Mackey

VERBS CONJUGATE: they have PERSON, NUMBER, TENSE, VOICE & MOOD

(a) PERSON: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd.

NUMBER: singular and plural.
TENSE: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect.
VOICE: active and passive.
MOOD: indicative, imperative, and subjunctive.

(b) Each verb belongs to one of 4 CONJUGATIONS, just as each noun belongs to one of 5 declensions.
Each conjugation is distinguished by its STEM VOWEL as follows:
Conjugation: Stem vowel: Pres. stem: Pres. act. inf. (= pres. stem + -re):
st
1 -â- Ex. vocâ- vocâre
2nd -ê- movê- movêre
rd
3 -e- rege- regere
4th -i- audi- audire

(c) FOUR PRINCIPAL PARTS: A verb's dictionary entry will list four principal parts
of the verb. These four parts tell you all you need to know about the verb. They are:

(1st principal part) (2nd principal part) (3rd principal part) (4th principal part)
1st pers. sg. pres. act. indic. pres. act. inf. 1st pers. sg. perf. act. indic. perf. pass. participle
Ex. vocô vocâre vocâvî vocâtus
"I call" "to call" "I called"/"I have called" "(having been) called"

(d) CONJUGATE a verb by adding PERSONAL ENDINGS.

PERSONAL ENDINGS for present, future, & imperfect TENSE, active VOICE,
indicative MOOD:
Singular Plural
st
1 Person -ô (imperf. -m) -mus
2nd Person -s -tis
rd
3 Person -t -nt

(e) PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE conjugations of 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs.
To conjugate a verb in pres. act. indic., add PERSONAL ENDINGS to verb STEM.

I. FIRST CONJUGATION -âre verbs II. SECOND CONJUGATION -êre verbs

Ex. vocô, vocâre, vocavî, vocâtus - to call Ex. moveô, movêre, movî, motus - to move

Stem vocâ- plus personal endings: Stem movê- plus personal endings:

Singular Plural Singular Plural

1st Person vocô vocâmus 1st Person moveô movêmus
2nd Person vocâs vocâtis 2nd Person movês movêtis
3rd Person vocat vocant 3rd Person movet movent

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(f) IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE conjugations of 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs.
To conjugate a verb in imperf. act. indic., add IMPERFECT INFIX to verb STEM,
and then add PERSONAL ENDINGS.

IMPERFECT INFIX: -bâ-

Ex. 2nd pers. sg.: vocâ-bâ-s "you were calling"

I. FIRST CONJUGATION -âre verbs II. SECOND CONJUGATION -êre verbs

Ex. vocô, vocâre, vocavî, vocâtus - to call Ex. moveô, movêre, movî, motus - to move

Stem vocâ-, plus imperf. infix, plus Stem movê-, plus imperf. infix, plus
personal endings: personal endings:

Singular Plural Singular Plural

st st
1 Person vocâbam vocâbâmus 1 Person movêbam movêbâmus

2nd Person vocâbâs vocâbâtis 2nd Person movêbâs movêbâtis

3rd Person vocâbat vocâbant 3rd Person movêbat movêbant

(g) FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE conjugations of 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs.
To conjugate a verb in fut. act. indic., add FUTURE INFIX to verb STEM,
and then add PERSONAL ENDINGS.

FUTURE INFIX: -bi-

Ex. 2nd pers. sg.: vocâ-bi-s "you will call"

I. FIRST CONJUGATION -âre verbs II. SECOND CONJUGATION -êre verbs

Ex. vocô, vocâre, vocavî, vocâtus - to call Ex. moveô, movêre, movî, motus - to move

Stem vocâ-, plus fut. infix, plus Stem movê-, plus fut. infix, plus personal
personal endings: endings:

Singular Plural Singular Plural

st st
1 Person vocâbô vocâbimus 1 Person movêbô movêbimus

2nd Person vocâbis vocâbitis 2nd Person movêbis movêbitis

3rd Person vocâbit vocâbunt 3rd Person movêbit movêbunt

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 Mackey

VERBS CONJUGATE: they have PERSON, NUMBER, TENSE, VOICE & MOOD

(a) PERSON: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd.

