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Chapter 2 and AASHTO LRFD 98 Bridge Design Specifications

The document summarizes Chapter 2 of the AASHTO LRFD 98 Bridge Design Specifications. It discusses the design philosophy of LRFD, including the general equation that total factored load effects must be less than or equal to the factored resistance. It also describes the four limit states considered in design: strength, serviceability, fatigue, and extreme event. Load and resistance factors are chosen to account for uncertainties.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
213 views43 pages

Chapter 2 and AASHTO LRFD 98 Bridge Design Specifications

The document summarizes Chapter 2 of the AASHTO LRFD 98 Bridge Design Specifications. It discusses the design philosophy of LRFD, including the general equation that total factored load effects must be less than or equal to the factored resistance. It also describes the four limit states considered in design: strength, serviceability, fatigue, and extreme event. Load and resistance factors are chosen to account for uncertainties.

Uploaded by

Shahab Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 43

11/5/2017

National University of Civil Engineering Department of Bridge and Tunnel


Website: http://www.nuce.edu.vn Website: http://bomoncau.tk/

INTRODUCTION TO BRIDGE
ENGINEERING
Dr. Nguyễn Ngọc Tuyển
Class website:
https://sites.google.com/site/tuyennguyenngoc/courses-in-english-
nuce/be01-introduction-to-bridge-engineering

For other related courses => http://bridgecourses.tk/


Hanoi, 10-2017

CHAPTER II
22-TCN-272-05 and AASHTO LRFD 98
Bridge Design Specifications

118

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Outline for chapter 2

• 2.1. Introduction

• 2.2. Design philosophy of AASHTO LRFD

• 2.3. Limit States

• 2.4. Loads and load combinations

• 2.5. Determination of transient loads

• 2.6. Determination of permanent loads


119

2.1. Introduction
• Historical Development of AASHTO Codes
– (1). Standard Specifications
• The first American Standard for Bridge Design
– Published in 1931
– Working Stress Design (WSD) or Allowable Stress Design (ASD), based on
Allowable Stresses

• In 1970s, a new method named Load Factor Design (LFD) was


introduced and then this method replaced ASD method

• The last edition of the Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges was
published in 2002 (17th Edition)

• The USA stopped applying Standard Specifications for Bridge Designs


after 2007.
120

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Introduction (cont.)

– (2). AASHTO LRFD Specifications


The works on the new code
1st Edition - 1994 (LRFD) began in 1988-1993.

Translated into
2nd Edition - 1998 Vietnamese

3rd Edition - 2004


Tiêu chuẩn thiết kế
cầu 22-TCN-272-05
4th Edition - 2007

5th Edition - 2010 LRFD = Load and Resistance Factor Design

6th Edition - 2012 7th Edition - 2014 …


121

Introduction (cont.)

• Vietnamese specifications for bridge design


– Before 1990
• Applied 22-TCN-18-79 specifications which was based on Russia
Specifications.
– 1990-2005
• Applied 22-TCN-18-79 specifications and others from China, Japan,
Australia and USA…
– 1999-2005
• The works on the new code, which based on AASHTO LRFD 1998
began.
– 2005
• The new code named “22-TCN-272-05 Specifications for Bridge Design”
was published

122

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2.2. Design philosophy of AASHTO LRFD

• Article 1.3.1.
– Bridges shall be designed for specified limit states to achieve
the objectives of:

• Constructability;
• Safety;
• Serviceability;

and

• Inspectibility
• Economy
• Aesthetics

123

Design philosophy of AASHTO LRFD (cont.)


• General Equation
Total of Factored Load Effects ≤ Factored Resistance

   i  Qi    Rn

Load Modifier
Nominal
   I  D  R Resistance

Nominal
Load Effect

Load Factor Resistance Factor

– Load and resistance factors play a role as safety factors


124

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Design philosophy of AASHTO LRFD (cont.)

   i  Qi    Rn

– Because the “General equation” involves both “Load factors”


and “Resistance factors”, the design method is called “Load
and Resistance Factor Design” or LRFD method.

– The Resistance Factor Φ must account for the uncertainties in:


• Material properties
• Equations that predict strength
• Workmanship
• Quality control
• Consequence of a failure

125

Design philosophy of AASHTO LRFD (cont.)

   i  Qi    Rn

– The Load Factor γi chosen for a particular load type must


consider the uncertainties in:
• Magnitudes of loads
• Arrangement (or positions) of loads
• Possible combinations of loads

– In selecting “Resistance Factors” and “Load Factors” for


bridges, probability theory has been applied to data on
strength of materials, and statistics on weights of materials
and vehicular loads.

