Totem pole gate driver with UVLO pull-down ±400 mA
 Packages: DIP8 and SO8

APPLICATION NOTES & EVALUATION BOARDS

• AN1326: L6565 quasi-resonant controller

• AN1376: 25W quasi-resonant flyback converter for set-top box application using the L6565
• AN1439: 30 W AC-DC adapter with the L6565 quasi-resonant PWM controller
• AN1657: SMPS for CRT monitors with the L6565
• AN1729: L6565-based low cost SMPS for TV with less then 1W standby consumption
• AN2487: STEVAL-TSP001V1 power over Ethernet powered device demonstration board
• AN2528: Very wide input voltage range 6 W SMPS for metering
• AN2844: 15 W wide range SMPS for metering based on ESBT™ STC03DE220HV and
APPLICATIONS

 TV/monitor SMPS L6565 PWM controller

 AC-DC adapters/chargers • AN2936: 10 W SMPS with HV power MOSFET and L6565 for 3-phase industrial applications
 Digital consumer goods • STEVAL-ISC001V1: 30 W AC-DC adapter based on the L6565
 Printers and scanners
 Typical LLC schematic 13

L6562A, L6563S/H,
L6564, L6564T/H, L6699
L4984 L6599A
 L6599A resonant controllers 14

L6599A FEATURES

16 pins L6599A
 50% duty cycle, variable frequency control of resonant half bridge
 High-accuracy oscillator
 Up to 500 kHz operating frequency
 Two-level OCP: frequency-shift and latched shutdown
 Interface with PFC controller
 Latched disable input
 Burst mode operation at light load
 Input for power-on/off sequencing or brownout protection
 Non-linear soft-start for monotonic output voltage rise
 600 V-rail compatible high-side gate driver with integrated bootstrap
diode and high dv/dt immunity
 -300/800 mA high-side and low-side gate drivers with UVLO pull-down
 L6599A SIMPLIS and SPICE macro model available
 Packages: DIP16 and SO16


APPLICATIONS

LED drivers and street lighting

 Flat-panel TVs APPLICATION NOTES & EVALUATION BOARDS
 Desktop PCs and entry-level servers
 Telecom SMPS • AN3014: 19 V, 90 W resonant converter with synchronous rectification using the L6563H, L6599A and SRK2000
 High efficiency industrial SMPS • AN3172: 19 V - 90 W adapter with PFC for Laptop computers using the L6563H and L6599A
 AC-DC adapters and open-frame SMPS • AN3233: 12 V - 150 W resonant converter with synchronous rectification using the L6563H, L6599A, and SRK2000
• AN3329: 170 W power supply with PFC and standby supply for flat TV using the L6564, L6599A, and Viper27LN
• AN3339: 185 W power supply with PFC and standby supply for LED TV using the L6564, L6599A, and VIPER27LN
• STEVAL-ISA148V1: 19 V - 90 W adapter with PFC for laptop computers based on L6563H and L6599A
• EVL185W-LEDTV: 185 W power supply with PFC and standby supply for LED TV using the L6564, L6599A, and
VIPER27L
 L6599AT/AF resonant controllers 15

L6599AT/AF
FEATURES
16 pins
L6599AT
 Same features and functions as L6599A except:
 -300/700 mA high-side and low-side gate drivers with UVLO pull-down
 Guaranteed over extended temperature range (-40 to 125 °C)

L6599AF
 Same features and functions as L6599A except:
 -300/700 mA high-side and low-side gate drivers with UVLO pull-down
 Guaranteed over super extended temperature range (-50 to 125 °C)