NUMBER: singular and plural.
TENSE: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect.
VOICE: active and passive.
MOOD: indicative, imperative, and subjunctive.

(b) REVIEW: personal endings for the pres., fut., & imperf. of the active VOICE.

Singular Plural
st
1 Person -ô (imperf. -m) -mus
2nd Person -s -tis
3rd Person -t -nt

(c) NEW: personal endings for the pres., fut., & imperf. of the passive VOICE.

Singular Plural
1st Person -or (imperf. -r) -mur
2nd Person -ris / -re -minî
3rd Person -tur -ntur

(d) Present PASSIVE Indicative conjugations of 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs.
To conjugate a verb in pres. PASS. indic., add passive PERSONAL ENDINGS to
verb STEM.

I. FIRST CONJUGATION -âre verbs II. SECOND CONJUGATION -êre verbs

Ex. vocô, vocâre, vocavî, vocâtus - to call Ex. moveô, movêre, movî, motus - to move

Stem vocâ- plus pass. personal endings: Stem movê- plus pass. personal endings:

Singular Plural Singular Plural

1st Person vocor vocâmur 1st Person moveor movêmur

2nd Person vocâris vocâminî 2nd Person movêris movêminî

(or: vocâre) (or: movêre)

3rd Person vocâtur vocantur 3rd Person movêtur moventur

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(e) Imperfect PASSIVE Indicative conjugations of 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs.
To conjugate a verb in imperf. PASS. indic., add IMPERFECT INFIX to verb
STEM, and then add passive PERSONAL ENDINGS.

IMPERFECT INFIX: -bâ-

Ex. 2nd pers. sg.: vocâ-bâ-ris "you were being called/you used to be called"

I. FIRST CONJUGATION -âre verbs II. SECOND CONJUGATION -êre verbs

Ex. vocô, vocâre, vocavî, vocâtus - to call Ex. moveô, movêre, movî, motus - to move

Stem vocâ-, plus imperf. infix, plus Stem movê-, plus imperf. infix, plus
passive personal endings: passive personal endings:

Singular Plural Singular Plural

1st Person vocâbar vocâbâmur 1st Person movêbar movêbâmur

2nd Person vocâbâris vocâbâminî 2nd Person movêbâris movêbâminî

(or: vocâbâre) (or: movêbâre)

3rd Person vocâbâtur vocâbantur 3rd Person movêbâtur movêbantur

(f) Future PASSIVE Indicative conjugations of 1st and 2nd conjugation verbs.
To conjugate a verb in fut. PASS. indic., add FUTURE INFIX to verb STEM,
and then add passive PERSONAL ENDINGS.

FUTURE INFIX: -bi-

Ex. 2nd pers. sg.: vocâ-bi-tur "s/he/it will be called"

I. FIRST CONJUGATION -âre verbs II. SECOND CONJUGATION -êre verbs

Ex. vocô, vocâre, vocavî, vocâtus - to call Ex. moveô, movêre, movî, motus - to move

Stem vocâ-, plus fut. infix, plus Stem movê-, plus fut. infix, plus passive
passive personal endings: personal endings:

Singular Plural Singular Plural

1st Person vocâbor vocâbimur 1st Person movêbor movêbimur

2nd Person vocâberis vocâbiminî 2nd Person movêberis movêbiminî

(or: vocâbere) (or: movêbere)

3rd Person vocâbitur vocâbuntur 3rd Person movêbitur movêbuntur

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 VERBS: THIRD, THIRD i-STEM, and FOURTH CONJUGATIONS

NEW:
3rd conjugation: inf. -ere, stem vowel -e- (E.g., dîcô, dîcere, dîxî, dictus)
3rd conj. i-stem: inf: -ere, stem vowel -e- (E.g., capiô, capere, cêpî, captus)
4th conjugation: inf. -îre, stem vowel -î- (E.g., audiô, audîre, audîvî, audîtus)