126

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Design philosophy of AASHTO LRFD (cont.)

• Example 2.1.

127

Design philosophy of AASHTO LRFD (cont.)

• Example 2.1. (cont.)

128

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Design philosophy of AASHTO LRFD (cont.)

• Example 2.1. (cont.)

129

Design philosophy of AASHTO LRFD (cont.)

• Example 2.1. (cont.)

130

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Design philosophy of AASHTO LRFD (cont.)

• Example 2.1. (cont.)

131

Design philosophy of AASHTO LRFD (cont.)

• Example 2.1. (cont.)

132

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Design philosophy of AASHTO LRFD (cont.)

• Example 2.1. (cont.)

133

Design philosophy of AASHTO LRFD (cont.)

– Probability Distribution of Load and Resistance

   i  Qi    Rn
Probability

Probability Probability of
of Load Resistance

Overlap = Failure
134

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Design philosophy of AASHTO LRFD (cont.)


• Advantages of LRFD method
– Account for variability in both resistance and load
– Achieves fairly uniform levels of safety for different limit states and
bridge types without involving complex probability or statistical
analysis
– Provides a rational and consistent method of design

• Disadvantages of LRFD method


– Required a change in design philosophy (from previous AASHTO
methods like LFD and ASD)
– Required an understanding of the basic concepts of probability and
statistics
– Required availability of sufficient statistical data and probabilistic
design algorithms to make adjustments in resistance factors to meet
individual situations.
135

2.3. Limit states

• AASHTO LRFD 1998 proposed 4 groups of “Limit states”


– (1). Strength limit states
• Involving the strength and stability of structures
– (2). Serviceability limit states
• Involving the usability of the structure including stress, deformation,
and crack widths
– (3). Fatigue limit states
• Relates to restrictions on stress range to prevent crack growth as a
result of repetitive loads during the design life of the bridge
– (4). Extreme Event limit states
• Relates to the structural survival of a bridge during a major earthquake,
flood, or collision
Note: All limit states are equally important (AASHTO LRFD 1.3.2.1)

136

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Limit states (cont.)

• Definition of “Limit states”


– A limit state is a condition beyond which a bridge system or
bridge component ceases to fulfill the function for which it is
designed.

• There are eleven Limit States specified in AASHTO LRFD


2nd Edition (1998).
– Components and connections of a bridge shall satisfy the
“General Equation” for the applicable combinations of
factored extreme force effects at each of the 11 limit states.

   i  Qi    Rn

137

Limit states (cont.)


• There are eleven Limit States specified in AASHTO LRFD
1998 as following:

#1 Tổ hợp tải trọng cơ bản


liên quan đến việc sử
dụng cho xe tiêu chuẩn
của cầu không xét đến gió

138

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Limit states (cont.)

Tổ hợp tải trọng liên


#2
quan đến cầu chịu gió
với vận tốc vượt quá
90km/h (hay 25m/s)

#3 Tổ hợp tải trọng liên


quan đến việc sử dụng
xe tiêu chuẩn của cầu
với gió có vận tốc
90km/h (hay 25m/s)

139

Limit states (cont.)


#4 Tổ hợp tải trọng liên
quan đến khai thác
bình thường của cầu
với vận tốc gió
90km/h (hay 25m/s)
với tất cả tải trọng lấy
theo giá trị danh định.
Dùng để kiểm tra độ
võng, bề rộng vết nứt
trong kết cấu bê tông
cốt thép và bê tông
cốt thép dự ứng lực,
sự chảy dẻo của kết
cấu thép và trượt của
các liên kết có nguy cơ
trượt do tác dụng của
hoạt tải xe. Tổ hợp này
cũng cần được dùng
để khảo sát ổn định
mái dốc.

140

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Limit states (cont.)

#5 Tổ hợp tải trọng gây mỏi


và đứt gãy liên quan
đến hoạt tải xe cộ trùng
phục và xung kích dưới
tác dụng của một xe tải
đơn chiếc có cự ly trục
được quy định trong
điều 3.6.1.4.1

141

Limit states (cont.)

Tổ hợp tải trọng liên


quan đến động đất,
lực va của tàu thuyền
xe cộ và đến một số
#6
hiện tượng thủy lực
với hoạt tải đã chiết
giảm khác với khi là
một phần của tải
trọng xe va xô CT.

142

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Limit states (cont.)


