Implementation Phases in Modernisation of

Legacy Systems
Humairath KM Abu Bakar Rozilawati Razali Dian Indrayani Jambari
Centre of Software Technology and Centre of Software Technology and Centre of Software Technology and
Management, Management, Management,
Faculty of Information Science and Faculty of Information Science and Faculty of Information Science and
Technology Technology Technology
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Bangi, Selangor Bangi, Selangor Bangi, Selangor
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— Legacy systems continue to play an important systems are critical to the business, yet they have to face
role in the implementation of information systems in unnecessary technical and expenditure problems [5], [2],[6].
organisations. Many large organisations still rely heavily on
these systems in delivering critical services. Legacy systems are On the other hand, the world is now heading to the fourth
important assets of organisations as they contain important stage of the industrial revolution. The fourth industrial
business logics and data over several years. Although these revolution or better known as Industry 4.0 is a
systems are critical to the business yet organisations have to comprehensive industrial transformation that covers every
face technical difficulties and unnecessary expenses in aspect of industry and economy including the aspects of life.
maintaining the systems. In order to continue providing quality Industry 4.0 which was first introduced in German in 2011
services in line with the global changes, legacy systems need to has begun to attract researchers’ attention in the latest
be refreshed through modernisation. This study therefore literature [7],[8],[9],[10],[11]. The term “smart” is used as a
reviewed the phases involved in legacy systems modernisation common term to describe the intelligence and knowledge of
to identify gaps and their insufficiencies. It aims to provide an the new transformation era include smart product, smart
overall guidance to the organisations in performing legacy facility, smart manufacturing, smart city, and smart
systems modernisation. governance. Industry 4.0 is described based on numerous
technologies including Internet of Things, cloud-based
Keywords— legacy system; legacy system modernisation;
production, radio frequency identification (RFID), and
legacy system migration
enterprise resource planning (ERP) [8].
I. INTRODUCTION The benefits gained by the transition to the new
revolution include strengthened competitiveness, enhanced
Organisations rely heavily on information and flexibility and productivity through the use of state-of-the-art
communications technology (ICT), including in the and sophisticated technology [7]. Organisations need to
administration, management, and implementation of business adapt new technologies to achieve efficiency and
activities. ICT enables business daily operations to run productivity in tandem with this global trend.
smoothly and effectively in achieving the mission of the
organisation. It plays an important role as a catalyst for To reap the benefits of this revolution, organisation
innovation and development of an organisation. leaders need to place the Industry 4.0 digital transformation
in the highest position on their administrative agenda.
However, the benefits gained from ICT implementation Organisations that are still using legacy systems in carrying
depend on the ability of the information systems that are out business operations need to think about the ability of the
being used. Old information systems that often expose the systems in supporting their future direction. Legacy systems
organisations to the risk of business failures are unlikely to modernisation needs to be implemented in improving the
provide the necessary advantages. Besides, the rapid competitiveness of the organisations in line with the global
development of technology causes these information systems change [12].
to be obsolete and incompatible with the global current
demands. These information systems known as legacy Overcoming legacy systems problems are difficult
systems are not only barriers to the advancement of because these old systems involve complex interrelationships
organisations technology strategies but also restrict the of information, organisation culture, and organisations’
organisational business competitiveness. These systems normative environments [13]. Even when the technology is
resist the new modifications and business changes that are replaced, the legacy work model persists and often result in
needed by organisations [1],[2]. resistance to change. These will impede the organisations
from achieving transformation to improve their service
Despite the fact that legacy systems lead to technical delivery to the customer. Therefore, to enable organisations
issues, these systems are core systems and essential assets to to perform legacy systems modernisation, they require a
the organisations. Organisations cannot afford to remove or holistic framework that covers technical and business aspects
stop legacy systems easily as these systems contain [14].
important logical data and business information since their
implementation [3],[4]. Any failure of these systems will This paper addresses the above-mentioned concerns by
have a serious impact on daily operations. Organisations with identifying the factors in implementing legacy systems
legacy systems will be in dilemma situation because these modernisation. Phases provided as a step-by-step guideline

978-1-7281-6726-8/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE

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to the organisations focused on the technical and business obsolete for the new era and caused technical problems to the
aspects. This study contributes to the improvement of organisation. The maintenance of legacy systems had
knowledge in legacy systems modernisation along with the become difficult, time consuming, and costly [4],[23],[24].
technology development and digital transformation globally. Difficulties also arise due to the lack of expert in the old
It will be a guidance to the organisation in implementing the technology that has been used [24].
process of legacy systems modernisation. This paper is
organised into sections where Section 2 discusses the Nevertheless, since legacy systems are vital to the
existing literature review of the legacy systems organisations, they cannot simply be scrapped away [3],[4].
modernisation, Section 3 explains the methodology used in Moreover, to redevelop the systems from the scratch is
the study, Section 4 presents the legacy systems considered as risky and expensive [25]. In light of these
modernisation phases, and Section 5 concludes the paper and factors, many organisation opted for legacy systems
outlines the future work. modernisation.