*PRESENT TENSE*

(1) In 3RD CONJ. & 3RD I-STEM CONJ. verbs, the stem vowel -e- changes to -i- in the
PRESENT Active & Passive Indicative

dîcô, dîcere, dîxî, dictus capiô, capere, cêpî, captus

Active Passive Active Passive
dîcô dîcimus dîcor dîcimur capiô capimus capior capimur

dîcis dîcitis dîceris/re dîciminî capis capitis caperis/re capiminî

dîcit dîcunt dîcitur dîcuntur capit capiunt capitur capiuntur

N.B.: in the pass. 2nd pers. sg. of both 3rd conj. & 3rd i-stem conj., the stem vowel is -e-.
N.B.: in the 3rd person pl. of 3rd conj. verbs, the -i- is replaced by -u-.
N.B.: in 3rd person pl. of 3rd i-stem conj. verbs, a -u- is added between the stem vowel -i-
and the personal ending.
N.B.: in the pres. tense, the 3rd i-stem conj. verbs are distinguished from 3rd conj. verbs
by an -i- in the stem of the 1st person sg. and 3rd person pl.

(2) In 4TH CONJ. verbs, the stem vowel -î- remains -î- in the
PRESENT Active & Passive Indicative

audiô, audîre, audîvî, audîtus

        Active Passive
audiô audîmus audior audîmur

audîs audîtis audîris/re audîminî

audit audiunt audîtur audiuntur

N.B.: the 4th conj. has the usual pattern of stem vowel shortening before final -t & -nt.
N.B.: in the 4th conj., the pass. 2nd person sg., uniquely, retains stem vowel -î- (cf. 3rd
conj. & 3rd i-stem conj.).
N.B.: in the 3rd person pl. of 4th conj. verbs, a -u- is added between the stem vowel -i- and
the personal ending.

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 *IMPERFECT*

(1) 3RD CONJ.: stem vowel -e- changes to -ê- in the IMPERFECT Act. & Pass. Indic.

dîcô, dîcere, dîxî, dictus

dîcê-
Active Passive
dîcêbam dîcêbâmus dîcêbar dîcêbâmur

dîcêbâs dîcêbâtis dîcêbâris/re dîcêbâminî

dîcêbat dîcêbant dîcêbâtur dîcêbantur

(2) 3RD I-STEM CONJ.: stem vowel -e- ➔ -iê- in the IMPERFECT Act. & Pass. Indic.

capiô, capere, cêpî, captus

capiê-
             Active Passive
capiêbam capiêbâmus capiêbar capiêbâmur

capiêbâs capiêbâtis capiêbâris/re capiêbâminî

capiêbat capiêbant capiêbâtur capiêbantur

(3) 4TH CONJ.: stem vowel -î- ➔ -iê- in the IMPERFECT Act. & Pass. Indic.

audiô, audîre, audîvî, audîtus

audiê-
               Active Passive
audiêbam audiêbâmus audiêbar audiêbâmur

audiêbâs audiêbâtis audiêbâris/re audiêbâminî

audiêbat audiêbant audiêbâtur audiêbantur

N.B.: the imperf. stems of the 3rd i-stem conj. and 4th conj. verbs both end in -iê-.
N.B.: same familiar imperf. infix -bâ- in all the conjugations.
N.B.: same familiar active and passive personal endings in all the conjugations.

6
 *FUTURE*

(1) 3RD CONJ.: stem vowel -e- changes to -ê- in the FUTURE Act. & Pass. Indic.

dîcô, dîcere, dîxî, dictus

dîcê-
Active Passive
dîcam dîcêmus dîcar dîcêmur

dîcês dîcêtis dîcêris/re dîcêminî

dîcet dîcent dîcêtur dîcentur

(2) 3RD I-STEM CONJ.: stem vowel -e- ➔ -iê- in the FUTURE Act. & Pass. Indic.

capiô, capere, cêpî, captus

capiê-
         Active Passive
capiam capiêmus capiar capiêmur

capiês capiêtis capiêris/re capiêminî

capiet capient capiêtur capientur

(3) 4TH CONJ.: stem vowel -î- ➔ -iê- in the FUTURE Act. & Pass. Indic.

audiô, audîre, audîvî, audîtus

audiê-
                                     Active Passive
audiam audiêmus audiar audiêmur

audiês audiêtis audiêris/re audiêminî

audiet audient audiêtur audientur

N.B.: the fut. stems of 3rd i-stem conj. and 4th conj. verbs both end in -iê-.
N.B.: same familiar active and passive personal endings in all the conjugations.
N.B.: the fut. infix -bi- does NOT appear in the fut. of 3rd, 3rd i-stem, or 4th conj. verbs.
N.B.: the fut. stems of 3rd, 3rd i-stem, and 4th conj. verbs by themselves, with no infix,
signal the future tense.

