CHAPTER 7 : ENVIRONMENTAL LITERACY/ DEMONSTRATE

ENVIRONMENTAL LITERACY

7.1 Introduction
Demonstrate environmental literacy unit of competency is among the seven basic
competencies units offered in all the TVET level 6 qualification. The unit covers
knowledge, skills and behaviours and also entails complying with workplace sustainable
resource use, evaluating current practices in resource use, developing, and adhering to
environmental protection principles. The significance of environmental literacy is to equip
the learners with skills to create a sustainable and friendly environmental world for quality
life for all.
The aspects of competency to be covered include control of environmental hazard,
pollution, demonstrate sustainable resource use, evaluate current resource use practices and
monitor activities on environmental protection according to the different environmental
issues and based on management standards procedures. The basic resources required
include workplace storage facilities, trash bags, cleaning materials and tools, PPE, manuals
and references among others. The unit of competency comprises nine learning outcomes.
Each of the learning outcome presents; learning activities that cover performance criteria
statements, thus creating in trainees an opportunity to demonstrate knowledge and skills in
the occupational standards and content in curriculum. The Information sheet provides;
definition of key terms, content and illustration to guide in training. The competency may
be assessed through written test, demostrations, practical assignment, interview/oral
questioning and case study. Self assessment is provided at the end of each learning
outcome. Holistic assessment with other units relevant to the industry sector workplace and
job role is recommended.

7.2 Performance Standard

Apply storage and disposal methods of hazardous materials, demonstrate sustainable
resource use, evaluate and monitor environmental protection activities according to
environmental regulations and OSHS, workplace procedures, environmental management
and coordination Act 1999.
7.3 Learning Outcomes
7.3.1 List of learning outcomes
a) Control environmental hazards.
b) Control environmental pollution.
c) Demonstrate sustainable resource use.
d) Evaluate current practices in relation to resource usage.
e) Identify environmental legislations/conventions for environmental concerns
f) Implement specific environmental programs
g) Monitor activities on environmental protection/programs
h) Analyze resource use
i) Develop resource conservation plans

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7.3.2 Learning Outcome No. 1: Control Environmental Hazard
7.3.2.1 Learning Activities
Learning Outcome No 1: Control Environmental Hazard
Learning Activities Special Instructions

1.1. Follow storage methods (…) for environmentally hazardous

material according to environmental regulations and OSHS. Personal protective
1.2. Follow disposal methods (…) of hazardous waste according to equipment should be
environmental regulations and OSHS. used at all times.
1.3. Use PPE (masks, gloves, goggles, safety hat, overall, hearing Trainees to handle
protector) according to OSHS. hazardous waste
storage and disposal
in groups.

7.3.2.2 Information Sheet No7/LO1: Control Environmental Hazard

Introduction
This learning outcome covers storage methods for environmentally hazardous materials,
disposal methods of hazardous waste and use of PPE in accordance with environmental
regulations, such as Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) 1999, and
occupational safety and Health Standards (OSHS)

Definition of key terms

Environment: Literally it refers to the surroundings. It is an integration of physical,
chemical and living factors that act upon an organism determining its form and survival. It
includes both living and non-living things.
Environmentally Hazardous materials: These are the substances which have the
potential to threaten the surrounding by affecting plants’ and animals’ health, pollution
causing natural disasters.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): These are the garments or materials worn in order
to safeguard a person from hazards such as injury or infection.
Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (EMCA) 1999: It is a legal
framework that provides for environmental management and conservation in Kenya. The
original act was recently revised in 2015 to align to the2010 Kenyan Constitution.
Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS): These are guidelines or principal
set in order to foster a safe a safe and health work environment.

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Content/Procedures/Methods/Illustrations
1.1 Storage methods for environmentally hazardous materials are strictly followed
according to environmental regulations and OSHS
Environmentally hazardous material are items or agents (chemical. biological, physical
or/and radiological) that potentially have the ability to cause harm to the surroundings. The
control of environmentally hazardous materials in Kenya is governed by the National
Environment Management Authority (NEMA) under the Kenyan Constitution. NEMA was
formed by an act of parliament in May 1996, starting operations in July 2002, serving as
the national body to implement environmental policies within Kenya across all sectors. In
addition, it is also tasked with supervising and coordinating environmental activities.
NEMA is able to enforce its roles and responsibilities using environmental Management
and Co-ordination Act (EMCA), the law framework on environmental management and
conservation in Kenya. The principal act of 1999 was amended in 2015 in accordance with
the 2010 constitution. EMCA is thus tasked with the management of environmentally
hazardous substances and waste shall not be imported into Kenya without the authority,
(NEMA) issuing a valid permit. Hazardous materials under the globally harmonized
Systems are categorized into three classes:
 Health Hazards
 Physical Hazards
 Environmental Hazards
These classes are further classified into different categories. In line with our topic focus,
environmental hazards are divided into:
 Acute
 Aquatic Toxicity
 Chronic Aquatic Toxicity.

Storage methods for environmentally hazardous materials must follow the below
procedures according to Occupational Safety and Health Standard (OSHS):
i. Follow all the storage instructions on the product label. Storage requirements vary
based on the material’s hazardous properties.
ii. Be sure to store all volatile products in well ventilated areas. Fumes can be toxic to
living things, both plants and animals.
iii. Make certain you store flammable products in the recommended temperature range.
The container will expand if you store them in too high temperatures. In too low
temperatures, liquid materials will expand, freeze and burst if you store them
iv. Keep all hazardous materials out of children’s reach and away from all animals.
This can be done through:
 Covering materials with safety lids whenever possible
 Putting all hazardous materials stared behind locked doors.
v. Use the original container to store the hazardous material.
vi. Reduce the amount of hazardous materials you keep in storage. Buy only the
amount required for your task.

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vii. Do regular maintenance of storage areas. Regular clean-ups and inspections of
storage areas.
viii. Storage methods for environmentally hazardous materials can be resolved by
answering four questions.
ix. What materials are being stored? Understanding the properties of a hazardous
material is paramount. Be it physical or chemical or biological properties. The
material being stored may be incompatible with some conditions and/or substances.
For example, flammable liquids should not be stored with an oxidizing agent.
x. Why is the material being stored? Ways should be developed to either use less
hazardous materials or reduce the quantity of materials stored?
xi. Where is the material being stored? Ensure that storage is clearly defined as
permanent, temporary or transient location?
xii. How is the material being stored? It reviews local, state and federal regulations and
the manufacture’s specifications? What type of container? Is also answered here.

Storage Methods
In Environmental Health Requirements, materials should be stored in a manner that does
not harm or threaten human health or the environment. It is in line with this, that storage
methods of environmentally hazardous materials are considered. These methods are;
Storing in tanks and containers.
Containers are portable whereas tanks are stationary. Tanks and containers chosen for
storage should meet the following criteria:
 Good condition
 Closed/sealed
 Chemically compatible
 Impervious surface
 No floor drains
 Under cover, if outside

Container Management involves;

 Can only accumulate in containers and tanks (criteria for container choice)
 Inspection logo
 Adequate aisle space-Not less than an adjacent distance of two feet.
 Container/Tank marking
 Storage time=be less than 90 days.
 Outdoor security measures such as controlled entry and barrier creation

Onsite waste storage facilities

They include open waste piles and ponds. Must be constructed over an impervious base
and be in compliance with regulatory requirements. The pile must be protected from

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weather conditions such as wind, rain and direct sunshine. Used to store temporary
hazardous waste before disposal.

Open pit or holding pond (lagoon)

Used to store temporary hazardous liquid waste. Lagoons must be lined with impervious
soils and ground water must be protected by flexible membrane liners.

1.2 Disposal methods of hazardous waste are followed according to environmental

regulations and OSHS
Disposal methods of hazardous waste
Disposal of hazardous waste is governed and overseen by NEMA. The major guideline
under which NEMA enforces its mandate is the Environmental Management and
Coordination Act (EMCA). Just as storage methods, disposal methods of hazardous waste
can be resolved by answering the following four questions:
 What waste is being disposed? All properties (chemical, physical and biological) of
the waste must be put into consideration.
 Why is the waste being disposed? Some materials may be marked for disposal yet
they may be useful for another function though not the one originally purchased
for?
 Where is the waste disposal taking place: The waste can be disposed far away from
human and animal settlement? If it is a specific area, then certain regulations must
be adhered to. Different counties or states have different policies and legislations of
hazard waste disposal
 How is the waste being disposed? It involves reviewing local, state and federal
regulations and the manufacturer’s specifications.

Disposal Methods
a) Incineration
This involves burning the substance in high temperatures. Incineration destroys and
terminates most of the waste. This method is beneficial as flammable waste can also be
used as energy sources when burned. The backside that comes with incineration is the
release of toxic gases to the environment. This has however been solved by the current
technology which has developed more efficient incinerator units that limit the amount of
emissions released.

b) Recycling
E-waste is mostly disposed in the form. For example, part of a dead phone or computer
maybe used to fix a broken-down phone or computer.

c) Landfill disposal
This technique involves storing solid hazardous waste into the ground. Landfills for
hazardous wastes are lined with a double layered non-porous material such as clay to inhibit

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leaching. After dumping, the landfills are covered to prohibit animals such as rodents and
insects from entering. Unfortunately, this method occupies a huge space.

d) Dumping at sea
Hazardous waste is deposited into the deep sea after treatment to minimize its impact on
ground water sources. This method however is currently under heavy scrutiny or even
banned around the world to preserve the blue economy.

e) Underground disposal
Termed to be the most ideal and economical for radioactive waste. It is only conducted on
inhabitable lands such as inactive mines which must meet a particular geological and
technical criterion. It involves injecting the hazardous waste deep into the ground. They are
also referred to as injection wells. The hazardous waste that can use this method include
medical treatments, brine from mining of radioactive ores and the production of nuclear
fuel.

1.3 PPE (masks, gloves, goggles, safety hat, overall, hearing protector) usage
according to OSHS
Personal Protective Equipment.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is protective clothing or garments or instruments
designed to protect the body of the wearer from hazards that may cause injury or infection.
It should be noted that PPE does not eliminate the hazard or danger at the source but rather
protects the wearer’s body in case the hazard happens, that is, an accident happens. PPE
are provided under the Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS). OSHS are
formulated guidelines that safeguard an employee’s economic and social well-being as well
as his/her physical health and safety. OSHS strives to foster a healthy working environment.
OSHS in Kenya is guided by the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 2007 and
implemented by the Directorate of Occupational Safety and Health Services (DOSHS).
OSHS provides for PPE in any working environment to reduce risk of harm or injury.
OSHS requires PPE to be offered to employees free of charge. PPE must be carefully
chosen and training offered to employees on how to use them properly and know how to
detect and report any damages. When selecting and using PPE, the following should be
considered;
 Who and what is exposed?
 Duration of exposure
 Extent of exposure

Types of PPE
i. Eyes: Safety spectacles, face screens, goggles, face shields, visions: Hazards
include dust, metal or chemical splash, radiation, gas and vapour.
ii. Head and Neck: Bump caps, helmets. Hazards include impact from falling or flying
objects, risk of head bumping, drips, splashes.

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 iii. Ears: Ear muffs, earplugs, semi-insert/canal caps. Hazards include noise (combines
duration, intensity and exposure time)
iv. Hands and arms: Gloves and gauntlets. Hazards include cuts, punctures, abrasion,
electric shock, radiation, extreme temperatures.
v. Feet and legs: Safety books. Hazards include slipping, cuts, punctures, falling
objects, splashes, vehicles.
vi. Lungs: Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE). Hazards include toxic gases, dust
vii. Whole body: Overalls (Conventional and disposable), boiler suits, aprons. Hazards
include heat, splashes, sprays, impact, entanglement of own clothing.

Conclusion
At the end of this learning outcome, the trainee should have learnt; how EMCA regulates
storage and disposal of environmentally hazardous materials, classification of hazardous
materials and waste to know how best to store and dispose them. The trainee should be able
to know what OSHS entails and how it is used to perform its roles. The trainee should able
to provide PPE for various working environment in accordance with OSHS and
environmental regulations.

Further Reading

Revised Environmental Management and Co-ordination Management (EMCA) 2015

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 2007

7.3.2.3 Self-Assessment

Written Assessment
1. Which is the environmental governing body in Kenya?
a) EMCA
b) NEMA
c) Ministry of Environment
d) Government of Kenya

2. In which year was EMCA amended to align with the Kenyan Constitution?
a) 2015
b) 1999
c) 2007
d) 2010
3. Among the following, which is not a hazardous material?
a) Mine Brine
b) Used oil

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 c) Natural gas
d) Broken computers
4. Which of the following is a storage method of environmentally hazardous material?
a) Open Tanks
b) Open pits
c) Injection wells
d) Incineration
5. Which disposal method is most ideal for hazard waste from Uranium mining?
a) Landfills
b) Recycling
c) Injection wells
d) Sea dumping
6. What does OSHS not deal with?
a) Provision of PPE
b) Employability
c) First Aid training
d) Workplace safety
7. Chemical splashes are common hazard at Coca Cola Company. Which PPE does
not protect from this?
a) Goggles
b) Overall
c) Safety boots
d) Earplugs
8. Name three aspects to be considered when choosing a suitable storage method for
hazardous materials.
9. Briefly explain four disposal methods for hazardous waste.
10. Describe PPE you can recommend in a welding industry.
11. Differentiate between OSHS and OSHA.

Practical Assessment
1. Develop an instruction manual describing procedures on how to store and dispose-
off a hazardous chemical material
2. Write a report on the storage and disposal methods of hazardous materials used in
school.

