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Data Collection Methods
0 Quantitative and Qualitative Data can be collected
using various methods. It is important to use a data
collection method that will help answer your research
question(s).
0 Many data collection methods can be either
qualitative or quantitative. For example, in surveys,
observations or case studies, your data can be
represented as numbers (e.g. using rating scales or
counting frequencies) or as words (e.g. with open-
ended questions or descriptions of what you observe).
Quantitative Data Collection Qualitative Data Collection
Methods Methods
0 1. Surveys: List of closed or multiple choice 0 1. Interviews: Asking open-ended questions verbally
to respondents.
questions that is distributed to a sample
0 2. Focus groups: Discussion among a group of people
(online, in person, or over the phone). about a topic to gather opinions that can be used for
0 2. Experiments: Situation in which variables further research.
are controlled and manipulated to establish 0 3. Ethnography: Participating in a community or
organization for an extended period of time to closely
cause-and-effect relationships. observe culture and behavior.
0 3. Observations: Observing subjects in a 0 4. Literature review: Survey of published works by
natural environment where variables can’t be other authors.
controlled.
When to use Qualitative vs.
Continuation…
Quantitative Research
0 A rule of thumb for deciding whether to use 0 For most research topics researcher can choose a
qualitative or quantitative data is: qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods approach.
0 1. Use quantitative research if you want to confirm Which type you choose depends on, among other
or test something (a theory or hypothesis) things, whether researcher taking an inductive vs.
0 2. Use qualitative research if you want to understand
deductive research approach; the research
something (concepts, thoughts, experiences) question(s); whether doing experimental,
correlational, or descriptive research; and practical
considerations such as time, money, availability of
data, and access to respondents.
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What is Deductive Research
What is Inductive Approach?
Approach?
0 Inductive approach, also 0 A deductive approach to research is
the one that people typically
known in inductive
associate with scientific
reasoning, starts with the investigation. The researcher
observations and theories studies what others have done,
are proposed towards the reads existing theories of whatever
end of the research process phenomenon he or she is studying,
as a result of observations and then tests hypotheses that
emerge from those theories
What are examples of inductive
Experimental Research
and deductive reasoning?
0 Inductive Reasoning: Most of our snowstorms come 0 is research conducted with a scientific approach using
from the north. It's starting to snow. This snowstorm two sets of variables. The first set acts as a constant,
must be coming from the north. which you use to measure the differences of the
second set. Quantitative research methods, for
0 Deductive Reasoning: All of our snowstorms come
example, are experimental.
from the north.
A Correlational Research A Descriptive Research
0 Design investigates relationships between two 0 Design can use a wide variety of research methods to
variables (or more) without the researcher investigate one or more variables. Unlike in
controlling or manipulating any of them. Other experimental research, the researcher does not
variables are controlled so they can't impact the control or manipulate any of the variables, but only
results. In a correlational design, you measure observes and measures them.
variables without manipulating any of them.
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Quantitative Research
Research Question
Approach
0 How satisfied are students with their studies? 0 You survey 200 students at your College and ask them
questions such as: “on a scale from 1-5, how satisfied
are your with your professors?”
0 You can perform statistical analysis on the data and
draw conclusions such as: “on average students rated
their professors 4.4”.
Qualitative Research
Mixed Methods Approach
Approach
0 Researcher conduct in-depth interviews with 15 0 You conduct interviews to find out how
students and ask them open-ended questions such as: satisfied students are with their studies.
“How satisfied are you with your studies?”, “What is
Through open-ended questions you learn
the most positive aspect of your study program?” and
“What can be done to improve the study program?” things you never thought about before and
gain new insights. Later, you use a survey to
0 Based on the answers the researcher can ask follow-
test these insights on a larger scale.
up questions to clarify things. You transcribe all
interviews using transcription software and try to find
commonalities and patterns.
How to analyze Qualitative
and Quantitative Data
0 It’s also possible to start with a survey to find out the 0 Qualitative or quantitative data by itself can’t
overall trends, followed by interviews to better prove or demonstrate anything, but has to be
understand the reasons behind the trends.
analyzed to show its meaning in relation to
the research questions. The method of
analysis differs for each type of data.
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Analyzing Quantitative Data Analyzing qualitative data
0 Quantitative data is based on numbers. Simple math or 0 Qualitative data is more difficult to analyze than quantitative
more advanced statistical analysis is used to discover data. It consists of text, images or videos instead of numbers.
commonalities or patterns in the data. The results are
often reported in graphs and tables.
0 Some common approaches to analyzing qualitative data
include:
0 Applications such as Excel, SPSS, or R can be used to
calculate things like:
0 1. Qualitative content analysis: Tracking the occurrence,
0 1. Average scores position and meaning of words or phrases
0 2. The number of times a particular answer was given 0 2. Thematic analysis: Closely examining the data to identify the
0 3. The correlation or causation between two or more main themes and patterns
variables 0 3. Discourse analysis: Studying how communication works in
0 4. The reliability and validity of the results social contexts
<End of Module 3>
References: References:
0 Books 0 Websites
0 What are Research Methods (2020) retrieved from:
[Link]
0 Bueno, David C. and Matriano, Eric A. (2016).
0 Definition of Research (2020) retrieved from:
Research Writing for Business and Hospitality [Link]
Management Students. Quezon City. Great aring_a_grant_application/dest_definition_of_research
0 Fundamental Research retrieved from: [Link]
BooksTrading [Link]/research-methodology/research-
types/fundamental-research/
0 Qualitative research: open-ended and closed-ended questions
retrieved from:
[Link]
open-and-closed-ended-questions/
References: Writing Activity for Module 3:
0 Answer the following questions based on your understanding about the
recent discussion.
0 Media 0 1. What were the two or three main idea/concepts I found useful in today’s
session, and why?
0 2. What beliefs of mine have changed about teaching and learning as a result
0 Introduction to research methods (2020) retrieved of this session?
from: 0 3. One thing I learned in this session that I may be able to use in the future
[Link] is…
0 4: Types of Research Methods (2019) retrieved from: 0 4. Issues that interested me a lot, and that I would like to study in more
detail.
[Link]
0 5. I am still unsure about
0 Qualitative and Quantitative Research (2019) 0 6. What did we not cover that I expected we should?
retrieved from: 0 7. What strategies have I used in the past were reinforced by this session;
[Link] Have I been discouraged from any others?
0 8. Miscellaneous interesting facts I learned in this session…
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Assignment:
0 What are the Importance of Research Ethics?