(AASHTO LRFD – 1998)

143

Các TTGH quy định trong 22TCN-272-05

(1). TTGH CƯỜNG ĐỘ


Cường độ 1
Là tổ hợp tải trọng cơ bản để tính với tải trọng khai thác khi trên cầu có xe và không có gió
Cường độ 2
Là tổ hợp tải trọng để tính cầu chịu gió V>25m/s, trên cầu không có xe
Cường độ 3
Là tổ hợp để tính với trường hợp xe chạy bình thường khi cầu chịu gió V<25m/s

(2). TTGH SỬ DỤNG


Giới hạn đối với ứng suất, biến dạng và vết nứt dưới điều kiện sử dụng bình thường

(3). TTGH MỎI


Nhằm hạn chế sự phát triển vết nứt, gãy do tải trọng khai thác gây biến đổi ứng suất (mỏi)

(4). TTGH ĐẶC BIỆT


Nhằm đảm bảo cầu vẫn tồn tại sau biến cố (động đất, va tàu…) mặc dù cầu có thể bị hỏng

144

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Bảng 3.4.1-1- Tổ hợp và hệ số tải trọng


DC LL
Tổ hợp tải Cùng một lúc chỉ
DD IM
trọng dùng một trong
DW CE TU
EH BR WA WS WL FR CR TG SE các tải trọng
PL SH
Trạng thái
EV LS EQ CT CV
giới hạn
ES EL
Cường độ I p 1,75 1,00 - - 1,00 0,5/1.20 TG SE - - -
Cường độ II p - 1,00 1,40 - 1,00 0,5/1.20 TG SE - - -
Cường độ III p 1,35 1,00 0,40 1.00 1,00 0,5/1.20 TG SE - - -
Đặc biệt p 0,50 1,00 - - 1,00 - - - 1,00 1,00 1,00
Sử dụng 1.0 1,00 1,00 0,30 1,00 1,00 1,0/1,20 TG SE - - -
Mỏi chỉ có
LL, IM & CE
- 0,75 - - - - - - - - - -

Ghi chú: AASHTO LRFD (1998) có tổng cộng 11 tổ hợp tải trọng. Để xét tới các điều kiện tại
Việt Nam, 5 tổ hợp tải trọng được lược bỏ và do đó, tổng số các tổ hợp tải trọng cần xét
đến giảm xuống còn 6 tổ hợp như trong bảng 3.4.3-1.
145

Nguyên lý T.kế và tính toán theo LRFD

 
• Đối với các TTGH cường độ mà các tải trọng
i i Q i   .R n sử dụng hệ số tải trọng γi max thì hệ số điều
chỉnh tải trọng là: ηi = ηD ηR ηI ≥ 0.95
Trong đó:
ηi – hệ số điều chỉnh tải
trọng + ηD liên quan đến độ dẻo (ηD ≥ 1.05 cho các cấu
kiện và liên kết không dẻo;ηD = 1 cho các thiết kế
γi – hệ số tải trọng, là số thông thường; ηD ≥ 0.95 cho các cấu kiện có
nhân dựa trên thống kê dùng biện pháp tăng tính dẻo) – điều 1.3.3.
dùng cho hiệu ứng lực
+ ηR liên quan đến độ dư thừa (ηR ≥ 1.05 cho các
Qi – hiệu ứng tải trọng cấu kiện không dư thừa; ηR = 1 cho các mức dư
thông thường;ηD ≥ 0.95 cho các mức dư đặc
φ – hệ số sức kháng, là số biệt) – điều 1.3.4.
nhân dùng cho sức kháng
danh định + ηI liên quan đến độ quan trọng (ηI ≥ 1.05 cho
các cầu quan trọng; ηI = 1 cho các cầu điển hình;
Rn – Sức kháng danh định ηI ≥ 0.95 cho các cầu ít quan trọng) – điều 1.3.5.
146

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Nguyên lý T.kế và tính toán theo LRFD

  i i Q i   .R n
• Đối với các TTGH cường độ mà các tải trọng
ηi – hệ số điều chỉnh tải sử dụng hệ số tải trọng γi min thì hệ số điều
trọng chỉnh tải trọng là:
γi – hệ số tải trọng, là số 1
i  1
nhân dựa trên thống kê  D  R I
dùng cho hiệu ứng lực

Qi – hiệu ứng tải trọng


• Đối với các TTGH không phải là TTGH cường
φ – hệ số sức kháng, là số độ thì các hệ số : ηD = ηR = ηI = 1
nhân dùng cho sức kháng
danh định