B. Legacy Systems Modernisation

II. RELATED WORK
In terms of the software life cycle, [26] categorised
Research on legacy systems has been one of the software evolution into three activities: maintenance,
important topics studied [5],[15],[13]. There are several modernisation, and replacement. Maintenance activities took
guidelines, techniques, and methods concerning legacy place once an information system is deployed to keep it
systems that have been introduced [1],[16],[17]. Likewise, running. Over the years, the systems will become obsolete.
research in the area of legacy systems modernisation are At this time, the maintenance could be challenging and
increasingly attracting researchers [3],[4],[18],[19] to ensure costly. This situation urging the organisations to implement
the systems are aligned to the technological development. modernisation for extensive changes on the systems rather
than continuing the maintenance. Replacement will be the
A. Overview of Legacy Systems right option when legacy systems can no longer be changed
There are various definitions of legacy systems by or expanded [27].
different authors. Legacy systems are old, core, and critical
systems that have been implemented for so long in a Legacy systems modernisation is the evolving process
production environment [4]. Legacy systems were also using an appropriate method when the current maintenance
defined as running systems that do not comply with operations are unable to meet the new challenging needs
emerging architectural standard but still have the ability to [27]. Legacy systems modernisation updates aging
meet some of functional business needs [5]. application systems to enable them to communicate with the
latest technology. It often emphasise on application agility to
Legacy systems are systems whose languages, codes, ensure legacy systems can rapidly respond to changes related
standards or technologies belong to earlier generation or era to business requests[3],[28].
of innovation [20]. Therefore, all solutions will finally
become legacy and for that reason, legacy systems are given However, modernisation is a complicated process that
great attention by information system researchers. involves not only the technical part, but also business,
organisational, and environmental aspects [25]. These old
According to [21], legacy systems consist of six systems involve complex interrelationships of information,
components namely hardware system, application software, normative way of behaving, environment and different way
supporting software, application data, business process, and of life of organisations [13]. Even when the technology is
business policies or regulations. Besides hardware and replaced, the legacy work model continued and often resulted
software, legacy systems also include legacy business to change resistance. These will impede the organisation
processes or procedures that are the old ways of doing things from achieving transformation to improve their service
and difficult to be changed. All components are related to delivery to the customer. Therefore, to enable organisations
each other which form complete and comprehensive to perform legacy systems modernisation, they require an
information systems. Therefore, changes to one component overall guidance that covers technical and business aspects
will involve changes to another part of the systems. [25],[14].
Legacy systems continue to play an important role today 1) Importance of Modernisation: Modernisation of
where many large organisations still use them to provide legacy systems become increasingly important when
mission-critical services. Legacy systems are core systems maintenance of the traditional systems is no more
and critical to the organisation. Old and outdated but non- appropriate mainly because they cannot meet new demands.
critical information systems will not reach the status of
The amount of legacy systems which need modernisation is
legacy [4]. Legacy systems support business process and any
failure of the systems will bring serious impact to the increasing rapidly and more researches in this field will be
organisations. Legacy systems that have been implemented required [25]. Planning for legacy systems modernisation
for a long time and undergone many changes from time to needs to be implemented to ensure legacy systems remain
time, contain many valuable business information that are relevant in delivering the best services. With the promises of
very important to the organisation [22]. the latest technologies in the new digital era such as mobile
However, rapid technological advance make legacy computing and cloud computing, modernisation of legacy
systems usage in the organisation increasingly challenging. systems has become increasingly important in academia and
Legacy systems are unable to meet current needs of the industry [27]. The most important reasons for software
stakeholders. These systems were developed using software modernisation are increasing flexibility of the systems and
and hardware that are compatible with the technology at the maintenance cost reduction [4]. Due to their obsolescence,
development time. The technology used had become modernisation is important for legacy systems changes or