7.3.2.4 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

 Standard operating and/or other workplace procedure manuals
 Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act 1999
 Machine/equipment manufacturers specifications and instructions
 Personal Protective Equipment
 Occupational Safety and Health Act 2007

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7.3.2.5 References

Government of Kenya (1999). Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act.

Nairobi. Kenya
Government of Kenya (2007). Occupational Safety and Health Act. Government Press.
Nairobi. Kenya
http://www.britannica.com/technology/hazardous.waste.management/Treatment.storage.
and.disposal
http://www.SourthernCouncil.org/common.methods.of.hazardous.waste.disposal

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7.3.3 Learning Outcome No. 2: Control environmental pollution
7.3.3.1 Learning Activities
Learning Outcome No. 2: Control Environmental Pollution
Learning Activities Special Instructions

2.1. Comply with environmental pollution control measures

(methods for minimizing or stopping spread and ingestion of Personal protective
airborne particles, gases, fumes and liquid wastes) following equipment should be
standard protocol. used at all times.
2.2. Observe procedures for solid waste management according to
environmental management and coordination Act Group discussions
2.3. Comply with methods for minimizing noise pollution following on pollution and their
environmental regulations. specific control
measures.

7.3.3.2 Information Sheet No7/LO2: Control Environmental Pollution

Introduction
This learning outcome covers environmental pollution control measures, procedures for
solid waste management according to standard procedure, Environmental Management and
Coordination Act 1999 (EMCA) and environmental regulation.

Definition of key terms

Waste management: Waste management is the collection, transportation, processing or
disposal of solid or liquid waste, usually produced by human activities, in order to reduce
their effect on human health and natural ecosystems such as lakes, forests and oceans.

Control measures: These are activities taken to prevent, reduce or eliminate an

environmental hazard that has been identified. In this learning outcome, the control
measures that are going to trained on concern solid waste and noise pollution.

Environmental Management and Coordination Act 1999 (EMCA): This is the principal
framework law on environmental management and conservation in Kenya. First enacted in
1999, it has been amended to align to the 2010 Constitution. The latest amendment to the
principal Act was in 2015.

Standard Protocol: This is a mandated, statutory or fixed procedure for completing a task
or complying with regulations. The procedure may be expressed through a flow chart, or
spelled out as text. Standard protocol may be nationally recognized or be part of an
organization structure.

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Content/Procedures/Methods/Illustrations
2.1 Environmental pollution control measures compliance following standard
protocol
Types of pollution
Air Pollution
Air pollution may result from a quantitative change by increasing the concentration in air
of some of the gases, for example Carbon (iv) Oxide or a qualitative change due to
introduction of external compounds (synthetic organic substances), or a combination of
these two phenomena. The source of these gases may be from anthropogenic activities
(from human activities) or from natural events such as volcanism, respiration of living
things or forest fires. Some pollutants in the atmosphere can result from the reaction
between many substances to give new highly toxic compounds, for example Sulphur (IV)
Oxide can react with water vapor in the atmosphere to give Sulphuric acid.

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Table 10. Sources and nature of atmospheric pollutants
Nature of Pollutant Source
Gas 1.Carbon dioxide  Volcanism
 Respiration of living
things
 Fossil fuels
2.carbon monoxide  Volcanism
 Combustion engines
3.hydrocarbons  Plants
 Bacteria
 Combustion engines
4.Organic compounds  Chemical industries
 Incineration of refuse
 Various combustions
5.Sulphur dioxide and  Volcanism
Sulphur derivations  Sea spray
 Bacteria
 Fossil fuels
6.Nitrate derivatives  Bacteria
 Combustion
7.Radio nuclides  atomic power stations
 nuclear explosions
Particles 1.Heavy metals  volcanism-meteorites
Inorganic compounds  wind-spray erosion
 various industries
 combustion engines
2.Organic compounds  forest fire
Natural or synthetic  chemical industries
 various industries
 combustion engines
3.Radionuclide  nuclear explosions

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Impacts of air pollution
 Air pollution has effects on health and the nature. The effects of air pollution on
natural ecosystems can be felt at different geographical levels, and they can spread
to water and land ecosystems in the form of dry or wet deposits.
 Over acidification and over fertilization. Sulphur and Nitrogen inputs are
responsible for acidification and over fertilization of ecosystems such as forests,
rivers, lakes and swamps.
 Necrosis on plants. Necrosis is the death of cells in tissue. High concentration of
pollutants can cause death to plants and animal cells, leading to organ failure or
death of tissues.
 Air pollution can cause reduction in plant growth (stunted growth) or reduce the
ability of plants to resist diseases and infections.
 Air pollution can also change the chemical composition of the atmosphere,
therefore affecting biogeochemical cycles such as the nitrogen cycle, water cycle
and carbon cycle.
Control Measures
Control measures to prevent, reduce or eliminate pollutants in the air are guided by the
Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (No 8 of 1999). The regulations to be
followed can be found in the Environmental Management Co-ordination (air quality)
Regulations of 2014. The air quality regulations of 2014 have different ways in which they
ensure air quality standards are fit for humans, animals and plants. The following are
measures to ensure safety of workers:
 The owner of the facility should inform the workers of the hazards in specific work
environment.
 Train the workers on the potential hazards of any hazardous substance to which they
are exposed, and the safety precautions to be taken to prevent any harm to their
health.
 Ensure that measurements of pollutants are carried out by a laboratory designated
by Environment Management Authority in order to determine compliance with the
prevailing allowed levels of exposure.
 Ensure that record of measurements carried out, are reported to the Authority on a
quality basis.
 Take exposure reduction measures.
Ambient air quality limits
Ambient air quality standards, means these ambient air quality standards which are required
to protect the human health and allow adequate margin of safety. Under the Environmental
Management and Coordination Act, limits have been set for the following gases, Sulphur
oxides, Oxides of Nitrogen, Nitrogen Dioxide, Suspended particulate, Respirable
particulate matter, carbon monoxide, Carbon Dioxide, hydrogen Sulphide and Ozone
among others.

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2.2 Procedures for solid waste management observed according to environmental
management and coordination Act
Solid waste is discarded material that is disposal and is considered garbage. Refuse and
sludge from wastewater can be in solid, semi-solid, liquid or contained in gaseous material.
Types of Solid Waste
Domestic Waste
Domestic waste is also referred to as garbage, refuse, or trash. It consists mainly of
biodegradable waste which is food and kitchen waste, green waste paper and non-
biodegradable such as plastics, glass bottles, cans, metals and wrapping materials.
Waste Tires
These are tires that have reached their end due to wear or damage and cannot be recycled
or reused. The bulk of the tires are informally collected and often illegally burnt in open to
recover steel for recycling.
Construction and Demolition Waste
This type is generated as a result of construction works, remodeling or demolition. It
comprises debris, steel, timber, iron sheets, tiles and ceramics among others.
Industrial waste
This is waste produced by industrial activities which includes any material that is rendered
useless during manufacturing process industries produce both hazardous and non-
hazardous waste. They include chemical solvents, paints, sand paper and paper products,
industrial by products, metals, municipal solid waste and radioactive waste.
Bio-Medical Waste
Bio medical waste refers to waste generated in health facilities, research institutions or
during immunization of human beings and animals. It is classified into; infectious waste
sharps, pharmaceutical wastes, chemical waste and pathological waste. Biomedical waste
pose risks to human health
Sewage Sludge
This is a sediment material that accumulates over time. In the sewage treatment plants and
ponds. Sewage sludge that is contaminated by heavy metals from industrial effluent can
severely contaminate agricultural land to which it is applied.
E-Waste
This is waste generated from electrical and electronic equipment (EEEs) becoming obsolete
e-waste comprises of heavy metal components and materials used in the manufacture of
electronic goods. They include; mercury, brominated flame retardants and cadmium, which
are considered hazardous.

Procedure for solid waste management

Waste Generation
Most of the waste is generated at household, market places, cities, town, institutions and
industrial zones. The waste generator should endeavor to minimize waste by reducing,
reusing, refusing, returning waste or by adopting cleaner production technologies. Waste
should be segregated at the source; this can be made possible by county governments
providing coded bags and bins.

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Waste Collection
Collection centers or transfer stations should be established at strategic areas within a town.
These collection areas should be properly managed and maintained with frequent and
timely collection of waste to avoid scattering into undesignated areas. Adequate measures
should be put in place to manage any leachate from the waste receptacle and collection
areas.
Waste transportation
This involves transportation of various segregated solid waste types. Waste transportation
trucks should be closed and suitable for the transportation of various types of waste to waste
treatment facilities and landfills. These transportation vehicles should be lincensed to be
operated by NEMA.

Waste treatment
a) Recycling
This is the processing of waste materials. Into a new product of similar chemical
composition. Recycling prevents wastage of potentially useful materials, reduce the
consumption of raw materials and ultimately reduces pollution.
b) Composting
Composting is the biological decomposition of biodegradable solid waste under controlled
aerobic conditions to produce compost. Compost is used as an organic fertilizer in
agricultural production.
c) Thermal treatment of waste
This is the combustion of waste at specific temperatures with or without air supply as part
of the process and includes waste incineration, gasification and pyrolysis. This process
reduces the volume of waste and inert any hazardous components.

Waste Disposal
Disposal refers to the depositing or burial of waste in land. The sanitary landfills should be
filled with systems to collect leachate and methane gas. There should be frequent spreading,
compacting and covering of waste with soil or any other appropriate covering material so
as to avoid environmental pollution and scavenging birds.

2.3 Methods for minimizing noise pollution with compliance following environmental
regulations
Noise pollution or sound pollution is the transmission of sound in levels that have harmful
impacts on the functioning of humans and animals. High sound frequency can be from
activities of human beings or be caused by natural events such as volcanic explosions.
Sound intensity is measured in decibels (dB).

Types of Noise Pollution

Industrial Noise
This is high intensity sound caused by machinery, such as generators, turbines and
shredders from industry process. Noise from mechanical saws and drills is unbearable and

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protective equipment for workers is needed. Industry noise does not only affect only
workers but also those who are close to the factory may suffer the effects.
Transportation Noise
Transport noise mainly is from traffic from road, rail and aircraft. With increase in
population, there has been an increase in the number of vehicles on roads, like motorcycles,
cars, and buses, trucks, and diesel engines vehicles. This has aggravated the noise pollution
problem. Noise pollution from aircrafts can be experienced by staff who work in airports
and military airbases and those living nearby. This type of noise pollution is usually
experienced in urban areas where traffic is high.
Neighborhood Noise
This type of noise includes disturbance from household electronics and community
activities. Common source of this type of noise pollution include TVs, loudspeakers and
musical instruments. Community activities carried out in neighborhoods such as parties,
cultural functions and wedding and burial ceremonies.

Methods of Minimizing Noise Pollution

Source Control
This involves reducing the transmission of sound from the source. This includes
modifications such as acoustic treatment to machine surface, design changes to factory
facilities, limiting operations to a certain time.
Transmission path intervention
This involves containing the source inside a sound insulate, enclosure, construction of a
noise barrier or provision of sound absorbing materials along the path of travelling sound.
Receptor control
The protection of the receiver by changing the work schedule or provision of Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE) such as ear plugs when operating noisy machinery. It may also
include the dissipation and deflection of sound that it may not reach humans and animals.
Machinery Maintenance
Proper oiling and maintenance of machinery will reduce noise from machines that are rusty
or will avoid friction from moving parts of a machine. Maintenance of vehicles will reduce
noise produce by automobiles.

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Conclusion
At the end of this learning outcome, the trainee should have gained knowledge on; types of
pollution, environmental pollution, control measures, types of solid wastes, procedures for
solid waste management, different types of noise pollution and methods for minimizing
noise pollution. The trainee will also have clear understanding of the control measure
applied in Kenya in accordance to the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act
(EMCA) and other guiding regulations.

Further Reading

Air Quality Regulations (2014)

Environmental Management and Coordination Act (1999)

7.3.3.3 Self-Assessment

Written assessment
1. Which of the following is an example of solid waste?
a) Bio-medical waste
b) Carbon Dioxide
c) Vibrations
d) Noise from house electronics
2. Which of the following is NOT an impact of air pollution?
a) Over-fertilization
b) Stunted growth
c) Improve health
d) Acidification
3. Which of the following is a type of noise pollution?
a) Sewage sludge
b) Waste tires
c) Industrial
d) E-waste
4. Identify which is not a source of air pollution from the option below
a) Audio-Visual equipment
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Sulphur oxides
d) Volcanism

5. Which one of the following ways can be used to minimize noise pollution?
a) Recycling
b) Source control

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 c) Composting
d) Thermal treatment
6. Which one of the following is the principal Act that guides Environmental
management in Kenya?
a) Water Act
b) County government by laws
c) Environmental Management Co-ordination Act
d) Air quality regulation 2014
7. Define the following terms
i. Sewage Sludge
ii. Necrosis
8. List four methods of minimizing noise pollution

Practical Assessment
1. Identify a waste solution source from an institution or area near, where you live and
up with practical measures to control the solid waste pollution
2. Write a report on the effects of air pollution on biogeochemical cycles

7.3.3.4 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

 Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act 1999
 The Environmental management and Co-ordination (Air Quality) regulations,
2014

7.3.3.5 References

African Forest Forum (2019). Basic Science of climate change. A compendium for
technical training in African Forestry, Page 32-34
Government of Kenya (2014). The Environmental management and Co-ordination (Air
Quality) Regulations, Government Press. Nairobi. Kenya
Government of Kenya (2015). The National solid Waste Management Strategy,
Government Press. Nairobi. Kenya
http://mjcetenvsci.blogspot.com/2013/11/noise-pollution-causes-ypes-effects.html?m=1

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7.3.4 Learning Outcome No. 3: Demonstrate sustainable resource use
7.3.4.1 Learning Activities
Learning Outcome No. 3: Demonstrate Sustainable Resource Use
Learning Activities Special Instructions

3.1. Comply with methods for minimizing wastage.

3.2. Employ waste management procedures following principles of Personal protective
3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle). equipment should be
3.3. Practice methods for economizing or reducing resource used at all times.
consumption. Group discussions.

