Calculus with Analytic Geometry I

(Other Applications of Differentiation)

JULIUS V. BENITEZ, Ph.D.
[email protected]

Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science and Mathematics

Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology
email: [email protected]

1st Sem, 2018-2019

J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 1 / 67
Contents

1 Other Applications of Differentiation

Linear Approximation and Differentials
Approximation Using Differentials
Absolute Extrema, Extreme Value Theorem and Optimization
Rectilinear Motion (Optional)
Related Rates

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 2 / 67
. GEOMETRIC INTERPRETATION OF A DERIVATIVE
Linear Approximation and Differentials
5 Let
Geometric
y = f (x)Interpretation
be a function. For of ahDerivative
> 0, draw a line Lh (called the secant
line)
Let through
the curvePof 0 (x , f (x0 ))fand
a 0function P (x0by+yh,=ff(x
, defined 0+
(x), beh)) on the
given. graph
Draw a lineofLh throu
and
y= P fon the(see
(x) graph of ybelow).
figure = f (x) (see Figure 5.1).
y
Lh
f (x0 + h) P
Lh
Lh

y = f (x)

P0 LT
f (x0 )

x
x0 x0 + h
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS
Figure 5.1: Line Lh through P0 and P
MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
secant line (a line
he line Lh isJ.V.a Benitez passing
Calculus through
with Analytic two
Geometry I points on1staSem,
curve). Suppose
2018-2019 3 / 67 t
Linear Approximation and Differentials
The slope of the line Lh is
f (x0 + h) − f (x0 ) f (x0 + h) − f (x0 )
mh = = .
x0 + h − x0 h
As h tends to zero, the point P tends to the point P0 . We find that the
line Lh tends to a limiting position as h approaches to zero. This limiting
position is actually the tangent line LT to the curve at P0 . Observe that if
f is differentiable at x0 , then by definition of derivative,
f (x0 + h) − f (x0 )
lim = lim mLh = f 0 (x0 ).
h→0 h h→0
This means that the slope mLh of the line Lh tends to the limiting slope
which is the derivative of f at x0 . Since the limiting position of Lh is the
line LT which is the line tangent to the curve at P0 , it follows that f 0 (x0 )
is the slope of the tangent line to the curve at P0 .
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 4 / 67
Linear Approximation and Differentials
Definition 3.1 (Tangent Line)
Let f be a function such that f 0 (x0 ) exists. The tangent line to the curve
y = f (x) at P0 (x0 , y0 ) is the line through P0 having slope m = f 0 (x0 ).

Definition 3.2 (Normal Line)

The normal line to curve y = f (x) at P0 (x0 , y0 ) is the line through P0
perpendicular to the tangent line to the curve at P0 .

Remark 3.3
If the tangent line to the curve at P0 (x0 , y0 ) is the horizontal line
y = y0 = f (x0 ) (that is, f 0 (x0 ) = 0), then the normal line to the curve at
P0 is the line x = x0 . On the other hand, if x = x0 is the tangent line,
then y = y0 is the normal line at P0 (x0 , y0 ).
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 5 / 67
Linear Approximation and Differentials
Exercises
1 Find the equations of the tangent line and the normal line to the
√
curve y = 4x − 3 at the point P0 (3, 3).
2 Find the equations of the tangent line and the normal line to the
1
curve y = √ at the point P0 (6, 21 ).
x−2
3 The normal line to the curve y = f (x) = 2x2 at a point in the first

quadrant passes through the point P (0, 43 ). Find an equation of this

normal line.
4 The normal line to the curve y = −2x2 at a point in the fourth

quadrant passes through the point Q(0, − 49 ). Find an equation of this

normal line.
5 Find an equation of the line tangent to the curve y = 3x2 − 1 and

parallel to the line 2x − y + 3 = 0.

.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 6 / 67
Linear Approximation and Differentials
√
6 Find an equation of the line tangent to the curve y = 4x − 3 − 1
and perpendicular to the line x + 2y − 11 = 0.
7 Find an equation of the line tangent to the curve y = 3x2 − 1 and
perpendicular to the line x − 3y = 4.
8 At what point(s) of the graph of y = x5 + 4x − 3 does the tangent
line to the graph also pass through the point A(0, 1)?
9 At what point(s) on the circle x2 + y 2 = 13 is its tangent line parallel
to the line 3x − 2y = 6.
10 At what point(s) of the curve y = 31 x3 − x is the tangent line parallel
to the line y = 3x?
11 At what point(s) of the curve xy = (1 − x − y)2 is the tangent line
parallel to the x-axis? Give also an equation of the normal line to the
curve at this point.
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 7 / 67
Linear Approximation and Differentials
12 Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve
y 2 − 4y − 8x − 20 = 0
at its point of intersection with the line 2x + y + 4 = 0.
13 Find the equation of the line with slope equal to 1 and normal to the
curve x2 + 3xy + y 2 = 5 at P0 (x0 , y0 ) when x0 = 1.
14 There are two lines through the point (−1, 3) that are tangent to the
curve x2 + 4y 2 − 4x − 8y + 3 = 0. Find an equation of each of these
lines.
15 Find the equations of the tangent lines to the parabola
y = −x2 + 5x − 6
at its points of intersection with the x-axis.
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 8 / 67
Linear Approximation and Differentials
Linear Approximation

Suppose we wanted to find an approximation for f (x1 ), where f (x1 ) is

unknown, but where f (x0 ) is known for some x0 “close” to x1 . In the
figure below, notice that if x1 is “close” to x0 and we follow the tangent
line at x = x0 to the point corresponding to x = x1 , then the y-coordinate
of that point (y1 ) should be “close” to the y-coordinate of the point on
the curve y = f (x), that is, f (x1 ).

