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Problems 853
13.20 A long, V-shaped part is heat treated by suspending it
Furnace, Tf = 1000 K in a tubular furnace with a diameter of 2 m and a wall
Cover, Tc = 350 K, ε = 0.2 temperature of 1000 K. The “vee” is 1-m long on a
Gage,
side and has an angle of 60.
D = 100 mm 4–mm
diameter Furnace, Tw = 1000 K,
D=2m
Aperture, 5-mm diameter θ = 60°
Part, Tp = 300 K
1m
L=1m
(a) What is the irradiation on the gage, Gg (W/m2), con-
sidering only emission from the aperture of the
furnace?
(b) What is the irradiation on the gage due to radiation If the wall of the furnace and the surfaces of the part
from the cover and aperture? may be approximated as blackbodies and the part is at
an initial temperature of 300 K, what is the net rate of
radiation heat transfer per unit length to the part?
Blackbody Radiation Exchange
13.21 Consider coaxial, parallel, black disks separated a dis-
13.17 A circular ice rink 25 m in diameter is enclosed by a tance of 0.20 m. The lower disk of diameter 0.40 m
hemispherical dome 35 m in diameter. If the ice and is maintained at 500 K and the surroundings are at
dome surfaces may be approximated as blackbodies 300 K. What temperature will the upper disk of diame-
and are at 0 and 15 C, respectively, what is the net ter 0.20 m achieve if electrical power of 17.5 W is
rate of radiative transfer from the dome to the rink? supplied to the heater on the back side of the disk?
13.18 A drying oven consists of a long semicircular duct of
diameter D 1 m.
Heater
T1 = 1200 K
0.20 m
T2 = 325 K
0.20 m
D=1m 500 K
0.40 m
Materials to be dried cover the base of the oven while
the wall is maintained at 1200 K. What is the drying
rate per unit length of the oven (kg/s m) if a water-
coated layer of material is maintained at 325 K
13.22 A tubular heater with a black inner surface of uniform
during the drying process? Blackbody behavior may
temperature Ts 1000 K irradiates a coaxial disk.
be assumed for the water surface and the oven wall.
Insulation
13.19 Consider the arrangement of the three black surfaces
shown, where A1 is small compared to A2 or A3.
Heater surface, Ts Disk
A2
D2 = 100 mm
D1 = 50 mm
2m A3
A1
L2 = 100 mm L1 = 100 mm
3m
Determine the value of F13. Calculate the net radia- (a) Determine the radiant power from the heater,
tion heat transfer from A1 to A3 if A1 0.05 m2, which is incident on the disk, qsl1. What is the
T1 1000 K, and T3 500 K. irradiation on the disk, G1?
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854 Chapter 13 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces
(b) For disk diameters of D1 25, 50, and 100 mm, (b) What is the electrical power that would be
plot qsl1 and G1 as a function of the separation required to maintain the circular plate at 600 K?
distance L1 for 0 L1 200 mm. 13.25 Two furnace designs, as illustrated and dimensioned in
Problem 13.4, are used to heat a disk-shaped work
13.23 A long cylindrical rod of very high emissivity is heat piece (A1). The power supplied to the conical and
treated within a long, evacuated oven of square cross cylindrical furnaces (A2) is 50 W. The work piece is
section as shown in the sketch. The oven walls exhibit located in a large room at a temperature of 300 K, and
blackbody behavior. Due to nonuniform heat losses, its back side is well insulated. Assuming all surfaces
the temperatures of the oven walls are slightly differ- are black, determine the temperature of the work
ent and are T2 600 K, T3 575 K, T4 555 K, and piece, T1, and the temperature of the furnace inner sur-
T5 585 K, respectively. face, T2, for each of the designs. In your analysis, use
(a) Determine the steady-state temperature of the D the expressions provided in Problem 13.4 for the view
0.2-m-diameter rod if each wall of the oven is w factors, F21 and F22.
1 m wide and a b 0.5 m.
(b) Determine the steady-state temperature of the rod 13.26 A furnace is constructed in three sections, which include
when a 0.5 m and b 0.25 m. insulated circular (2) and cylindrical (3) sections, as
well as an intermediate cylindrical section (1) with
imbedded electrical resistance heaters. The overall
a T3 length and diameter are 200 mm and 100 mm, respec-
tively, and the cylindrical sections are of equal length.
D The surroundings are at 0 K.
T2 T1 w
A1
T4
b
D
T5 A2 A3
13.24 A circular plate of 500-mm diameter is maintained at
T1 600 K and is positioned coaxial to a conical shape.
L
The back side of the cone is well insulated. The plate
and the cone, whose surfaces are black, are located in a (a) If all the surfaces are black, determine the elec-
large, evacuated enclosure whose walls are at 300 K. trical power, q1, required to maintain the heated
section at 1000 K.
Cone with (b) What are the temperatures of the insulated sec-
insulated tions, T2 and T3?
back side
(c) For D 100 mm, generate a plot of q1, T2, and
T3 as functions of the length-to-diameter ratio,
T2 with 1 L/D 5.
Surroundings 13.27 To enhance heat rejection from a spacecraft, an engi-
Tsur = 300 K neer proposes to attach an array of rectangular fins to
L = 500 mm
D = 500 mm the outer surface of the spacecraft and to coat all sur-
faces with a material that approximates blackbody
T1 = 600 K behavior.
Consider the U-shaped region between adjoining
Plate with
fins and subdivide the surface into components
electrical heater associated with the base (1) and the side (2). Obtain
an expression for the rate per unit length at which
(a) What is the temperature of the conical sur- radiation is transferred from the surfaces to deep
face, T2? space, which may be approximated as a blackbody at