7.3.4.2 Information Sheet No7/LO3: Demonstrate sustainable resource use

Introduction
This learning outcome covers complying with methods for minimizing waste, employing
waste management procedures following principles of 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) and
practicing methods for economizing resource consumption.

Definition of key terms

Waste management: These are activities carried out to control unwanted or unusable
materials from its inception to its proper disposal. It includes waste collection, transport,
treatment, storage and disposal, in conjunction with regulation and monitoring of the
process as a whole.

Resource consumption: It is the usage of resources in any form to meet our own needs
and wants. Consumption is spending for acquisition of utility of resources.

Reduce: It is when resources are utilized in a manner that limits the amount of waste
created or toxicity of waste created.

Reuse: It is a waste management concept that involves using resources again after cleaning
up or treatment. Although the items reused still end up as waste, by reusing them, waste
produced at a given time is reduced and the lifespan of the item expanded.
Recycle: It is a process that involves converting already waste materials into new materials
and products. Recycling prevents wastage of potentially useful materials and reduces the
use of fresh raw materials.
Content/Procedures/Methods/Illustrations
1.1 Methods for minimizing wastage
Types of Environmental resources
They are categorized in the following groups:

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 a) Renewable and Non-renewable Resources
Renewable Resources
They are also known as infinite resources. These are resources that are consistently
available despite their utilization. After usage, they can be fairly replaced or recovered.
Examples include air, water, vegetation and energy from the sun. Animals can also be
categorized as renewable resources since they reproduce offspring to replace the older
generation. It is important to note that as much as these resources can be replaced, it may
take a long period of time to do that hence need to use then sustainably.
Renewable resources are further divided into two categories:
 Organic renewable resources. These are those that are extracted from living things,
that is, plants and animals.
 Inorganic renewable resources. These come from non-living things like sun, wind
and water.
Non-renewable Resources.
These are resources that cannot simply be recovered or substituted once they have been
extracted and utilized or destroyed. They are also known as finite resources. Example
includes minerals, fossil fuel. Even though minerals and fossil fuels occur naturally, they
are categorized as non-renewable resources as their formation take a very long period of
time. Most recently, some animals, mostly the endangered species are also regarded as non-
renewable resources as they are at the verge of extinction.
b) Biotic and Abiotic Resources
Biotic Resources
These are resources that come from organic and living materials, that is, the ecosphere.
They include animals and plants and other materials obtained from them such as fossil
fuels, as they are produced from dead and decaying organic matter.
Abiotic Resources
These are resources generated from non-organic and non-living materials. Examples
include water, land, air, minerals.

c) Stock, Reserve, Actual and Potential Resources

Stock resources
They are resources that are present and have been surveyed but their usage is limited due
to lack of technology to extract them. An example of such a resource is hydrogen.

Reserve Resources
These are resources that have been surveyed and their quantity and quality determined butt
are not currently been used. They are however to be developed for profits in the future.

Actual Resources
These are resources present in a region whose quality and quantity have been surveyed and
determined, and they are currently being used as the required expertise and technology is
available.

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Potential Resources
These are resources whose knowledge and existence in a region is present and can be
exploited in the future. For instance, in a region that sedimentary rocks rich in petroleum;
it is a potential resource until its actual quality and quantity is surveyed and determined.
From the above resources, we learn that environmental resources are classified according
to the following criteria:
 Based on their renewability
 Based on their source of origin.
 Based on their development stage.
Wastage minimization entails limiting the amount of waste that is produced hence aiding
in eliminating the production of harmful waste effectively supporting efforts that promote
a society that is sustainable. Minimizing waste includes a change of society patterns that
relate to production and consumption as well as redesigning products to eliminate the
generation of waste.
Benefits of minimizing waste
 Improved product quality. Innovations and new technological practices will not
only reduce wastage but also contribute to improved quality input leading to
improved products.
 Economic benefits. Efficiency and effectiveness in resource use translates to
reduced cost when it comes to purchasing value of products hence affecting
financial performance significantly.
 Efficiency of production practices. Wastage minimization will attain more output
of the product in relation to raw materials and environmental resources.
 Environmental responsibility. Minimizing or eliminating wastage makes it easier
for one to adhere to set environmental policies, regulations and standards.
 Public image. Embracing wastage minimization of resources boasts an
organization’s image, as it is a reflection of proactive movement in the bid to protect
the environment.

Wastage minimization techniques

Optimization of resources.
This involves full exploitation of resources once they are extracted from their natural
setting. For example, a dressmaker will arrange the pieces of a pattern in a certain manner
along the length of the fabric in the quest to use a small portion of the fabric.
Optimization also includes use of all products achieved in the manufacturing or processing
of the main products. These products include by-products and waste products. Waste
products and by-products from one process are used as raw materials for other processes.

Quality control improvement and process monitoring.

Wastage minimization can be put in place to limit number of rejects and wastage generated.
Can be attained through increased frequency of inspection and increase of inspection
guidelines.

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Resources used in manufacture can be scrutinized through monitoring and evaluation to
make them more effective and efficient minimizing wastage.
These methods of minimizing wastage are practically similar to the methods for
economizing or reducing resource consumption. Reducing or economizing resource
consumption is a priority sustainability issues because we all share the burden of
responsibility to leave the environment fit if not better for ongoing prosperity and quality
of life for future generations.

3.2 Waste management procedures following the principles of 3Rs (Reduce,

Reuse, Recycle)
These principles are the most commonly preferred methods for minimizing wastage. They
are the easiest and commonly used techniques.
Reduce
It calls for usage of resources that are just enough to cater to your needs for example,
building a small house. It lowers cost in resource consumption. Reducing can be attained
through attaining accurate measurements to ensure that there is little or no wastage of the
resources. The process of reducing begins with determining what you are using and for
what purpose. There are three simple steps used to assess the reduction value of an item.
They are:
 Is there something else that can be used for this purpose? Use of multi-purpose
items is essential in reduction. This reduces the amount of energy used or packaging
material used.
 Is there something that needs to be done? A lot of waste materials are considered
disposable in the sense that means whether or not the item allows you to do any real
purpose or meaning.
 Is the item a part of something that you need to do or want to do in your life? There
is a limit to what you need in preparation for your life. For example, when living in
the forest, you won’t need a car equipped to handle a desert sandstorm. Always
make certain that what you use matches reality of potential opportunity in your life.
Some of the things you can do to minimize wastage may include; printing on both
sides of the paper, using cloth napkins instead of proper paper napkins and avoid
using disposable utensils

Reuse
It involves re-purposing items for a use different from what it was initially produced for.
One appropriate example is the modular construction of homes and offices that is being
created out of discarded shipping containers.

Recycle
Recycling means that an item will be transformed again into a raw material that can be
shaped into a new item. The following approaches can be used to enhance efficient
recycling:

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  By products that are made up of recycled materials, i.e. products that are
environmentally friendly.
 Buy recyclable products such as glass bottles.
 Create and invent new methods to recycle different items.
 Buy non-toxic products whenever possible.
 Buy items made from recycled materials.
 Use recycled paper for printing.

3.3 Methods for economizing or reducing resource consumption

Measuring Techniques of Current Resource Usage
Current usage of resources needs to be measured as most of these resources are exhaustible
meaning they are available in a limited quantity and can be used up. Measuring techniques
are thus crucial in order to avoid depletion. Currently, there is a huge tug of war centered
on resource depletion (increased scarcity) and the exploitation of resources.
A measuring technique involves a six-stage process that involves understanding your
current resource consumption and waste production, understanding how to measure it,
using the data and ultimately making informed decisions.

Stage 1: Understanding resource consumption and waste production. This is

undertaken in two parts: Initial reviews and process mapping.
Initial Review
Helps in gathering basic information. Assists one in understanding how various resources
are being used highlighting areas that can be improved on.
Process Mapping
Having acquired an insight from the initial reviews, process mapping helps controlling
resources usage by adopting the most efficient and effective resource consumption to
minimize waste collected, cost and environmental impact.

Stage 2: Data Collection

This stage involves quantifying the exact amount of resources used. Some of the data
collected may be exact figures while others may be estimates depending on nature of the
resources in question. Data can be collected: by taking measurements, estimating, financial
data and bills, and mass balances.

Stage 3: Data Analysis

This section involves managing and collating the data previously collected. Collected data
is represented in tables, graphs and charts.
Stage 4: Data Interpretation
This stage involves relating data analyze to measuring indicators such as carbon metrics
and carbon footprints. It outlines the current resources usage with trends cropping up in the
sector.

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Stage 5: Summary
It involves coming up with a conclusion of the process in relation to knowledge gathered
from the data. It helps identify priority areas to target, how to go about target setting and to
plan on improving on resource consumption to be sustainable.
Stage 6: Reviews and progress communication
This section involves giving a way forward from all you have gained from the process. A
report is developed outlining the whole process and how/what next from the knowledge
gained.

Understanding Resource
Consumption and waste production

Review and Progress Communication

Data Collection

Summary Data Analysis

Data Interpretation

Figure 27. A measuring technique process

The most commonly used measuring technique of current resource usage is Environmental
Resources Accounting. It is a subject of accounting proper, its target being to incorporate
both environmental and economic information. It is a field that identifies usage of
resources, measures and communicates costs of a company’s or national economic impact
on the environment. Costs include clean up or reclaim of contaminated sites, environmental
fines, penalties and taxes, purchase of pollution prevention technologies and cost of waste
management.

Conclusion
This learning outcome covered methods for minimizing waste, waste management
procedures following the principles of 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) and methods for
economizing or reducing resource consumption. The trainee should be able to come up with
innovations to enhance all these.

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Further Reading

ISO standards
Innovation in waste minimization and reduction of resources consumption methods.

7.3.4.3 Self-Assessment

Written Assessment
1. Which of the following is not a principle of the 3Rs?
a) Reduce
b) Replenish
c) Reuse
d) Recycle
2. Identify which of the following resource is odd one out.
a) Air
b) Fossil fuel
c) Water
d) Sun
3. Classification of environmental resources is based of the three of the following apart
from?
a) Based on source of origin
b) Based on renewability
c) Based on development stage
d) Based on region.
4. Which is not a wastage minimization technique?
a) Resource optimization
b) 3Rs principles
c) Quality control improvement
d) Replenish
5. Benefits of minimizing waste do not include?
a) Public image
b) Fun
c) Environmental responsibility
d) Economic benefits
6. Explain the principles of 3Rs according to environmental resources giving
examples
7. Briefly outline the types of environmental resources.
8. Give three examples of measuring techniques of current resource usage.

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Practical Assessment
A report on methods for minimizing wastage used in the school.

7.3.4.4 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

 Standards operating and/or other workplace procedures manuals
 Specific job procedures manuals
 Environmental Management and Coordination Act 1999
 Machine/equipment manufacturers specifications and instructions
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
 ISO standards
 Company Environmental Management Systems (EMS)
 Montreal protocol
 Kyoto protocol

7.3.4.5 References

Ahmad, Y. (1989) Environmental Accountability and Sustainable Development: A UNEP

World Bank Symposium. World Bank. Washington D.C.
https://courses.Lumenlearning.com/boundless-economics/chapter/introduction-to-
natural-resources-economics/
https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/what-is-the-process-of-minimizing-waste.php.

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7.3.5 Learning Outcome No 4: Evaluate current practices in relation to resource
usage
7.3.5.1 Learning Activities
Learning Outcome No. 4: Evaluate current practices in relation to resource usage
Learning Activities Special Instructions

4.1. Collect and provide information on resource efficiency systems Group discussions
and procedures to the work group where appropriate. on resource
4.2. Measure and record of current resource usage by members of efficiency systems
the work group. and procedures.
4.3. Analyze and record of current purchasing strategies according
to industry procedures.
4.4. Analyze current work processes to access information and data
following enterprise protocol.

7.3.5.2 Information Sheet No7/LO4: Evaluate current practices in relation to resource

usage

Introduction
This learning outcome covers collection and provision of resource efficiency systems and
procedures, measuring and recording of current resource usage, analyzing and recording
purchasing strategies, according to industry procedures and analyzing work processes to
access information and data.

Definition of key terms

Resources: They are the flows and reservoirs of matter and energy that can sustain or
benefit living systems.

Resource efficiency systems: These are procedures that ensure the limited resources are
used sustainably while minimizing impact on the environment. The systems allow for
creation of more using less and deliverance of greater value output with less input.

Purchasing strategies: These are actions that may be undertaken in order to increase
overall saving from buying of goods and services. They are used in order to make cost
effective buying decisions from a group of efficient vendors who will deliver quality goods
and services on time and at mutually agreeable terms.