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 9 / 67
Linear Approximation and Differentials
y
y ⫽ f(x)

f(x1)
y ⫽ f(x0) ⫹ f ⬘(x0)(x ⫺ x0)

y1

f(x0)

x
x0 x1
.

DMS FIGURE 3.1

Department of
MATHEMATICS Linear approximation of f (x1 ) MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 10 / 67
Linear Approximation and Differentials
Since the slope of the tangent line to y = f (x) at x = x0 is f (x0 ), the
equation of the tangent line to y = f (x) at x = x0 is found from

y − f (x0 )
mT = f (x0 ) = or
x − x0

y = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x − x0 ). (1)

Definition 3.4 (Linear Approximation)

The linear (or tangent line) approximation of f (x) at x = x0 is the
function
L(x) = f (x0 ) + f (x0 )(x − x0 ).
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 11 / 67
Linear Approximation and Differentials
Observe that the y-coordinate y1 of the point on the tangent line
corresponding to x = x1 is simply found by substituting x = x1 in
equation (1), so that

y1 = f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )(x1 − x0 ). (2)

We define the increments ∆x and ∆y by

∆x = x1 − x0 and ∆y = f (x1 ) − f (x0 )

Using this notation, equation (2) gives us the approximation

f (x1 ) ≈ y1 = f (x0 ) + f 0 (x0 )∆x. (3)

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 12 / 67
Linear Approximation and Differentials

We rewrite (3),

y = f (x1 ) − f (x0 ) ≈ f 0 (x0 )∆x = dy, (4)

where dy = f (x0 )∆x is called the differential of y. When using this

notation, we also define dx, the differential of x, by dx = ∆x, so that by
(4),
dy = f 0 (x0 )dx.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 13 / 67
 dy = f (x0 ) d x.
Linear Approximation and Differentials
y
y ⫽ f(x)

f(x1)
y ⫽ f(x0) ⫹ f ⬘(x0)(x ⫺ x0)
⌬y
y1
dy
f(x0)

⌬x
x
x0 x1
.

DMS
Department of
FIGURE 3.2
MATHEMATICS
and STATISTICS Increments and differentials MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 14 / 67
Linear Approximation and Differentials

Example 3.5
π
Find the linear approximation to f (x) = cos x at x0 = 3 and use it to
approximate cos(1). (ans: 0.5409)

Example 3.6
Find the linear approximation of f (x) = sin x, for x close to 0.
(ans: sin x ≈ x)

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 15 / 67
Linear Approximation and Differentials

Example 3.7
Find the linear approximation to f (x) at x = x0 . Use the linear
approximation to estimate the given number.
√ √
1 f (x) = x, x0 = 1, 1.2
√
2 f (x) = (x + 1)1/3 , x = 0,
3
0 1.2
√ √
3 f (x) = 2x + 9, x0 = 0, 8.8
4 f (x) = sin(3x), x0 = 0, cos(0.3)
5 f (x) = sin x, x0 = π, cos(3.0)

DMS
Department of
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and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 16 / 67
Approximation Using Differentials

Example 3.8
√
3
Use a linear approximation to approximate 8.02.
√
Solution : Here we are approximating values of the function f (x) = 3 x.
The closest number to any of 8.02 whose cube root we know exactly is 8.
So, we write

f (8.02) = f (8) + [f (8.02) − f (8)] = f (8) + ∆y.

By (4), we have
1 −2/3 1
∆y ≈ dy = f 0 (8)∆x = ·8 (8.02 − 8) = .
3 600
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 17 / 67
Approximation Using Differentials

Example 3.9
Use linear approximations to estimate the following.
√4
1 16.04
√4
2 16.16
3 sin(0.1)
4 sin 94

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Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 18 / 67
Absolute Extrema, Extreme Value Thm & Optimization

Definition 3.10 (Relative Extrema)

A function f is said to have a relative maximum value at x0 (the value is
f (x0 )) if there exists an open interval I containing x0 on which f is
defined and that f (x0 ) ≥ f (x) for all x in this interval I.
It has a relative minimum value at x0 (the value is f (x0 )) if there exists
an open interval I containing x0 on which f is defined and that
f (x0 ) ≤ f (x) for all x in this interval I.
If a function f has either a relative maximum or a relative minimum value
at x0 , then f is said to have a relative extremum at x0 .