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upgrade to incorporate the latest technologies and given to the requirement phase during legacy systems
architecture in achieving a high-level usage of the software. modernisation project [13].
Furthermore, the demands for more user-friendly, Interests in modernising legacy systems into new
interactive, and secured systems pressurised organisations to technological environment are also growing due to the
go for modernisation [22]. Through the state-of-the-art technical issues related legacy systems. Migration of legacy
services like web service interface, more secured and systems to the cloud were studied by [18],[14],[36].
automated access can be provided to the customer. Smile2Cloud provides guideline on the legacy systems
Organisations are willing to spend a great amount of money modernisation by migration to the cloud environment [36].
to implement ICT services because of the importance gained It involves activities on security requirements extraction
in daily business execution. Therefore, to preserve the from legacy systems using reverse engineering, new security
investments, legacy systems that were usually built at high requirements analysis, design activity and installation.
cost can be given new life through modernisation [29].
System migration life cycle (SMLC) includes a step-by-
These systems cannot be stopped as it would seriously affect
step legacy systems migration strategy to the cloud
the business operation. Redeveloping the systems from environment from pre-migration, migration, and post-
scratch will be risky and its main weakness is missing of migration phases [14]. Pre-migration focused on the
current important and critical source of information [25]. understanding and assessment of exisiting legacy systems,
Thus, modernisation of the aging systems from sufficiently planning and requirements extraction from legacy systems
variety of techniques options would be the right decision to using reverse engineering. Migration activites involves
be taken by the organisations [23], [25],[29]. designing, developing, testing to ensure the feasibility of the
2) Comparison of models and methods: There are many migration and installation to the cloud environment. Post-
techniques explained by researchers in implementing migration stage is used to assess and evaluate the migration.
modernisation [3],[26],[30]. The terms used to describe the MARMI-RE methodology was developed to support
techniques are various according to researchers. legacy systems modernisation with the main focus
Modernisation can involves only user interface changes specifically on the migration of legacy business logic, which
without affecting the detailed function of the systems that is is a highly reusable part in the modernisation strategies [33].
also known as black box approach or wrapping. Wrapping is This methodology consists of activities including system
one of the popular approaches for user interface and environment analysis, legacy systems requirements
modernisation because it is a quick, less risky, cheaper, and extraction using reverse engineering, design, development,
easy solution for modernisation [26],[27]. Modernising the testing and installation. The Butterfly methodology gives
user interface improves usability and it is highly recognised particular focus on the migration of legacy data in a
by final users[26],[29]. White box approach modernisation mission-critical environment [38]. Activities involve in this
or reengineering as a broad concept involves detailed method include legacy systems requirements determination
examination and understanding of the systems before using reverse engineering, new requirements gathering,
implementing the systems with new functionalities design, development, testing and installation.
[3],[18],[25]. Migration of legacy systems is one of the ways
In addition to the models and frameworks that were
of modernisation [31]. Migration is a technique to move
developed, some focused on certain phases of
legacy systems to more flexible platform without disturbing
modernisation. The important factors that are involved in
the original system’s data and rules [22].
the requiremnt phase of the modernisation have been
Several researchers focused on different techniques in discussed [29] and game-based tool was introduced to assist
implementing modernisation process. Wrapping is one of the analysing of business requirements [30]. Besides, web
the most widely used techniques in legacy systems modernisation explained [20] and modernisation by
modernisation research. Guideline on legacy systems integration to big data proposed [1].
modernisation using wrapping technique specifically for
In general, the above-mentioned studies outlined phases
service oriented architecture (SOA) environment was
that are significant in implementing legacy systems
proposed by [29],[32]. Roadmap to migrate legacy systems
modernisation. However, research on legacy systems
to SOA on technical perspective was explained from legacy
modernisation is mostly technical in nature, proposing
systems architecture recovery until the transformation to a
different strategies and approaches for ways to handle the
new platform [32]. The need to understand legacy systems
modernisation [3],[25],[33],[38],[32]. There are still few
before extraction of requirements from legacy systems was
researchers that focused on the overall process of legacy
mentioned by [14],[32],[29],[33]. Some researchers focused
systems modernisation. Therefore, this study reviewed the
on certain phases of software modernisation. Requirement
affecting factors for legacy systems modernisation from the
phase during modernisation was given attention by
previous studies to provide an overall guidance to the
[34],[35]. In requirement phase, reverse engineering (RE)
organisation.
technique has become very important within the legacy
systems migration process [33],[34],[36],[37]. It is III. METHODOLOGY
commonly used for the recovery of architecture, code
In general, this study aims to answer the following
analysis, and the extraction of rules from legacy systems.
research questions:
Since legacy systems are old systems and contain many
important rules of business, special attention should be

