BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

(BDU)

BAHIR DAR INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF CIVIL AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING

POST GRADUATE PROGRAM IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES

ASSIGNMENT THREE

Submitted By:

Mulualem Atalel

ID: BDU1022147

Submitted To:

Instructor Seyfe N.

Submission Date June 23, 2020 G.C

 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT THREE
1. Solve the following equation using Galerkin’s method (use at least a two parameter
solution):

dy
= 50(1 + cosx ) − 0.05y, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2п
dx
y(0) = 200

Solution

Step 1: Assume a trial or guess solution. Let us choose polynomial function

y(x) = 𝑐0 + 𝑐1 x + 𝑐2 𝑥 2

Where the constants cO, cl, c2 are yet to be determined. In order to satisfy the first
boundary condition that y(0) = 200 we have

y(0) = c0 = 200

Then y(x) = 200 + 𝑐1 x + 𝑐2 𝑥 2

Step 2: Find the domain residual. Substituting in the governing differential equation

dy d
= (200 + 𝑐1 x + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 ) = 𝑐1 + 2𝑐2 x
dx dx
Then substitute to differential equation

dy
=50(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) − 0.05𝑦) = 𝑐1 + 2𝑐2 x = 50(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) − 0.05(200 + 𝑐1 x + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 )
dx

𝑐1 + 2𝑐2 x -50(1 + cos 𝑥 ) + 0.05(200 + 𝑐1 x + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 ) = 0

𝑐1 (1 + 0. 05𝑥) + 𝑐2 (2𝑥 + 0. 05𝑥 2 ) − 50 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 40 = 0

Therefore 𝑅𝑑 = 𝑐1 (1 + 0. 05𝑥) + 𝑐2 (2𝑥 + 0. 05𝑥 2 ) − 50 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 40

Step 3: Minimize the residual. The weighting function to be used in the Galerkin technique
are the trial function themselves i.e.

𝑊1(𝑥) = (1 + 0. 05𝑥), 𝑊2(𝑥) = (2𝑥 + 0. 05𝑥 2 )

2п
Thus the weighted residual statements ∫0 𝑊1 (𝑥) 𝑅𝑑 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT THREE
Galerkin’s method with respect to 𝐖1(𝐱)
2п
∫ (1 + 0. 05𝑥) [𝑐1 (1 + 0. 05𝑥) + 𝑐2 (2𝑥 + 0. 05𝑥 2 ) − 50 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 40] 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0

2п
∫ [𝑐1 (1 + 0. 1𝑥 + 0.0025𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐2 (2𝑥 + 0. 15𝑥 2 + 0.0025𝑥 3 ) − 50 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 2.5𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
0

− 40 − 2𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = 0
2п 2п
∫ 𝑐1 (1 + 0. 1𝑥 + 0.0025𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐2 (2𝑥 + 0. 15𝑥 2 + 0.0025𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 0
2п 2п
+ ∫ −2.5𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ −50 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 40 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0 0

𝑥2 𝑥 3 2п 2
𝑥3 𝑥 4 2п
[𝑐1 (𝑥 + 0. 1 + 0.0025 )] + [𝑐2 (𝑥 + 0. 15 + 0.0025 )]
2 3 0 3 4 0
2п 2п 2п 2п
+ [−2.5(𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)] − [50𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥] − [𝑥 2 ] − [40𝑥] =0
0 0 0 0

8.462𝑐1 +52.855𝑐2 − 0 − 0 − 39.438 − 251.2 = 0

8.462𝑐1 +52.855𝑐2 − 290.638 = 0

𝑐1 = −6.246𝑐2 + 34.346 … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (𝑎)

Galerkin’s method with respect to 𝐖2(𝐱)

2п
∫ (2𝑥 + 0. 05𝑥 2 ) [𝑐1 (1 + 0. 05𝑥) + 𝑐2 (2𝑥 + 0. 05𝑥 2 ) − 50 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 40] 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0

2п
∫ [𝑐1 (2𝑥 + 0. 15𝑥 2 + 0.0025𝑥 3 ) + 𝑐2 (4𝑥 2 + 0. 2𝑥 3 + 0.0025𝑥 4 ) − 100 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
0