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 19 / 67
Absolute Extrema, Extreme Value Thm & Optimization
The following theorem says something about the value of the derivative of
a function at a point that corresponds to a relative maximum or a relative
minimum point.
Theorem 3.11
If f (x) exists for all values of x in the open interval (a, b), and if f has a
relative extremum at x0 , where a < x0 < b, and if f 0 (x0 ) exists, then
f 0 (x0 ) = 0.

Remark 3.12
A function may have one or more relative maximum (minimum) values. Of
course, a function may not has a relative maximum or a relative minimum
value.
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 20 / 67
Absolute Extrema, Extreme Value Thm & Optimization

Definition 3.13 (Critical Value and Critical point)

If x0 is a number in the domain of the function f , and if either f 0 (x0 ) = 0
or f 0 (x0 ) does not exist, then x0 is called a critical number or a critical
value of f . A critical point is a point (x0 , f (x0 )) on the function f
corresponding to the critical number x0 .

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 21 / 67
Absolute Extrema, Extreme Value Thm & Optimization

Definition 3.14 (Absolute Extrema)

The function f is said to have an absolute maximum value on an interval
if there is some number x0 in the interval such that f (x0 ) ≥ f (x) for all x
in this interval. In such a case, f (x0 ) is the absolute maximum value of f
on the interval.
The function f is said to have an absolute minimum value on an interval if
there is some number x0 in the interval such that f (x0 ) ≤ f (x) for all x in
this interval. The value f (x0 ) is the absolute minimum value of f on the
interval.
An absolute extremum of a function on an interval is either an absolute
maximum value or an absolute minimum value of the function on that
interval.
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 22 / 67
Absolute Extrema, Extreme Value Thm & Optimization

Remark 3.15
A relative maximum or relative minimum value of f is not necessarily the
absolute maximum or absolute minimum value of f .

The next theorem says that every continuous function on [a, b] attains its
absolute maximum value and minimum value on [a, b].

Theorem 3.16 (Extreme-Value Theorem)

If a function f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], then f has an
absolute maximum value and an absolute minimum value on [a, b].

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 23 / 67
Absolute Extrema, Extreme Value Thm & Optimization

In what follows, we give a procedure for finding the absolute extrema of a

continuous function f on [a, b].
1 Find the function values at the critical numbers of f on (a, b).
2 Find the values f (a) and f (b).
3 The largest of the values obtained in (1) and (2) is the absolute
maximum value f . The smallest of the values obtained is the absolute
minimum value of f .

Example 3.17
Given the function f (x) = x3 + x2 − x + 1, find the absolute extrema of f
on [−2, 12 ].

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 24 / 67
Absolute Extrema, Extreme Value Thm & Optimization

In the preceding section we were dealing with problems of finding the

properties (e.g. relative maximum and relative minimum values, intervals
of concavity, etc.) of functions.

We shall now complicate the matter a little bit by dwelling on problems in

which the first requirement is to find the function itself before we can
discuss its properties.

First, we shall look at problems which seek to find the largest, or the most,
or the least, or the smallest, or the best, etc., of certain quantities. These
problems are what we call maxima and minima problems or optimization.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 25 / 67
Absolute Extrema, Extreme Value Thm & Optimization

One may find the following steps helpful in solving maxima and minima
problems.
1 Draw a figure whenever possible.
2 Assign a letter to each of the quantities mentioned in the problem.
3 Choose the quantity which is to be maximized or minimized and
express it as a function of the other quantities by making use of the
information in the problem.
4 Apply the theory in the preceding section (e.g., find the critical values
of the function in Step 3. One of these values may correspond to the
required value in the problem.)

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 26 / 67
Absolute Extrema, Extreme Value Thm & Optimization
The following formulas turn out to be likely candidates for func
andfollowing
The minima formulas
problems.
turn out to be likely candidates for functions in
many maxima and minima problems.
5.10.1 Some Helpful Formulas
Some Helpful Formulas:
In what follows, A, P , C and V denote the area, perimet
In what follows,
volume, A, P , Cofand
respectively, theV corresponding
denote the area,geometric
perimeter,shape
circumference
or figure.
and volume, respectively, of the corresponding geometric shape or figure.
1. Circle with radius r: A = πr2 and C = Figure
Dimensions 2πr

Circle with radius r:

r

A = πr2 and C = 2πr

DMS
2. Department
Circular of
MATHEMATICS
sector of radius r and central angle α measured in rad
MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 27 / 67
 2. Circular sector of radius r and central angle α measured in rad
Dimensions Figure

Circular
5.10. MAXIMAsectorAND
of radius r andPROBLEMS
MINIMA r
central angle α α
measured in radians:
1
3. Triangle
A =of1 αr
base
2 b and altitude h: A = 2 bh
2