Rn – Sức kháng danh định


147

2.4. Loads and load factors


2.4.1. Loads (consist of two groups)
(1) Permanent Loads and (2) Transient Loads
(1) Permanent Loads
Tải trọng bản thân của các bộ phận kết cấu Dead load of structural Components
DC
và thiết bị phụ phi kết cấu and nonstructural attachments
Tải trọng bản thân của lớp phủ mặt cầu và Dead load of Wearing surfaces and
DW
các tiện ích công cộng utilities
DD Tải trọng kéo xuống (hiện tượng ma sát âm) Down Drag
EH Tải trọng áp lực đất nằm ngang Horizontal Earth pressure load
Các hiệu ứng bị hãm tích lũy do phương accumulated Locked-in Effects resulting
EL
pháp thi công from the construction process
ES Tải trọng đất chất thêm Earth Surcharge load
Vertical pressure from dead load of
EV Áp lực thẳng đứng do tự trọng đất đắp
Earth fill
148

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Loads and load factors (cont.)


(2) Transient Loads
BR Lực hãm xe vehicular BRaking force
CE Lực ly tâm vehicular CEntrifugal force
CR Từ biến CReep
CT Lực va xe vehicular (Truck ?) Collision force
CV Lực va tàu Vessel Collision force
EQ Động đất EarthQuake
FR Ma sát FRiction
IM Lực xung kích vehicular dynamic load allowance (IMpact ?)
LL Hoạt tải xe vehicular Live Load
LS Hoạt tải chất thêm Live load Surcharge
PL Hoạt tải người đi Pedestrian live Load
SE Lún SEttlement
SH Co ngót SHrinkage
TG Gradien nhiệt Temperature Gradient
TU Nhiệt độ đều Uniform Temperature
WA Tải trọng nước và áp lực dòng chảy WAtter load and stream pressure
WL Tải trọng gió trên hoạt tải Wind on live Load
WS Tải trọng gió trên kết cấu Wind load on Structure
149

Loads and load factors (cont.)


• 2.4.2. Load factors
– Components and connections of a bridge shall satisfy the
“General Equation” for the applicable combinations of
factored extreme force effects as specified at each of the limit
states showed in Table 3.4.1-1.

150

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Loads and load factors (cont.)


– The factors shall be selected to produce the total extreme
factored force effect. For each load combination, both positive
and negative extremes shall be investigated.

151

Loads and load factors (cont.)


– For permanent force effects, the load factor that produces the
more critical combination shall be selected from Table 3.4.1-2

152

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Loads and load factors (cont.)


– The purpose of γp is to account for the fact that sometimes
certain loads work opposite to other loads.
• If the load being considered works in a direction to increase the critical
response, the maximum γp is used.
A B

Since the permanent loads


increase the maximum
response, the maximum γp LL
is used. And thus, for
Strength 1 limit state the DW
critical reaction at support DC
A is calculated as follow:
đ.a.h VA
1
VA  1.25VDC  1.5VDW  1.75VLL
L

• If the load being considered would decrease the maximum response,


the minimum γp is used.
153

Loads and load factors (cont.)


– The minimum valued of γp is also used when the permanent
load would increase stability or load carrying capacity.

– Sometimes, a permanent load both contributes to and


mitigates a critical load effect
• For example, in the three span continuous bridge shown, DC in the first
and third spans would mitigate the positive moment in the middle
span. However, it would be incorrect to use different γp for the two end
spans. In this case, γp would be 1.25 for DC for all three spans (see
Commentary C3.4.1 – paragraph 17 – AASHTO LRFD 1998)
γminDC

γmaxDC or
γminDC γminDC
γmaxDC

Incorrect Correct
154

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2.5. Determination of transient loads

• 2.5.1. Lane definitions (A. 3.6.1.1.1)

 w 
– Number of design lanes: nL  INT  
 3500mm 
• w = the clear roadway width between barriers (mm)

155

Determination of transient loads (cont.)

– However, for the roadway widths ranging from 6000mm to


7200mm shall have two design lanes, each equal to one-haft
the roadway width.

– Examples:
• A bridge with a roadway width of w = 6600mm would be required to
be designed as a two lane bridge (with 3300mm lanes).
• w = 10,000mm => 2 lanes
• w = 10,500mm => 3 lanes
• w = 15,000mm => 4 lanes
w

156

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Determination of transient loads (cont.)

• 2.5.2. Multiple presence of live load (A. 3.6.1.1.2)


– The extreme live load force shall be determined by considering
each possible combination of number of loaded lanes
multiplied by the corresponding factor specified in Table
3.6.1.1.2.1

157

Determination of transient loads (cont.)