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Content/Procedures/Methods/Illustrations
4.1 Information on resource efficiency systems and procedures are collected and
provided to the work group where appropriate
Environmental Resource Efficiency Systems
Resource efficiency is a sustainable development aspect. Sustainable development is a
dynamic process that enables people of present and future generations to realize their
potential and improve their quality of life in terms of consequently protecting and
enhancing the environment’s life support systems. Resource efficiency systems involve
gaining the most out of what you have. The systems can be beneficial in ways such as
reducing the amount of material used, hence reducing manufacturing costs, waste and
compliance to environmental regulations thus reducing impact on the environment.
In the resource efficiency process, it is important to firstly understand the inputs and outputs
before analyzing environmental impact. This is usually done using a life cycle analysis.
When developing an environmental resource efficiency system, the following procedure is
followed:

Establish your resource use profile

Access resource usage and waste generation activities

Prioritize Resource Efficiency Actions

Document and review plan/process

Figure 28. Developing an environmental resource efficiency system procedure

Establish resource use profile

It entails collecting, analyzing and determining baseline data for current resource use and
waste generation and monitoring the efficient strategy gains. Baseline date includes:
 Energy use by fuel type
 Water use by source of water
 Waste generation by type of waste
Potential sources of these data include:
 Bills
 On-site metering information
 Existing internal resource management and tracking databases

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Access resource consumptions
Offers an opportunity to consider the key processes for their potential to reduce resource
usage and optimize saving. This steps also involves the development of resource efficiency
indicators.

Prioritize resource efficiency actions

It involves integrating known opportunities, evaluating the costs and benefits of each
activity and prioritizing ideal activities in the resource efficiency strategy.
These actions may include: Most effective technology available, most ideal product design
that minimizes wastage.

Document and review the plan/strategy

This is the monitoring and evaluation stage of the cycle. It seeks to ascertain the resource
efficiency strategy that is best suited for the resource.

4.2 Current resource usage is measured and recorded by members of the work group
Resource usage
Resource can be distinguished into at least three different definitions of resource:
 The economist’s view (any means that enters into the production of goods and
services)
 The Physical’s view (energy, material and information)
 The ecologist’s view (naturally occurring components of the environment that can
sustain or benefit organisms, populations or communities within an ecosystem)
Resources can be termed as the flows and reservoirs of matter and energy that can sustain
or benefit living systems.
Measures for resource use
a) Energy Analysis
It is the analysis of the available energy that is lost in the course of material and energy
transformation.

b) Product-oriented Methods
Life cycle assessment – it is based on analyzing output in relation to input. It involves
calculation of environmental impacts.
Material input per unit of service (MIPS) – deals with flows into and out of the techno
sphere but pay little attention to the way these flows are dealt with within the techno sphere.

c) Entropy-based Measure
Evaluation occurs without reference to transformations of energy or materials. It takes into
account all resource consumption in the form of lost energy.
d) Muller-Wenk and operationalized in the Eco-indicator 99 Method
It is not based on the questions of how long resources last and how much they are decreased
by current practices, but instead evaluates the effects on future generations by examining

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the future additional investment (in terms of energy) due to the extraction of resources in
the present time.

4.3 Current purchasing strategies are analyzed and recorded according to industry
procedures
Purchasing strategies
These are the activities taken in order to increase overall savings from buying. It requires
input from all functional areas and departments of an organization. For a successful
purchasing strategy, the following steps can be used:
 Conduct an internal needs analysis
 Conduct an assessment of the supplier’s market
 Collect supplier’s information
 Develop a sourcing/outsourcing strategy
 Implement the sourcing strategy
 Negotiate with the suppliers and select the winning bid
 Implement a transition plan or contractual supply chain improvements

i. Conduct an internal needs analysis

You will need to benchmark current performance and then identify needs and targets in this
stage before developing a procurement strategy. It involves collection of different types of
data. Initial data collection is to benchmark current performance, used resources, cost for
all functions in the organization and current growth projections.
ii. Conduct an assessment of the supplier’s market
Potential suppliers that are feasible sources of the required goods and services are
identified. Specific requirements by the organization limits number of suppliers that are
suitable, such as technological requirements, quality.
iii. Collect supplier’s information
The business reputation and performance of the supplier must be evaluated. A supplier’s
ability to meet selection criteria may result in significant profits or losses. Use of agents
who are experts with the market and stakeholders can be beneficial. A competitive
environment may be created by selecting more than one supplier in order to avoid potential
supply disruptions.
iv. Develop a sourcing/outsourcing strategy
Examples of sourcing/outsourcing strategies include: direct purchase, acquisition, and
strategic partnership. Determination of the right strategy is dependent on the
competitiveness of the supplier’s market and the organization’s risk tolerance, business
strategy and outsourcing/sourcing motivation.
v. Implement the sourcing strategy
Sourcing strategies involve partnerships that are strategic and/or acquisition. Suppliers may
possess the following characteristics:
 Activities involvement core to the buyer such as correct technological requirements,
raw material for product
 A limited number of suppliers with the specific skilled labor

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  Part of the broader business strategy of the organization.
The organization may develop a competitive bidding process in case of a direct purchase.
vi. Negotiate with the suppliers and select the winning bid
The team must evaluate suppliers’ response and apply its evaluation criteria. Suppliers may
request additional information in order to make the most realistic bid. Evaluation of
received bids is done and the selection criteria used and the bidders shortlisted. After the
evaluation process, contract negotiations begin.
vii. Implement a transition plan or contractual supply chain improvements
Suppliers who won the bid should be invited to participate in implementing improvements.
A communication plan must be developed and a system for evaluating and measuring
performance will need to be developed using key performance indicators. Transition plans
are very important when switching suppliers.

4.1 Current work processes to access information and data is analyzed following
enterprise protocol
Data Analysis of Current Work Processes
An analysis of current work processes to access information and data is important as it
helps to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of a process. It offers an assessment of
how well the process attains its end goal, by examining every part of the structure. It can
therefore help identify potential improvements making it easier to carry out a re-
engineering initiative later on in the process. Data analysis is the process of collecting,
transforming, cleaning and modelling data with the goal of discovering the required
information. Results obtained are communicated, suggesting conclusions and supporting
decision making. Data analysis process consists of the following phases that are interactive
in nature:
 Data Requirement Specification
 Data collection
 Data processing
 Data cleaning
 Data analysis
 Communication

Data Requirement Specifications

Required data for analysis is based on a question or experiment or project. Data necessary
as inputs such as population is identified. Specific variables regarding this population such
as age may be specified and obtained. Data can be numerical or categorical. Clear
measurement priorities must be set according to:
 What to measure?
 How to measure it?
Data collection
It is the process of gathering information on targeted variables identified as data
requirements. Data collection ethics are paramount in regards to accurate and honest data.
It provides a target to improve and a baseline to measure.

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Data processing
It involves organizing data for analysis. It includes structuring the data as required for the
relevant analysis tools. Creation of a data model might be necessary.

Data cleaning
Processed and organized data may be incomplete, contain duplicates or errors. Data
cleaning is the process involving correcting the errors. It is dependent on the type of data.

Data analysis
Processed, organized and analyzed data is now ready for analysis. Various data analysis
techniques work to understand, interpret and derive conclusions based on the requirements.
Data visualization may also be used to examine the data in graphical format in order to
obtain insight on the messages within the data.
Statistical data models such as correlation, regression analysis may be used to identify the
relations among the variables. They are descriptive and help in analysis simplification and
results communication.

Communication
Results are to be interpreted in a format as required by the users to support their decision
making. Feedback from the users might result in additional analysis.
Visualization techniques such as tables, charts and graphs are used by data analysts to aid
in communicating messages clearly and efficiently to the users.

Data Requirements Specification

Data Collection

Data Processing

Data Cleaning

Data Analysis

Figure 29. Data analysis process

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Conclusion
At the end of this learning outcome, the trainee should be able to properly develop an
effective resource efficiency system, quantify current resource usage, implement efficient
purchasing strategies and analyze data and access information on current work processes.

Further Reading
Mugenda, O. M. & Mugenda, A. G. (2008). Research methods: Quantitative and
Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi: African Centre for Technological Studies

7.3.5.3 Self-Assessment

Written Assessment
1. Which is not a benefit of using resource efficiency systems?
a) Sustainable Development
b) Cast reduction
c) Environmentally friendly
d) Less value output
2. Data analysis on current work processes involves certain phases apart from which
one?
a) Data processing
b) Data guessing
c) Data collection
d) Data cleaning
3. Which is the odd one out in relation to resource usage?
a) Resource exploitation
b) Resource efficiency systems
c) Purchasing strategies
d) Data analysis on work processes
4. Baseline data in establishing resource use profile does not include?
a) Water use
b) Waste generation
c) Premises
d) Energy use
5. Which of the following is not included in the life cycle analysis?
a) Establishing resource use profile
b) Documenting and reviewing plan
c) Data collection
d) Prioritizing resource efficiency actions
6. Describe development procedures of a resource efficiency system.
7. Outline steps taken in developing purchasing strategies.

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 8. Define data analysis and explain the phases it involves.
Project
Do a project. An assessment of the work process involved in an organization

7.3.5.4 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

 Standards operating and/or other workplace procedures manuals
 Specific job procedures manuals
 Environmental Management and Coordination Act 1999
 Machine/equipment manufacturers specifications and instructions
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
 ISO standards
 Company Environmental Management Systems (EMS)
 Montreal protocol
 Kyoto protocol

7.3.5.5 References

https://www.google.com/amp/www.tradeready.ca/2017/fittskills_refresher/7_steps_of_a_
strategic_procurement_process/amp/
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/excel_data_analysis/data_analysis_process
United Nations research institute for social development, 200. Business for sustainable
development. An occasional paper no. 2 by Peter Utting
www.betterregulation.vic.gov.au>…PDF DRAFT GUIDELINES ENVIRONMENT AND
RESOURCE EFFICIENCY PLANS.

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7.3.6 Learning Outcome No. 5: Identify environmental legislations/conventions for
environmental concerns
7.3.6.1 Learning Activities
Learning Outcome No. 5: Identify environmental legislations/conventions for
environmental concerns
Learning Activities Special Instructions

5.1. Identify environmental legislations/conventions and local Use the Kenyan

ordinances according to different environmental aspects/impact Constitution
5.2. Describe industrial standard/environmental practices according Group Discussions
to the different environmental concerns

7.3.6.2 Information Sheet No7/LO5: Identify environmental legislations/conventions

for environmental concerns

Introduction
This learning outcome covers identification of environmental legislations/ conventions and
local ordinances according to different environmental aspects as well as description of
industrial standards/environmental practices according to the different environmental
concerns.

Definition of key terms

Environmental legislations/conventions: Also known as multilateral environmental
agreements. Are agreements between states that guide global, regional and national action
on environmental issues and are therefore key elements of environment, legal and
governance regimes?

Industrial standards: Industry standards are a set of requirements to be followed by a

member of that industry in relation to the standard functioning and carrying out of
operations.

Local ordinances: These are laws for an area smaller than a nation e.g. local government
or county and should be consistent with the constitution and public policies.
Environmental concerns: These are harmful effects on the biosphere brought about by
anthropogenic activities (human influence) or natural internal processes. These issues
include global warming, climate change, waste disposal, water pollution and deforestation.

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Content/Procedures/Methods/Illustrations
5.1 Environmental legislation/conventions and local ordinances are identified
according to the different environmental aspects/impact
Environmental policy and legislation
Environmental legislation is the collection of laws and regulations aimed at protecting
natural resources and the environment from harm or misuse. The laws are implemented in
different jurisdictions depending on the structure of government or local authorities.
Environmental policy: This is a course or a system of principles adopted by an organization
or country to guide decision making and achieve beneficial outcomes. Protection and
conservation of natural resources happens on different levels of jurisdiction such as the
international level, regional level and national level. At the international level, the global
environmental authority, known as the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) was
established in June 1972 as a result of the Stockholm conference on the human
environment. UN Environment is the recent abbreviation used and is located in Nairobi,
Kenya. At the regional level Kenya is part of the African Union and the economic block
East African Community. The African Union was officially launched in 2002 as a successor
to the Organization of African Unity (1963 – 1999). The African Union policy on the
environment in Africa is under the department of Environment, Climate change, Water,
Land and Natural Resources. The DREA guides Africa on issues such as climate change,
project on environmental restoration and rehabilitation and capacity building of
environmental institutions in Africa. At the national level, we have the National
Environment Management Authority (NEMA), established under the Environmental
management and coordination act no. 8 of 1999 (EMCA) as the principle instrument of
government for the implementation of all policies relating to environment. The authority
has been in operation since 1st July 2002. Environmental policy at the county level is run
by the county governments and they control the use of resources but have no jurisdiction
over resources share by more than one county, because such resources are considered
National resources and are under the national government.

Multilateral environmental agreements/international environmental protocols

Multilateral environmental agreements are agreements between states that guide global,
regional and national action on environmental, legal and governance regimes. Timeline of
major environmental conference and protocols.
 Conference on Human Environment, in Stockholm in June 1972.
 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in Montreal (1987).
 United Nation Conference on Environment and Development, in Rio de Janeiro
(1992)
 Kyoto Protocol, in Kyoto (1997).
 World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg (2002).
 UN conference on Sustainable Development, Rio de Janeiro (2012).
 UN Sustainable Development Summit, in New York (2015).