Triangle of base b and

altitude h: h

A = 21 bh
b
4. Trapezoid of base b and B, altitude h: A = 12 (B + b)h
b
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 28 / 67
 b
b
4. Trapezoid of base b and B, altitude h: A
Dimensions = 12 (B + b)h
Figure
b
h
Trapezoid of base b and B,
altitude h: h B
1
A= 2 (B + b)h
5. Square of side x: A = x2 and P = 4x B

5. Square of side x: A = x2 and P = 4x

Square of side x: x
A = x2 and P = 4x
x
x

6. Rectangle of length l and width w: A = lw and P = 2l + 2w

x
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 29 / 67
 6. Rectangle of length l and width w: A =
Dimensions
lw and P = 2l + 2w
Figure

Rectangle of length l and width

w: w
138 A = lw and P = 2l + 2w CHAPTER 5. DERIV

l
w
7. Rectangular box of length l, width w and altitude h:
Rectangular box of length l,
width w and altitudeV h: = lwh
h
V = lwh A = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh (closed rectangular

A = lw + 2lh + 2wh (open top, closed bo

l
A = 2lh + 2wh (open top and botto
8. Right Circular Cylinder of base radius r and height h:
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic 2Geometry I
V = πr h 1st Sem, 2018-2019 30 / 67
 Dimensions Figure
138
Rectangular box of length l, width CHAPTER 5. DER

w and altitude h:

A = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh w

(closed rectangular box)

A = lw + 2lh + 2wh h
(open top, closed bottom)

A = 2lh + 2wh l
(open Circular
8. Right top and bottom)
Cylinder of base radius r and height h:
V = πr2 h

A = 2πrh (open top and bott

J.V. Benitez
A = 2πrh + πr2
Calculus with Analytic Geometry I
(open top,closed
1st Sem, 2018-2019
bo
31 / 67
 A = 2πrh (open top and bott
Dimensions Figure
A = 2πrh + πr2 (open top,closed b
Right Circular Cylinder of base radius r
and height h: A = 2πrh + 2πr2 (closed top and bo

V = πr2 h

A = 2πrh
(open top and bottom)
h
A = 2πrh + πr2
(open top,closed bottom) r

A = 2πrh + 2πr2
(closed
9. Right top andCone
Circular of base radius r and height h: V = 31 π
bottom)

J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 32 / 67

 9. Right Circular Cone of base radius r and height h: V = 13 πr2
Dimensions Figure
Right Circular Cone of base radius h
r and height h:

1 h r
V = πr2 h
3
p
A = πr
10. Sphere r2 + h2r: V = 4 πr3 and A = 4πr2
of radius 3 r

Sphere of radius r:
10. Sphere of radius r: V = 34 πr3 and A = 4πr2
r
4
V = πr3
3
A = 4πr2 r

J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 33 / 67

Absolute extrema, Extreme Value Thm & Optimization

Exercises
√
1 The product of two positive numbers is 4 3. Find the numbers so
that the sum S of the square of one and the cube of the other is as
small as possible.
2 The sum of the squares of two nonnegative numbers is to be 4. How
should they be chosen so that the product of their cubes is a
maximum?
3 Find the number in the interval [ 31 , 2] such that the sum of the
number and its reciprocal is a maximum.
4 The sum of two nonnegative numbers is 5. Find the pair that
maximizes the product of the square of the first and the cube of the
second number.
.

DMS
Department of
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and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 34 / 67
Absolute extrema, Extreme Value Thm & Optimization

5 The sum of three positive numbers is 30. The first plus twice the
second plus three times the third add up to 60. Select the numbers so
that the product of all three is as large as possible.
6 An open rectangular box with square base is to be made from 4
square feet of material. What dimension will result in a box with the
largest possible volume?
7 A box with a square base is to have an open top. The area of the
material in the box is to be 100 in2 . What should the dimensions be
in order to make the volume as large as possible?
8 A sheet of cardboard 3 ft by 4 ft will be made into a box by cutting
equal-sized squares from each corner and folding up the four edges.
What will be the dimensions of the box with largest volume?
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 35 / 67
Absolute extrema, Extreme Value Thm & Optimization

9 If a closed tin can of volume 16π cubic inches is to be in the form of

a right-circular cylinder, find the height and radius if the least amount
of material is to be used in its manufacture.
10 A container in the shape of a right cylinder with no top has surface
area 3π square feet. What height and base radius will maximize the
volume of the cylinder?
11 Find the dimensions of the right circular cylinder of greatest volume
that can be inscribed in a sphere of volume 288π cubic feet?
12 A cylindrical can is to have a volume of 20π cubic meters. The
material for the top and bottom cost 10 pesos per square meter and
material for the side cost 8 pesos per square meter. Find the radius r
and height h of the most economical can.
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 36 / 67
Absolute extrema, Extreme Value Thm & Optimization
13 Find the dimensions of the rectangle of largest area that can be
inscribed in an equilateral triangle of side 4 units if one side of the
rectangle lies on the base of the triangle.
14 Find the area of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in an
isosceles triangle of base 10 feet and area 30 square feet if one side of
the rectangle is on the base of the triangle.
15 A right circular cone is inscribed in such a way that its vertex is at the
center of the circular top of the hemisphere of diameter 6 inches.
Find the dimensions of the maximum volume of the inscribed cone.
16 A right circular cone is inscribed in such a way that its vertex is at the
center of the base of a bigger circular cone with radius 4 inches and a
height of 20 inches. Find the dimensions of the maximum volume of
the inscribed cone.
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 37 / 67
Absolute extrema, Extreme Value Thm & Optimization

