Genius Series (Maths 11) 106 Unit-3 Vectors

Unit-3
Note:
VECTORS i. In printing work, it is usual to denote all
vectors by bold face letters i.e
SCALAR:
A, B, C, …, X, Y, Z. Or a, b, c, …, x, y, z.
A physical quantity which needs only
ii. Scalars being just numbers, can
magnitude for its complete representation is
therefore, be added, subtracted,
called a scalar or scalar quantity. For
multiplied and divided by using the
example, mass, temperature, volume,
fundamental laws of elementary
density, work done, power distance, speed
algebra.
and energy etc.
iii. Vectors can not be added, subtracted,
VECTOR: multiplied or divided by ordinary
A physical quantity which needs magnitude mathematical rules but we use methods
as well as direction for its complete of vector addition (head to tail rule,
representation is called a vector or vector triangle rule or parallelogram rule) or
quantity. For example, velocity, acceleration, other analytical methods for their
momentum, torque, force, weight, addition and multiplication.
displacement and couple etc. iv. Division of one vector on another
vector is undefined.
Geometrical representation of a vector:
Geometrically (graphically) a vector is v. Magnitude of a vector is a non-negative
represented by a line segment whose length real number and therefore a scalar.
according to certain scale represents the Magnitude of a vector:
magnitude of the vector and an arrow is put
The magnitude or norm or modulus or
to indicate the direction of the vector. Let “O”
be any point in space and “A” be any other absolute value of a vector OA or a is the
point. Join “O” to “A”, put an arrow at the length of the directed line segment
point “A”. Then OA is called a directed line representing the vector to the scale used. The
segment, and it represents the vector OA . magnitude of the vector OA or a
The point ‘O’ is called origin or initial point is denoted by OA or a .
of the vector OA and
‘A’ is called the head Types of vector:
(tip) or terminal point The following are the main types of vectors.
or terminus of the
1. Equal vectors:
vector OA . The vector
Two vectors a and b are said to be equal
OA can also be
denoted by a or a. vectors if they have the same magnitudes and
the same directions. Symbolically such
Notation of a vector: vectors are written as
A vector is usually represented by capital or a b
small English alphabets with an arrow above
or below the letter i.e.
a
A, B, C , ... X , Y , Z or A , B, C , ... X , Y , Z 

b
or a, b , c , ..., x, y, z or a, b, c, ... , x, y, z, 

Genius Series (Maths 11) 107 Unit-3 Vectors

P
2. Negative of a vector:
Two vectors a and b are said to be negative
of each other if they have the same
magnitudes but opposite in directions. The
negative vector of the vector a is denoted by
 a , Thus a and  a are negative vectors of
each other.
P

Note: From above figure

  i  and
OA  a 
AO   a
  AO  a    ii 
From (i) and (ii), we get 6. Collinear vectors:
Two vectors are said to be collinear if they lie
OA   AO
along or are parallel to the same straight line.
3. Null vector or zero vector: 7. Non-collinear vectors:
A vector which has zero magnitude and Vectors which are not parallel to the same
arbitrary direction is called null vector or zero straight line are called non-collinear vectors.
vector. Symbolically it is denoted by O and 8. Parallel vectors:
geometrically it is represented by dot. “ ”.
Two vectors a and b are said to be parallel
4. Unit vector:
A vector whose magnitude is one is called a if and only if a  k b , where k is a scalar
unit vector. A unit vector is denoted by a (i.e. kR). Mathematically
letter with a hat (cape) over it, such as aˆ , bˆ, vˆ
a || b  a  kb , k  R
etc. it is used to represent the direction of
vector. Any vector a can be written in terms Note:
of unit vector as a  a aˆ . Hence unit vector i. If k > 0
 a and b have the same directions.
in the direction of a vector a is obtained as
ii. If k < 0
a
aˆ  (Remember).  a and b have opposite in directions.
|a|
iii. If k = 1 then a  b (i.e. a and b are
5. Position vector:
A vector which joins a given point “P” in the equal vectors)
plane or space with the origin is called  Equal vectors are also parallel.
position vector of the point “P” and is
iv. If k= –1 then a  b (i.e a and b are
denoted by OP as shown in the below
diagram –ve vectors).
 Negative vectors are also parallel.
Genius Series (Maths 11) 108 Unit-3 Vectors
v. If k = 0 then a  O (Null vector or zero
vector).
 O is parallel to any other vector.
Multiplication of a vector by scalar:
If “k” is a scalar and a is a vector then the
multiplication of a by " k " , denoted as ka , is
a vector whose magnitude is |k| | a | . Thus if: Parallelogram law of addition:
If the two adjacent sides AB and AC of a
i. k = 0, then k a is the zero vector. parallelogram represents the vectors
ii. 𝑘 > 0, then a and ka are in the same a and b as shown in the figure, then the
direction. diagonal AD
iii. 𝑘 < 0, then a and ka are in the
opposite direction.
Properties of scalar multiplication
If a , b are vectors and k, k1, k2 are scalars
then
i. k a  a k (Commutative law for scalar
multiplication) represents the vector sum or resultant a  b
ii. k1 (k2 a )  (k1k2 ) a (Associative law for of the vectors a and b i.e.
scalar multiplication).
AD  AB  AC  a  b
iii. (k1  k2 ) a  k1a  k2 a (Distributive
We call this way of adding the vectors as the
law)
Parallelogram Law of Addition.
iv. k (a  b )  ka  kb (Distributive law).
Subtraction of two vectors:
Addition of vectors: The difference of two vectors a and b ,
To add two vectors a and b that is to denoted by a  b , is the vector c obtained
combine them into one vector, we draw them by adding vector a and the negative of b
in such a way that the head of the first vector
coincides with the tail of the second vector. (i.e. b ) that is
The sum or resultant vector a  b is obtained c  a  b  a  ( b )
by joining the tail of the first vector with the
head of the second vector as shown in the
figure. We call this way of adding the vectors
as Head-to-Tail Rule or Triangle law of
addition.
Genius Series (Maths 11) 109 Unit-3 Vectors
AD  2 BC
EXERCISE 3.1  AD  2 c Ans.
Q.1. ABCDEF is a regular hexagon
AB = a, BC = b and CD = c, state the v. To find BE : From figure, we have
following vectors as scalar multiple of BE  2 CD
a, b or c.
 BE  2 c Ans.
(i) DE (ii) EF (iii) AD (iv) BE
Sol. Given that ABCDEF is regular hexagon Q.2. Given the vectors a and b as in
with figure, draw the vectors:
AB  a, BC  b , CD  c i. a + 2b
ii. 2a - b
iii. 3a - 2b

Sol. i. To draw the vector (a + 2b)

Given that

We need to find the following vectors as

scalar multiple of a, b or c .

i. To find DE :
From figure, we have
DE  BA
 DE   AB  AB   BA 
 DE  a Ans.
ii. To draw the vector (2a - b) :
ii. To find EF : From figure, we have
EF  CB

 EF   BC  AB   BA 
 EF   b Ans.

iii. To find FA : From figure, we have

FA  DC

 FA   CD  AB   BA 
iii. To draw the vector (3a - 2b) :
 FA   c Ans.

iv. To find AD : From figure, we have

Genius Series (Maths 11) 110 Unit-3 Vectors
ii. To find PQ :
PQ  PO  OQ  By law of triangle 
 PQ  OP  OQ  AB   BA 
 PQ  OQ  OP
Q.3. In OPQ, OP = P, OQ = q , R is the  PQ  q  p Ans.
midpoint of OP and “S” lies on OQ iii. To find OS :
such that | OS |= 3 | SQ | . State in
3
terms of p and q . OS  OQ  S divides OQ in 3 :1
4
3
(i) OR (ii) PQ (iii) OS (iv) RS.  OS  q Ans.
4
Sol. Given that OPQ is a triangle such that
OP  p, OQ  q . “R” is the midpoint of OP iv. To find RS :

and “S” lies on OQ such that RS  RO  OS  By triangle law 

| OS | 3 | SQ | . We need to find the  RS  OR  OS  AB   BA 
following vectors in terms of p and q .  RS  OS  OR
3 1
(i) OR (ii) PQ (iii) OS (iv) RS  RS  q  p Ans.
4 2
Rough sketch of the problem is
Q.4. OACB is a parallelogram with
OA = a and OB = b, AC is extended to D

where | AC |= 2 | CD | . Find in terms of

a and b . (i) AD (ii) OD (iii) BD

Sol. Given that OACB is a parallelogram
with OA  a and OB  b, AC is extended to
D such that | AC | 2 | CD | . We need to find
| OS |  3 | SQ |
the following vectors in terms of a and b .
| OS | 3
 
SQ 1 (i) AD (ii) OD (iii) BD
| OS |:| SQ | 3 :1 Rough sketch of the problem is

 S divides OQ in the ratio 3:1

i. To find OR :
1
OR  OP ( R is midpoint of OP )
2
1
 OR  p Ans.
2
Genius Series (Maths 11) 111 Unit-3 Vectors
Now Q.5. OAB is a triangle with
| AC |  2 | CD | (Given) OA = a and OB = b, M is the midpoint of

 AC  2 CD
OA and G lies on MB such that
1 1
 AC  CD | MG |= | GB | . State in terms of a and b
2 2
1
 CD  AC  i  (i) OM (ii) MB (iii) MG (iv) OG
2
Sol. Given that OAB is a triangle with
i. To find AD : OA  a and OB  b , M is the midpoint of
AD  AC  CD OA and G lies on MB such that
1
 AD  AC  AC Use(i )  1
| MG |  | GB | .
2 2
1
 AD  OB  OB ( AC  OB ) We need to find the following vectors in
2
terms of a and b .
1
 AD  b  b
2 (i) OM (ii) MB (iii) MG (iv) OG
2b  b Rough sketch of the problem is
 AD 
2
3b
 AD 
2
3
 AD  b    ii 
2
ii. To find OD
As
OD  OA  AD  By law of triangle 
1
| MG | | GB |
3 2
 OD  a  b (Use (ii)) Ans.
2 | MG | 1
 
| GB | 2
iii. To find BD :
| MG |:| GB | 1: 2
BD  BC  CD  By law of triangle 
 G divides MB in the ratio 1:2.
1
 BD  OA  AC (Use (ii) , BC  OA) i. To find OM :
2
1
 BD  a  OB ( AC  OB)
OM 
1
2

OA M is midpoint of OA 
2
1
1  OM  a Ans.
 BD  a  b Ans. 2
2
ii. To find MB :
MB  MO  OB  By law of triangle 

 MB  OM  OB  AB   BA 
Genius Series (Maths 11) 112 Unit-3 Vectors
 MB  OB  OM
1
 MB  b  a   i  Ans.
2
iii. To find MG :
1
MG  MB  G divides MB in 1: 2  (i) To find PR
3
From  OPR, we have
1 1
 MG  (b  a ) (Use(i)) PR  PO  OR  By law of triangle 
 
3 2
 PR  OP  OR AB   BA
1 1
  ii 
 MG  b  a   PR  OR  OP
3 6
 PR  r  p    3 Use 1 and  2  
iv. To find OG : So
OG  OM  MG By law of triangle  PR  r  p Ans.
(ii) To find PM
1 1 1
 OG  a b a From OPR, we have
2 3 6
1 1
 OG  a  a  b
1
1
2

PM  PR M is the midpoint of PR 
2
1 1
6 3
1 2
 
 PM  r  p Use  3 
1
 OG     a  b 1 1
2 6 3  PM  r  p    4
 3 1  1 2 2
 OG   a b So
 6  3 1 1
2 1 PM  r  p Ans.
 OG    a  b 2 2
 
6 3
1 1 (iii) To find OM : From OPM, we have
 OG  a  b Ans.
3 3 OM  OP  PM  By law of triangle 
 OM  p  r  p Use 1 and  4  
1 1
Q.6. In ΔOPR, the midpoint of PR is M.
2 2
If OP  p and OR  r , find in terms of 1 1
 OM  p  p  r
p and r (i) PR (ii) PM (iii) OM 2 2
 1 1
Sol. Given that  OM  1   p  r
 2 2
OPR is a triangle M is the midpoint of PR.
 2 1  1
 1 and
OP  p   OM    p r
 2  2
  2
OR  r  1 1
 OM  p  r Ans.
We need to find the vector PR, PM and OM 2 2
in terms of p and r.
A rough sketch of the problem is
Genius Series (Maths 11) 113 Unit-3 Vectors
Q.7. ABCDEF is a regular hexagon and  CF  2 BA 
 CD 
1