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  Conference of the parties of the UNFCCC in Paris (2015).
Protocols
This is the original draft of a multilateral environmental agreement, specifying the terms of
a treaty agreed to in a conference and signed by the parties.
Kyoto Protocol
Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty that was agreed upon in 1997. It commits state
parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, adopted in Kyoto, Japan on 11th December,
1997 and entered into force on 16th Feb 2005. The protocol mirrors the convention in
recognizing the specific needs and concerns of developing countries, especially the most
vulnerable among them. Annex 1 parties must thus provide information on how they are
striving to meet their emission targets, while minimizing adverse impacts on developing
countries. The target for the first commitment period of the protocol cover emission of the
following greenhouse gases; carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflouro carbons
(HFCs), perfluoro carbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride. An adaptation fund was
established to finance concrete adaptation projects and programs in developing countries
that parties to the Kyoto protocol. The fund financed with the share of proceeds from clean
development mechanism (CDM) project activities and other sources.
Montreal Protocol
The Montreal Protocol on Substance that Depletes the Ozone layer, is a Global agreement
to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of
ozone-depleting substances. It was agreed on 26th August 1987, and entered into force in
1989.
It has gone through nine revisions, in 1990 (London), 1991(Nairobi), 1992(Copenhagen),
1993 (Bangkok), 1995 (Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), 1998 (Australia), 1999 (Beijing) and
2016 (Kigali). Montreal protocol has been innovative and successful and is the first treaty
to achieve universal ratification by all countries in the world. The Montreal protocol’s
Scientific Assessment Panel estimates that it will even greater benefits worldwide. The
latest amendment to the protocol was on October 15, 2016 in Kigali, Rwanda. The
amendment seeks to phase down production and consumption of hydroflouro carbons
(HFCs) worldwide. This amendment creates market certainly and opens international
market to improved technology that are better for the environment.

Environment law and policy in Kenya

Environmental Management and Coordination Act (1999)
This act is the framework law on environmental management and conservation. It guides
the country on all areas concerning the environment and all the institutions responsible for
enforcement. The following institutions have been established through this principle act;
National Environment Management Authority, Public Complaints Committee, National
Environment Tribunal, National Environment Action Plan Committees and County
Environment Committees. Section 9 (1) of EMCA mandates the National Environment
Management Authority (NEMA) to exercise general supervision and coordination over all
matters relating to the environment and to be the principle guide to the government of
Kenya in the implementation of all policies relating to the environment. The authority has
been in operation since 1st July 2002. NEMA is also responsible for ensuring Kenya’s
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compliance with Multilateral Environmental Agreements. The Act provides for
environmental protection through; environmental impact assessment, environmental audit
and monitoring and environmental restoration orders, conservation orders and easements.
The latest amendment to the act was in 2015 to align to the constitution, 2010. The changes
in the amendment include; functions of the cabinet secretary, national environmental
complaints committee and access to information.

Industrial standards
Industrial standards are a set of requirements to be followed by a member of that industry
in relation to the standards functioning and carrying out of operations. In the environmental
sector, the Environmental Management and Coordination Act is the principal instrument
guiding professional practices. There are regulations that guide specific sectors in the
environment. An example is the Air Quality Regulations (2014). The Air Quality
Regulations (2014) specifies air quality limits, air quality management plan, emission
standards, vehicular emission reduction measures, guidelines on air pollution monitoring
parameters from stationary sources among others.

Features of an environmental strategy

An environmental strategy is a set of initiatives that can be implemented to reduce the
impacts and effects on the natural environment through products, processes and policies.
An example is the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2018 – 2022. Features
of an environmental strategy include:

Introduction
The introduction gives a background of what has been there before and what the strategy
seeks to change or achieve. In this section goals and objectives are clearly explained.
Enabling policy and legal framework
In this section, international, regional and national policy and legal framework that supports
and guide the strategy are clearly outlined and explained.
Priority areas the strategy seeks to change
In this section, the actions to be carried out are spelled out. The institution for
implementation of the action is clearly stated and their mandate made clear. The sectors to
be involved in the activities are also found in this section of the strategy or plan.
Delivering the strategy
In this section, all of the activities, resources and stakeholders needed for the delivery of
the strategy are outlined and how they all come together and how they are connected. It
also has information on technology, finance and resource mobilization, delivery and
coordination mechanisms and institutional roles and responsibilities.
Conclusion
A clear end to the strategy or action plan detailing the important content and expected
outcomes in the period specified for achieving the plans. Environmental management
system is a framework of process and practices that enable an organization reduce its
environmental impact and increase efficiency by training personnel, monitoring and
generating reports.

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Basic elements of an EMS include the following:
 Reviewing the organizations environmental goals.
 Analyzing its environmental impacts and legal requirements.
 Setting environmental impacts and legal requirements.
 Establishing programs to meet these objectives and targets.
 Monitoring and measuring progress in achieving the objectives.
 Ensuring employees environmental awareness and competence.
 Reviewing programs of the EMS and making improvements.

ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems

This standard now emphasizes life cycle analysis in the new 2015 version. It also
encourages risk analysis along the supply chain. It allows more sustainable management of
companies and is an important tool in controlling the impacts of the organization.
Approaches in this family of standards include audits, communication, labeling and life
cycle analysis as well as environmental challenges such as climate change. ISO 14001:2015
specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an organization
can use to enhance its environmental performance. It is intended to be used by an
organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner
that contributes to the environmental pillars of sustainability. It helps an organization
achieve its intended outcomes of its environmental management system, which provide
value for the environment, the organization, government policy, and the intended outcomes
is produced and returned back into the environment. Main types of pollutants include; noise
pollution, light pollution, solid waste, air and water pollution.

5.2 Industrial standard/environmental practices are described according to the

different environmental concerns
Environmental Concerns
Environmental concerns are harmful effects on the biosphere brought about by
anthropogenic activities (human influence) or natural internal processes. These issues
include global warming, climate change, waste disposal, water pollution and deforestation.
They include:
a) Climate change
The relationship between climate and weather is quite close. Climate is the averaging of
atmospheric weather conditions over long periods over at least 30 years. Climate change
refers to a change in the climate system that is caused by significant changes in the
concentration of greenhouse gases due to human activities and which is addition to natural
climate change that has been observed during a considerable period.

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Causes of climate change
 Green-house gases: They are gases that absorb and emit radiant energy within the
thermal infrared range. The main GHGs are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
etc. they increase the temperature of the atmosphere therefore affecting climate over
a period of time.
 Volcanic eruptions: Volcanic gases like sulphur dioxide can cause global cooling,
while volcanic carbon dioxide, a green-house gas has the potential to promote
global warming.
 Air pollution: Processes such as fossil fuel burning in industry, motor vehicles and
buildings emit substances that cause local and regional pollution. They release
greenhouse gases, mainly C02, methane and nitrous oxide, which are linked to
global climate change.
Factors that increase climate change
 Urbanization.
 Industrialization.
 Technological development/advancement.
 Land use and land cover change.
Effects of climate change
 Flooding.
 Drought.
 Crop failure.
 Loss of bio-diversity.
 Human health.

b) Global warming
Refers to the observed/projected gradual increase in global surface temperature. It is one of
the consequences of climate change. Energy from the sun reaches the earth in the form of
ultraviolet (UV), visible and infrared (IR) radiation. Most of this thermal radiation is
absorbed by the atmosphere, thereby warming it. Greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse
effect. It is useful because trapping some energy keeps the temperatures on our planet mild
and suitable for living things. However, too much CHG can cause the temperature to
increase out of control.
Effects of global warming
 Sea level rise: The Polar Regions are particularly vulnerable to rising temperatures.
This rise in temperature is causing the ice sheet to melt. The increase in sea levels
affects people and infrastructure along the coast, wildlife and plants.
 Shrinking ice sheets: Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.
This affects the wildlife such as polar bears and whales that breed near the ice
sheets. The glaciers act as a cooling system for the earth and when they melt this is
greatly compromised.
 Decrease in biodiversity: As land and sea undergo rapid change, the living
organisms that inhabit them are affected and their population decreases. Plants and

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 animals survive at optimum conditions and when these conditions are compromised
by increase in temperature, plants and animals are more susceptible to diseases.
 Severe weather: Higher temperatures are worsening weather events such as storms,
floods, heat waves and droughts. A warmer climate creates an atmosphere that can
collect, retain and drop more water, changing weather patterns in such a way that
wet areas become wetter and dry areas drier.
 Death: Intense weather events, increase in diseases has all contributed to increase
in death rates.

c) Pollution
This is the addition of a substance either liquid, solid or gas or any form of energy, such as
heat, light sound at a higher rate than it can be recycled, decomposed, diluted or stored and
affects normal environmental processes. Types of pollution includes:
 Solid waste. Solid waste is any discarded material that is abandoned by being
disposed of, burned, recycled and can be solid, liquid or semi-solid form. Examples
of solid waste include; domestic waste, waste tyres, construction and demolition
waste, asbestos, industrial waste, biomedical waste, E-waste, pesticide waste, used
oil and sludge and sewage waste.
 Noise pollution. This is the transmission of high intensity sound that causes
discomfort to living beings. The intensity is measured in decibels. Types include
industrial noise, neighborhood noise etc.
 Air pollution. Air pollution may result either from a quantitative change, by raising
the concentration in air of some of its normal constituents (e.g. co2, nitrogen
peroxide) or a qualitative change due to introduction of external compounds such
as radio-nuclides and synthetic organic substances.
 Water pollution. This is the introduction of chemical, biological compounds into
water ecosystems at a rate higher that it can be recycled, decomposed or diluted.
This affects life in these ecosystems leading to diseases and in some cases deaths.
One of the most common is the problem of solid waste finding its way into oceans
through rivers and this has affected breeding of some aquatic life and suffocation
of both plants and animals.

d) Land use and land cover change

Humans have been modifying land to obtain food and other essentials for thousands of
years but current rates are far greater than ever in history, and are driving unprecedented
changes in ecosystems and environmental processes at local region and global scales. Land
cover refers to the physical and biological cover over the surface of land, including water,
vegetation, bare soil and/or artificial structures. Land use can be defined in terms of human
activities such as agriculture, forestry and building construction that alter land surface
processes including hydrology, biogeochemistry, and biodiversity.

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Effects of land use and land cover change
 Biodiversity loss
 Climate change
 Pollution

Conclusion
The unit covered environmental legislations/conventions and local ordinances as well as
industrial/environmental practices according to different environmental
aspects/impacts/concerns.

Further Reading
ISO 14001, Environmental Management Systems
National Climate Change Action Plan

7.3.6.3 Self-Assessment

Written Assessment
1. Which year was the Montreal protocol agreed?
a) 1999
b) 2001
c) 1987
d) 2000
2. Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?
a) Carbon dioxide
b) Hydrogen
c) Methane
d) Nitrous oxide
3. Which of the following is the principal guiding Act in environmental matters in
Kenya?
a) Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA)
b) Water Act
c) National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP)
d) Air Quality Regulations (2014)
4. Which one of the following is an effect of climate change?
a) Urbanization
b) Flooding
c) Seal level decrease
d) Reduction in diseases
5. Which year did National Environment Management Authority become operational?
a) 1999
b) 1995
c) 2001

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 d) 2002
6. Identify environmental legislations for environmental concerns
7. List five effects of global warming

Practical Assessment
Identify an environmental issue in your home area and come up with an environmental
strategy to solve it.
.
7.3.6.4 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials
 Standards operating and/or other workplace procedures manuals
 Specific job procedures manuals
 Environmental Management and Coordination Act 1999
 Machine/equipment manufacturers specifications and instructions
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
 ISO standards
 Company Environmental Management Systems (EMS)
 Montreal protocol
 Kyoto protocol
 Air Quality Regulations (2014).
 National Climate Change Action Plan

7.3.6.5 References

Africa Forest Forum, (2019). Basic science of climate change, a compendium for technical
training in African Forestry, p 120 – 123.
Africa Forest Forum, (2019). International Dialogues, Processes and Mechanisms on
climate change, a compendium for professional and Technical Training in African
Forestry, p 11.
Government of Kenya, (1999). Environmental Management and Coordination Act,
Government Press.

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7.3.7 Learning Outcome No. 6: Implement specific environmental programs
7.3.7.1 Learning Activities
Learning Outcome No. 6: Implement specific environmental programs
Learning Activities Special Instructions

6.1. Identify Programs and Activities according to organization’s

policy and guidelines. Trainees to discuss in
6.2. Determine and perform individual roles/responsibilities based groups on
on the activities identified. environmental
6.3. Resolve problems/constraints encountered in accordance with programs
organization’s policies and guidelines. implementations.
6.4. Consult stakeholders based on company guidelines.

7.3.7.2 Information Sheet No7/LO6 Implement specific environmental programs

Introduction
This learning outcome covers identification of programs/activities guidelines, determining
individual roles/responsibilities based on the identified programs, resolving problems
encountered and consulting stakeholders according to organization’s policies and
guidelines

Definition of key terms

Environmental programs: These are a set of measures and interventions aimed at
ensuring compliance with national, county and institutional environmental regulations and
the overall goal of reducing negative environmental impacts.

Stakeholders: A stakeholder is either an individual, group or organization who has interest

or concern in a certain area or who is impacted by the outcome of a project. They can be
within or outside the organization that is sponsoring or funding the project.

Roles: These are the positions team members assume or the parts that they play in a
particular operation or process.

Responsibilities: These are the specific tasks or duties that members are expected to
complete as a function of their roles.

Problem solving: It is the art of defining a problem, determining the cause of the problem,
identifying prioritizing, and selecting alternatives for a solution; and implementing
solutions.

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Content/procedures/methods/illustrations
6.1 Programs/Activities are identified according to organization’s policies and
guidelines
Environment Programs
These are a set of measures and interventions aimed at ensuring compliance with national,
county and institutional environmental regulations and the overall goal of reducing negative
environmental impacts. Environmental programs can be initiated at the national level by
the government of Kenya, or international environmental organizations such as the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) or at the county level by county governments.
The nature of a project and the shareholders involved or affected by a project depend on
the type of project and what it seeks to achieve. One important step before initiating a
project, is understanding the needs and expectations of the community affected by the
project.