• 2.5.3. HL-93 Design vehicular live load


– The governing force effect shall be taken as the larger of the
following:

• (1). The effect of the DESIGN TRUCK combined with


the DESIGN LANE LOAD

• (2). The effect of the DESIGN TENDEM combined with


the DESIGN LANE LOAD

• (3). For negative moment between inflection points or reactions at


interior piers, 90% of the effect of two DESIGN TRUCK (with 4.3m axle
spacing) spaced at a minimum of 15m combined with 90% of the effect
of the DESIGN LANE LOAD

Note: HL-93 stands for Highway Loading – year 1993.


158

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Determination of transient loads (cont.)

– Notes about AASHTO HL-93 Live Load


• This is a hypothetical Live Load Model proposed by AASHTO for
analysis of bridges. Reason for proposing this live load model is to
prescribe a set of loads such that it produces extreme load effect
approximately same as that produced by the exclusion vehicles.
• Exclusion vehicles were the vehicles above the legal limit but due to
grand fathering provision in the state they were allowed to operate
routinely.
• It has 3 basic Live Loads for bridges called HL-93 Loading (where H
stands for highway and L stands for Loading, developed in 1993). The 3
basic live loads are: Design Truck; Design Tandem; and Design Lane.
– 1. Design Truck: It is commonly called as HS-20 44 (where H stands for
highway, S for semi-trailer, 20 TON weight of the tractor (1st two axles)
and was proposed in 1994)
– 2. Design Tandem: It consists of two axles weighing 25 kips (110 KN) each
spaced at 4 ft (1.2 m)
– 3. Design Lane: It consists of uniformly distributed load of .64 kip/ft (9.3
N/mm) and assumed to occupy 10 ft (3 m) transversely.
159

Determination of transient loads (cont.)


DESIGN TRUCK (Xe tải thiết kế hoặc gọi tắt là xe 3 trục)

- DESIGN TRUCK gồm có 1


trục trước (35KN) và 2 trục
sau (145KN) => tổng trọng
lượng xe là 325 KN

4300mm 4300mm tới 9000mm


- Trừ quy định trong Điều
3.6.1.3.1 và 3.6.1.4.1, cự
ly giữa 2 trục 145 KN phải
thay đổi giữa 4300 và
9000 mm để gây ra ứng
lực lớn nhất

- Cự ly chiều ngang của các


bánh xe lấy bằng 1800 mm
160

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Determination of transient loads (cont.)


DESIGN TANDEM (Xe 2 trục thiết kế)

- Xe 2 trục gồm 1 cặp trục


110KN => tổng trọng
lượng = 220KN (2 trục
cách nhau 1200mm)

- Cự ly chiều ngang của các


bánh xe lấy bằng 1800 mm

161

Determination of transient loads (cont.)


DESIGN LANE LOAD (Tải trọng làn thiết kế)

- DESIGN LANE LOAD là lực


phân bố 9.3N/mm phân bố
đều theo chiều dọc cầu (với Lane Loading
3.1N/mm2
chiều dài phân bố tùy ý để TOP VIEW

gây hiệu ứng lớn nhất)


Typical Tributary Width Traffic
3m of Design Loading Lane Directions 3.6m

- Theo chiều ngang cầu được


giả thiết phân bố đều trên
chiều rộng 3000mm Uniform Design Lane Loading = 9.3N/mm

- Ứng lực của tải trọng làn


thiết kế không xét tới lực A B
xung kích
162

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Determination of transient loads (cont.)


Hoạt tải thiết kế HL-93 (3.6.1.3.1)
(1).
Xe 3 trục (Truck) +
Tải trọng làn

(2).
Xe 2 trục (Tandem) +
Tải trọng làn

(3).
Khi tính mô men âm và
≥ phản lực gối giữa, lấy
90% hiệu ứng của các
tải trọng trên hình
163

Determination of transient loads (cont.)

Tải trọng làn thiết kế không nhất thiết phải liên tục
để có thể gây hiệu ứng bất lợi nhất cho kết cấu

164

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Determination of transient loads (cont.)

Xếp tải để tính mô men âm trên đỉnh trụ cầu dầm liên tục

165

Determination of transient loads (cont.)

– Application of HL-93 live loads

In cases where the transverse position of the load must be considered:

• The design lanes are positioned to produce the extreme force effect

• The design lane load is considered to be 3m wide. The load is


positioned to maximize the extreme force effect

• The TRUCK / TANDEM is positioned such that the center of any wheel
load is not closer than:
– 300mm from the face of the curb/railing for design of the deck overhang
– 600mm from the face of the curb/railing for design of all other
components.