2 BA 
1
2 BC    
O is its center. The vectors x and y are 2 2  and AD  2 BC 
such that AB = x and BC = y . Express in  CD  BA  BC

terms of x and y the vectors

 CD   AB  BC 
PQ  QP 
 CD  BC  AB
AC, AO, CD and BF.  CD  y  x    5   use 1 and  2  
Sol. Given that ABCDEF is a regular So
hexagon and O is its center. CD  y  x Ans.
 1
AB  x  (iv) To find BF : From OBF, we have
BC  y    2 BF  BO  OF  By law of triangle 
We need to express the vectors 1 1  O is the midpoint of the 
 BF  BE  CF  
AC, AO, CD and BF in terms of x and y . 2 2  main diagonals BE and CF 
 BE  2CD 
A rough sketch of the problem is  BF 
1

2 CD 
1

2 BA    
2 2  and CF  2 BA 
 BF  CD  BA
 BF  CD  AB 
PQ  QP 
 BF  y  x  x Use 1 and  5  
 BF  y  2 x Ans.

Position vector of a point in plane:

(i) To find AC : From  ACB, we have

AC  AB  BC  By triangle law 
 AC  x  y    3  use 1 and  2  
So
AC  x  y Ans.
(ii) To find AO : From figure, we have
1  O is the midpoint 
AO  AD  
2  of the main diagonal AD  The position vector of any point P(x, y) in
 the main 
 
1 plane is given by
 AO  2 BC  
2  diagonal AD  2 BC  OP  xiˆ  yjˆ   x, y 
 AO  BC
 AO  y    4   use  2   Note: If OP  xiˆ  yjˆ   x, y  be the position
So vector of any point P in the plane, then the
AO  y Ans. coordinates of the point P are (𝑥, 𝑦).
(iii) To find CD : From  OCD, we have Magnitude of a vector in plane:
CD  CO  OD  By the law of triangle  If a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj is any vector in plane then its
1 1  O is the midpo int of the 
 CD  CF  AD   magnitude is denoted by | a | or a and is
2 2  main diagonals CF and AD 
obtained by | a | a12  a22
Genius Series (Maths 11) 114 Unit-3 Vectors
i. Unit vector along x-axis in plane is Vectors with initial point not at the origin:
denoted by iˆ and is given by Suppose P1 (x1, y1) and P2 (x2, y2) are two
iˆ  iˆ  ojˆ  1, 0 .
points in the plane. Suppose OP1 and OP2 be
the position vectors of P1 and P2 as shown in
ii. Unit vector along y-axis in plane is the figure then
denoted by ĵ and is given by
ˆj  oiˆ  ˆj   0, 1

Component of a vector in plane:

If OP  r  xiˆ  yjˆ is the position vector of
any point P(x, y) in the plane then the scalars
x and y are called the components of the
P1 P2  PO  OP2  By the law of triangle 
position vector " r " . The component in the i- 1

direction is x and the component in the j-  P1 P2  OP1  OP2 ( AB   BA )

direction is y.
 P1 P2  OP2  OP1
Theorem.
If a and b are position vectors of points A   
 P1 P2  x2 iˆ  y2 ˆj  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj 
and B respectively, then AB = b - a ( OP1  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj, OP2  x2iˆ  y2 ˆj )
Proof: Given that a and b are position  P1 P2  x2iˆ  y2 ˆj  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj
vectors of the points A and B. We need to  P1 P2  x2iˆ  x1iˆ  y2 ˆj  y1 ˆj
show that AB  b  a .  P1 P2   x2  x1  iˆ   y2  y1  ˆj
A rough sketch of the problem is
P1 P2   x2  x1 , y2  y1 
Note:

A (x1, y1) B(x2 , y2)

AB   x2  x1  iˆ   y2  y1  ˆj

Equal vectors: Two vectors

Let u  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj and v  x2iˆ  y2 ˆj
 i 
OA  a  are said to be equal if and only if they have
OB  b    ii  the same components i.e. u  v
Applying triangle law of vector addition on  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj  x2iˆ  y2 ˆj
 OAB, we have  x1  x2 and y1  y2
AB  AO  OB Addition of vectors:
 AB  OA  OB ( AB   BA) If u  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj and v  x2iˆ  y2 ˆj are any
 AB  OB  OA two vectors in the plane, then

 AB  b  a (Use (i) and (ii)) Proved.   

u  v  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj  x2iˆ  y2 ˆj 
 u  v  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj  x2iˆ  y2 ˆj
 u  v  x1iˆ  x2iˆ  y1 ˆj  y2 ˆj
 u  v   x1  x2  iˆ   y1  y2  ˆj
Genius Series (Maths 11) 115 Unit-3 Vectors

 1 and OB  b 
  2
Subtraction of vectors:
OA  a 
If u  x1 i  y1 ˆj and v  x2 i  y2 ˆj are any then
two vectors in the plane, then OD 
1
  3
a   
D is the midpo int of OA and
  
u  v  x1 i  y1 ˆj  x2 i  y2 ˆj  2
1
OE  b   4  E is the midpo int of OB 
 u  v  x1 i  y1 ˆj  x2 i  y2 ˆj 2
Now
 u  v  x1 i  x2 i  y1 ˆj  y2 ˆj
DE  DO  OE  By the law of triangle 
 u  v   x1  x2  i   y1  y2  ˆj
Scalar multiplication:  DE  OD  OE ( AB   BA)
If u  xiˆ  yjˆ is any vector and k is any  DE  OE  OD
scalar, then 1 1
 DE  b  a (Use (3) & (4))
ku  k ( xiˆ  yjˆ)   kx  iˆ  (ky) ˆj 2 2

Negative of a vector:
1

 DE  b  a 
2
  5
If u  xiˆ  yjˆ is a vector then negative of u
Now
is denoted by - u and is defined by:
AB  AO  OB  By the law of triangle 
u  ( xiˆ  yjˆ )   xiˆ  yjˆ
 AB  OA  OB ( AB   BA)
Zero vector or null vector:
The zero vector or Null vector in the plane is  AB  OB  OA
denoted by O and is defined by   6   By 1 and  2  
 AB  b  a 
O  0iˆ  0 ˆj  [0, 0] Put (6) in (5), we get
1
Theorem: Prove that the straight line DE  AB
joining the midpoints of the two sides of a 2
triangle is parallel to the third side and  DE | | AB 
a  kb  a b Proved (a). 
equal to one half of it. Now
Proof: Suppose OAB is a triangle and D,E
1
are the mid points of its sides OA and OB DE AB
2
respectively as shown in the figure.
1
 | DE | | AB | Proved (b).
2
Theorem:
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect
each other.
Proof: Let OACB be a parallelogram. Let
a and b be the position vectors of A and B
Join “D” to “E”. We need to show that: respectively, then
(a ) DE || AB OA  a    i  , OB  b   ii .
1
(b) | DE | | AB | A rough sketch of the problem is
2
Let
Genius Series (Maths 11) 116 Unit-3 Vectors
position vector c of C is given by
qa + pb
c= .
q+p
Proof: Given that a and b are the position
vectors of the points A and B respectively, so
From figure, we have  i 
OA  a  and   ii  .
OB  c 
OC  OA  AC  By the law of triangle 
The point C divides AB internally in the
 OC  OA  OB  AC  OB  ratio p : q. Let the position vector of “C” is c
as shown in the figure. We need to show that:
 OC  a  b (Use (i) & (ii))
qa  pb
1
2
1
2
 
 OC  a  b  Dividing by 2  c
q p
.

ab  1 
 c  1  Let OC  c 

2  2 
Now
AB  AO  OB (By triangle law of vector addition)
 AB  OA  OB ( AB   BA )
 AB  OB  OA
  2  (Use (i) and (ii))
 AB  b  a 
The midpoint of the diagonal AB has the As “C” divides AB internally in the ratio p:q,
position vector so
AB AC p
d  OA  
2 CB q
ba
d a (Use (2))  q AC  p CB
2
2a  b  b  q AC  pCB ( AC andCB have the same
d 
2 direction)
ab  q(c  a)  p(b  c) ( AC  c  a, CB  b  c)
d 
2  qc  qa  pb  pc
d  c (Use (1))  qc  pc  qa  pb
 Position vector of the midpoint of the
 (q  p)c  qa  pb
diagonal AB  Position vector of the
qa  pb
midpoint of the diagonal OC .  c Pr oved .
 Diagonals of a parallelogram bisect q p
each other. Note:
Theorem: (Ratio Theorem): 1. If C is the mid point of AB then
Let a and b be the position vectors of the p = q and the position vector of C is given by
points A and B respectively. If C divides ab
AB internally in the ratio p:q, then the c
2
Genius Series (Maths 11) 117 Unit-3 Vectors
2. If 𝑃(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) is a point in space, then
we call a, b and c the x – coordinate,
y – coordinate and z – coordinate of P.
Hence the point P whose coordinates are
(4, 5, 6) is 4 units from “O” in the direction
of OX. 5 Units from “O” in the direction of
OY. 6 units in the direction of z as shown in
the below figure:

P1 P2  PO
1  OP2  By the law of triangle
 P1 P2  OP1  OP2  AB   BA 
 P1 P2  OP2  OP1
 P1 P2  ( x2iˆ  y2 ˆj  z2 kˆ)  (x1 iˆ  y1 ˆj  z1kˆ)

 P1P2  (x 2ˆi  y2ˆj  z 2 kˆ  x1ˆi  y1ˆj  z1k)

ˆ
Position vector of a point in space:
If P(x,y,z) is any point in the space, then the  P P  x iˆ  x iˆ  y ˆj  y ˆj  z kˆ  z kˆ)
1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1

position vector OP of the point P can be  P1 P2  ( x2  x1 )iˆ  ( y2  y1 ) ˆj  ( z2  z1 )kˆ

written in the form
ie. If P1 ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and P2 ( x2 , y 2 , z2 ) are any
OP  r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ  [ x, y, z ]  x, y, z 
two points in space then
Note:
P1 P2  ( x2  x1 )iˆ  ( y2  y1 ) ˆj  ( z2  z1 )kˆ
If OP  r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ is the position vector
of the point P in space, then the scalars x, y Note: In space the unit vectors iˆ, ˆj and kˆ are
and z are called the components or given by
coordinates of the vector " r " . The unit
vectors iˆ, ˆj and kˆ are called the unit Base iˆ  iˆ  0 ˆj  0kˆ  [1, 0, 0]   1, 0, 0 
Vectors for this coordinate system. ˆj  0iˆ  ˆj  0kˆ   0,1, 0   0,1, 0 
kˆ  0iˆ  0 ˆj  kˆ   0, 0,1   0, 0,1 

Equal vectors: Two vectors

u  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj  z1kˆ and v  x2iˆ  y2 ˆj  z2 kˆ
are said to be equal if and only if they have
the same components i.e.
u v
 x1iˆ  y1 ˆj  z1kˆ  x2iˆ  y2 ˆj  z2 kˆ
Note: If P1 (x1, y1, z1) and P2 (x2, y2, z2) are  x1  x2 ,  y1  y2 , z1  z2
any two points in space as shown in the
below figure, then
Genius Series (Maths 11) 118 Unit-3 Vectors
Addition of vectors:
 | u | x 2  y 2  z 2 (Remember)
If u  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj  z1kˆ
Properties of magnitude of a vector:
and v  x2iˆ  y2 ˆj  z2 kˆ are any two vectors If u  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj  z1kˆ is any vector in space
then and k is any scalar then
  
u  v  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj  z1kˆ  x2 iˆ  y2 ˆj  z 2 kˆ  i. u  0 (The magnitude of u is a non
negative real number and therefore, a
 u  v  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj  z1kˆ  x2iˆ  y2 ˆj  z2 kˆ scalar quantity).
 u  v  x1iˆ  x2iˆ  y1 ˆj  y2 ˆj  z1kˆ  z2 kˆ ii. u  0  u  0 (Zero vector or null
 u  v   x1  x2  k   y1  y2  j   z1  z2  kˆ vector).
Subtraction: If iii. u  u (Magnitudes of u and u are
u  x1 i  y1 ˆj  z1kˆ and v  x2 i  y2 ˆj  zkˆ are equal).
any two vectors, then iv. ku  k u
  
u  v  x1 i  y1 ˆj  z1kˆ  x2 i  y2 ˆj  z 2 kˆ 
 u  v  x1 i  y1 ˆj  z1kˆ  x2 i  y2 ˆj  z2 kˆ EXERCISE 3.2
 u  v  x1 i  x2 i  y1 ˆj  y2 ˆj  z1kˆ  z 2 kˆ Q.1. If a = 3iˆ - 5jˆ and b = -2iˆ + 3j,
ˆ then
 u  v   x1  x2  i   y1  y2  ˆj   z1  z2  kˆ
find (i) a + 2b (ii) 3a - 2b (iii) 2(a - b)
Scalar multiplication:
a
If u  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ is any vector and k is any (iv) a + b (v) a - b (vi)
scalar then b

 
ku  k xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ  kxiˆ  kyjˆ  kzkˆ Sol. i. a  2b .
The given vectors are
Negative of a vector:
a  3iˆ  5 ˆj and b  2iˆ  3 ˆj. We need to
If u  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ is any vector then the
find a  2b.
negative of u is denoted by u and is
defined by: a  2b  3iˆ  5 ˆj  2(2iˆ  3 ˆj )
u  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ  a  2b  3iˆ  5 ˆj  4iˆ  6 ˆj
 u  ( xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ)  a  2b  3iˆ  4iˆ  5 ˆj  6 ˆj

 u   xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ  a  2b  iˆ  ˆj Ans.