17 The area of a cylinder sector with radius r and central angle of radian
measure θ is A = 21 r2 θ, and its arc has length S = rθ. Find r and θ
so that 0 < θ < 2π, the sector has area 1 square unit, and the
perimeter is a minimum.
18 Consider all triangles formed by lines passing through the point ( 89 , 3)
and both the x-axis and y-axis. Find the dimensions of the triangle
with the shortest hypotenuse.
19 A piece of wire of length 1 meter is cut into two parts, one of which is
bent into the shape of a circle and the other into the shape of a
square. How should the wire be cut so that the sum of the enclosed
areas is a minimum?
√
20 Find the point (x, y) on the graph of y = x nearest the point (4, 0).
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 38 / 67
Rectilinear Motion

Recall that the definition of the derivative of a function at a point evolved from
the slope a tangent line on a curve at a point, which is the limiting case of slope
of a secant line on a curve. Such techniques will be useful in modelling many
different things such as distance given velocity. In particular, one of the
applications of antiderivatives is that of the motion of an object moving in a
straight line which is usually referred as rectilinear motion.

Let us assume that the right direction is considered as the positive direction while
the other direction gives a negative direction. Thus, if a particle from an arbitrary
point of origin moves to the right direction, the particle traverses a positive
distance x. If t is the time then the displacement function from the origin at a
particular instant t is given by x = x(t). That is, the directed distance depends
on the time the particle travels from the origin to a point on the line.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 39 / 67
Rectilinear Motion

Let x(t), v(t) and a(t) denote respectively, the position or displacement, the
velocity and acceleration of a moving object.

Although rectilinear motion rarely occurs in actual experience, its simple

imaginable type of motion forms the basis for the analysis of a more complicated
motions. Examples of such motions are the motion of a high-speed rifle bullet
fired horizontally which may be essentially rectilinear for a short part of its
trajectory (even though its true trajectory is parabolic) and the motion of a
maglev train over a straight stretch of track (maglev trains are high-speed railway
trains that travel by magnetic levitation).

Since the position of the moving object, velocity and acceleration are all related
by derivatives, they are also related by antiderivatives by the following formula,
see figure below.
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 40 / 67
Rectilinear Motion

derivative derivative
............................................. .............................................
......... ....... ......... .......
....... ...... ....... ......
........ .... ........ ....
... .... ... ....
......
. ....
.... ......
. ....
....
....
. .... ....
. ....
. .
... ............. . .
... .............
... ... ... ...

distance
...
velocity
. ..
acceleration .
......... ... ..... ...
...... .... .......... ....
.... ... .... ...
.... ..
.... ....
.... .....
.
.... . ...
.... .... .... ...
...... .... .... ....
....... ..... ....... .....
......... ....... ........ .......
............................................ ...........
...............................
...
...

antiderivative antiderivative

s(t) v(t) = s0 (t) a(t) = v 0 (t) = s00 (t)

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 41 / 67
Rectilinear Motion

In general, the instantaneous velocity of the displacement function at any

time t is the first derivative with respect to t of the displacement function,
that is, v(t) = x0 (t). The instantaneous velocity may either be positive or
negative depending on how the particle moved on the horizonal line. If
v(t) > 0, then the object is moving to the right in the positive direction
along the x-axis. If v(t) < 0, then the object is moving to the left in the
negative direction along the x-axis. Note that when the instantaneous
velocity is zero, the particle is at rest. One important term also included in
rectilinear motion is speed. Speed is defined as the absolute value of the
instantaneous velocity and is denoted by |v(t)|. Thus the instantaneous
velocity is a directional (vector) parameter while the speed is a scalar
parameter.
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 42 / 67
Rectilinear Motion
The second derivative of the displacement function x(t), is called the
instantaneous acceleration of the particle, i.e. a(t) = v 0 (t) = x00 (t). It is so
termed since it is the instantaneous rate of change in the velocity of the
particle. Conversely, given the velocity (or acceleration), one can use
antidifferentiation or integration to find the position function. That is,
Z Z
x(t) = v(t) dt and v(t) = a(t) dt.