Community Needs and Expectations

These are the things or services required by a certain group of people because they are
essential for survival and for a life of dignity. Needs can be identified through assessing the
strengths and resources available in the community to meet the needs of children, youth,
women and families. The assessment also focuses on the capabilities of the community
including its citizens, agencies and organizations. In the environment sector, sustainable
development is key where needs of the current generation are met without compromising
the needs of the future generations. Sustainable development has three pillars namely;
social, economic and environmental. Problems that usually face communities include:
 Health
 Food security
 Lack of employment
 War and conflict
 Poverty

Identification of programs
The following process can be used in identifying programs and activities;
 Developing a plan for assessing local needs and resources
 Understanding and describing the community and stakeholders
 Conducting stakeholder meetings and forums
 Collecting information about the problem(s)
 Analyzing community problems
 Identifying community assets and resources
 Developing baseline measures
 Collecting feedback from the community
 Developing and using criteria and processes to set priorities
 Producing a final report on program interventions

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Developing a plan for assessing local needs and resources
Developing a plan helps gain a deeper understanding of the community. A community
assessment helps to uncover not only needs and resources, but also the underlying culture
and social structure that will help you understand how to address the community’s need
and utilize its resources.

Understanding and describing the community and stakeholders

This entails understanding physical aspects, infrastructure, patterns of settlement,
commerce and industry, demographics, history, community, leaders, culture and existing
institutions. This will give a general idea of the community’s strengths and the challenges
it faces.

Conducting stakeholder meetings and forums

Stakeholder meetings and forums are a valuable resource in upholding open lines of
communication with the public. Community participation can help identify and solve
problems.

Collecting information about the problem(s)

Quantitative information is crucial to building awareness and gathering support for
community issues. Analysis of data provides concrete approach for assessing, planning and
implementing community projects.

Analyzing community problems

This is a way of thinking carefully about a problem or issue before acting on a solution. It
first involves identifying reasons a problem exists, and then identifying possible solutions
and a plan for improvement.

Identifying community assets and resources

A community asset or resource is anything that can be used to improve the quality of
community life. It can be a person, physical structure, community service or business.
Developing baseline measures
One of the first activities needed to be done is figuring out how much the different factors
and trends to be examined are happening in the first place.
To have an effective program, you have to know how much of an effect your efforts are
having and this can be achieved the baseline measures.

Collecting feedback from the community

It’s important to collect input from members of the community when working on plans to
address environmental problems and concerns. Actively soliciting the involvement of
community members in the process as it begins and continuing to approach them for their
input will help them become more interested and actively involved.
Developing priorities
This is meant to bring to light issues of the community that need to be addressed. Criteria
are standards for making a judgment and provide guidelines for making decisions. In this

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step, the order of important things in relation to others is determined. A set of criteria
priorities may change in people’s concern or knowledge.

Producing a final report on program interventions

After all these steps have been followed and there’s a clear understanding of what needs to
be done to remedy the environmental issue, a final report is made. This report is important
because it will guide the implementation of the program and will clearly state the issues
experienced so as to improve in subsequent projects.

6.2 Individual roles/responsibilities are determined and performed based on the

activities identified

Setting of individual roles/responsibilities

A lack of clarity regarding roles, responsibilities and expectations of the various agencies
or individuals can impede success of teams. It is therefore important for team members to
understand their roles and responsibilities and to share their expectations about the roles
and responsibilities of others.
Roles – These are the positions team members assume or the parts that they play in a
particular operation or process.

Responsibilities –These are the specific tasks or duties that members are expected to
complete as a function of their roles. These activities or obligations are specific to a person
who is accountable for a role on a project that has been assigned to them.

Importance of assigning roles and responsibilities

 Efficiency
Having a clear understanding of project roles allows the leader to develop a timeline. This
gives a clear idea of which task and when the specific portion is expected to be completed.
Assigning roles enables team members to get a better idea of which members have closely
related tasks. Coordination in the workplace is easier and efficient.

 Productivity
When the responsibility is assigned closely to the strength of an individual, productivity is
enhanced. It increases only when all members agree on the responsibilities assigned to
them. If they agree and own their roles and responsibilities, they will easily understand how
to achieve success.

 Enthusiasm
Issuing responsibilities to team members gives each person a sense of ownership. They
become invested in the project’s outcome, thereby increasing their efforts to create a quality
product. If roles and responsibilities are not defined, team members lack morale, get
disinterested and detached. Leaders should ensure work is evenly distributed to avoid
conflict and creating stress for some workers.

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6.3 Problems/constraints encountered are resolved in accordance with
organization’s policies and guidelines
Resolving problems and issues
Problem solving is the act of defining a problem; determining the cause of the problem;
identifying prioritizing; selecting alternatives for a solution and implementing solutions.
Problem solving gives us an opportunity to improve the system and relationships.
Steps in problem solving process
a) Define the problem
This involves differentiating facts from opinions, being specific with the underlying causes,
identifying what standard or expectation has not been met and what can be improved, and
determine in which process the problem lies.
b) Generate alternative solutions
In this stage there’s room for creativity and ideas can be shared through brainstorming.
All parties affected should be involved in generating alternatives. The alternatives should
be consistent with the goals of everyone involved in the process.
c) Evaluate and select alternatives
There is a need to go deeper after generating alternatives so that realistic and appropriate
options can be prioritized. The evaluation should be relative to a target standard and the
selection should not be biased or favor a particular individual or a group.
d) Implementation and follow up
Implementation of the chosen alternatives is the final step. It is important to gather feedback
from the stakeholders as implementation is taking place. This can be part of an ongoing
monitoring and evaluation. Long-term results should be evaluated so as to learn on areas
that can be improved in future initiatives.

6.4 Stakeholders are consulted based on company guidelines

Stakeholder Consultation
A stakeholder is either an individual, group or organization who has interest or concern in
a certain area or who is impacted by the outcome of a project. They can be within or outside
the organization that sponsoring or funding the project. It’s important to get output from
members of the community when working on plans to address environmental problems and
issues. This will help them become more interested and more actively involved.
Public participation is one of the fundamental principles of democracy. Democracy is
premised on the idea that all citizens are equally entitled to have a say in decisions affecting
their lives. Citizens’ participation in government decision making and projects is
fundamental to the functioning of a democratic system of governance as stated in chapter
one of the constitution of Kenya, 2010. Stakeholder consultation or public participation is
not only important in government initiatives but also in any project so that community
members can be fully involved and own the project.

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Importance of stakeholder consultation
 It increases the likelihood of stakeholders getting actively involved and staying
involved throughout the implementation process.
 It increases understanding of the priorities of the community members and what
problems and issues are the major concern. This information may not be known by
professionals.
 It is a reliable, systematic and easy way to acquire information from the
beneficiaries of a project.
 It provides a useful source of data, information and direction for donors,
government and participants.
 It keeps the government’s agenda and organization objectives to reflect the interests
of the community by getting their perspective.

5 S of Good Housekeeping
This method contains five steps and is essential for being organized and working
efficiently. Henry Ford originally developed what we know now as the 5s methodology in
1972. It was however popularized by Hiroyuki Hirano in Japanese in 1980. 5s of good
housekeeping is a management technique that is aimed at optimizing the workplace and
improving the efficiency of work performance. These five steps include:
i. Seiri – Sort
First you should identify what is necessary and what is unnecessary. Items can be physical,
such as broken equipment, or non-physical such as outdated files in a network and
information that is no longer needed. Enlist a team to identify which items are needed and
classify them by frequency of use. This should extend to software. Sorting out software
needs will reduce costs, increase available storage space and make organization more
effective.
ii. Seiton - Straighten
After sorting resources and removing what is unwanted, you can put them in order.
Resources should be clearly labelled and stored in an appropriate place where they can be
found easily.
Physical resources used often should be kept close by, while items that are used less often
stored further away. For computers, files should be saved appropriately, in distinguishable
folders with appropriate names using dates where applicable.

iii. Seiso – Shine

After the workplace is in order, it should be cleaned. This should be a regular event, making
it easy to monitor the condition of machinery and tools. This will make it easy to do regular
maintenance. Clean files regularly to ensure that only the latest versions are left, and ensure
that the computer is regularly updated to the latest version.
iv. Seiketsu – Standardize
Creating a standardized procedure to ensure the good work practices are maintained is the
next step. Having a standard in place will serve as best practice and will remove uncertainty

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amongst your team. It should be communicated in written form, and checklists be created
to help team members perform all of the steps correctly.

v. Shitsuke – Sustain
Finally, the new processes and standards need to be sustained. This can be attained by
building the whole process into performance evaluation. The process can evolve over time,
and so 5s should be modified appropriately, and changes communicated to team members.
Assessment of adherence to standards and success of the process can be done through
project review or meetings.

Conclusion
This learning outcome covered implementation of specific environmental programs
through identification of programs/activities, individual roles/responsibilities, resolving of
problems/constraints and consulting stakeholders based on organization policies and
guidelines.

Further Reading
EMCA 1999
ISO Standards

7.3.7.3 Self-Assessment

Written Assessment
1. Which of the following is a problem faced by communities in Kenya?
a) Budget surplus
b) Wealth
c) Conflict
d) Democracy
2. Which of the following choices describes a stakeholder?
a) Infrastructure
b) History
c) Donor agency
d) culture

3. Which of the following is a step-in good housekeeping?

a) Re-use
b) Sustain
c) Recycling
d) Repurpose
4. At which level does the central government initiate projects?
a) Regional level
b) National level

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 c) County level
d) International level
5. Which of the following is the leading environmental organizations at United
Nations?
a) World Meteorological Organization
b) United Nations Environment Program (UNEP)
c) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
d) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC)
6. List down the 5s of good housekeeping
7. List 5 importance of stakeholder consultation.
8. Discuss three importance of assigning roles and responsibilities.
Practical Assessment
Observe the activities in the administration block of your learning institution and make
observations if the activities conform to the 5s of good housekeeping. Identify a stakeholder
meeting near your learning institution or in your home area and make observation on how
the meeting is conducted and how the community members are engaged.
Project
Determine the weaknesses of stakeholder consultation in the Kenyan context.

7.3.7.4 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

 Standards operating and/or other workplace procedures manuals
 Specific job procedures manuals
 ISO standards
 Company Environmental Management Systems (EMS)

7.3.7.5 References

Africa Forest Forum (2019), international dialogues, processes and mechanisms to climate
change: A compendium for professional and technical training in African forestry,
Technical working paper pg. -99
Environmental Management Systems, ISO Central secretariat
Government of Kenya (2017), the National Assembly, public participation in the legislative
process, Government Press.
International Organization for Standardization, (2017) ISO 14001

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7.3.8 Learning Outcome No. 7: Monitor activities on environmental
protection/programs
7.3.8.1 Learning Activities
Learning Outcome No. 7: Monitor activities on environmental protection/programs
Learning Activities Special Instructions

7.1. Monitor and evaluate activities periodically according to the Personal protective
objectives of the environmental program. equipment should be
7.2. Gather and consider feedback from stakeholders in proposing used at all times.
enhancements to the program based on consultations. Trainees to gather
7.3. Analyze gathered data based on evaluation requirements and analyze data in
7.4. Submit recommendation based on the findings. groups.
7.5. Set and establish management support systems to sustain and
enhance the program.
7.6. Monitor and report environmental incidents to concerned/proper
authorities.

7.3.8.2 Information Sheet No7/LO7

Introduction
This learning outcome covers monitoring and evaluating activities, gathering and
considering feedback from stakeholders based on consultations, analyzing it based on
evaluation requirements and submitting recommendations based on findings. The unit also
deals with establishing management support systems as well as monitoring and reporting
environmental incidents to concerned authorities. This learning outcome will provide
essential skills and knowledge for monitoring and evaluating activities, gathering and
considering feedback from stakeholders based on consultations, analyzing it based on
evaluation requirements and submitting recommendations based on findings.

Definition of key terms

Environmental protection: It is any practice to maintain or restore the quality of natural
environment by individuals, organizations and government based on policies and
procedures.
Monitoring: This is the ongoing assessment of project progress towards achieving set
targets and goals.
Evaluation Periodic: It is analysis of the efficiency, impacts and significance of either a
project’s completed actions (or ongoing activities).

Management support systems: They are used to provide input to the implementation of
ongoing activities, to inform decision making processes.

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Stakeholders: These are people who are directly or indirectly affected by the development
of a project/ program.

Content/procedures/methods/illustrations
7.1 Activities are periodically monitored and evaluated according to the objectives
of the environmental program
Monitoring and Evaluation
Monitoring and evaluation involves collection and analysis of data of a program while it is
ongoing(monitoring), and periodic assessment of program that might be conducted
internally or by external evaluators (evaluation).monitoring ensures figuring out new
strategies and actions needed to be taken to ensure progress towards the most important
results.it also involves watching the progress of a program against time, resources and
performance schedulers while the program is ongoing so as to identify the lagging areas
requiring timely attention and action. Evaluation helps to understand the worth, quality,
significance, amount, degree or condition of any intervention desired to tackle a social
problem. Monitoring and evaluation are therefore important to assess program results,
improve project management and planning to understand different stakeholder’s
perspective and ensure accountability. Hence it is important first to determine the programs
that need to be assessed, over what time period and whether it is an ongoing activity which
requires monitoring or a completed activity that requires evaluation.