Zero vector or null vector: ii. 3a - 2b
The zero vector or null vector in space is Sol. The given vectors are
denoted by O and is defined by a  3iˆ  5 ˆj and b  2iˆ  3 ˆj.
O  0iˆ  0 ˆj  0kˆ   0, 0, 0   0, 0, 0  We need to find 3a  2b
Magnitude of a vector: 3a  2b  3(3iˆ  5 ˆj )  2(2iˆ  3 ˆj )
If u  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ is any vector in space then  3a  2b  9iˆ  15 ˆj  4iˆ  6 ˆj
the magnitude or length or norm or absolute
 3a  2b  9iˆ  4iˆ  15 ˆj  6 ˆj
value or modulus of u is denoted by u and
is defined by:  3a  2b  13iˆ  21 ˆj Ans.
| u | xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ
Genius Series (Maths 11) 119 Unit-3 Vectors
iii. 2(a - b) 3iˆ  4 ˆj
 aˆ 
Sol. The given vectors are 5
a  3iˆ  5 ˆj and b  2iˆ  3 ˆj . 3 4
 aˆ  iˆ  ˆj Ans.
We need to find 2(a  b). 5 5
2(a  b)  2 (3iˆ  5 ˆj )  (2iˆ  3 ˆj )  (iii) ˆi + ˆj  2 kˆ
 2(a  b)  2 3iˆ  5 ˆj  2iˆ  3 ˆj  Sol. Let
a  ˆi + ˆj  2 kˆ
 2(a  b)  2 3iˆ  2iˆ  5 ˆj  3 ˆj 
Suppose â be a unit vector in the direction of
 2(a  b)  2(5iˆ  8 ˆj )
a then by definition.
 2(a  b)  10iˆ  16 ˆj Ans.
a
Q.2. Find the unit vector having the same aˆ 
direction as the vector given below: a
(i) 3iˆ (ii) 3iˆ  4jˆ (iii) ˆi + ˆj  2kˆ ˆi + ˆj  2kˆ ˆi + ˆj  2kˆ
aˆ  
ˆi + ˆj  2kˆ
3ˆ 1ˆ 1  1   2 
2 2 2
(iv) i j
2 2 ˆi + ˆj  2kˆ ˆi + ˆj  2kˆ
Sol. Let  aˆ  
a  3iˆ  1 11 4 6
1 ˆ 1 ˆ 2 ˆ
Suppose â be a unit vector in the direction of  aˆ  i+ j k Ans.
6 6 6
a then by definition
a 3ˆ 1ˆ
aˆ  (iv) i- j
a 2 2
Sol. Let
3iˆ 3i 3i 3i
 aˆ     i a
3ˆ 1ˆ
i - j   1
3i 2
3 9 3 2 2
 aˆ  i Ans. Suppose â be a unit vector in the direction of
a then by definition
(ii) Let a
aˆ 
a  3i  4 ˆj |a|
Suppose â be a unit vector in the direction of
3 iˆ  1 ˆj
a then by definition 2 2 (Use (1))
 aˆ 
aˆ 
a 3 iˆ  1 ˆj
a 2 2
3iˆ  4 ˆj 3iˆ  4 ˆj 3 iˆ  1 ˆj
 aˆ   2 2
3iˆ  4 ˆj  aˆ 
 3   4 
2 2

 
2
 3
 1
2

3iˆ  4 ˆj  2  2
 aˆ   
9  16 3 ˆ 1 ˆ
i j
3i  4 ˆj
ˆ  aˆ  2 2
 aˆ  31
25
4 4
Genius Series (Maths 11) 120 Unit-3 Vectors
3
iˆ  ˆj
1
 p
44
 Dividing both sides by 11
 aˆ  2 2

31 11
 p   4 Ans.
4
Put p  4 in (1), we get
3
iˆ  12 ˆj
 aˆ  2
4  5q  1
4
4 5q  1  4
5q  5
3
iˆ  12 ˆj
 aˆ  2 5
1 q  Dividing both sides by 5
5
3
iˆ  12 ˆj q  1 Ans.
 aˆ  2

1
Q.4. if p = 2iˆ - ˆj and q = xiˆ + 3j,
ˆ then find
 3 ˆ
â  2 i  12 ˆj Ans.
the value x such that p + q = 5 .
Q.3. If r = ˆi - 9j, ˆ a = ˆi + 2jˆ and b = 5iˆ - ˆj ,
Sol. The given vectors are
determine the real numbers p and q such
p  2iˆ  ˆj , q  xiˆ  3 ˆj
that: r = pa + qb .
The given equation is
Sol. The given vectors are
p  q  5, x  ?
a  iˆ  2 ˆj, b  5iˆ  ˆj, r  iˆ  9 ˆj
The given vectors equation is As
r  pa  qb pq 5
p  ?, q  ? 2iˆ  ˆj  xiˆ  3 ˆj  5
As
2iˆ  xiˆ  ˆj  3 ˆj  5
r  pa  qb (given)
(2  x)iˆ  2 ˆj  5
 pa  qb  r
 p(iˆ  2 ˆj )  q(5iˆ  ˆj )  iˆ  9 ˆj (2  x) 2  (2) 2  5
(2) 2  x 2  2(2)(x)  4  5
 piˆ  2 pjˆ  5qiˆ  qjˆ  iˆ  9 ˆj
 piˆ  5qiˆ  2 pjˆ  qjˆ  iˆ  9 ˆj 4  x2  4 x 4  5
  p  5q  iˆ   2 p  q  ˆj  iˆ  9 ˆj x2  4 x 8  5
Equating the coefficients of iˆ and ˆj on both  
2
x2  4 x 8   5   Squaring both sides 
2

sides, we obtain
x 2  4 x  8  25
iˆ :  1
p  5q  1 
x 2  4 x  8  25  0
ˆj : 2 p  q  9   2 x 2  4 x  17  0  Quadratic equation 
Multiplying (2) by 5, we get Here
10 p  5q  45    3 a =1, b = 4, c = -17
By quadratic formula
Adding (1) & (3), we get
p  5q  1 b  b 2  4ac
x
10 p 5q  45 2a
4   4  4(1)(17)
2
11 p  44
x
2(1)
Genius Series (Maths 11) 121 Unit-3 Vectors

4  16  68 AB
x AB 
2 AB
4  84
x 10iˆ  4 ˆj
2  AB  (Use (1) and (2))
2 29
4  4  21
x 10 ˆ 4
2

2  AB  i ˆj
4  4 21 2 29 2 29
x
2 5 ˆ 2 ˆ
 AB  i j Ans.
4  2 21 29 29
x
2 Q.6. If ABCD is a parallelogram such that
4 2 2 21 the coordinates of the vertices A, B and C
x 
2 2 are respectively given by (-2, -3), (1,4) and
(0, 5). Find the coordinates of the vertex D.
x  2  21 Ans.
Sol. The given vertices of the parallelogram
Q.5. Find the length of the vector AB ABCD are A (-2, -3), B(1, 4) and C(0,5). Let
from the point A(-3, 5) to B(7, 9) . Also the coordinates of the vertex D is (x,y).
find a unit vector in the direction of AB . Rough sketch of the problem is

Sol. The given points are A(-3, 5) and

B(7, 9).
Rough sketch of the problems is

 x1 , y1   x2 , y2 
A(3, 5) B(7, 9)
Now As diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each
AB  ( x2  x1 )iˆ  ( y2  y1 ) ˆj other, so
Midpo int of the diagonal BD  Midpo int of the diagonal AC
AB  (7  (3)iˆ  (9  5) ˆj
AB  (7  3)iˆ  4 ˆj  x  1 y  4   2  0 3  5 
 ,  , 
 1
AB  10iˆ  4 ˆj   2 2   2 2 
 x  1 y  4   2 2 
AB  10iˆ  4 ˆj  ,  , 
 2 2   2 2
AB  (10) 2  (4) 2  x 1 y  4 
 ,    1, 1
 2 2 
AB  100  16
x 1 y4
  1, 1
AB  116 2 2
 x  1  2, y4 2
AB  4  29  4 29  x  2  1, y  24
  2
AB  2 29   x  3 , y  2
Hence the coordinates of the vertex “D” are
Let AB be a unit vector in the direction of
( x, y)  (3,  2) Ans.
AB then by definition
Genius Series (Maths 11) 122 Unit-3 Vectors
Q.7. Find the components and the PQ   x2  x1  i   y2  y1  ˆj
 PQ   2   2   i   3  1 ˆj
magnitude of PQ .
(i) P(-1, 2) , Q(2, - 1)
 PQ   2  2  i   3  1 ˆj
 ii  P  -2,1 , Q  2, 3   PQ  4i  2 ˆj
 iii  P  -1,1, 2  , Q  2, -1, 3 
 iv  P  2, 4, 6  , Q 1, -2, 3   The components of PQ are 4, 2 Ans.
Now
Sol. The given points are
PQ  4i  2 ˆj
P  1, 2  and Q  2, 1
 PQ  4i  2 ˆj
The components of PQ  ?
 PQ   4   2
2 2

The magnitude of PQ  PQ  ?
 PQ  16  4
A rough sketch of the problem is
 PQ  20  4  5  4 5

 PQ  2 5
 The magnitude of PQ  2 5 Ans.
PQ   x2  x1  i   y2  y1  ˆj
 PQ   2   1  i   1  2  ˆj (iii). P(-1,1, 2), Q(2, - 1, 3)
 PQ   2  1 i   3 ˆj Sol. The given points are
P(-1, 1, 2) and Q(2, -1, 3).
 PQ  3i  3 ˆj
The components of PQ  ?
 The components of PQ are 3 and  3 Ans
The magnitude of PQ  PQ  ?
Now
PQ  3i  3 ˆj A rough sketch of the problem is
 PQ  3i  3 ˆj

 PQ   3   3
2 2

As
 PQ  9  9  18  9  2  9 2
PQ   x2  x1  i   y2  y1  ˆj   z2  z1  kˆ
 PQ  3 2  PQ   2   1  i   1  1 ˆj   3  2  kˆ
 The magnitude of PQ  3 2 Ans.  PQ   2  1 i   2  ˆj  1 kˆ
(ii) P(-2,1), Q(2, 3)  PQ  3i  2 ˆj  kˆ
Sol. The given points are  The componnts of PQ are 3,  2, 1 Ans.
P  2,1 and Q  2,3 Now
The components of PQ  ? PQ  3i  2 ˆj  kˆ
The magnitude of PQ  ?  PQ  3i  2 ˆj  kˆ
A rough sketch of the problem is
 PQ   3   2   1
2 2 2

 PQ  9  4  1
 PQ  14
As
 The magnitude of PQ  14
Genius Series (Maths 11) 123 Unit-3 Vectors
iv. P(2, 4, 6), Q(1, -2, 3) PQ  2i  3 ˆj Use 1 
 x  1 i   y   2   ˆj  2i  3 ˆj
Sol. The given points are

P(2, 4, 6) and Q(1, -2, 3) 2 2

The components of PQ  ?   x2  1 i   y2  2  ˆj  2i  3 ˆj

The magnitude of PQ  PQ  ? Equating the coefficient of i and ĵ on both
sides, we obtain
A rough sketch of the problem is
i: x2  1  2
 x2  2  1
 x2  1
ˆj : y2  2  3
As
 y2  3  2
PQ   x2  x1  i   y2  y1  ˆj   z2  z1  kˆ
 y2  1
 PQ  1  2  i   2  4  ˆj   3  6  kˆ So
 PQ  i   6  ˆj   3 kˆ Q  x2 , y2   Q  1, 1 Ans.
 PQ  i  6 ˆj  3kˆ
ii. PQ = 4,-5 , Q  -1, 1
 The components of PQ are  1, 6, 3 Ans. Sol. Given that
Now PQ   4,  5
PQ  i  6 j  3k  1
 PQ  4i  5 j 
 PQ  i  6 j  3k Ter min al point of PQ is Q  1, 1
 PQ   1   6     3 
2 2 2
Let
 PQ  1  36  9 Initial point of PQ is P  x1 , y1   ?
A rough sketch of the problem is
 PQ  46

 The magnitude of PQ  46 Ans.