We illustrate the types of problems which can be solved using this

knowledge with some explicit examples. Although some of the examples
and exercises considered motion in a vertical direction, it will be
convenient here to assume that the particle (or object) moves horizontally
along the x-axis, with the positive direction to the right.
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 43 / 67
Rectilinear Motion

Example 3.18
Suppose a particle moves along an x-axis with the following given
information. Find the position function of the particle, that is, find x(t).
1 velocity v(t) = 3t2 − 2t with initial position x(0) = 1.
2 acceleration a(t) = t − 2; x(0) = 1 and v(0) = 3.
3 acceleration a(t) = 5sin5t; initial velocity v(0) = 5 and initial
position x(0) = 2

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 44 / 67
Rectilinear Motion

Solution :
1 Z Z
x(t) = v(t) dt = (3t2 − 2t) dt = t3 − t2 + C

Also since x(0) = 1, then 1 = 03 − 02 + C which gives a value C = 1.

Therefore, the position function of the particle is given by
x(t) = t3 − t2 + 1.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 45 / 67
Rectilinear Motion

2 Since a(t) = t − 2, we have

Z Z
v(t) = a(t) dt = (t − 2) dt = 12 t2 − 2t + C1 .

To find C1 , we evaluate v(0) = 12 02 − 2(0) + C1 = 3 so that C1 = 3.

Thus we have v(t) = 12 t2 − 2t + 3. Next we calculate
Z
x(t) = v(t) dt = 16 t3 − t2 + 3t + C2 .

To determine C2 , again we evaluate getting

x(0) = 61 · 03 − 02 + 3(0) + C2 = 1 so that C2 = 1 and thus, the
position function of the particle is given by x(t) = 61 t3 − t2 + 3t + 1.
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 46 / 67
Rectilinear Motion
3
Z Z
v(t) = a(t) dt = 5 sin 5t dt
Z
= sin θ dθ = − cos θ + C = − cos 5t + C1

Now v(0) = − cos 0 + C1 . Since v(0) = 5, then −1 + C1 = 5 so that

C1 = 6. Hence, v(t) = − cos 5t + 6. It follows that,
Z Z
x(t) = v(t) dt = (− cos(5t) + 6) dt = − 13 sin?(5t) + 6t + C2 .

Hence, x(0) = − 31 sin(0) + 6(0) + C2 = 2 so that C2 = 2. Therefore,

the position function of the particle is given by
x(t) = sin(5t) + 6t + 2.
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 47 / 67
Rectilinear Motion

If we are concerned with the distance travelled by a object dropped near

the earths surface at t = 0 assuming air resistance is negligible then all
falling bodies accelerate at the same rate. Close to the surface of the earth,
the gravitational acceleration of a falling body has the constant value of
a(t) ≈ 32 f t/sec2 . This concept is illustrated in the next example.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 48 / 67
Rectilinear Motion
Example 3.19
A stone is dropped from a cliff and hits the ground at 120 f t/sec. What is
the height of the cliff?

Solution : Note that the acceleration due to gravity is

a(t) = −32 f t/sec2 . We have
Z Z
v(t) = a(t) dt = −32 dt = −32t + C1

where C1 is an arbitrary constant. To find C1 we evaluate getting

v(0) = C1 = 0 since the initial velocity is 0. Thus we have v(t) = −32t.
Next we calculate
Z Z
x(t) = v(t) dt = −32t dt = −32 · 21 t2 + C2 = −16t2 + C2 .
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 49 / 67
Rectilinear Motion

Note that when t = 0 we have x(0) = C2 , and so C2 is the height of the

cliff. In particular, to answer the question, we need to determine C2 . We
know that when the stone hits the ground, we have

v(t) = −32t = −120,

and so it follows that the rock hits the ground when t = 120
32 =
15
4 . Since
the rock will have height 0 when it hits the ground, we have
15 2
x( 15
4 ) = −16( 4 ) + C2 = 0

and thus C2 = 225. Thus the height of the cliff is 250 f t.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 50 / 67
Rectilinear Motion
Example 3.20
A particle moves with a velocity of v(t) = sin(t) meter per second along
an x-axis, 0 ≤ t ≤ π2 . Find the displacement and the distance travelled by
the particle during the given time interval.

Solution : The total displacement over the time interval is given by:
Z π Z π
2 2
x(t) = v(t) dt = sin t dt = − cos( π2 ) + cos 0 = 0 + 1 = 1.
0 0
Note that sin t ≥ 0 over this interval so that |v(t)| = | sin t|. Thus the
distance travelled is still
Z π
2
x(t) = sin t dt = 1.
0
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 51 / 67
Rectilinear Motion
Exercises
1 Find the position x(t), velocity v(t), and acceleration a(t) at time
t = 1, given that v(t) = sin( πt
2 ) and x = 0 when t = 0.
2 Suppose a particle moves along an x-axis with the following given
information: a(t) = 2t( − 3); v(1) = 0 and x(1) = 0. Find the
position function of the particle.
3 A particle moves with a velocity of v(t) = cos t m/sec long an x-axis,
π
2 ≤ t ≤ 2π. Find the displacement and the distance travelled by the
particle during the given time interval.
4 A particle moves along with acceleration a(t) = 3 m/s2 along an
s-axis and has velocity v0 = −1 m/s at time t = 0. Find the
displacement and the distance travelled by the particle during the
given time interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 52 / 67
Related Rates
Related rates are simply problems involving rates of change of related
variables. Before we look at some examples of related rates, let us first
learn some few tips in solving problems in related rates. The following are
some useful guidelines in solving word problems involving related rates.
1. Draw a figure or a sketch of the problem whenever possible.
2. Define the variables to be used.
3. Write down any numerical facts known about the variables and their
derivative with respect to time t.
4. Write an equation to relate the variables that depend on t.
5. Differentiate with respect to t both sides of the equation obtained in
(4) to relate the rates of change of the variables.
6. Substitute values of known quantities in the equation in (5) and solve
for the desired quantity.
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 53 / 67
Related Rates