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 R1 : What are the phases involved in legacy systems studies that detailed out the management and strategic
modernisation? aspects of modernisation.
This study employed qualitative method since it is Besides, most of the research are focused generally for all
appropriate to answer the above research questions [39]. The sectors. Guidelines that have been developed are not specific
approach allows the researchers to gain deeper information to the public sector although few researchers have illustrated
in understanding the study [40]. The specific qualitative that legacy systems in government agencies involve
technique used was review. Through a review, data complicated information relationship, organisation culture
concerning a research problem can be gathered from and environment [13].
references such as books, journals, proceedings, and reports.
Review is useful because it avoids the same study to be Table 1 shows that there are six phases of legacy systems
repeated many times. The review was performed based on modernisation that need to be carried out, they are planning,
multiple databases. The keywords used in the searching were old and new requirements determination, design and
“legacy system”, “legacy system modernisation” and ”legacy development, testing and system implementation. The
system migration”. Among the databases involved in the planning phase was less detailed out while the old
searching include Scopus, IEEE Xplore, Elsevier, Science requirements determination was often emphasised because of
the business value in the legacy systems. Apart from that,
Direct, and Springer. The chosen references were analysed
using content analysis. reverse engineering was highlighted as an important
technique by almost every researcher during the old
This study reviewed the available legacy systems requirements determination phase.
modernisation methods or guidelines proposed by
researchers as well as understand how they support legacy V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
systems modernisation. The chosen references were analysed
using content analysis [41]. Content analysis involves The world is now in the fourth stage of industrial
categorising the data and studying the frequency of category revolution which is referring to the latest technology
occurrences. The process was carried out continuously features and high level of automation. Organisations need to
throughout the study. The purpose of the analysis was to place the digital transformation agenda at the top priotity to
extract and categorise legacy systems modernisation achieve the benefits from the revolution. Organisations that
elements based on predefined dimensions from the selected are still using legacy systems in carrying out business
references. Besides that, the snowball technique was also operations need to think about the ability of legacy systems
used to expand the search based on the already acquired in supporting their future direction.
materials.
The modernisation of legacy systems is an important
task to be done in line with the global digital transformation.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Organisations need guidance to avoid any failure during the
References from previous studies related to legacy implementation of legacy systems modernisation. This
systems modernisation were collected and analysed to paper has reviewed the phases involved to provide overall
identify the relevant phases in implementing the task. guidance on legacy systems modernisation.
Modernisation of legacy systems is not a simple process
since the systems consist of interrelated components and This qualitative study used the review technique.
involve organisation culture and environment. Thus, the Through this technique, references concerning the research
process of legacy systems modernisation must include all topic were collected from multiple databases. Data
relevant factors from different aspects to provide a unified concerning the research problem was gathered from
and systematic guidance to the organisations. references such as books, journals, proceedings, and reports.
The review indicates that there are many models and The findings show that there are six important phases
methods that have been developed for legacy systems involved in implementing legacy systems modernisation.
modernisation, as is shown in Table 1. In the table, the However, the factors identified for each phase from
studies are compared based on the purpose, perspective, previous studies were isolated. The factors need to be
sector and phases that are involved. In addition, the revisited and revised to ease the legacy systems
comparison enables the identification of gaps, which can be modernisation.
explored further in future research.
Latest studies of legacy systems modernisation are
focused on the operation of migration and integration to the
modern environment such as Cloud , SOA and Big Data.
Migration of data and legacy codes that contain the business
logics are also given attention due to the importance of these
components to the business. Apart from that, researchers are
interested to study on certain phases of modernisation and
the requirement phase is usually preferred.
In term of aspect, there are still few researchers who
focused on the overall aspects of legacy systems
modernisation. Research on legacy modernisation mostly
proposed strategies and techniques on the operation of
modernisation from the technical aspects. There are few

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 TABLE 1 THE COMPARISON OF MODELS AND METHODS

[36] [14] [33] [38] [32] [25] [34] [13]

Author

Purpose Migration to Migration to Legacy Legacy Migration Web Requirements Modernisation

cloud cloud systems code systems data to SOA application determination challenges in
environment - environment migration - migration - modernisation technique in requirement
Smile2Cloud – SMLC MARMI-RE Butterfly modernisatio phase
Framework Framework Methodology Methodology n

Aspect Technical Technical Technical Technical Technical Technical Technical Non-Technical

and Non- and Non-
Technical Tehnical
Sector General General General General General General General Public Sector
Phase
Planning X   X X X X 

System        
Requirements
(Old) Reverse Engineering X Reverse X
Engineering
System  X X     
Requirements
(New)
Design &       X X
Development

Testing X    X  X X
Implementation     X  X X

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