Q.8. Find the initial point P or the Now

 Use 1 
terminal point Q whichever is
missing? PQ  4i  5 ˆj
(i) PQ = -2, 3 , P 1, - 2    x2  x1  i   y2  y1  ˆj  4i  5 ˆj
Sol. Given that   1  x1  i  1  y1  ˆj  4i  5 ˆj
PQ   2, 3  2i  3 ˆj 
 1 Equating the coefficient of i and ˆj on both
Initial po int of PQ is P 1,  2  sides, we obtain
Let i: 1  x1  4
Terminal point of PQ is Q  x2 , y2   ?  1  4  x1
A rough sketch of the problem is  5  x1  x1  5
ˆj : 1  y1  5
 1  5  y1
 6  y1  y1  6
So
Now The initial po int of PQ is P  x1 , y1   P  5, 6  Ans.

iii. PQ = -1, 3, - 2 , P  2, - 1, - 3 
Genius Series (Maths 11) 124 Unit-3 Vectors
Sol. Given that Now
PQ   1, 3,  2 PQ  2i  3 ˆj  4kˆ
 1
 PQ  i  3 ˆj  2kˆ   x2  x1  i   y2  y1  ˆj   z2  z1  kˆ  2i  3 ˆj  4kˆ
 3  x1  i   1  y1  ˆj   4  z1  kˆ  2i  2 ˆj  4kˆ
Initial point of PQ is P  2,  1,  3
Equating the coefficient of
Let
i, j and k on both sides, we obtain
Ter min al po int of PQ is Q  x2 , y2 , z2   ?
A rough sketch of the problem is i: 3  x1  2
 3  2  x1
 1  x1
 x1  1
ˆj :  1  y1  3
 1  3  y1
Now  2  y1
PQ  i  3 ˆj  2kˆ Use 1   y1  2
 x2  x1  i   y2  y1  ˆj   z2  z1  k  i  3 ˆj  2k
ˆ ˆ k:ˆ 4  z1  4
 x2  2  i   y2   1  j   z2   3  k  i  3 j  2k
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ  4  4  z1
 8  z1
 x2  2  i   y2  1 ˆj   z2  3 kˆ  i  3 ˆj  2kˆ  z1  8
Equating the coefficient of i, ˆj and kˆ on So
both sides, we obtain The initial po int of PQ is
i : x2  2  1 P  x1 , y1 , z1   P 1, 2,8  Ans.
 x2  1  2
Q.9. If a = ˆi + ˆj + kˆ , b = 4iˆ - 2jˆ + 3kˆ
 x2  1
ˆj : y 2  1  3 c = ˆi - 2jˆ + kˆ . Find a vector of magnitude 6
 y2  3  1 unit which is parallel to 2a - b + 3c .
 y2  2 Sol. The given vectors are
kˆ : z2  3  2 a  i  ˆj  kˆ, b  4i  2 ˆj  3kˆ and
 z 2  2  3 c  i  2 ˆj  kˆ
 z 2  5 Let
So
v  2a  b  3c
Ter min al po int of PQ is Q  x2 , y2 , z2   Q 1, 2,  5

iv. PQ =  2,-3,-4 , Q  3, - 1, 4 
    
 v  2 i  ˆj  kˆ  4i  2 ˆj  3kˆ  3 i  2 ˆj  kˆ 
 v  2i  2 ˆj  2kˆ  4i  2 ˆj  3kˆ  3i  6 ˆj  3kˆ
Sol. Given that
 v  2i  4i  3i  2 ˆj  2 ˆj  6 ˆj  2kˆ  3kˆ  3kˆ
PQ   2,  3,  4  v  i  2 ˆj  2kˆ   1
 PQ  2i  3 ˆj  4kˆ  1  ˆ
v  i  2 j  2k ˆ

Ter min al po int of PQ is Q  3,  1, 4 

 v  1   2    2 
2 2 2

Let
Initial point of PQ is P  x1 , y1 , z1   v  1 4  4
A rough sketch of the problem is  v  9
  2
 v  3 
Genius Series (Maths 11) 125 Unit-3 Vectors

Let v be a unit vector in the direction of v ,

then
v
v
v
i  2 ˆj  2kˆ
 v
3
Use 1 and  2  
i  2 ˆj  2kˆ
 v
3
 
  3 Direction of v 
Ratio formula for internal division is given by
Let u be the required vector, then nOP  mOQ
OR 
  4
u  6   Given  nm
If u is parallel to v then
 OR 
  
1 i  2 ˆj  kˆ  2 i  ˆj  kˆ 
Direction of u  direction of v 1 2
i  2 ˆj  kˆ  2i  2 ˆj  2kˆ
i  2 ˆj  2kˆ  OR 
Direction of u     5  Use  3  3
3
i  2i  2 ˆj  2 ˆj  2kˆ  kˆ
Now  OR 

u  u Direction of u  ˆ
i  4 j  k ˆ
3

 i  2 ˆj  2kˆ   OR 
 u  62 
  Use  4  and  5   3
 3  1 4ˆ 1ˆ
 OR   i  j  k Ans.

 u  2 i  2 ˆj  2kˆ  3 3 4
(b) External division:
 u  2i  4 ˆj  4kˆ Ans.
If R divides the line joining the points P and
Q.10. Find the position vector of a point R Q externally in the ratio 2:1, then a rough
which divides the line joining the points sketch of the problem is
whose position vectors are P i + 2j - k̂  
and 
Q i + j + k̂  in the ratio 2:1
internally and externally.
Sol. (a) Internal division: Given that
Position vector of point P is OP  i  2 ˆj  kˆ
Position vector of point Q is OQ  i  ˆj  kˆ
R divides the line joining the points P and Q Ratio formula for external division is given by
internally in the ratio 2:1
So m = 2, n = 1. mOQ  nOP
OR 
Let mn
Position vector of point R is OR  ?  OR 
  
2 i  ˆj  kˆ  1 i  2 ˆj  kˆ 
2 1
A rough sketch of the problem is
2i  2 ˆj  2kˆ  i  2 ˆj  kˆ
 OR 
1
 OR  2i  i  2 ˆj  2 ˆj  2kˆ  kˆ
 OR  3i  3kˆ Ans.
Genius Series (Maths 11) 126 Unit-3 Vectors
Q.11. Find the position vectors of the point (ii) Sol. Given that
of division of the line segments joining
Position vector of po int E is OE  2i  3 ˆj
(i) point C with position vector 5 j and
Position vector of F po int is OF  3i  2 ˆj
point D with position vector 4i + j in the
Let
ratio 2:5 internally.
B be the point which divides the line segment
(ii) Point E with position vector 2i - 3j joining the points E and F externally in the
and point F with position vector ratio 4:3 (i.e. m = 4, n = 3)
3i + 2j in the ratio 4:3 externally. Position vector of point B is OB  ?
Sol. (i) Given that A rough sketch of the problem is
Position vector of point C is OC  5 ˆj

Position vector of point D is OD  4i  ˆj

Let
A be the point which divides the line
Segment joining the points C and D internally
in the ratio 2:5 (i.e. m = 2, n = 5)
Position vector of point A is OA  ?
A rough sketch of the problem is
Ratio formula for internal division is given by
mOF  nOE
OB 
mn

 OB 
  
4 3i  2 ˆj  3 2i  3 ˆj 
43
12i  8 ˆj  6i  9 ˆj
 OB 
1
Ratio formula for internal division is given by  OB  12i  6i  8 ˆj  9 ˆj
mOD  nOC  OB  6i  17 ˆj Ans.
OA 
mn
Q.12. Find , so that
 OA 
   
2 4i  ˆj  5 5 ˆj
αiˆ + (α + 1)ˆj + 2kˆ = 3
25
Sol. Given that
8i  2 ˆj  25 ˆj  i    1 ˆj  2kˆ  3,   ?
 OA 
7
  2    1   2   3
2 2
8i  27 ˆj
 OA 
7   2   2  2  1  4  3
8 27 ˆ  2 2  2  5  3
 OA  i  j Ans.
7 7 Squaring both sides

 
2
 2 2  2  5   3
2

 2 2  2  5  9
Genius Series (Maths 11) 127 Unit-3 Vectors
 2  2  5  9  0
2 3 z  0
 2 2  2  4  0  z  3 Ans.
  2    2  0  dividing by 2  Q.14. The position vectors of the points
  2    2  2  0 A,B,C, and D are
    1  2   1  0 ˆ 3iˆ + ˆj, 2iˆ + 4j-
2iˆ - ˆj + k, ˆ 2kˆ and -i - 2jˆ + kˆ

   1  2   0 respectively show that AB is parallel to

   1  0,   2  0 CD .
   1,   2 Sol. Given that
So   1,  2 Ans. The position vector of the point A is
OA  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  1
Note: Book answer is wrong.
The position vector of the point B is
Q.13. If u = 2iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ , v = ˆi + 3jˆ - kˆ , OB  3i  ˆj    2
w = ˆi  6jˆ + zkˆ represent the sides of a The position vector of the point C is
triangle. Find the value of z.   3
OC  2i  4 ˆj  2kˆ 
Sol. The given vectors are
The position vector of the point D is
u  2i  3 ˆj  4kˆ
  4
OD  i  2 ˆj  kˆ 
v  i  3 ˆj  kˆ
w  i  6 ˆj  zkˆ We need to show that AB || CD
Let ABC be a triangle. Suppose the sides of To find AB :
the triangle ABC are such that
AB  u  2i  3 ˆj  4kˆ
BC  v  i  3 ˆj  kˆ
CA  w  i  6 ˆj  zkˆ
A rough sketch of the problem is
From OAB, we have
AB  AO  OB  By the law of triangle 
 AB  OA  OB  PQ  QP 
 AB  OB  OA

Now

 AB  3i  ˆj  2i  ˆj  kˆ  Use 1 and  2 
 AB  3i  ˆj  2i  ˆj  kˆ
AB  BC  AC  By head to tail rule 
 AB  3i  2i  ˆj  ˆj  k
 AB  BC   CA  AB   BA   AB  i  2 ˆj  kˆ    5
 AB  BC  CA  O
 uvwO
     
To find CD :
 2i  3 ˆj  4kˆ  i  3 ˆj  kˆ  i  6 ˆj  zkˆ  O
 2i  i  i  3 ˆj  3 ˆj  6 ˆj  4kˆ  kˆ  zkˆ  O
  2  1  1 i   3  3  6  ˆj   4  1  z  kˆ  O
  2  2  i   6  6  ˆj   3  z  kˆ  O
 0i  0 ˆj   3  z  kˆ  0i  0 ˆj  0kˆ

Equating the coefficient of k on both sides,

From  OCD, we have
we obtain
Genius Series (Maths 11) 128 Unit-3 Vectors
CD  CO  OD  By the law of triangle  Note:
 CD  OC  OD  PQ  QP  i. The dot product of two vectors is
 CD  OD  OC always a number (scalar), so dot
 
 CD  i  2 ˆj  kˆ  2i  4 ˆj  2kˆ Use  3 and  4  
product of two vectors is also called
scalar product or inner product.
 CD  i  2 ˆj  kˆ  2i  4 ˆj  2kˆ

 CD  i  2i  2 ˆj  4 ˆj  kˆ  2kˆ ii. a.b  0  ve  if 0    and
 CD  3i  6 ˆj  3kˆ 2

 CD  3 i  2 ˆj  kˆ  a.b  0  ve  , if

    , where 
 CD  3 AB Use  5  2
 3 AB  CD is the angle between a and b .
1
 AB   CD  Dividing by  3 iii. a.b  0, if  = 90o.
3
 AB || CD  a  kb  a b  iv. a.b  a b , if   0o
i.e AB and CD are parallel. Hence proved .
v. a.b   | a | | b |, if =180o.
Dot product or scalar product of two
vectors: Let vi. a.a | a | 2 .

a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ , b  b1iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ vii. | a |  a.a

are any two vectors, then their dot or scalar
viii. iˆ . iˆ  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ.kˆ  1
product is denoted by a. b and is defined by
ix. iˆ. ˆj  ˆj.kˆ  kˆ.iˆ  0
a  b  a1b1  a2 b2  a3b3 . x. a.b  b.a (dot product is commutative)
If  is the angle between a and b then their xi. a.(b  c)  a.b  a.c Dot product is distributive 
dot product can also be defined as
xii. (ka).b  k (a.b)  a.(kb), k  R .
a.b  a b cos  , 0    180 0
xiii. a.b  0  a  b.

 a b cos   a.b Theorem: Prove that a is orthogonal

(perpendicular) to b if and only if a.b = 0
Proof: Suppose a is orthogonal to b
a.b
 cos    Remember  (i.e.  = 90o, where “” is the angle between
a b a and b ).

We need to show that a.b  0 .