7.2 Feedback from stakeholders are gathered and considered in proposing

enhancements to program based on consultations
Stakeholders Involvement
To ensure that monitoring and evaluation is relevant and efficient to the stakeholders, it is
essential that their information needs are considered. Key internal and external stakeholders
need to be identified. There should be careful decisions on how to involve them in the
design, implementation, analysis and/or communication of findings. Various stakeholders
include public/communities, private/public organizations, the government, donor agencies
among others. These are individuals who will directly or indirectly be affected by the
program. Clarity on aims, objectives, activities and pathways to change key issues and
questions need to be identified from both internal and external sources. Some of these issues
include; needed resources (human, financial, technical), management (roles and
responsibilities), clarity about aims and goals, cost effectiveness and to identify;
relevance/acceptability of the project to the community, the effectiveness of the project; i.e.
Are you achieving for your objectives? The impact of the program on people’s lives and to
the contributions made to the outcomes and impacts.
In order to assess progress, the aims, objectives and pathways to change need to be clarified
what you are trying to achieve and how. The aims are the final impacts of people’s lives or
the environment, that you wish to achieve. The desired outcomes are the objectives which
are the changes needed to be made to achieve the aims. The pathway to change desires how
the project activities will contribute to the desired outcomes (objectives); which will in turn
contribute to final impacts (aims).

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7.3 Data gathered are analyzed based on evaluation requirements
The information to be collected may include:
 Quantitative data expressed in numerical terms (numbers, ratios). This information
will allow answering of what, how many, questions.
 Qualitative data is expressed through descriptive prose and can address questions
about ‘why’ and ‘how’ as well as perspectives, attitude and beliefs.
Information is collected through indicators need to be SMART (specific, measurable,
achievable, relevant and time-bound). Qualitative information is analyzed by identifying
categories, themes and data, interpreting findings in relation to research questions and
watching out for the unintended results and data that does not fit the expectations.
Quantitative data is analyzed by calculating simple totals, averages, percentages and
statistical tests. Effective monitoring generates a solid data base for evaluations. Data,
reports, analysis and decisions based on monitoring evidence should be retained with a
view to making them easily accessible to evaluations.

7.4 Recommendations are submitted based on the findings

Recommendations on how the project should be effectively implemented should be
recorded and documented for submission. These recommendations are based on the
findings of the analyzed data. The following issues are often included in the
recommendations;
 Operation mechanics and responsibilities; proper delegation of responsibilities to
permit smooth operations and holding liaison meetings periodically
 Identifying and meeting staff and training needs
 Initiation of extension activities with regular resources
 Development of a work schedule to progress logistics and to streamline program

7.5 Management support systems are set/established to sustain and enhance the
program
Management support systems are established to sustain and enhance the programs.
Environmental management system is a powerful sustainable tool developed as part of an
organizations strategy to implement environmental policies and address governmental
regulations. The purpose of management system is to specify general requirements and
guidelines that, when followed, should provide reasonable assurance that the outputs from
the system will have minimal negative environmental impact and improved environmental
performance. Management support system processes include document control, record and
internal auditing. These are beneficial for ensuring a holistic approach to environmental
impacts and focusing on only critical aspects and processes.

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7.6 Environmental incidents are monitored and reported to concerned/proper
authorities
Environmental incidents are then monitored and reported to concerned authorities such as
National Environment Management Authority which is responsible for carrying out
environmental and rationally utilization of environmental resources and enhance
environmental protection. These concerned authorities will ensure follow-up.

Conclusion
The learning outcome dealt with monitoring activities on environmental
protection/programs by periodic monitoring of activities/programs, considering
stakeholders’ feedback, submitting recommendations based on findings, setting
management support systems as well as monitoring and recording environmental incidents.
Upon completion of this learning outcome, the trainee should be able to monitor activities
on environmental protection /programs, evaluate environmental incidents and set
management support systems.

Further Reading
Environment regulations on monitoring and evolutions.
ISO Standards

7.3.8.3 Self-Assessment
Written Assessment
1. Which of the following is not considered monitoring?
a) Counting the number of people trained
b) Tracking the number of brochures disseminated
c) Attributing changes in health outcomes to an intervention
d) Collecting monthly data on clients served in a clinic
2. At what stage of a program should monitoring take place?
a) At the beginning of the program
b) At the midpoint of the program
c) At the end of the program
d) Throughout the life of the program
3. A good monitoring system helps answer which of the following questions?
a) Is the project progress according to schedule
b) Have periodic benchmarks been met?
c) Is the project under or over achieving output targets?
d) All of the above
4. Which of the statements is true?
a) A gender audit is not a type of assessment
b) Monitoring is conducted while the program is finished
c) Evaluation is conducted while the program is ongoing
5. Define the terms
a) Monitoring

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 b) Evaluation
6. What is the significance of monitoring and evaluation on a program?
7. State the importance of stakeholder involvement in monitoring and evaluation.
8. How is data analyzed in monitoring and evaluation?
9. State the relevance of authorities such as NEMA in environmental protection in
regard to monitoring and evaluation.
Oral Assessment
Distinguish between monitoring and evaluation

Practical Assessment
NEMA is undertaking a clean-up on the Nairobi River. Develop a monitoring and
evaluation plan for the project.

7.3.8.4 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

 Standards operating and/or other workplace procedures manuals
 Specific job procedures manuals
 Environmental Management and Coordination Act 1999
 Machine/equipment manufacturers specifications and instructions
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
 ISO standards

7.3.8.5 References

Boyle, M, 1998. Developing Policy Performance Indicators for Ontario Ministry of

Natural Resources. Universite’ de Waterloo, Canada.
http://www.fao.org/3/to165e/t0165e11.htm
http://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/research/technologies/projects/monitoringandevaluation
Patton, M. H (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. Newbury Park, CA:
SAGE Publication
Peoples-Shep, M.D, Rogers, M.M. & Finerty, E.J. (1990). Monitoring Progress towards
Achievement of Objectives. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill
United Nations Development Programme Evaluation Office-Handbook on Monitoring and
Evaluating for results

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7.3.9 Learning Outcome No. 8: Analyze resource use
7.3.9.1 Learning Activities
Learning Outcome No. 8: Analyze resource use
Learning Activities Special Instructions

8.1. Identify all resource consuming processes. Group discussion on

8.2. Determine quantity and nature of resource consumed. resource
8.3. Analyze resource flow through different parts of the process. consumption and
8.4. Submit recommendation based on the findings. flow
8.5. Classify wastes for possible source of resources.

7.3.9.2 Information Sheet No7/LO8 Analyze resource use

Introduction
This learning outcome covers identification of resource consuming processes,
determination of quality and nature of resource flow through different parts of the process
and classification of wastes for possible source of resources.

Definition of key terms

Resource use: This is the consumption or utilization of raw materials such as water, soil,
air, biodiversity and land to satisfy our needs such as recreation, energy, food and
manufacture products.

Resource: A resource is a source of supply mostly comprised of a part of earth that is

valued by humans and from which a benefit is derived.

Biotic resources: These are resources that come from living things or organic materials.
Examples, include plants and animals.

Abiotic resources: These are resources that come from non-living and inorganic materials,
examples include air, water and sunlight.

Environmental Management System (EMS): This is a framework of processes and

practices that enable an organization reduce its environmental impacts and increase
efficiency by training personnel, monitoring and generating inputs.

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Content/procedures/methods/illustrations
1.1 All resource consuming processes are identified
A resource is a source or supply mostly comprised of a part of earth that is valued by
humans and from which a benefit is derived. All-natural resources fall under two main
categories namely; renewable and non-renewable resources.

Renewable resources
These are resources that are available consistently and can be reasonably replaced or
recovered. Examples include; water, air and vegetation. Replacing these resources is
possible but the time taken to replenish them might be very long. Sustainable use of these
resources is encouraged because they might be depleted and degraded beyond levels that
replacing them will be difficult. The renewable raw materials that come from living things
namely animals and trees are termed as biotic renewable resources while those that come
from non-living things such as sun, water and wind are termed as abiotic renewable
resources.

Non-renewable resources
These are resources that cannot simply substituted or recovered once they have been
consumed or utilized. Examples of such natural resources include fossil fuels and minerals.
These resources exist in food quantities and their regeneration rate is lower than their
exploitation rate. The non-renewable materials that come from living things such as fossil
fuels are known as biotic non-renewable resources while those that come from non-living
things such as rocks and soil are known as abiotic non-renewable resources.

Resources consumption
Resource use is the consumption or utilization of raw materials such as soil, air, biodiversity
and land to satisfy our needs such as recreation, energy, food and manufacture of products.

8.2 Quantity and nature of resource consumed is determined

Standards that determine resource use
Environmental Management System: This is a framework of processes and practices that
enable an organization reduce its environmental impacts and increase efficiency by training
personnel, monitoring and generating inputs. Basic components of an EMS include the
following;
 Reviewing the organization’s environmental goals
 Analyzing its environmental impacts and legal requirements
 Setting environmental impacts and legal requirements
 Establishing programs to meet these objectives and targets
 Monitoring and measuring progress in achieving the objectives
 Ensuring employees’ environmental awareness and competence
 Reviewing progress of the EMS and making improvements

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ISO 14001 - Environmental Management Systems
This standard now emphasizes life cycle analysis in the new 2015 version. It also
encourages risk analysis along the supply chain. It allows more sustainable management of
companies and is an important tool in controlling the impacts of the organizations.
Approaches in this family of standards include, audits, communication, labelling and life
cycle analysis as well as environmental challenges such as climate change. ISO 14001:2015
specifies the requirements for an environmental management system that an organization
can use to enhance its environmental performance. It is intended for use by an organization
seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that
contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability. It helps an organization achieve
the intended outcomes at its environmental management system, which provide value for
the environment, the organization itself and interested parties. Consistent with the
organization’s environmental policy, the intended outcomes of an environmental
management system include;
 Enhancement of environmental performance
 Fulfilment of compliance obligations
 Achievement of environmental objectives
Other standards that are critical to resource use include ISO 20400 and ISO 50001

ISO 20400 – Sustainable Environment

Although not a requirement standard, this standard establishes very useful guidelines for
the definition of purchasing management procedures that stimulate the circular economy.
It is precisely in the purchase s management that the decision-making process is
concentered on which way to going the acquisition of natural resources and raw materials
with less impact in the life cycle. By implementing ISO 20400, an organization will
contribute positively to society and the economy through making sustainable purchasing
decisions and encouraging suppliers and other stakeholders to do the same. The standard
will help address the following issues;
 Reduce impact on the environment
 Tackle human rights
 Manage supplier relations
 Harmonize long-term global costs
 Improving purchasing performance of an organization
 Giving an organization a competitive edge

Factors to consider before using ISO 20400

 Examining buying culture
 Know your supply chain
 Thin strategically
 Get buy-in from top management

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ISO 50001 – Energy Management Systems
Defines management requirements for one of the most significant environmental aspects
today; energy consumption. These requirements support the management of companies in
the definition of strategies that allow not only to reduce the impact of energy bills, but also
to reduce consumption (acquisition of new and more efficient technologies? or to choose
the origin of energy (renewable or non-renewable). It is based on the management system
model of continual improvement. This makes it easier for organizations to integrate energy
management into their overall efforts to improve quality and environmental management.
It provides a framework of requirements for organizations to;
 Develop a policy for more efficient use of energy
 Fix targets and objectives to meet the policy
 Use data to better understand and make decisions about energy use
 Measure the results
 Review how well the policy works
 Continually improve energy management

8.3 Resource flow is analyzed through different parts of the process

Circular economy
The components of the circular economy involve re-use, sharing, repair, refurbishment and
recycling to create a closed system that minimizes waste production and the use of resource
input. This system replaces the end-of-life concept therefore eliminating use of toxic
chemicals, waste that impair reuse and return to the biosphere. The circular economy is an
efficient and environmentally friendly system for resource consumption. It achieves this by
designing out waste and pollution, keeping products and materials in use are regenerating
natural systems. This system aims to keep products, equipment and infrastructure in use,
thus improving productivity of resources. All the waste that has been produced should
become an input or byproduct or recovered resource for another industrial process for
example, rice husks can be reused in the wine making process. When the rice husks are
added to a basket press for making wine the piece the skin of grapes to release more tannins
and provide a path for pressed juice to flow. This is an example of using a waste product
from one process and reusing it in another process. The circular economy is supported by
the ISO standards namely ISO 20400 sustainable procurement, ISO 14001 Environmental
Management Systems and ISO 50001 Energy Management Systems.

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Figure 30. Circular economy cycle. Source: www.ies.be

Importance of circular economy

 It reduces waste production and prevent waste from entering the natural
environment
 It saves money for companies that use by-products to manufacture other products
 It reduces the emission of greenhouse gases which are the major causes of global
warming and climate change
 It reduces the pressure on the environment and its resources.
 It improves the supply of raw materials by reducing and eliminating wastage.
 The system stimulates innovation on resource use and new manufacturing processes
to reuse and repurpose waste and by-products
 The new manufacturing processes provide employment and creates more jobs
 Consumers are provided with more durable and innovative products that will
increase the quality of life and save money in the long-term

Linear economy
The linear economy relies on using finite resources such as metals, minerals and fossil
fuels. It also relies on water and land which when depleted or degraded will be hard to
restore. In this system resources are extracted, consumed and eventually waste is produced
and returned back into the environment. This waste and pollution are destroying the living
systems that are dependent on for resources and healthy living for plants and animals. When
products are discarded, resources, energy, labor and knowledge that was invested to

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produce the products is wasted. This is why the linear economy has to be replaced by the
circular economy. The linear system involves endless resource extraction, cannot satisfy
human needs sustainably and involves endless waste dumping.