Convention Used:

Let s be a function of time t.

ds
If s increases with time t, then the rate carries a positive (+) sign.
dt
ds
If s decreases as t increases, then the rate carries a negative (−) sign.
dt

DMS
Department of
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and STATISTICS
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J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 54 / 67
Related Rates
Exercises
1 A rocket is being launched vertically over a point A on the ground

with a velocity of 550 mi/hr. Twenty five miles away from point A on
the ground, there is a photographer video-taping the launch. At what
rate is the angle of elevation of the camera changing when the rocket
achieves an altitude of 25 miles?
2 At 12 noon, ship A travels due west at 100 knots. After 4 hours, ship

B leaves the same port on the direction N 30◦ W at 80 knots. How

fast is the distance between the two ships changing at 8 P.M. in the
same day?
3 A ladder 10 m long is leaning against a vertical wall. If the bottom of

the ladder is pushed horizontally towards the wall at 85 m/sec, how

fast is the top of the ladder sliding up the wall when the bottom of
the ladder is 6 m from the wall?
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 55 / 67
Related Rates

4 Two automobiles start from a point A at the same time. One travels
west at 80 mi/hr and the other travels north at 45 mi/hr. How fast is
the distance between them increasing 3 hours later?
5 A girl starting at 11 A.M., travels east at 4 km/hr while a boy,
starting at noon from the same point, travels north at 6 km/hr. How
fast are they separating at 3 P.M.
6 At noon ship A leaves port O steaming due south at 10 mi/hr. At 2
P.M. ship B leaves O going 60◦ east of south at 20 mi/hr. Find the
rate at which the ships are separating at 5 P.M.
7 A light is 25 ft above a sidewalk and a man 6 ft tall is walking away
from the point under the light. If his shadow is lengthening at the
rate of 4 ft/sec, how fast is he walking?
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 56 / 67
Related Rates
8 A flood lamp is installed on the ground 200 feet from a vertical wall.
A six foot tall man is walking towards the wall at the rate of 30 feet
per second. How fast is the tip of his shadow moving down the wall
when he is 50 feet from the wall?
9 A man 6 ft tall walks along a level sidewalk away from a lamppost.
On the post is a street light 18 ft. above the ground. If he walks at a
speed of 4 ft/sec, how fast is his shadows lengthening?
10 A boy 4 12 ft. tall walks toward a light 10 ft. above the ground at the
rate of 6 ft per second. How fast is his shadow changing in length?
11 The area of an expanding rectangle is increasing at the rate of 48
square centimeters per second. The length of the rectangle is always
equal to the square of its width (in centimeters). At what rate is the
length increasing at the instant when the width is 2 centimeters.
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 57 / 67
Related Rates
12 The length of a rectangle of constant area 800 square millimeters is
increasing at the rate of 4 millimeters per second.
1 Find the width of the rectangle at the moment the width is decreasing
at the rate of 0.5 millimeter per second.
2 Find the rate at which the diagonal of the rectangle is changing when
the width is 20 millimeters.
13 What is the radius of an expanding circle at the moment when the
rate of change of its area is numerically twice as large as the rate of
change of its radius?
14 Two runners are running on circular tracks each of which has a
circumference of 1320 feet. The tracks are 100 feet apart and the
runners start opposite each other and move at the same constant rate
of 880 ft/min. How fast are the runners separating when each has run
165 feet?
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 58 / 67
Related Rates
15 Gas is being pumped into a spherical balloon at the rate of 10 cubic
inches per second. When the diameter is 30 inches, find the rate at
which the radius is changing and the rate at which the surface area is
changing?
16 The surface area of the sphere is increasing at the rate of 6π square
inches per second. How fast is the radius changing when the volume
of the sphere is 9π
2 cubic inches?
17 If the radius of a sphere is increasing at the constant rate of 3 inches
per second, how fast is the volume changing when the surface area is
10 square inches?
18 Water inside a conical tank is leaking at a rate of 10 m3 /min. If the
water level is always twice the radius of the water, at what rate is the
water level decreasing when the water is 8 m deep?
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 59 / 67
Related Rates

19 A baseball diamond is 90 ft in a side (it’s a square). Matthew

√ runs
from the first base to the second base at the rate of 3 13 ft/sec. (a)
How fast is his distance from the third base decreasing when he is 30
ft. from the first base? (b) At this instant, how fast is his distance
from the home plate changing?
20 If a tree trunk adds 14 of an inch to its diameter and 1 foot to its
height each year, how rapidly is its volume changing when its
diameter is 3 feet and its height is 50 feet? (Assume that the tree
trunk is in a shape of a right circular cylinder.)