As
a.b  a b cos

 a.b | a | | b | cos 90o

 a.b | a | | b |  0  ( cos90o  0)

 a.b  0 Proved.
Genius Series (Maths 11) 129 Unit-3 Vectors
Conversely: Suppose a.b  0. We need to
Direction angles and direction cosines of a
show that a is orthogonal to b (i.e. a  b ).
vector:
As
a.b  | a | | b | cos 

 | a | | b | cos   a.b

 | a | | b | cos   0  a.b  0, By hypothesis 

0
 cos  
| a ||b|
 cos   0
   cos 1 (0) Let OP  r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ be a non-zero
   90o  0    1800  vector in the space. Let  ,  and  be the

 a  b (i.e. a and b are orthogonal) angles which the vector r makes with the
positive direction of x-axis, y-axis and
Hence a is orthogonal to b if and only if z-axis respectively (i.e. the coordinate axes)
where each of these angles lies between 0 and
a.b  0
 (i.e. 0   ,  ,    )  ,  , and  are
Work done by a constant force: called the direction angles and cos,
If a constant force " F " acts on an object cos  , cos  are called the direction cosines
during any interval of time and the object of the vector r denoted by , m and n
undergoes a displacement " S " , then the respectively i.e
work done “W” on the object by the force
 cos  , m  cos  , n  cos 
" F " is defined as
From the above figure, we have three right
W  F. S angled triangles OAP, OBP and OCP, from
these triangles, we obtained:
Or W  | F | | S | cos   cos  
x

x (in right triangle OAP)
|r| x  y2  z2
2
Where “” is the angle between
y y (in right triangle OBP)
" F " and " S ". m  cos   
|r| x y z
2 2 2

z z
n  (In right triangle OCP)
|r| x  y2  z2
2

Theorem .
If ,  and  are the direction angles of a
Note: Angle between two vectors is the
vector r then cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   1
angle between their directions.
Proof: Given that ,  and  are the direction
angles of the vector r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ . We
need to show that
cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   1 .
Genius Series (Maths 11) 130 Unit-3 Vectors
If ,  and  the direction angles of the vector x y
 rˆ  iˆ  ˆj
r , then cos, cos and cos are the direction x y z
2 2 2
x  y2  z2
2

cosines of the vector r given by z

 kˆ
cos  
x
 i 
 x  y2  z2
2

x  y2  z2
2

 r̂  iˆ  mjˆ  nkˆ where , m, n are

y
cos     ii 
 the direction cosines of the vectors r .
x  y2  z2
2

z Note:
cos     iii 

x y z
2 2 2 If r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ is any vector in space then

Squaring and adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we get the direction cosines of r can be obtained as
2
  x y z
 cos  
2
  cos     cos    
2 2 x
  , m ,n
 x2  y 2  z 2  |r| |r| |r|
 
2 2
 y   z 
   
 x2  y 2  z 2   x2  y 2  z 2  Direction numbers or direction ratios:
   
If r  OP  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ is the position vector
of any point P(x, y,z) in space and cos, cos,
 cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   and cos are the direction cosines of the
vector r . If p is a positive constant number,
x2 y2 z2
 2  2 then pcos, p cos and p cos are called the
x y z
2 2 2
x y z
2 2
x  y2  z2 direction numbers or the direction ratios of
x 2
 y2  z2  the vector r (i.e. any three numbers which
 Cos   Cos 2  cos
2 2 2
 are proportional to the direction cosines of a
x 2
 y2  z2  vector are called the direction numbers or the
direction ratios of the vector.
 cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   1 Proved. The direction ratios of a vector are used to
specify the direction of the vector.
Note:
As In particular if r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ is any vectors
 cos  , m  cos  and n  cos  so, then the scalars x,y and z are the direction
2
 m2  n2  cos 2   cos 2   cos 2  ratios or direction numbers of the vector r .

 2
 m2  n2  1 (Use the above theorem) Theorem: For non-collinear vectors
Note: a and b , find the form of any vector r lying
If r̂ be a unit in the direction of vector
in the plane determined by a and b .
r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ then
Proof: Let the initial points of the
non- collinear vectors a and b coincide at
r xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ
rˆ    “O”, so they form a plane. Let r be any
|r| | xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ | x2  y 2  z 2
vector lying in the plane a and b and its
initial point is coincident with the initial point
of a and b at “O”. Complete the
Genius Series (Maths 11) 131 Unit-3 Vectors
parallelogram OCPD by extending the lines a.b a.b
of vectors a and b if necessary as shown in  | OC | | a | ( cos   )
|a| |b| | a ||b|
the figure. Then
a.b
 | OC | (Projection of a on b )
|b|
Hence
a.b
Pr ojection of a on b  , similarly
|b|
a.b
Pr ojection of b on a 
OC  p(OA)  p a |a|
OD  q(OB)  qb, where p and q are scalars.
Using parallelogram law of vector addition EXERCISE 3.3
OP  OC  OD Q.1. If a = 3iˆ + 4jˆ - kˆ , b = ˆi - ˆj + 3kˆ and
r  pa  qb c = 2iˆ + j- 5kˆ , then find
Which is the required form of r . i  a.b  ii  a.c  iii  
a. b + c 
Projection of one vector on another: (iv) (2a + 3b).c (v) (a - b).c
Let OA and OB are any two vectors making
Sol. (i). a.b
angle “” with each other as shown in the The given vectors are
figure.
a  3iˆ  4 ˆj  kˆ   i 
  ii 
b  iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ 
a.b  ?
a.b  (3iˆ  4 ˆj  kˆ)  (iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ) Use  i  and  ii  

 a.b   31   4  1   1 3

 a.b  3  4  3
 a.b   4 Ans.
Let
(ii) a.c
OA  a and OB  b .
Sol. The given vectors are
Draw a perpendicular from point A on OB   i  and
a  3iˆ  4 ˆj  kˆ 
which intersect OB at point C, then | OC | is
  ii 
c  2iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ 
called projection of a on b .
a.c  ?
From right OCA, we have
a.c  (3iˆ  4 ˆj  kˆ).(2iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ) (Use (i) and (ii))
| OC |
 cos 
| OA |  a.c   3 2   4 1   1 5
 | OC | | OA | cos   a.c  6  4  5
 | OC | | a | cos  ( OA  a)  a.c  15 Ans.
Genius Series (Maths 11) 132 Unit-3 Vectors
(iii) a.(b + c) (v) a - b   c
Sol. The given vectors are Sol. The given vectors are
 i 
a  3iˆ  4 ˆj  kˆ 
 i 
a  3iˆ  4 j  kˆ 
ˆ
b  iˆ  ˆj  3k    ii 
b  iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ   ii 
ˆ ˆ
c  2i  j  5k ˆ   iii 
a . (b  c)  ?   iii 
c  2iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ 

  
b  c  iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ  2iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ  Use ii  and iii  a  b  c  ?
 b  c  iˆ  2iˆ  ˆj  ˆj  3kˆ  5kˆ    
a  b  3iˆ  4 ˆj  kˆ  iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ Use  i  and  ii  

   iv 
b  c  3iˆ  0 ˆj  2kˆ   a  b  3iˆ  4 ˆj  kˆ  iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ
Now  a  b  3iˆ  iˆ  4 ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  3kˆ
   
a. b  c  3iˆ  4 ˆj  kˆ  3iˆ  0 ˆj  2kˆ  Use i  and (iv)     iv 
a  b  2iˆ  5 ˆj  4kˆ 
 
 a. b  c   3 3   4  0    1 2  Now
 a.  b  c   9  0  2  a  b  .c   2iˆ  5 ˆj  4kˆ    2iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ 
 a.  b  c   11 Ans. (Use (iii) and (iv))
 
 a  b .c   2  2    5 1   4  5 
(iv)  2a + 3b   c   a  b  .c  4  5  20

  a  b  .c  29 Ans.
Sol. The given vectors are
a  3iˆ  4 ˆj  kˆ  i 
ˆ ˆ ˆ
b  i  j  3k    ii  Q.2. Write a unit vector in the direction of
  iii 
c  2iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ  the sum of the vectors.
a = 2iˆ + 2jˆ - 5kˆ and b = 2iˆ + ˆj - 7kˆ .
 2a  3b   c  ? Sol. The given vectors are
  
2a  3b  2 3iˆ  4 ˆj  kˆ  3 iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ  Use i  and ii   a  2i  2 ˆj  5kˆ, b  2i  ˆj  7kˆ
 2a  3b  6iˆ  8 ˆj  2kˆ  3iˆ  3 ˆj  9kˆ Let
 2a  3b  6iˆ  3iˆ  8 ˆj  3 ˆj  2kˆ  9kˆ c  ab
 c  2i  2 ˆj  5kˆ  2i  ˆj  7kˆ
   iv 
2a  3b  9iˆ  5 ˆj  7 kˆ 
 c  2i  2i  2 ˆj  ˆj  5kˆ  7kˆ
 1
Now
 c  4i  3 ˆj  12kˆ 
 iii  
 2a  3b   c  9iˆ  5 ˆj  7kˆ    2iˆ  ˆj  5kˆ  Use
and  iv   ˆ
 c  4i  3 j  12k ˆ

  2a  3b   c  9  2   51   7  5  c   4
2
  3   12 
2 2

  2a  3b   c  18  5  35  c  16  9  144
  2a  3b   c  23  35  c  169

  2a  3b   c  12 Ans.   2
 c  13 
Let
c be a unit vector in direction of c ,then
Genius Series (Maths 11) 133 Unit-3 Vectors

c  = Angle between a and b =?

c
c As
a.b
4i  3 ˆj  12kˆ Cos 
c
13
 Use 1 and  2   | a |.| b |
4 3
c  i  ˆj  kˆ
12
 Cos 
 3i  4 ˆj  0kˆ  .  0i  2 ˆj  5kˆ 
13 13 13
Which is the required unit vector in the 3i  4 ˆj  0kˆ 0i  2 ˆj  5kˆ
direction of the sum of the given vectors.  3 0   4  2   0  5 
 Cos 
Q.3. Find the angle between the following 32  42  02 02  22   5 
2

pair of vectors.
080
 i  i - j + kˆ, - i + j + 2kˆ  Cos 
9  16  0 0  4  25
 ii  3i + 4j, 2j - 5kˆ
8
 iii  2i - 3kˆ, i + j + kˆ  Cos 
25 29
Sol (i). Let 8
 Cos 
a  i  ˆj  kˆ, b  i  ˆj  2kˆ 5 29
and  Cos  0.29711
  Angle between a and b  ?    Cos 1  0.29711
As    72.7o
Cos 
a.b    73o  Approximately  Ans.
| a || b |

 Cos 
 
i  ˆj  kˆ . i  ˆj  2kˆ  (iii) 2i - 3kˆ, i + j + kˆ
Sol. Let
i  ˆj  kˆ i  ˆj  2kˆ
a  2i  3kˆ  2i  0 ˆj  3kˆ
1 1   11  1 2  b  i  ˆj  kˆ and
 Cos 
1   1  1  1  1   2 
2 2 2 2 2 2

 = Angle between a and b =?

1  1  2
 Cos  As
111 11 4
2  2 Cos 
a.b
 Cos 
3 6 | a |.| b |

 Cos 
0
3 6  Cos 
 2i  0 ˆj  3kˆ i  ˆj  kˆ 
0 2i  0 ˆj  3kˆ i  ˆj  kˆ
 Cos 
18
2 1  0 1   31
 Cos  0  Cos 
   Cos 1  0  22  02   3 12  12  12
2

   90o Ans. 203

 Cos 
(ii). 3i + 4j, 2j - 5k̂ 4  0  9 111
1 1 1
Sol. Let  Cos   
a  3i  4 ˆj  3i  4 ˆj  0kˆ 13 3 13  3 39
1
b  2 j  5kˆ  0i  2 ˆj  5kˆ  Cos 
And 39
Genius Series (Maths 11) 134 Unit-3 Vectors
 Cos  0.160128  b.c  0
  Cos 1  0.160128 

   99.2o
 
 2i  ˆj  kˆ xi  y ˆj  z kˆ  0 
   99o  Approximately  Ans.  2  x   1 y    1 z   0
  3
 2 x  y  z  0 
Q.4. Show that
ˆi + 7jˆ + 3kˆ is perpendicular to both Adding (2) and (3), we obtain
x  2y  z  0
ˆi - ˆj + 2kˆ and 2iˆ + ˆj - 3kˆ .
2x  y  z  0
Sol. Let
3x  3 y 0
a  iˆ  7 ˆj  3kˆ, b  iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ and
 x y 0  Dividing by 3
c  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ
   4
x   y 
Now
y  t , t  R. then
  