APPLICATION NOTES & EVALUATION BOARDS

APPLICATIONS

• AN3014: 19 V, 90 W resonant converter with synchronous rectification using the L6563H, L6599A and SRK2000
 LED drivers and street lighting • AN3172: 19 V - 90 W adapter with PFC for Laptop computers using the L6563H and L6599A
 Outdoor applications working at extreme temperatures • AN3233: 12 V - 150 W resonant converter with synchronous rectification using the L6563H, L6599A, and SRK2000
• AN3329: 170 W power supply with PFC and standby supply for flat TV using the L6564, L6599A, and Viper27LN
• AN3339: 185 W power supply with PFC and standby supply for LED TV using the L6564, L6599A, and VIPER27LN
• AN3105: 48 V - 130 W high efficiency converter with PFC for LED street lighting applications - European version
• AN3106: 48 V - 130 W high-efficiency converter with PFC for LED street lighting applications
• EVL185W-LEDTV: 185 W power supply with PFC and standby supply for LED TV using the L6564, L6599A, and VIPER27L
 L6699 – LLC resonant controller 16

resonant controllers
New generation of
Double-ended controller specific for series-resonant, half-
bridge topologies

Innovative design optimized to reduce power supply unit

complexity, form factor and costs

Pin-to-pin compatible with previous generation devices

(L6599A)
 L6699 – LLC resonant controller 17

L6699 FEATURES

16 pins  Symmetrical duty cycle, variable frequency control of resonant half

bridge
 Self-adjusting adaptive dead-time
 Anti-capacitive-mode protection
 High-accuracy oscillator
 Two-level OCP: frequency-shift and immediate shutdown
 Interface with PFC controller
 Burst-mode operation at light load and no-load
 Input for brownout protection or power-on/off sequencing
 “Safe-start” procedure to prevent hard switching at startup
 600V high side gate driver with integrated bootstrap diode and high
dv/dt immunity
 -300/800 mA high-side and low-side gate drivers with UVLO pull-down
 L6699 SIMPLIS and ORCAD macro models available
 Package: SO16
APPLICATIONS

 High-power (> 90 W) AC-DC adapters

 Notebook, AIO, desktop PC and server power supplies targeting 80 PLUS®
initiative
 Flat-panel TVs and game consoles
 High-power LED lighting
APPLICATION NOTES & EVALUATION BOARDS

• AN4026: 19 V - 90 W adapter with PFC for laptop computers using the L6563H and L6699
• AN4027: 12 V - 150 W resonant converter with synchronous rectification using the L6563H, L6699 and SRK2000A
• AN4599: STEVAL-ISA132V1 24 V 300 W peak power resonant converter
• AN4677: 12 V - 150 W resonant converter with synchronous rectification based on L6563H, L6699 and SRK2001
• AN4720: Half bridge resonant LLC converters and primary side MOSFET selection
• STEVAL-ISA143V1: 12 V - 150 W resonant converter with synchronous rectification using the L6563H, L6699 and SRK2000
• STEVAL-ISA138V1: 19 V - 90 W adapter with PFC for laptop computers using the L6563H and L6699
• STEVAL-ISA132V1: 300 W peak power (170 W continuous power) LLC resonant converter based on L6699, STB13N60M2 and STPS20M80CG
• STEVAL-ISA170V1:12 V - 150 W resonant converter with synchronous rectification based on L6563H, L6699 and SRK2001
• EVL400W-ADP/ATX: 12 V – 400 W SMPS for adapter, desktop and AIO power supplies using L4984D, L6699 and SRK2000A
 L6699 key benefits 18

Anti-capacitive-mode protection
• Avoids dangerous hard-switching and potential MOSFET cross-conduction
• Rugged protection in case of improper or unsafe application circuit design
• Increased system reliability

Self-adjusting adaptive dead-time

• Improves efficiency even at light load conditions
• Longer dead-time at low load and shorter at high load
• Optimized transformer design – possible to design the resonant tank for a lower
magnetizing current

Enhanced Soft-start for extra-smooth startup

• A proprietary circuit prevents capacitive mode and hard-switching in the initial switching
cycles due to V·s unbalance initially applied to the transformer or pre-charged resonant
capacitor
 Anti-capacitive-mode protection 19

• IC checks that tank current lags behind

applied voltage (positive phase-shift)
• Pushes frequency up if phase-shift gets
too close to zero
CA
ISEN
• Stops switching for 50 μs and then soft-
L6699
Cr
restarts if phase-shift suddenly
R SENSE
becomes negative
• During this idle period, the PFC_STOP
Sense instantaneous pin is pulled low to stop the PFC stage
current as well
Self-adjustable dead-time 20