7
 Mackey

VERBS CONJUGATE: they have PERSON, NUMBER, TENSE, VOICE & MOOD

(I) REVIEW: personal endings of the present system:

pres., fut., & imperf., ACTIVE VOICE pres., fut., & imperf., PASSIVE VOICE
Singular Plural Singular Plural
st
1 Person -ô (-m) -mus -or (-r) -mur
2nd Person -s -tis -ris / -re -minî
rd
3 Person -t -nt -tur -ntur

(II) NEW: Perfect Active Indicative personal endings:

Singular Plural
1st Person -î -imus
nd
2 Person -istî -istis
3rd Person -it -êrunt or -êre

(III) Forming the Perf. Act. Indic.

(i) Find the Perf. Act. Indic. stem by dropping the -î from the 3rd principle part:

vocô, vocâre, vocâvî, vocâtus Perf. Act. Indic. Stem: vocâv-

moveô, movêre, môvî, môtus Perf. Act. Indic. Stem: môv-
regô, regere, rêxî, rêctus Perf. Act. Indic. Stem: rêx-
capiô, capere, cêpî, captus Perf. Act. Indic. Stem: cêp-
audiô, audîre, audîvî, auditus Perf. Act. Indic. Stem: audîv-

sum, esse, fuî, futûrus Perf. Act. Indic. Stem: fu-

possum, posse, potuî, — Perf. Act. Indic. Stem: potu-

(ii) Then add Perf. Act. Indic. personal endings:

vocô, vocâre, vocâvî, vocâtus Perf. Act. Indic. Stem: vocâv-

vocâvî vocâvimus
vocâvistî vocâvistis
vocâvit vocâvêrunt / vocâvêre

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(IV) The Pluperfect Active Indicative is formed from the Perf. Act. Indic. stem, plus
the infix -erâ-, plus the active personal endings of the present system.

vocô, vocâre, vocâvî, vocâtus Perf. Act. Indic. Stem: vocâv-

vocâv-erâ-m —> vocâveram vocâv-erâ-mus —> vocâverâmus

vocâv-erâ-s —> vocâverâs vocâv-erâ-tis —> vocâverâtis
vocâv-erâ-t —> vocâverat vocâv-erâ-nt —> vocâverant

N.B.: The result of adding the active personal endings to the infix -erâ- is effectively to
produce the following personal endings for the Plup. Act. Indic.:

Singular Plural
1st Person -eram -erâmus
2nd Person -erâs -erâtis
3rd Person -erat -erant

N.B.: These endings look identical to, but are not to be confused with, the Imperf. Act.
Indic. of sum, esse.

(V) The Future Perfect Active Indicative is formed from the Perf. Act. Indic. stem, plus
the infix -eri-, plus the active personal endings of the present system.

vocô, vocâre, vocâvî, vocâtus Perf. Act. Indic. Stem: vocâv-

vocâv-eri-o —> vocâverô vocâv-eri-mus —> vocâverimus

vocâv-eri-s —> vocâveris vocâv-eri-tis —> vocâveritis
vocâv-eri-t —> vocâverit vocâv-eri-nt —> vocâverint

N.B.: The result of adding the active personal endings to the infix -eri- is effectively to
produce the following personal endings for the Fut. Perf. Act. Indic.:

Singular Plural
st
1 Person -erô -erimus
2nd Person -eris -eritis
3rd Person -erit -erint

N.B.: These endings look identical to, but are not to be confused with, the Fut. Act. Indic.
of sum, esse (except that -erint differs from erunt).