Let
a  b  iˆ  7 ˆj  3kˆ  iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ
 1 7  6  7  7  0
x  t Use  4
Put x  t , y  t in (2), we obtain
 ab  0
t  2t  z  0
 a  b Pr oved .
 tz0
Now  z  t
 
a  c  iˆ  7 ˆj  3kˆ  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ  Put x  t , y  t , z  t in (1), we obtain
a  c  27 9  99  0 c  ti  t j  tk , t  R. Ans.
ac 0 Which is the required vector that is
orthogonal to both a and b .
 ac Proved.
Note: Book answer is wrong.
Q.5. Let a = ˆi + 2jˆ + kˆ and b = 2iˆ + ˆj - kˆ .
Q.6. Let a = ˆi + 3j- 4kˆ and b = 2iˆ - 3jˆ + 5kˆ
Find a vector that is orthogonal to both a
Find the value of m, so that a + mb is
and b .
Sol. Given that orthogonal to  i  a and  ii  b .
a  i  2 ˆj  kˆ and b  2i  ˆj  kˆ Sol. Given that
Let a  i  3 ˆj  4 kˆ and b  2i  3 ˆj  5 kˆ
 1
c  xi  yjˆ  zkˆ  Let
be the required vector which is c  a  mb
perpendicular to both a and b . 
 c  i  3 ˆj  4 kˆ  m 2i  3 ˆj  5kˆ 
Now
 c  i  3 ˆj  4kˆ  2mi  3m ˆj  5m kˆ
ac
 c  i  2mi  3 ˆj  3m ˆj  5m kˆ  4 kˆ
 a.c  0
 c  i 1  2m  i   3  3m  ˆj   5m  4  kˆ
 
 i  2 ˆj  kˆ  xi  y ˆj  z kˆ  0 (i) if a  c, m=?
 1 x    2  y   1 z   0
 a.c  0
  2
 x  2 y  z  0 
Now
  
 i  3 ˆj  4 kˆ  1  2m  i   3  3m  ˆj   5m  4  kˆ   0

 11  2m   3  3  3m    4  5m  4   0
bc
Genius Series (Maths 11) 135 Unit-3 Vectors
 1  2m  9  9m  20m  16  0 8 15  8 7
 1  9  16  2m  9m  20m  0  a.b  3   
 26  27 m  0
5 5 5
 27 m  26 7
 27 m  26  Multiplying by -1
 a.b   1

5
26
 m  Dividing by 27  Now
27 3ˆ 4ˆ
So a  0i j k
26
2 5
m Ans. 3ˆ 4ˆ
27  a  0i  j  k
2 5
(ii) If b  c , m=? 2 2
 3 4
 a  0    
2
 b.c  0
  2i  3 ˆj  5 kˆ  . 1  2m  i   3  3m  ˆj   5m  4  kˆ   0
 2 5
 
 2 1  2m   3  3  3m   5  5m  4   0
9 16
 a  0 
 2  4m  9  9m  25m  20  0 4 25
 2  9  20  4m  9m  25m  0 9 16
 27  38m  0  a  
 38m  27 4 25
27 225  64 289
 m  Dividing by 38   a  
38 100 100
27
So m Ans.  17 
2
38  a   
 10 
Q.7. i. Given the vectors a and b
17
as follows:  a     2
-3 4 10
(i) a = ˆj + kˆ, b = i - 2 ˆj - 2 kˆ
2 5 Now
(ii) a = -3i + ˆj + 2kˆ, b = -i - ˆj + 5 kˆ b  i  2 ˆj  2kˆ
Find in each case the projection of a on b  b  iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ
and of b on a .
 b  1   2     2 
2 2 2
(i) Sol. Given that
-3 ˆ 4 ˆ 3 4
a= j + k ,  0i  ˆj  kˆ, b  i  2 ˆj  2 kˆ
2 5 2 5  b  1 4  4  9  3
Projection of a on b =?
Projection of b on a =?    3
b  3 
Now Now


3
2
4 
5 

a.b   0i  ˆj  kˆ  . i  2 ˆj  2kˆ  Projection of a on b 
a.b
 
1
 a.b  
b  b
 3   
4
 
 a.b   0 1     2     2 
5
71
 Pr ojection of a on b    Use 1 and  3 
 2  5 3
8 7
 a.b  0  3   Projection of a on b  Ans.
5 15
Genius Series (Maths 11) 136 Unit-3 Vectors
Now a.b
  Projection of a on b 
a.b 1 |b|
Projection of b on a   a.b  
a a 4

Use 1 and  3 

12
   Pr ojection of a on b 
3 3
 1 
7  17  4
 Pr ojection of b on a    Use 1 and  2    Projection of a on b  Ans.
5  10  3
 
  Now
2
7 10 14 a.b
 Projection of b on a    Projection of b on a 
5 17 17 |a|
Use 1 and  2
14 12
 Projection of b on a  Ans.  Pr ojection of b on a 
17 14
12
(ii) Sol. Given that  Pr ojection of b on a  Ans.
14
a  3i  ˆj  2kˆ, b  i  ˆj  5 kˆ
Q.8. What is the cosine of the angle which
Projection of a on b =?
the vector 2iˆ + ˆj + kˆ makes with y-axis?
Projection of b on a =?
Sol. Let
Now
a  2 i  ˆj  kˆ and
 
a.b  3i  ˆj  2kˆ . i  ˆj  5kˆ  b  ˆj  unit vector along y-axis 
 a.b   3 1  1 1   2  5   b  0i  ˆj  0 kˆ
 a.b  3  1  10  13  1  12 Let
 a.b  12   1   Angle between a and b
Now Cos  ?
As
a  3i  ˆj  2 kˆ
a.b
 | a | | 3i  ˆj  2 kˆ | Cos 
| a ||b|
 | a |  3  1   2 
2 2 2

 Cos 
 
2 i  ˆj  kˆ . 0i  ˆj  0kˆ 
 | a | 9  1  4  14
2 i  ˆj  kˆ 0i  ˆj  0 kˆ
 | a | 14    2
Now
 Cos 
 2   0  11  1 0
b  i  ˆj  5 kˆ  2   1  1 0  1  0
2 2 2 2 2 2

 b  i  ˆj  5 kˆ
0 1 0
 b   1   1   5
2 2 2
 Cos 
2 11 0 1 0
 b  1  1  25  27  Cos 
1

1

1
4 1  2 1 2
 b  93  9 3 1
 Cos  Ans.
  3
 b  3 3  2

Now
Genius Series (Maths 11) 137 Unit-3 Vectors
Q.9. A force F = 2iˆ + 3jˆ + kˆ acts through a Q.11. (i) show that the vectors
a = 3iˆ - 2jˆ + kˆ , b = ˆi - 3jˆ + 5kˆ
displacement S = 2iˆ + ˆj - kˆ . Find the work
done. and c = 2iˆ + ˆj - 4kˆ form a right triangle.
Sol. Given that
(ii) Show that the points
Force  F  2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ P = 1, 0,1 , Q = 1,1,1 and R = 1,1, 0 
Displacement  S  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ
form a right isosceles triangle.
Work Done  W  ? Sol. (i) Given that
As
a  3i  2 ˆj  kˆ, b  i  3 ˆj  5 kˆ
W  F S
 
 W  2i  3 ˆj  kˆ . 2i  ˆj  kˆ  and c  2i  ˆj  4 kˆ
 W   2  2    31  1 1 We need to show that the vectors a, b and c
 W  4  3 1 form a right triangle.
 W  6 units. Ans. Now
a  3i  2 ˆj  kˆ
Q.10. Find the work done by the force
F = 2iˆ + 3jˆ + kˆ in the displacement of an  a  3i  2 ˆj  kˆ
object from a point A  -2, 1, 2  to the point  a   3   2   1  9  4  1
2 2 2

B  5, 0, 3  .  a  14

 14 
Sol. The given force is 2 2
 a 
F  2i  3 ˆj  kˆ
 1
2

The given po int s are A  2, 1, 2  , B  5, 0, 3  a  14 

Now
Work done by the given force F in displacing
the object from point A to the po int B  W  ? b  i  3 ˆj  5 kˆ
A rough sketch of the problem is  b  i  3 ˆj  5 kˆ

 b  1   3    5 
2 2 2

 b  1  9  25

 b  35

S  AB  
2 2
b  35
 S   x2  x1  i   y2  y1  ˆj   z2  z1  kˆ
  2
2
 b  35 
 S   5   2   i   0  1 ˆj   3  2  kˆ
Now
 S   5  2  i   1 ˆj  1 kˆ
c  2i  ˆj  4 kˆ
 S  7i  ˆj  kˆ
As  c  2i  j  4k
W  F S  c   2   1
2 2
  4 
2

 
 W  2i  3 ˆj  kˆ 7i  ˆj  kˆ   c  4  1  16
 W   2  7    3 1  11
 c  21
 W  14  3  1  15  3  12
 W  12 units. Ans.
Genius Series (Maths 11) 138 Unit-3 Vectors

   b   x3  x2  i   y3  y2  ˆj   z3  z2  kˆ
2 2
 c  21
2
  3
 c  21   b  1  1 i  1  1 ˆj   0  1 kˆ

Adding (1) and (3), we obtain  b  0i  0 ˆj  kˆ

2 2  b  0i  0 ˆj  kˆ
a  c  14  21
 b  0   0    1  0  0  1
2 2 2 2 2
 a  c  35
 b  1
Use  2  
2 2 2
 a c b
Which is Pythagoras theorem   ii 
 b  1 
 b  1  Squaring both sides 
2
 The vectors a, b and c form the sides of
2

a right angle triangle hence proved.

  2
2
 b  1 
(ii). Sol. The given points are
Let
P  1, 0,1 , Q  1,1,1 and R  1,1, 0 
c  PR
We need to show that the given points form a
right isosceles triangle.  c   x3  x1  i   y3  y1  ˆj   z3  z1  kˆ
A sketch of the problem is
 c  1  1 i  1  0  ˆj   0  1 kˆ
 c  0i  ˆj  kˆ
 c  0i  ˆj  kˆ

 c   0   1   1
2 2 2

 c  0 11
 c  2

 2  Squaring both sides 

2 2
 c 

  3
2
 c  2 
Let
Adding (1) and (2), we obtain
a  PQ 2 2
a  b  11
 a   x2  x1  i   y2  y1  ˆj   z2  z1  kˆ 2 2
a  b 2
 a  1  1 i  1  0  ˆj  1  1 kˆ
  4  Use  3 
2 2 2
 a  0i  ˆj  0 kˆ a  b  c 

 a  0i  ˆj  0 kˆ  0  1   0  Which is Pythagoras theorem.

2 2 2

From (i) and (ii), we obtain

 a  0 1 0  1
a  b   5
 i 
 a  1 
From (4) and (5), the vectors a, b and c form
 a  1  Squaring both sides 
2 2
the sides of a right isosceles triangle. i.e. The
given points form a right isosceles triangle.
 1
2
 a  1 
Let
b  QR
Genius Series (Maths 11) 139 Unit-3 Vectors
Q.12. Prove that the angle in a semi- circle ABC as shown in the below figure. Let
is a right angle. OE and OD are right bisectors of the
Sol. Consider a semicircle APB with center
O. P is any point on the semicircle and sides AB and BC respectively.
AB is the diameter as shown in the
below figure.

We need to show that

mAPB  90o
From  AOP Suppose the right bisectors OE and OD
 1  By the law of triangle 
PA  PO  OA  intersect each other at the point “O”.
Join “F” with “O”.
From  BOP
 OF is a bisector of the side AC . So we
PB  PO  OB  By the law of triangle 
only need to show that OF  AC .
 PB  PO  BO   2   AB   BA  Let
Also OA  a, OB  b and OC  c.
  3  Radii of the same semicircle 
BO  OA  PO  r 
 1
AB  OB  OA  b  a 
  2
BC  OC  OB  c  b 
Taking dot product of (1) and (2), we obtain.
  3
AC  OC  OA  c  a 
  
PA.PB  PO  OA  PO  BO Use 1 and  2  
Now

 PA.PB  PO  OA . PO  OA   BO  OA  From  OAB, we have, by midpoint formula
OA  OB
 PA.PB  PO.PO  PO.OA  OA.PO  OA.OA
2 2
OD 
2

D is midpoint of AB 
 PA.PB  PO  PO.OA  PO.OA  OA
ab
 2
a.a  a and a.b  b.a   OD 
2
   4
From  OBC, we have, by midpoint formula
2 2
 PA.PB  PO  OA OB  OC
 PA.PB  r 2  r 2 Use  3 
OE 
2

E is midpoint of BC 
bc
 PA.PB  0  OE    5
2
 PA  PB From  OAC, we have, by midpoint formula
 APB  90o
OA  OC
Hence angle in a semicircle is a right angle. OF 
2

F is midpoint of AC 
Q.13. Prove that perpendicular bisectors
ac
of the sides of a triangle are concurrent.  OF    6
Sol. Let ABC be a triangle. Suppose D, E 2
and F are the midpoints of the sides As
AB, BC and AC respectively of the triangle OD  AB  OD is right bi sec tor of the side AB 
Genius Series (Maths 11) 140 Unit-3 Vectors