− 2.5𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 80𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 ] 𝑑𝑥 = 0

2п 2п
∫ 𝑐1 (2𝑥 + 0. 15𝑥 2 + 0.0025𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐2 (4𝑥 2 + 0. 2𝑥 3 + 0.0025𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 0
2п 2п 2п
+ ∫ −100 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ − 2.5𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ −80𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0 0 0

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT THREE
𝑥3 𝑥 4 2п 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥 5 2п
[𝑐1 (𝑥 2 + 0. 15 + 0.0025 )] + [𝑐2 (4 + 0.2 + 0.0025 )]
3 4 0 3 4 5 0
2п 2п
+ [−100(𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)] − 2.5[−2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ]
0 0
𝑥2 𝑥 3 2п
+ [−80 −2 ] =0
2 3 0

52.855𝑐1 +413.557𝑐2 − 0 − 31.416 − 1, 579.138 − 165.367 = 0

52.855𝑐1 +413.557𝑐2 − 1,775.921 = 0 … … … … … … … … … … … … … . (𝑏)

Substituting Eq-(a) to Eq-(b) we have

52.855(−6.246𝑐2 + 34.346)+413.557𝑐2 − 1,775.921 = 0

83.427𝑐2 + 39.437 = 0 ⇒𝒄𝟐 = −𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟑

𝑐1 = −6.246 ∗ (−0.473) + 34.346 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟗𝟗

The trial solution is

y(x) = 200 + 𝑐1 x + 𝑐2 𝑥 2

𝐲(𝐱) = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 + 𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝐱 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟑𝒙𝟐

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT THREE
2. Develop the weak form and find a solution

Solution

Let ṽ(x) be the assumed trial solution and let W(x) be the weighting function. The
weighted residual statement can be written as

𝐿 𝑑3ṽ 𝐿
i.e. ∫0 𝑊(𝑥)𝑑 {𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 3 } = ∫0 𝑊𝑞𝑑𝑥

On integration by parts, we have

𝐿 𝐿
𝑑3ṽ 𝐿 𝑑 3 ṽ 𝑑𝑊
[𝑊(𝑥) 𝐸𝐼 3 ] − ∫ (𝐸𝐼 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑊𝑞𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 0 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 0

Integrating by parts once again, we have

𝐿 𝐿
𝑑3ṽ 𝐿 𝑑𝑊(𝑥) 𝑑2ṽ 𝐿 𝑑 2 ṽ 𝑑 2 𝑊(𝑥)
[𝑊(𝑥) 𝐸𝐼 3 ] − {[ 𝐸𝐼 2 ] − ∫ 𝐸𝐼 2 𝑑𝑥} = ∫ 𝑊𝑞𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 0 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 0

Thus we now have equal order of differentiation on both the dependent variable v(x) and
the weighting function W(x). To illustrate the solution for the weak form statement of the
above problem, let us take a polynomial function ṽ(x) = x2(c1+c2x) which satisfies the
essential boundary condition at both ends. Also following Galerkin’s procedure, we choose

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT THREE
the weighting function to be a trial function W1=x2 and W2=x3, which also satisfies the
required condition on W(x) for simplicity, let 𝑞(𝑥) = 𝑞0, a uniformly distributed load.

d2ṽ/dx2 = 2c1+6c2x, W1=x2, dW1/dx=2x, d2W1/dx2=2, W2=x3, dW2/dx=3x2, d2W2/dx2=6x,

We observe that ṽ (0) =0, W1 (0) =0 and W2 (0) =0, as required. Substituting these in
the week form, we obtain

Weak form with respect to W1

From equation above

𝐿 𝐿
𝑑3 ṽ 𝐿 𝑑𝑊 (𝑥) 𝑑2 ṽ 𝐿 𝑑 2 ṽ 𝑑 2 𝑊 (𝑥 )
[𝑊(𝑥) 𝐸𝐼 3 ] − {[ 𝐸𝐼 2 ] − ∫ 𝐸𝐼 2 𝑑𝑥} = ∫ 𝑊𝑞0 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 0 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 0