DMS
Department of
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and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 60 / 67
Related Rates
(Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions)
21 In baseball, a batter stands 2 feet from home plate as a pitch is
thrown with a velocity of 130 ft/s (about 90 mph). Assuming that
the ball only moves horizontally, at what rate does the batter’s angle
of gaze need to change to follow the ball as it crosses home plate?
22 The base and base angles of an isosceles right triangle are increasing
at the respective rates of 2ft/sec and 5◦ per second. When the base
is 10 ft long and the base angles are 45◦ , find the rate at which the
altitude (or height) is increasing.
23 An airplane is flying at a constant altitude of 4,000 ft. and passes
through a point directly above an observer. At the instant when the
angle of elevation is 45◦ , the angle is decreasing at the rate of
2◦ 520 /sec. How fast is the airplane flying at this instant?
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 61 / 67
Related Rates
(Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions)
24 A kite is 60 m high with 100 m of cord out. If the kite is moving
horizontally 88
15 m/sec directly away from the boy flying it, find the
rate of change of the angle of elevation of the chord.
25 A rope is attached to a weight and passes over a hook that is 6 ft.
above the ground. The rope is pulled over the hook at the rate of 12
ft/sec and drags the weight along level ground. How fast is the
measure of the angle between the rope and the floor changing when
the is 4 ft from the point on the ground directly below the hook.
26 An airplane is flying at a constant altitude of 4,400 ft. and passes
through as point directly above an observer. At the instant when the
angle of elevation is 45◦ , the angle is decreasing at the rate of 0.05
radian per second. How fast is the airplane flying at this instant?
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 62 / 67
Related Rates
(Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions)
27 A ship. moving 8 mi/hr, sails north for 30 min., then turns east. If a

searchlight at the point of departure follows the ship, how fast is the
light rotating 2 hours after the start?
28 A hunter is approaching a tree at the rate of 2 ft/sec. A one ft-tall

eagle is resting on a branch of the tree that is 12 ft. above the eye
level of the hunter. How fast is the measure of the angle subtended at
the hunter’s eye by the eagle changing when he is 20 ft. from the
tree?
29 A hunter is moving away from a tree at the rate of 2 ft/sec. A 3

ft-tall eagle is resting on a branch of the tree that is 12 ft. above the
eye level of the hunter. How fast is the measure of the angle
subtended at the hunter’s eye by the eagle changing when he is 40 ft.
from the tree?
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 63 / 67
Related Rates

(Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions)

30 A hunter walking at the rate of 2 ft/sec down a hill inclined at π6
radian with the horizontal saw a bird on a tree situated down the hill.
If the hunter’s eye is 6 ft above the ground and the bird is 5 ft above
the ground, how fast is the angle of depression of the bird from the
hunter’s eye changing at an instant when the hunter is 10 ft from a
point on the ground directly below the bird?
31 A ladder 15 feet long is leaning against a vertical wall. If the bottom
of the ladder is pulled horizontally away from the wall so that the top
is sliding down 4 ft/sec, how fast is the measure of the angle between
the ladder and the ground changing when the bottom of the ladder is
12 ft from the wall?
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 64 / 67
Related Rates

(Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions)

32 A helicopter, flying at a speed of 150 miles/hour at a constant
altitude of 2 miles, passes directly above an observer standing on the
ground. Find the rate of change of the measure of the observer’s
angle of elevation of the helicopter when the helicopter is directly over
a point on the ground 1 mile from the observer.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 65 / 67
Related Rates
(Involving Exponential and Logarithmic Functions)
1 A small company estimates that when it spends x thousand dollars
for advertising in a year, its annual sales will be described by

s = 60 − 40e−0.05x

thousand dollars. The four most recent annual advertising totals are
given in the following table:
Year 1 2 3 4
Advertising Dollars 14,500 16,000 18,000 20,000
Estimate the current (year 4) value of x0 (t) and the current rate of
change of sales.
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 66 / 67
Related Rates
Solution : From the table, we see that the recent trend is for advertising
to increase by $2000 per year. A good estimate is then x0 (4) ≈ 2. Starting
with the sales equation

s(t) = 60 − 40e−0.05x(t) ,

we use the Chain Rule to obtain

s0 (t) = −40e−0.05x(t) · [−0.05x0 (t)] = 2x0 (t)e?0.05x(t) .

Using our estimate that x0 (4) ≈ 2 and since x(4) = 20, we get

s0 (4) ≈ 2(2)e−1 ≈ 1.472.

Thus, sales are increasing at the rate of approximately $1,472 per year.
.

DMS
Department of
MATHEMATICS MINDANAO STATE UNIVERSITY
and STATISTICS
ILIGAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
J.V. Benitez Calculus with Analytic Geometry I 1st Sem, 2018-2019 67 / 67