 OD. AB  0  a .b  0  a  b  The cross or vector product of two vectors:

 ab Let a  a1iˆ  a1 ˆj  a3 kˆ and
  
 . b  a  0 Use 1 and  4  
 2  b  b iˆ  b ˆj  b kˆ are any two vectors then
1 2 3

  b  a  . b  a   0  Multiplying by 2  their cross or vector product is denoted by

a  b and is defined by
 b.b  b.a  a.b  a.a  0
2 2  a . b  b . a and  iˆ ˆj kˆ
 b  a.b  a.b  a  0  
a  b  a1
2
 A .A  A  a2 a3 (Remember)
 
 b 2  a 2  0   7 b1 b2 b3
As
 OE is right bi sec tor 
If  = angle between a and b then the cross
OE  BC   or vector product can also be defined as
 of the side BC 
 OE.BC  0  a .b  0  a  b  a  b | a | | b | sin  nˆ
bc
   
 . c  b  0 Use  5  and  2  
 2 
  
 b  c c  b  0  Multiplying by 2 
 b.c  b.b  c.c  c.b  0

2 2  a . b  b . a and 
 b.c  b  c  b.c  0  2 
 A .A  A 
 
2 2
 c  b 0

 8
 c 2  b 2  0   2
A  A2 
Adding (7) and (8), we obtain Where n̂ is a unit vector in the direction of
b2  a 2  c2  b2  0 a  b which is perpendicular to the plane
 c2  a2  0 determined by a and b.
  
 ca . ca  0
Prove that a ×b = -b × a .
  a  c  . c  a   0  a  b  b  a  Proof: Let
a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ and b  b1iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ

 a  c  . c  a   0  Dividing both  are any two vectors, then
 
2 2  sides by 2  iˆ ˆj kˆ
ac
   . c  a  0   a  b  a1 a2 a3
 2  b1 b2 b3
 OF . AC  0 Use 3 and  6  iˆ ˆj kˆ
 OF  AC  0  a .b  0  a  b   a  b   b1 b2 b3 ( R2 
 R3 )
 OF is also a right bisector. a1 a2 a3
Hence all the right bisectors intersect each
other at point “O”. a  b  b  a Pr oved .
So right bisectors of a triangle are concurrent.
Genius Series (Maths 11) 141 Unit-3 Vectors

Note: The direction of a  b is determined by

the right hand rule. Join the tails of a and b
, stretch the fingers of your right hand along
the direction of first vector a and curl them
towards the second vector b through smaller
angle  between a and b (0 <  < 180o), then
the erected thumb will show the direction of xvii. iˆ  kˆ   ˆj , kˆ  ˆj  iˆ, ˆj  iˆ  kˆ
ab.
Note:
i. a  b  a  b (i.e. cross product is
anti commutative).
ii. The vectors a  b and b  a are
negative vectors of each other. xviii. If n is a unit vector which is
iii. The vector product of two vectors perpendicular to both a and b, then
a and b is not commutative
a  b  Direction of a  b or unit 
(i.e. a  b  b  a ). nˆ   
| a  b |  vector in the direction of a  b 
iv. a  b | a | | b | sin  nˆ Note
v. a  b | a | | b | sin  . 1. Area of parallelogram = | a  b |
vi. a  b  O, if  = 0o or  = 180o or where a and b are two adjacent sides
a  O and b  O or a  O and b  O or of the parallelogram.
1
a  O and b  O or a  b or a  b or a  kb 2. Area of triangle  | ab |
2
vii. a  b | a | | b | nˆ, if   90o  sin 900  1 where a and b are two adjacent sides

viii.  a  b   a and  a  b   b a.
of the triangle.
If A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B( x2 , y2 , z2 )
(i.e. a  b is orthogonal (perpendicular) C ( x3 , y3 , z3 ) and D( x4 , y4 , z4 ) are the
to both a and b ) vertices of the parallelogram ABCD,
ix.  a  b   a  0 and  a  b   b  0 then

x. aa  0
xi. iˆ  iˆ  0, ˆj  ˆj  0, kˆ  kˆ  0
xii. ao  oa  o
   
xiii. k a  b  k a  b  a  kb , k  R  
xiv.  a  b   c  a  c  b  c  Right distributive law
xv. a   b  c   a  b  a  c  Left distributive law  Area of parallelogram ABCD = AB  AD ,
xvi. iˆ  ˆj  kˆ, ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  iˆ  ˆj where

AB   x2  x1  iˆ  ( y2 1 ) ˆj  ( z2  z1 )kˆ
Genius Series (Maths 11) 142 Unit-3 Vectors
AD  ( x4  x1 )iˆ  (y4  y1 ) ˆj  ( z4  z1 )kˆ  1
| M | | F | d 
b. If A(x1,y1,z1), B(x2,y2,z2) and
C(x3,y3,z3) are the vertices of a triangle From right triangle PQR
ABC, then d
sin  
|r|
  2
 d | r | sin  
 Where  is the angle 
 | M |  | F | | r | sin   
 between a and b 
 | M || r | | F | sin  | r  F |

 | M | r  F

1

 M  r  F Vector moment of F about P 
Area of triangle ABC = AB  AC
2
AB   x2  x1  iˆ   y2  y1  ˆj   z2  z1  kˆ EXERCISE 3.4
Q.1. Find the following cross products
AC   x3  x1  iˆ   y3  y1  ˆj   z3  z1  kˆ
c. If a and b are diagonals of a

 i  j× 2j + 3 kˆ 
parallelogram ABCD, then  ii   
2i - 3j × kˆ
 iii   2i - 3j + 5 kˆ  ×  6i + 2j - 3 kˆ 
(i) Sol.
 
ˆj  2 ˆj  3 kˆ  ˆj  2 ˆj  ˆj  3 kˆ  By distributive law 

     
ˆj  2 ˆj  3 kˆ  2 ˆj  ˆj  3 ˆj  kˆ
ˆj   2 ˆj  3 kˆ   2  0   3i  ˆj . ˆj  0, ˆj  kˆ  i 
ˆj   2 ˆj  3 kˆ   0  3i

1 ˆj   2 ˆj  3 kˆ   3i Ans.
Area of a parallelogram ABCD  ab
2 (ii) Sol.
Moment of a force:  2i  3 ˆj   kˆ
The moment of a force " F " about a point  2i  kˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ  By distributivelaw 
“P” is defined as the product of | F | and the   
 2 i  kˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ     
k a  b  ka  b  a  kb  
perpendicular distance “d” from the point P
 
 2  ˆj  3i  i  k   j and i  k  i 
to the line of action “L” of the force F i.e.  2 ˆj  3i
 3i  2 ˆj Ans.

(iii) Sol.
i ˆj kˆ
 ˆ   ˆ
2i  3 ˆj  5 k  6i  2 ˆj  3 k  2 3 5 
6 2 3
Genius Series (Maths 11) 143 Unit-3 Vectors
3 5 2 5 2 3 ˆ 28 28
 i ˆj  k  Cos    1
2 3 6 3 6 2 784 28
 Cos  1
  9  10  i   6  30  ˆj   4  18  kˆ
   Cos 1  1
 i   36  ˆj  22kˆ
   180o
 i  36 ˆj  22 kˆ Ans.
 a and b are parallel.
Q.2. Show in two different ways that the
vectors a and b are parallel. (ii) Sol. The given vectors are
(i). a = -iˆ + 2jˆ - 3kˆ , b = 2iˆ - 4jˆ + 6kˆ  1
a  3i  6 ˆj  9 kˆ 
(ii). a = 3i + 6j- 9 kˆ, b = i + 2j- 3 kˆ ˆ
b  i  2 ˆj  3 k    2
Sol. (i) The given vectors are
To show that a and b are parallel.
 1
a  i  2 ˆj  3 kˆ  First Method: As
ˆ
b  2i  4 ˆj  6 k   2 a  3i  6 ˆj  9 kˆ
To show that a and b are parallel 
 a  3 i  2 ˆj  3 kˆ 
First Method:  a  3b Use  2  
 
As
 a b a  kb  a b
b  2i  4 ˆj  6 kˆ

 
i.e a and b are Parallel
 b  2 i  2 ˆj  3 kˆ Taking -2 common 
Second Method: Let
 = Angle between a and b , then
 b  2a Use 1  a b
1 Cos  , 0    1800
 a b a b
2
 a b 
a  kb  a b  3i  6 ˆj  9 kˆ   i  2 ˆj  3 kˆ 
i.e a and b are Parallel.  Cos 
3i  6 ˆj  9 kˆ i  2 ˆj  3 kˆ
Hence proved.
2nd Method: Let  31  6  2    9  3
 Cos 
  Angle between a and b, then  3   6    9  1   2    3
2 2 2 2 2 2

a.b 3  12  27
Cos  , 0    1800  Cos 
a b 9  36  81 1  4  9

 Cos 
 
i  2 ˆj  3 kˆ  2i  4 ˆj  6 kˆ   Cos 
42
126 14
i  2 ˆj  3 kˆ 2i  4 ˆj  6 kˆ
42
 Cos 
 1 2   2  4    3 6  126  14
 Cos 
 1   2    3  2    4    6 
2 2 2 2 2
42 42
2  8  18  Cos   1
 Cos  1764 42
1  4  9 4  16  36
 Cos  1
28 28
 Cos      Cos 1 1
14 56 14  56
   0o
 a and b are parallel. Proved.
Genius Series (Maths 11) 144 Unit-3 Vectors
Q.3. Find a unit vector that is orthogonal 1 6 3 6 3 1 ˆ
ab  i ˆj  k
to the given two vectors: 4 1 1 1 1 4
(i) a = ˆi - 2jˆ + 3kˆ , b = 2iˆ + ˆj - kˆ
 a  b   1  24 i   3  6  ˆj  12  1 kˆ
(ii) a = 3i - j + 6 kˆ, b = i + 4j + kˆ
(i) Sol. The given vectors are  a  b  25i   3 ˆj  13 kˆ

a  i  2 ˆj  3 kˆ, b  2i  ˆj  kˆ  a  b  25i  3 ˆj  13 kˆ   1

Now  a  b  25i  3 ˆj  13 kˆ
i ˆj kˆ  ab   25 
2
  3  13 
2 2

a  b  1 2 3
2 1 1  a  b  625  9  169

Expanding along R1, we obtain    2

a  b  803 
2 3 1 3 1 2 ˆ
ab  i ˆj  k Let c be a unit vector that is orthogonal to
1 1 2 1 2 1
both a and b , then
 a  b   2  3 i   1  6  ˆj  1  4  kˆ ab
c
 a  b  i   7  ˆj  5kˆ ab
 a  b  i  7 ˆj  5 kˆ   1 25i  3 ˆj  13kˆ
 a  b  i  7 ˆj  5 kˆ
 c Use 1 and  2  
803
 ab   1
2
  7   5
2 2
 c
1
803
 25i  3 ˆj  13kˆ  Ans.
 a  b  1  49  25
Q.4. If a = 3i - 6j + 5 kˆ, b = 2i - j + 4 kˆ
 a  b  75  25  3  25 3
c = i + j- k̂ . Compute
   2
a  b  5 3 
i  ab  ii  bc  iii   a  b    a  b 
Let c be a unit vector that is orthogonal Sol. (i) The given vectors are
to both a and b, then
a  3i  6 ˆj  5 kˆ
ab b  2i  ˆj  4 kˆ
c
ab c  i  ˆj  kˆ

 c
i  7 ˆj  5kˆ
Use 1 and  2   i  To find a ×b :
5 3
i ˆj kˆ
 c
5 3
1
 i  7 ˆj  5kˆ  Ans. a  b  3 6 5
(ii) Sol. The given vectors are 2 1 4
a  3i  ˆj  6 kˆ, b  i  4 ˆj  kˆ Expanding along R1, we obtain
Now 6 5 3 5 3 6 ˆ
ab  i ˆj  k
i ˆj kˆ 1 4 2 4 2 1
a  b  3 1 6
 a  b   24  5 i  12  10  ˆj   3  12  kˆ
1 4 1
 a  b  19i  2 ˆj  9 kˆ
Expanding along R1, we obtain
Genius Series (Maths 11) 145 Unit-3 Vectors

 a  b  19i  2 ˆj  9 kˆ Ans. Area of PQR = ?