Boundary conditions ṽ(0) = 0, 𝑊1 (0) = 0 𝑊1 (𝐿) = 𝐿2

2
𝑑𝑊1 (0) 𝑑𝑊1 (𝐿) 𝑑 𝑊1 (𝑥)
= 0, = 2𝐿, =2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥2
𝑑 2 ṽ(0) 𝑑2 ṽ(𝐿) 𝑑 3 ṽ (0) 𝑑3 ṽ(𝐿)
= 2𝑐1, = 𝑀, = 6𝑐2, =𝑃
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3
𝐿 𝐿
𝑑𝑊1 (𝐿) 𝑑 2 ṽ 𝑑 2 𝑊1 (𝑥)
𝑃 ∗ 𝑊1 (𝐿) − 𝑀 ∗ + ∫ 𝐸𝐼 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑊1 𝑞0 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 0

𝐿 𝐿
𝑃 ∗ 𝐿 − 𝑀 ∗ 2𝐿 + ∫ 𝐸𝐼 (2𝑐1 + 6𝑐1 𝑥) ∗ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑞0 𝑑𝑥
2
0 0

𝐿 𝐿
𝑃𝐿 − 2𝑀𝐿 + ∫ 4𝐸𝐼 (𝑐1 + 3𝑐2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑞0 𝑑𝑥
2
0 0

3 𝐿 𝑥3 𝐿
𝑃𝐿2 − 2𝑀𝐿 + [4𝐸𝐼 (𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 2 )] = [ 𝑞0 ]
2 0 3 0

3 𝐿3
𝑃𝐿2 − 2𝑀𝐿 + 4𝐸𝐼 (𝑐1 𝐿 + 𝑐2 𝐿2 ) = 𝑞0
2 3
3 𝐿2
𝑃𝐿 − 2𝑀 + 4𝐸𝐼 (𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝐿) = 𝑞0 ……………….…………………………. (a)
2 3

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT THREE
Weak form with respect to W2
𝐿 𝐿
𝑑𝑊2 (𝐿) 𝑑 2 ṽ 𝑑 2 𝑊2 (𝐿)
𝑃 ∗ 𝑊2 (𝐿) − 𝑀 ∗ + ∫ 𝐸𝐼 2 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑊2 𝑞0 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 0

𝐿 𝐿
𝑃 ∗ 𝐿 − 𝑀 ∗ 3𝐿 + ∫ 𝐸𝐼 (2𝑐1 + 6𝑐1 𝑥) ∗ 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑞0 𝑑𝑥
3 2
0 0

𝐿 𝐿
𝑃𝐿 − 3𝑀𝐿 + ∫ 12𝐸𝐼 (𝑐1 𝑥 + 3𝑐2 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑞0 𝑑𝑥
3 2 2
0 0

3
1 22
3 3
𝐿 𝑥4 𝐿
𝑃𝐿 − 3𝑀𝐿 + [12𝐸𝐼 ( 𝑐1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 )] = [ 𝑞0 ]
2 3 0 4 0

3
1 2 2 3
𝐿4
𝑃𝐿 − 3𝑀𝐿 + 12𝐸𝐼 ( 𝑐1 𝐿 + 𝑐2 𝐿 ) = 𝑞0
2 4
𝐿2
𝑃𝐿 − 3𝑀 + 6𝐸𝐼(𝑐1 + 2𝑐2 𝐿) = 𝑞0 …………………………………………………. (b)
4

Solving 𝑐1 from equation (a)

𝑞0 𝐿2
4𝐸𝐼𝑐1 = − 𝑃𝐿 + 2𝑀−6𝐸𝐼𝑐2 𝐿
3
𝑞0 𝐿2 𝑃𝐿 2𝑀 6𝑐2 𝐿 𝒒𝟎 𝑳𝟐 𝑷𝑳 𝑴 𝟑𝒄𝟐 𝑳
𝑐1 = − + − = − + − ……………….………. (c)
12𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 4 𝟏𝟐𝑬𝑰 𝟒𝑬𝑰 𝟐𝑬𝑰 𝟐