• A dead-time tD is inserted between the turn-off

of either switch and the turn-on of the
complementary one to achieve soft switching
• tD is automatically adjusted in order to ensure
ZVS in all conditions
• This is done by tracking the transition time tT ,
time needed for the rail-to-rail swing of the half
bridge midpoint
• It is possible to design the resonant tank with
low magnetizing current (high Lm) and
maximize the efficiency under all loading
conditions
• Efficiency is maximized: at full load with a short
tD; at light load with a longer tD
 L6699 competitive advantages 21

• Internal self-adjusting adaptive dead-time optimizes efficiency from full

Efficiency to light load conditions

• Optimized transformer design makes it possible to design the resonant tank for a
lower magnetizing current

• Anti-capacitive-mode protection prevents the converter from working in or too close

to the capacitive mode
Reliability & • Smooth start-up prevents hard-switching from occurring in the initial cycles
• 600 V high-side gate driver with integrated bootstrap diode and high dV/dt immunity
protections • Two-level OCP: frequency-shift and immediate shutdown
• Input for brownout protection or power ON/OFF sequencing

• Improved burst-mode operating at light-load and no-load conditions

Performance • Reduced audible noise when entering burst-mode operation
• The first driver pulse length is shorter to prevent the initial peak current
 L6591 – ZVS half-bridge controller 22
Asymmetrical half-bridge (AHB) topology
FEATURES
L6591
 Complementary PWM control for soft-switched half-bridge with
programmable dead-time
16 pins  Fixed-frequency peak-current mode
 Up to 500 kHz operating frequency
 Onboard 700 V high-voltage startup
 Advanced light-load management
 Adaptive UVLO
 Pulse-by-pulse OCP
 OLP (latched or auto-restart)
 Transformer saturation detection
 Interface with PFC controller
 Latched disable input
 Input for power-on sequencing or brownout protection
 Programmable soft-start
 4% precision external reference
 600 V-rail compatible high-side gate driver with integrated
bootstrap diode and high dV/dt immunity
 Package: SO16
APPLICATIONS

 ATX desktop PCs

 Entry-level servers
 Telecom SMPS
 Audio systems
 LED high-current signage
APPLICATION NOTES & EVALUATION BOARDS

• AN2852: EVL6591-90WADP: 90 W AC-DC asymmetrical half-bridge adapter using L6591 and L6563
• AN3203: EVL250W-ATX80PL: 250 W ATX SMPS demonstration board
• EVL6591-90WADP: 90 W AC-DC asymmetrical half-bridge adapter using L6591 and L6563
• EVL250W-ATX80PL: 250 W ATX SMPS demonstration board
 Typical AHB schematic 23

L6562A,
L6563S/H, L6591
L4981
 LLC versus AHB resonant topologies 24

LLC resonant Asymmetrical half-bridge

Control method Variable frequency with fixed duty cycle (DHS = DLS) Fixed frequency with asymmetrical duty cycle (DHS ≠ DLS)
High-power capability Voltage Current

Secondary-side rectifier Twice the output voltage (center tapped transformer) Usually about 3 to 6 times the output voltage for powering and
voltage stress freewheeling diodes, respectively (center tapped transformer)

Output capacitor Almost twice the output current (peak-to-peak) Few tens % of output current (peak to peak)
current ripple Smooth waveform but higher ripple Lower ripple

Secondary-side Bigger Smaller

capacitor
Inductor on secondary No Yes, small
side

Switching conditions ZVS easily achieved from full load to light load ZVS difficult to achieve at light load
ZVS relatively easy at full load

Other features Tight tolerance of the resonant components (L, C) required Tight tolerance for the resonant components (L, C) not required
Control loop difficult to stabilize (2nd order, voltage mode) Control loop easy to stabilize
Good cross regulation thanks to the output inductor
Thank you!