166

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Determination of transient loads (cont.)

– Example of live load arrangement for maximum load effects


• Consider a cross-section of a simply supported girder bridge. The
section consists of 5 Super-T girder as shown in the figure below.

• To find the maximum moment in girder A, we need to consider at least


3 load cases as follows:

3.6m (Làn 1)
(for finding the maximum

3m
One lane loaded
load on girder A)

0.6 1.8 0.6 0.6

A B C D E

167

Determination of transient loads (cont.)


3.6m (Làn 1) 3.6m (Làn 2)
(for finding the maximum

3m 3m
Two lanes loaded
load on girder A)

0.6 1.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.8 0.6 0.6

A B C D E

3.6m (Làn 1) 3.6m (Làn 2) 3.6m (Làn 3)


Three lanes loaded
(for finding the maximum

3m 3m 3m
load on girder A)

0.6 1.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.8 0.6 0.6

A B C D E

168

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Determination of transient loads (cont.)


3.6m (Làn 1)

(for finding the maximum


3m
One lane loaded
load on girder C)
0.9 1.8 0.9

A B C D E

3.6m (Làn 1) 3.6m (Làn 2)


(for finding the maximum

3m 3m
Two lanes loaded
load on girder C)

0.6 0.6 1.8 0.6 0.6 1.8 0.6 0.6

A B C D E

169

Determination of transient loads (cont.)

• 2.5.4. Dynamic Load Allowance (IM)


– Article 3.6.2: Unless otherwise (AASHTO)

permitted in Articles 3.6.2.2


and 3.6.2.3, the static effects
of the design truck or tandem,
other than centrifugal and
braking forces, shall be increased by the percentage specified
in Table 3.6.2.1-1 for dynamic load allowance.
(22TCN-272-05)

170

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Determination of transient loads (cont.)


– The factor to be applied to the static load shall be taken as:
(1 + IM/100).

– The dynamic load allowance shall not be applied to pedestrian


loads or to the design lane load.

– Dynamic load allowance need not be applied to:


• Retaining walls not subject to vertical reactions from the
superstructure, and
• Foundation components that are entirely below ground level.

– The dynamic load allowance may be reduced for components,


other than joints, if justified by sufficient evidence, in
accordance with the provisions of Article 4.7.2.1.
171

Determination of transient loads (cont.)

– Article 3.6.2.2: The dynamic load allowance for culverts and


other buried structures covered by Section 12, in percent,
shall be taken as:

IM = 33(1 - 4.1 × 10-4 × DE) ≥ 0%

where: DE = the minimum depth of each cover above the


structure (mm).

– Article 3.6.2.3: Dynamic load allowance need not be applied to


wood components.
• Wood structures are known to experience reduced dynamic wheel load
effects due to internal friction between the components and the
damping characteristics of wood.
172

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Determination of transient loads (cont.)

• 2.5.5. Pedestrian Loads (PL)


– A pedestrian load of 3x10-3 MPa shall be applied to all
sidewalks wider than 600 mm and considered simultaneously
with the vehicular design live load.
≥ 600mm

– Bridges for only pedestrian and/or bicycle traffic shall be


designed for a live load of 4.1x10-3 MPa.
– The dynamic load allowance need not be considered for PL
173

Determination of transient loads (cont.)

– Where sidewalks, pedestrian, and/or bicycle bridges are


intended to be used by maintenance and/or other incidental
vehicles, these loads shall be considered in the design.
• The dynamic load allowance need not be considered for these vehicles.
– Where vehicles can mount the sidewalk, sidewalk pedestrian
load shall not be considered concurrently.
– C3.6.1.1.2:
• If a component supported a sidewalk and one lane, it would be
investigated for the vehicular live load alone with m = 1.20, and for the
pedestrian loads combined with the vehicular live load with m = 1.0.
7m 4.5m 2m

174

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Determination of transient loads (cont.)

• If a component supported a sidewalk and two lanes of vehicular live


load, it would be investigated for:
 One lane of vehicular live load, m = 1.20;
 The greater of the more significant lanes of vehicular live load and
the pedestrian loads, m =1.0;
 Two lanes of vehicular live load, m= 1.0; and
 Two lanes of vehicular live load and the pedestrian loads, m =
0.85.

6.5m 2m

175

Determination of transient loads (cont.)