Substituting the value of 𝑐1 in to eq (b) and solving for 𝑐2 we have

𝑞0 𝐿2 𝑃𝐿 𝑀 3𝑐2 𝐿 𝑞0 𝐿2
𝑃𝐿 − 3𝑀 + 6𝐸𝐼 ( − + − + 2𝑐2 𝐿) =
12𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 2 4

𝑞0 𝐿2 3𝑃𝐿 𝑞0 𝐿2
𝑃𝐿 − 3𝑀 + − + 3𝑀 − 9𝑐2 𝐿𝐸𝐼 + 12𝐸𝐼𝑐2 𝐿 =
2 2 4

𝑃𝐿 𝑞0 𝐿2
− + + 3𝐸𝐼𝑐2 𝐿 = 0
2 4
𝑃𝐿 𝑞0 𝐿2 1
𝑐2 = ( − )∗
2 4 3𝐸𝐼𝐿

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT THREE
𝟏 𝒒𝟎 𝑳
𝒄𝟐 = (𝑷 − )
𝟔𝑬𝑰 𝟐

Substituting the value of 𝑐2 in equation (c) we have

𝑞0 𝐿2 𝑃𝐿 𝑀 3 1 𝑞0 𝐿
𝑐1 = − + − ∗ (𝑃 − )∗𝐿
12𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 2 6𝐸𝐼 2

𝑞0 𝐿2 𝑃𝐿 𝑀 𝑃𝐿 𝑞0𝐿2
𝑐1 = − + − +
12𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 4𝐸𝐼 8𝐸𝐼

𝟏 𝟓𝒒𝟎 𝑳𝟐
𝒄𝟏 = (𝟔𝑴 − 𝟔𝑷𝑳 + )
𝟏𝟐𝑬𝑰 𝟐

Thus our approximate solution to the given problem is

1 𝑞0 𝐿 1
𝑐2 = (𝑃 − )= (2𝑃 − 𝑞0 𝐿)
6𝐸𝐼 2 12𝐸𝐼

1 5𝑞0 𝐿2 1
ṽ(x) = 𝑥 2 [ (6𝑀 − 6𝑃𝐿 + )+ (2𝑃 − 𝑞0 𝐿)𝑥]
12𝐸𝐼 2 12𝐸𝐼

𝟏 𝟐
𝟓𝒒𝟎 𝑳𝟐
ṽ(𝐱) = 𝒙 [(𝟔𝑴 − 𝟔𝑷𝑳 + ) + (𝟐𝑷 − 𝒒𝟎 𝑳)𝒙]
𝟏𝟐𝑬𝑰 𝟐

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT THREE
3. Find the solution for a deformation v(x) for a simply supported beam under uniform
load of qO as shown in Figure using Rayleigh‐Ritz (R‐R) method.

Solution

For the deformation v(x) we have,

Strain energy

𝐿 2
1 𝑑2𝑣
𝑈=∫ 𝐸𝐼 ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
0 2 𝑑𝑥

The potential of the external force is

𝐿
𝑉 = − ∫0 𝑞0 𝑣 dx

Those we have the total potential

𝐿 2
𝐸𝐼 𝑑 2 𝑣
Π𝑝 = ∫ [ ( 2 ) − 𝑞0 𝑣] 𝑑𝑥
0 2 𝑑𝑥

Step 1: Assume a displacement field. Let us assume v(x) ≂ c1 sin (пx/L). This satisfies

the essential boundary condition v(0) = 0 = v(L). We have

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT THREE
Step 2: Evaluation of the total potential. The total potential of the system is given as

Step 3: Set up and solve the system of equations. From the principle of stationary
total potential (PSTP), we have

Therfore,

i.e,

Thus the final solution is

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 FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD IN STRUCTURES ASSIGNMENT THREE
REFERENCES

1. Finite Element Analysis (Text) By: S.S. BHAVIKATTI

2. Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis By: Robert D. Cook, David
S. Malkus Michael E. Plesha and Robert J.WITT 4th edition
3. A Textbook of Finite Element Analysis By: P.Seshu 10th edition

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