9
Perfect, Future Perfect, and Pluperfect PASSIVE

1. Select the 4th principal part (= the Perf. Pass. Participle)

amô, amâre, amâvî, amâtus

habeô, habêre, habuî, habitus
dicô, dicere, dixî, dictus
capiô, capere, cepî, captus
audiô, audîre, audîvî, auditus

2. Determine gender & number of verb’s subject; adjust participle’s ending accordingly:

amâtus: m. sg. amatus; f. sg. amata; n. sg. amatum

m. pl. amatî; f. pl. amatae; n. pl. amata

habitus m. sg. habitus; f. sg. habita; n. sg. habitum

m. pl. habitî; f. pl. habitae; n. pl. habita

dictus m. sg. dictus; f. sg. dicta; n. sg. dictum

m. pl. dictî; f. pl. dictae; n. pl. dicta

captus m. sg. captus; f. sg. capta; n. sg. captum

m. pl. captî; f. pl. captae; n. pl. capta

auditus m. sg. auditus; f. sg. audita; n. sg. auditum

m. pl. auditî; f. pl. auditae; n. pl. audita

3. Determine person & tense and add the appropriate form of the verb sum, esse:

For example, if we have masculine subjects throughout and we’re using amô, amâre:

Perf.
amâtus sum amâtî sumus
amâtus es amâtî estis
amâtus est amâtî sunt

Fut. Perf.
amâtus erô amâtî erimus
amâtus eris amâtî eritis
amâtus erit amâtî erunt

Plup.
amâtus eram amâtî erâmus
amâtus erâs amâtî erâtis
amâtus erat amâtî erant
Morphology of the Subjunctive Mackey

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

✱ The SUBJUNCTIVE occurs in only 4 TENSES—PRES., IMPERF., PERF. & PLUPERF. (never
in the FUT. or FUT. PERF.)—and in both VOICES—ACTIVE & PASSIVE.
✱ The SUBJUNCTIVE employs only the PERSONAL ENDINGS of the PRESENT SYSTEM:

_____ACTIVE______ ______PASSIVE_____
-ô (-m) -mus -or (-r) -mur
-s -tis -ris/-re -minî
-t -nt -tur -ntur

1) PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE, ACTIVE & PASSIVE

a) Change STEM VOWEL of PRES. STEM: b) Add personal endings to form ACTIVE
vocâ- ⇒ você- (-ê-) or PASSIVE forms, as required.
movê- ⇒ moveâ- (-eâ-)
rege- ⇒ regâ- (-â-)
cape- ⇒ capiâ- (-iâ-)
audî- ⇒ audiâ- (-iâ-)

2) IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE, ACTIVE & PASSIVE

a) Take PRES. ACT. INF. & lengthen final -e: b) Add personal endings to form ACTIVE
vocâre ⇒ vocârê- or PASSIVE forms, as required.
movêre ⇒ movêrê-
regere ⇒ regerê-
capere ⇒ caperê-
audîre ⇒ audîrê-

3A) PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE, ACTIVE only

a) Take PERF. ACT. STEM: b) Add infix -eri- N.B. resulting endings:
vocâv- -erim -erimus
môv- c) Add personal endings to -eris -eritis
rêx- create ACTIVE forms only. -erit -erint
cêp-
audîv-

3B) PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE, PASSIVE only

a) Take PERF. PASS. PARTICIPLE, properly declined to reflex the subject's number & gender.
E.g., vocâtus, môta, rêctî, captae, auditus, etc.
b) Team it up with PRES. SUBJUNCTIVE of sum, esse: sim sîmus
sîs sîtis
sit sint

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4A) PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE, ACTIVE only

a) Take PERF. ACT. STEM: b) Add infix -issê- N.B. resulting endings:
vocâv- (N.B. the perf. act. stem plus -issem -issêmus
môv- -isse is the PERF. ACT. INF.) -issês -issêtis
rêx- -isset -issent
cêp- c) Add personal endings to
audîv- create ACTIVE forms only.

4B) PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE, PASSIVE only

a) Take PERF. PASS. PARTICIPLE, properly declined to reflex the subject's number & gender.
E.g., vocâtus, môta, rêctî, captae, auditus, etc.

b) Team it up with IMPERF. SUBJUNCTIVE of sum, esse: essem essêmus

essês essêtis
esset essent

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