Disadvantages of the linear economy

 Production of goods is at the expense of the productivity of our ecosystems.
Excessive pressure on the environment compromises the provision of essential
ecosystem services such as water, air and soil
 Rate of exploitation is higher than the rate of replenishing of the resources therefore
some resources will be exhausted. This will compromise the survival of the future
generations
 Health and wellbeing of animals and plants is affected due to introduction of waste
in the natural ecosystems. This affects food security and quality of life.
 Fluctuating of raw material prices make investment expensive and may lead to job
losses. This system is not flexible in sourcing of raw material and if the supply of
one raw material is compromised the whole system is affected.
 Waste produced has increased to levels that are affecting various ecosystems and
the cost of rehabilitation is beyond what most countries can afford or are willing to
use for restoration and rehabilitation efforts.

8.4 Wastes are classified for possible source of resources

Recycling
Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new, reusable objects or
products. Waste recycling involves the collection of waste materials and the separation and
clean-up of those materials. Recycling waste means that fewer new products and
consumables need to be produced, saving raw materials and reducing energy consumption.
Waste can be in different forms, either solid, liquid or gas. Examples of solid waste include;
domestic waste, waste tires, construction and demolition waste, biomedical waste, E-waste
and sewage sludge. Recycling prevents wastage of potentially useful materials, reduces the
consumption of fresh raw materials and energy usage in addition to reducing pollution.

Methods used in recycling and treating waste

Thermal treatment of waste
Thermal treatment is the combustion of waste at specific temperature with or with no air-
supply as part of the process and includes waste incineration, gasification and pyrolysis.
This is an environmentally sound technology that reduces the volume of waste and inerts
any hazardous components. Energy can be recovered as an end product.

a) Waste incineration
Waste incineration is controlled burning of solids, liquids and gaseous waste. The
technology is applicable in the management of both hazardous waste streams as well as
municipal solid waste. Facilities that undertake incineration should meet the requirements

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in the Third Schedule of the Environmental Management Coordination (waste
management) Regulations of 2006
b) Gasification
This is a process of reacting waste at high temperatures greater than (>7000C) without
combustion, with a controlled amount of oxygen and or/stream to generate useful products
such as electricity, chemicals, fertilizers and natural gas. This could be an important option
in landfills. Pyrolysis is a form of treatment that chemically decomposes organic materials
by heat in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis typically occurs under pressure and at operating
temperatures above 400-500 degrees Celsius. It can either be anaerobic or aerobic.
c) Water treatment
Drinking water sources are subject to contamination and require appropriate treatment. The
following are steps to water treatment;
i. Cocigulating and flocculation: This step involves adding chemicals with a
positive charge. The positive charge neutralizes the negative charge of dirt and other
dissolved particles.
ii. Sedimentation: Solid particles settle at the bottom, due to weight. This settling
process is known as sedimentation.
iii. Filtration: Once the solid particles have settled at the bottom of the water supply,
clear water is allowed to pass through filters in order to dissolve particles in the
water.
iv. Disinfection: After water has been filtered, a disinfectant, for example chlorine can
be added to kill remaining bacteria and parasites.

Recycling of plastics
Plastic waste is recycled through pyrolysis and hydrolysis. There are three types of plastic
recycling namely; primary recycling, secondary recycling and tertiary recycling.
i. Primary recycling: This is a physical method. It involves processing of a
waste/scrap into a product with characteristics similar to those of original product.
Remolding is an example of this process
ii. Secondary recycling: It involves processing of waste/scrap plastics into materials
that have characteristics different from those of original plastics product. This
process needs segregation of plastic waste so as to be successful.
iii. Tertiary recycling: This is a chemical method of recycling plastic waste. Tertiary
recycling involves the production of basic chemicals and fuels from plastics waste
using pyrolysis as a process. Pyrolysis is a form of treatment that chemically
decomposes organic materials by heat in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis typically
occurs under pressure and operating temperatures above 400-500 degrees Celsius.
In anaerobic treatment, waste is broken down in the process of micro-organisms
and in the absence of air while in the aerobic treatment, biological degradation of
organic waste take place in the presence of oxygen.

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Conclusion
This learning outcome covers, natural resources, types of natural resources, resource
consuming processes, quality and nature of resources used, resource flow through different
parts of the process and classification of wastes.

Further Reading
ISO Standards

1.3.9.3 Self-Assessment
Written Assessment
1. Which of the following ISO standard defines Energy Management Systems?
a) ISO 20400
b) ISO 14001
c) ISO 50001
d) ISO 17743
2. Which of the following is NOT a physical method of recycling plastic waste?
a) Primary recycling
b) Tertiary recycling
c) Secondary recycling
d) Remodeling
3. Which of the following is NOT a renewable resource?
a) Water
b) Fossil fuels
c) Air
d) Vegetation
4. Which of the following is the ISO standard for Environmental Management
System?
a) ISO 20400
b) ISO 14001
c) ISO 50001ISO 17743
5. Which of the following is a non-renewable resource?
a) Minerals
b) Sunlight
c) Air
d) Water
6. State four benefits of the ISO 14001 (Environmental Management Systems) to an
organization?
7. Highlight five importance of circular economy?
8. Give four advantages of linear economy?

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Practical Assessment
1. Observe the water purification process and write a report on the observations made.
2. In groups, come up with an idea of a company and explain how you would use the
ISO 14001 (Environmental Management Systems) to comply with environmental
statutory obligations.

Project
Water purification and treatment methods, latest technology and challenges in Kenya

7.3.9.4 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

 ISO 14001
 ISO 50001
 ISO 20400
 The National Solid Waste Management Strategy

7.3.9.5 References
Africa Forest Forum, (2019), International dialogues, processes and mechanisms to
climate change: A compendium for professional and technical training in African
Forestry, Technical Working Paper, p.94
Government of Kenya (2015), the National Solid Waste Management Strategy,
Government Press
International Organization for Standardization, (2017), ISO 20400, Sustainable
Procurement, ISO central secretariat
International Organization for Standardization, (2015), ISO 14001, Environmental
Management Systems, ISO central secretariat
International Organization for Standardization, (2015), ISO 50001, Energy Management
Systems, ISO central secretariat

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7.3.10 Learning Outcome No. 9: Develop resource conservation plans
7.3.10.1 Learning Activities
Learning Outcome No. 9: Develop resource conservation plans
Learning Activities Special Instructions

9.1. Determine efficiency use/conversion of resources following Group discussion on

industry protocol resource efficiency
9.2. Determine causes of low efficiency of use of resources based on
industry protocol
9.3. Develop plans for increasing the efficiency of resource use
based on findings

7.3.10.2 Information Sheet No7/LO9: Develop resource conservation plans

Introduction
This learning outcome offers the knowledge and skills for determining efficient/of
use/conversion of resources and developing plans for increasing the efficiency of resources
use based on findings.

Definition of key terms

Resource conservation: It is the protection, maintenance and restoration of natural
resources such as water, soil, minerals, forests and wildlife.

Industry protocol: It is the official system of rules or procedures governing affairs of an

industry.

Content/procedures/methods/illustrations
9.1 Efficiency of use/conversion of resources is determined following industry
protocol
Resource conversation includes protection of natural resources because they are limited.
These resources should therefore be maintained and processed. Various resources are
conserved in the following ways;
Soil
 Reforestation: Planting trees helps in reducing soil erosion
 Terracing: Terraces control fast flow of water which takes away soil as it flows,
usually in hilly areas
 Soil fertility: Maintenance of soil fertility is obtained by adding manure or fertilizers
or crop rotation

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Water
 Rain water harvesting: Process of storing rain water
 Treatment of industrial wastes before being released into water bodies
 Dams and reservoirs that store water & supply when needed. Also help in producing
energy
 Glowing flora: Helps prevent flow of water & makes it sink into the soil increasing
groundwater levels.

Energy sources such as coal, biomass, and natural gas

 Promoting green technology like solar panels & other renewable sources of energy
 Minimize the over-exploitation of non-renewable resources
 Creating awareness about the need for conservation

Biodiversity
 In-situ conservation: Protecting plants and animals within their natural habitats e.g.
national parks, wildlife sanctuaries
 Ex-situ conservation: Protecting outside e.g. seed banks, zoo, botanical gardens

9.2 Causes of low efficiency of use of resources are determined based on industry
protocol
Causes of resource depletion
Resources depletion is the consumption of a resource faster than it can be replenished.
Natural resources are commonly divided between renewable resources and non-renewable
resources. Major causes of resource depletion are;
a) Population growth
With the increase in population, natural resources are stretched out to meet the people’s
needs.
Man, overexploits natural resources to meet his needs thus ultimately leading to the scarcity
of these resources in the near future.
b) Over consumption
For example, the number of motor vehicles is increasing day by day which needs a huge
amount of petroleum.
Overconsumption reduces the earth’s carrying capacity. Excessive unsustainable
consumption will exceed the long-term carrying capacity of its environment and subsequent
resource depletion, environmental degradation and reduced ecosystem health.
c) Deforestation
Due to increased population there is high consumption of products obtained from trees.
This hence leads to the cutting down of trees for provision such products as firewood.
Deforestation results in decline in biodiversity causing extinction of many species. The
water cycle will also be affected by cutting down of trees and there will be increased soil
erosion.

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 d) Natural calamities
These include flood and drought that adversely affect biodiversity. Earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions can alter the earth’s topography
e) Pollution
The effect which pollution has on natural resources is substantial. Water bodies are the
most affected by pollution from toxic discharge from industries
f) Climate change
With increasing global warming, ecosystems and species are likely to be affected by the
extreme weather conditions. Some regions will experience more extreme heat while others
slightly cool. Flooding, drought and intense heat could result

9.3 Plans for increasing the efficiency of resource use are developed based on findings
Having a clear plan or roadmap, helps focus limited resources on priority activities. That
is, the ones most likely to bring about the desired change. With the growing population and
increased consumption of natural resources. It is critical to ensure conservation of the
scarce resources. This is by promoting use of natural resources sparingly in order to meet
the needs of the current generation without compromising the ability of the future
generation to meet their own needs.
Conservation planning is a natural resource problem-solving and management process.
The process integrates ecological, economic and social considerations to meet people’s
needs. This approach, improves natural resource management, minimizes conflict and
address problems and opportunities. A conservation plan entails two things; first, it is a
written record of management decisions and natural resources. Second, it contains the
recommended conservation practices chosen to implement and maintain natural resources.
The purpose of conservation planning is the sound use of and management of soil, water,
air, plant and animal resources to prevent their degradation and ensure their sustained use
and productivity while also considering related human social and economic needs.
Benefits of developing a resource conservation plan include;
 Protection of soil productivity
 Protection of water quality
 Improvement of soil fertility through crop rotation
 Management of soil moisture
 Promoting green technology such as renewable sources of energy
 Enhances open space and wildlife habitat
Steps required in development of an efficient resource conservation plan include;
 Preparing a conservation plan
 Providing technical assistance
 Providing information about possible financial assistance
 Monitoring progress and providing documentation
 Evaluating monitoring and providing re-planning technical assistance if necessary
The above requirements are based on industry protocol. Therefore, the efficiency
use/conversion of resources and causes of low efficiency of use of resources are determined

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based on industry protocol. Plans to increase efficiency of resources can be developed
based on the findings of monitoring and evaluation carried out. Recommendations provided
from the monitoring and evaluation process, will help in providing better conservation and
management practices on the natural resources

Conclusion
Upon completion of this learning outcome, the trainee should be able to determine the
efficiency of conservation of resources and develop plans for increasing the efficiency of
resources.

Further Reading
Conservation practices carried out in Kenya
Kenyan policies governing resource conservation

7.3.10.3 Self-Assessment
Written Assessment
1. The three R’s to save the environment are;
a) Reserve, Reduce, Recycle
b) Reuse, Reserve, Reduce
c) Reserve, Reuse, Reduce
d) Reduce, Recycle, Reuse
2. The concept of sustainable development encourages
a) Form of growth that meets basic needs
b) Preservation of the resources for the need of future generation
c) A change in all aspects of life
d) Growth to meet current needs, preservation for the needs of future and
change in all aspects of life
3. The management of natural resources should take into;
a) A long-term perspective
b) Environmental pollution
c) Their equitable distribution
d) a, b, c, and safe disposal of water
4. What is the significance of resource conservation?
5. State way to improve efficiency use of;
a) Soil
b) Water
c) Wildlife

Oral Assessment
1. Define resource conservation plan
2. What are some of the human activities that affect resource conservation?

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Practical Assessment
Discuss in groups how you would develop a resource conservation plan for a National Park
near you

7.3.10.4 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

 Standards operating and/or other workplace procedures manuals
 Specific job procedures manuals
 Environmental Management and Coordination Act 1999
 Machine/equipment manufacturers specifications and instructions
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
 ISO standards
 Company Environmental Management Systems (EMS)

7.3.10.5 References
Constanza, R, ided. 1991. The Science and Management of Sustainability. New York:
Columbia University Press
Curry-Lindah L, K. Ecological Research as a Basis for Management
http://www.marionswcd.net/conservation-planning-practices/conservation-planning
Khan, F. I, T. Husain & R. Hejazi, 2004. An overview and analysis on site remediation
technologies. Journal of environmental management 71:95-112

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