Hoạt tải

Hoạt tải HL93 Người đi bộ


Live Load (LL) Pedestrian Load (PL)

Xe tải thiết kế Xe 2 trục thiết kế Tải trọng làn


Tải phân bố đều
(Design Truck) (Design Tandem) (Lane Load)
Xe 3 trục Xe 2 trục Tải phân bố đều 3 kN/m2: có xe
(145+145+35) (110+110) 9.3 kN/m
=325 kN =220 kN 4 kN/m2: ko có xe

Các tải trọng làn thiết kế được bố trí trong


chiều rộng 3m theo phương ngang cầu để
có hiệu ứng bất lợi nhất (3.6.1.3.1).
176

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Determination of transient loads (cont.)

• 2.5.6. Centrifugal Forces (CE) – Article 3.6.3

CE
R

177

Determination of transient loads (cont.)

CE
1.8m

178

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Determination of transient loads (cont.)

• 2.5.7. Braking Force (BR) – Article 3.6.4


:

BR

1.8
m
179

Determination of transient loads (cont.)

• 2.5.8. Vehicular Collision Force (CT) – Article 3.6.5

< 3m
1.37m

> 3m
1.07m

180

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Determination of transient loads (cont.)

1800KN

1.2m

181

Determination of transient loads (cont.)


• 2.5.9. Water loads (WA) – Article 3.7.3

p
Longitudinal PL
axis of pier

182

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Determination of transient loads (cont.)

p
Longitudinal PL
axis of pier

183

Determination of transient loads (cont.)

184

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2.6. Determination of permanent loads


• 2.6-1. Determination of DC, DW and EV – Article 3.5.1
─ Dead load shall
include the weight
of all components
of the structure,
appurtenances
and utilities
attached thereto,
earth cover,
wearing surface,
future overlays,
and planned
widenings.

185

Determination of permanent loads (cont.)


– In the absence of more precise information, the densities,
specified in Table 1, may be used for dead loads.

186

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Determination of permanent loads (cont.)


• 2.6-2. Determination of Downdrag (DD) – Article 3.11.8
– Possible development of downdrag on piles or shafts shall be
evaluated where:

• Sites are underlain by compressible material such as clays, silts or


organic soils

• Fill will be or has recently been placed adjacent to the piles or shafts
such as is frequently the case for bridge approach fills

• The groundwater is substantially lowered, or

• Liquefaction of loose sandy soil can occur

187

Determination of permanent loads (cont.)


– Downdrag, also known as negative skin friction, can be caused
by soil settlement due to loads applied after the piles were
driven, such as an approach embankment as shown in the
figure below:

188

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Determination of permanent loads (cont.)


– Consolidation can also occur due to recent lowering of the
groundwater level as shown in the figure below:

189

2.7. Load combinations for limit states

• 2.7.1. Unfactored moments


• Unfactored moments due to DC and DW
M DC  DC  ADC
M

M DW  DW  ADW
M

• Unfactored moments due to LL


 M HL 93_ TH 1
M LL  max 
 M HL 93_ TH 2

 
M HL 93_ TH 1  m  g LLM 1  IM   Pi 3 Truc  y iM  9.3  ALLM 
 
M

M HL 93_ TH 2  m  g LL 1  IM   Pi 2 Truc

 y i  9.3  ALL 
M M

190

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Load combinations for limit states (cont.)

 
M HL 93_ TH 1  m  g LLM 1  IM   Pi 3 Truc  y iM  9.3  ALLM 
 
M HL 93_ TH 2  m  g LL 1  IM   Pi
M 
  2 Truc

 y i  9.3  ALL
M M 

where:
• ALLM = area under influence line used for live load effect (for
simply supported girder ADCM = ADWM = ALLM)

• m.gLLM = (multiple presence factor) × (moment distribution


factor)

• P = axle weight

• y = the ordinate value of the influence line at the point of


application of load P

• (1+IM) = 1.25 = Live load allowance.


191

Load combinations for limit states (cont.)

• Factored moment from Strength-1 Limit State Load


Combination:
M CÐ1      DC  M DC   DW  M DW   LL  M LL 

M CÐ1    1.25  M DC  1.5  M DW  1.75  M LL 

• Factored moment from Service Limit State Load


Combination:

M SD  1   DC  M DC   DW  M DW   LL  M LL 

M SD  1 1 M DC  1 M DW  1 M LL 

192

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Load combinations for limit states (cont.)

• 2.7.2. Unfactored shears


• Unfactored shears due to DC and DW
VDC  DC  ADC
V

VDW  DW  ADW
V

• Unfactored shears due to LL


VHL 93_ TH 1
VLL  max 
VHL 93_ TH 2

 
VHL 93_ TH 1  m  g VLL 1  IM   Pi 3 Truc  yVi  9.3  AVLL 

VHL 93_ TH 2  m  g VLL 1  IM    P 2 Truc


 y   9.3  A
V V

 i i LL 
193

Load combinations for limit states (cont.)

• Factored shear from Strength-1 Limit State Load


Combination:
VCÐ1      DC  VDC   DW  VDW   LL  VLL 

VCÐ1    1.25  VDC  1.5  VDW  1.75  VLL 

• Factored shear from Service Limit State Load Combination:

VSD  1   DC  VDC   DW  VDW   LL  VLL 

VSD  1 1 VDC  1 VDW  1 VLL 

194

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Example 2.2

Given: A simply supported girder bridge (the cross-section has 1 girder; the
roadway width is larger enough to support 1 lane):
• Span length of the bridge Ltt = 32m
• Dead load due to the self-weight of bridge DC = 14 KN/m
• Dead load due to the weight of wearing surface DW = 5KN/m
• Live load: HL93

Ltt = 32 m
Requirements:
• (1). Determine unfactored moments MDC, MDW and MLL at midspan due to the
corresponding loads DC, DW and live load HL93
• (2). Determine the factored moment Mu at midspan based on the Strength 1
Limit State if the load modifier is taken as η = 1.05
• (3). Determine the factored moment MSD at midspan based on the Service
Limit State
195

Reminding: Live load HL93

 P  325KN
i

 P  220KN
i

Ứng lực lớn nhất phải được lấy theo các giá trị lớn hơn của các trường hợp sau:
 Hiệu ứng của Xe 3 trục thiết kế tổ hợp với hiệu ứng của Tải trọng làn thiết kế, hoặc
 Hiệu ứng của Xe 2 trục thiết kế tổ hợp với hiệu ứng của Tải trọng làn thiết kế
196

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Ltt = 32 m

wDC = 14 KN/m

wDW = 5 KN/m

Area of Influence Line: A = 128 m2.


đ.a.h (M)

Ltt / 4 = 8 m

MDC = (wDC*A) = (14*128) = 1792 KN.m

MDW = (wDW*A) = (5*128) = 640 KN.m


197

Ltt = 32 m

9.3 KN/m

145KN 145KN
35KN Area of Influence Line:
A = 128 m2.
đ.a.h (M)
5.85 m 5.85 m

8m

MHL93_TH1 = m.g * {(1+IM)*Σ(Pi*Yi) + (9.3*A)}

MHL93_TH1 = (1.2*1) * {(1+0.25)*(35*5.85+145*8+145*5.85) +


+ (9.3*128)}

MHL93_TH1 = 1.2 * {2766.3 + 1190.4} = 4748KN.m


198

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Ltt = 32 m

9.3 KN/m

110KN 110KN
Area of Influence Line:
A = 128 m2.
đ.a.h (M)
7.4 m

8m

MHL93_TH2 = m.g * {(1+IM)*Σ(Pi*Yi) + (9.3*A)}

MHL93_TH2 = (1.2*1) * {(1+0.25)*(110*8+110*7.4) + (9.3*128)}

MHL93_TH2 = 1.2 * {2117.5 + 1190.4} = 3969KN.m

199

Example 2.2 (cont.)

 (1). Unfactored moments MDC, MDW and MLL at midspan


due to the corresponding loads DC, DW and live load HL93

• Due to self-weight of the girder: DC


MDC = 1792 KN.m

• Due to weight of the wearing surface: DW


MDW = 640 KN.m

• Due to live load HL93


 M HL 93_ TH 1  4748 KNm 
M LL  max    4748KNm
 M HL 93_ TH 2  3969 KNm 

200

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Example 2.2 (cont.)

 (2). Factored moment Mu at midspan based on the


Strength 1 Limit State
(assuming the load modifier is taken as η = 1.05)

Mu = η * [γDCMDC + γDW MDW + γLLMLL ]

Mu = 1.05 * [1.25*1792 + 1.5* 640 + 1.75*4747]

Mu = 1.05*[2240 + 960 + 8307]

Mu = 12082 KN.m

201

Example 2.2 (cont.)

 (3). Factored moment MSD at midspan based on the


Service Limit State:

MSD = η * [γDCMDC + γDW MDW + γLLMLL ]

MSD = 1 * [1*1792 + 1* 640 + 1*4747]

MSD = [1792 + 640 + 4747]

MSD = 7179 KN.m

202

43

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