A rough sketch of the problem is
(ii) To find b × c :
i ˆj kˆ
b  c  2 1 4
1 1 1
Expanding along R1, we obtain
1 4 2 4 2 1 ˆ
bc  i ˆj  k
1 1 1 1 1 1
 b  c  1  4  i   2  4  ˆj   2  1 kˆ
PQ   x2  x1  i   y2  y1  ˆj
 b  c  3i   6  ˆj  3 kˆ
 PQ   3   2   i   2   3  ˆj
 b  c  3i  6 ˆj  3 kˆ Ans.
 PQ   3  2  i   2  3 ˆj

(iii) To find a + b × a - b :    PQ  5i  5 j  5i  5 ˆj  0kˆ

  
a  b  3i  6 ˆj  5 kˆ  2i  ˆj  4 kˆ  Now
PR   x3  x1  i   y3  y1  ˆj
 a  b  3i  2i  6 ˆj  ˆj  5 kˆ  4 kˆ
 PR   1   2   i   8   3  ˆj
 a  b  5i  7 ˆj  9 kˆ   1
 PR   1  2  i   8  3 ˆj
Now
 PR  i  5 j  i  5 ˆj  0 kˆ

a  b  3i  6 ˆj  5kˆ  2i  ˆj  4kˆ  Now
 a  b  3i  6 ˆj  5kˆ  2i  ˆj  4kˆ i ˆj kˆ
 a  b  3i  2i  6 ˆj  ˆj  5kˆ  4kˆ PQ  PR  5 5 0
 a  b  i  5 ˆj  kˆ    2 1 5 0
Now
Expanding along C3, we obtain
i ˆj kˆ 5 5 ˆ
   
a  b  a  b  5 7 9 PQ  PR 
1 5
k 00

1 5 1  PQ  PR   25  5  kˆ
Expanding along R1, we obtain  PQ  PR  30kˆ
7 9 5 7  PQ  PR  0i  0 ˆj  30kˆ
 a  b    a  b   5 1 i  1 1 ˆj  1 5 kˆ
5 9
 PQ  PR  0i  0 ˆj  30kˆ
  a  b    a  b    7  45  i   5  9  ˆj   25  7  kˆ
 PQ  PR   0   0    30 
2 2 2

    
a  b  a  b  38i  4 ˆj  18 kˆ Ans.
 PQ  PR  0  0  900
Q.5. Use the vector product to compute
 PQ  PR  900
the area of the triangle with the given
vertices.   1
PQ  PR  30 
(i) P  -2, - 3  , Q  3, 2  , R  -1, - 8  Now
(ii) P :  -2, - 1, 3  , Q : 1, 2, -1 , R :  4, 3, -3  1
Area of  PQR  PQ  PR
(i) Sol. The given vertices of the triangle PQR 2
are P(-2, -3), Q(3,2) and R(-1,-8)
Genius Series (Maths 11) 146 Unit-3 Vectors
1
 
Use 1   PQ  PR  4  36  36
15
Area of  PQR  30
2
 PQ  PR  76  4  19
Area of  PQR =15 Square units. Ans.
 PQ  PR  4 19
(ii). Sol. The given vertices of PQR are
P(-2, -1, 3), Q(1,2,-1) and R(4,3,-3).  1
 PQ  PR  2 19 
Area of PQR = ? Now
A rough sketch of the problem is
1
Area of  PQR  PQ  PR
2

 Area of  PQR 2
1

2 19 Use 1  
 Area of PQR = 19 square units Ans.

Q.6. A force F = 3i - 2j + 5 k̂ acts on a

particle at (1, -2, 2). Find moment or
torque of the force about
(i) the origin. (ii) the point (1,2,1).
PQ   x2  x1  i   y2  y1  ˆj   z2  z1  kˆ
(i). Sol. The given force is
F  3i  2 ˆj  5 kˆ
 PQ  1   2  i   2   1  ˆj   1  3 kˆ
The given points are (1, -2, 2) and (0,0,0)
 PQ  1  2  i   2  1 ˆj   4  kˆ Moment  M  ?
 PQ  3i  3 ˆj  4kˆ A rough sketch of the problem is
Now
PR   x3  x1  i   y3  y1  ˆj   z3  z1  kˆ
 PR   4   2   i   3   1  ˆj   3  3 kˆ
 PR   4  2  i   3  1 ˆj   6  kˆ
 PR  6i  4 ˆj  6 kˆ
Now
i ˆj kˆ
PQ  PR  3 3 4
6 4 6
Expanding along R1 , we obtain
3 4 3 4 3 3 ˆ r  OA
PQ  PR  i ˆj  k
4 6 6 6 6 4  r   x2  x1  i   y2  y1  ˆj   z2  z1  kˆ
PQ  PR   18  16  i   18  24  ˆj  12  18 kˆ  r  1  0  i   2  0  ˆj   2  0  kˆ

 PQ  PR  2i  6 ˆj  6kˆ  r  i  2 ˆj  2 kˆ
 PQ  PR  2i  6 ˆj  6kˆ As
M  rF
 PQ  PR   2    6     6 
2 2 2
Genius Series (Maths 11) 147 Unit-3 Vectors

i ˆj kˆ Q.7. If A + B + C = O , show that

 M  1 2 2 A × B = B ×C = C× A
3 2 5 Sol. Given that
Expanding along R1, we obtain. A B C  O
2 2 1 2 1 2 ˆ
M  i ˆj  k We need to show that
2 5 3 5 3 2
A B  B  C  C  A
 M   10  4  i   5  6  ˆj   2  6  kˆ Now
 M  6i  ˆj  4 kˆ Ans.
A B C  O
(ii) Sol. The given force is
 Taking cross 
F  3i  2 ˆj  5kˆ 
 A A  B  C  A O   product with A 

The given points are (1, -2, 2) and (1,2,1)  By distriutive 
 A A  A B  A C  O  
Moment = M =?  property 
A rough sketch of the problem is  a  a  o and 
 O  A B  C  A  O  
 a  b  b  a 
 O  A B  O  C  A

 A  B  C  A O is a null vector 
So

 1
A  B  C  A 
Again
A B C  O
 Taking cross 
 
 A B C  B  O B 
 product with B 

r  OA
 By distributive 
 r   x2  x1  i   y2  y1  ˆj   z2  z1  kˆ  A B  B  B  C  B  O  
 property 
 r  1  1 i   2  2  ˆj   2  1 kˆ
 a  b  b  a 
 r  0i  4 ˆj  kˆ  A B  O  B  C  O  
 and a  a  O 
As
M  rF
 A B  B  C  
O is a null vector , so

i ˆj kˆ   2
A  B  B  C 
 M  0 4 1 From (1) and (2), we obtain
3 2 5
A B  B  C  C  A Hence proved.
Expanding along R1, we obtain Q.8. Find a unit vector perpendicular to
4 1 0 1 0 4 ˆ
M  i ˆj  k both: (i) a = ˆi + ˆj + 2kˆ , and b = -2iˆ + ˆj- 3kˆ .
2 5 3 5 3 2
(ii) Find a vector of magnitude 10 and
 M   20  2  i   0  3 ˆj   0  12  kˆ perpendicular to both

 M  18i  3 ˆj  12kˆ Ans. a = 2i - 3 ˆj + 4kˆ and b = 4i - 2 ˆj - 4kˆ

Genius Series (Maths 11) 148 Unit-3 Vectors
(i) Sol. The given vectors are i ˆj kˆ
a  i  ˆj  2kˆ, b  2i  ˆj  3kˆ a  b  2 3 4
Now 4 2 4
i ˆj kˆ Expanding along R1, we obtain
ab  1 1 2 3 4 2 4 2 3 ˆ
ab  i ˆj  k
2 1 3 2 4 4 4 4 2
Expanding along R1, we obtain a  b  12  8 i   8  16  ˆj   4  12  kˆ
1 2 1 2 1 1 ˆ
ab  i ˆj  k  a  b  20i   24  ˆj  8kˆ
1 3 2 3 2 1
 a  b  20i  24 ˆj  8kˆ    3
 a  b   3  2  i   3  4  ˆj  1  2  kˆ
 a  b  20i  24 ˆj  8kˆ
 1
 a  b  5i  ˆj  3kˆ 
 ab   20    24    8 
2 2 2

 a  b  5i  ˆj  3kˆ
 a  b  400  576  64
 ab   5   1   3
2 2 2

 a  b  1040  16  65  16 65
 a  b  25  1  9
   4
a  b  4 65 
   2
a  b  35 
Put the values of a  b and a  b from (3) and
Let c be a unit vector that is perpendicular to
(4) in (2), we obtain
both a and b , then
20i  24 ˆj  8kˆ
ab c
c 4 65
ab
 c

4 5i  6 ˆj  2kˆ 
5i  ˆj  3kˆ
c Use 1 and  2   4 65
35
5i  6 ˆj  2kˆ
So  c   5
5i  ˆj  3kˆ 65
c Ans. Put the value of c from (5) in (1), we obtain
35
(ii) Sol. The given vectors are  5i  6 ˆj  2kˆ 
c  10   Ans.

a  2i  3 ˆj  4 kˆ, b  4i  2 ˆj  4 kˆ  65 
Let c be the required vector, then Q.9. Find the area of a parallelogram
c cc whose diagonals are:
 1
 c  10c   
 1
c  10 given  i. a = 4iˆ + ˆj- 2kˆ and b = -2iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ

c is a unit vector in the direction of c . But ii. a = 3iˆ + 2jˆ - 2kˆ and b = ˆi - 3jˆ + 4kˆ
given that c is perpendicular to both a and b Sol.i. The given diagonals of the
, so parallelogram are
ab a  4iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ and b  2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ
c    2
ab
We need to find the area of the parallelogram.
Now Now
Genius Series (Maths 11) 149 Unit-3 Vectors

  
a  b  4iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ  2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ  iˆ ˆj kˆ
 a  b  3 2 2
iˆ ˆj kˆ
1 3 4
 a  b  4 1 2
2 3 4 Expanding along R1, we get
2 2 3 2 3 2 ˆ
Expanding along R1 we get ab  iˆ  ˆj  k
3 4 1 4 1 3
1 2 4 2 4 1 ˆ
ab  iˆ  ˆj  k  a  b  8  6  iˆ  12  2  ˆj   9  2  kˆ
3 4 2 4 2 3

 a  b   4  6  iˆ  16  4  ˆj  12  2  kˆ  a  b  2iˆ  14 ˆj  11kˆ

 a  b  10iˆ  12 ˆj  14kˆ  a  b  2iˆ  14 ˆj  11kˆ

 a  b  10iˆ  12 ˆj  14kˆ  ab   2    14    11

2 2 2

 ab  10    12   14 

2 2 2
 a  b  4  196  121

 a  b  100  144  196  1

 a  b  321 

Now, the required area “A” of the

 a  b  440
parallelogram with diagonals a and b is
 a  b  4  110 given by
1
 a  b  4 110 A ab
2

 1
1
 a  b  2 110   A 321 (Use (1))
2
Now
321
The required area “A” of the parallelogram  A Sq. units Ans.
2
with diagonals a and b is given by
Scalar triple product of vectors: Let
1
A ab
2 a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ, b  b2iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ and
1 c  c iˆ  c ˆj  c kˆ are any three vectors then
 A   2 110
1 2 3
(Use (1))
2 the dot or scalar product of the vector a with
 A  110 sq. units Ans. the vector b  c is called scalar triple

ii. a = 3iˆ + 2jˆ - 2kˆ and b = ˆi - 3jˆ + 4kˆ

product, denoted by a . b  c   or a  b  c
and is obtained by
Sol. The given diagonals of the parallelogram
a1 a2 a3
are a  3iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ and b  iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ
 
a  b  c  b1 b2 b3 (Remember.)
We need to find the area of the parallelogram. c1 c2 c3
For this
   
OR
a  b  3iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ  iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ
Genius Series (Maths 11) 150 Unit-3 Vectors
If we have three vectors, a , b and c , then tetrahedron is given by
1
 
the dot product of one vector with the cross
product of other two vectors is called scalar V a bc
triple product. 6
i.e a . b  c or b . c  a or c . a  b etc . 3.  
If a  b  c  0 , then the vectors
is called scalar triple product.
Note: a, b and c are said to be coplanar (i.e. the

i.  a  b   c or a   b  c  is meaningless, vectors a, b and c lie in the same plane).

because a  b and b  c are scalars, whose dot Note:

product with a vector is not possible. 1. If the points A( x1 , y1 , z1 ), B( x2 , y2 , z2 )
ii.       
a  b c  a c b  a b c C  x3 , y3 , z3  and D(x 4 , y4 , z4 ) are the
vertices of a parallelepiped, then the
Which is called vector triple product. volume “V” of the parallelepiped is
iii.  
a  b  c is meaningless, because b  c given by

is a scalar whose cross product with a

vector is not possible.

V  AB  AC  AD  (Remember)

iv. a  b  c =  a b c  (other form of where

scalar triple product). AB   x 2  x1  ˆi   y 2  y1  ˆj   z 2  z1  kˆ
v.      
iˆ  ˆj  kˆ  ˆj  kˆ  iˆ  kˆ  iˆ  ˆj  1 AC   x 3  x1  ˆi   y3  y1  ˆj   z3  z1  kˆ

vi. iˆ   kˆ  ˆj   ˆj   iˆ  kˆ   kˆ.  ˆj  iˆ   1 AD   x 4  x1  ˆi   y 4  y1  ˆj   z 4  z1  kˆ

a.  b  c   b   c  a   c   a  b  .
2. If the points A (x1,y1,z1), B(x2,y2,z2),
vii.
C(x3,y3,z3) and D(x4,y4,z4) are the
vertices of a tetrahedron, then the
viii.  a b c   b c a   c a b  volume “V” of the tetrahedron is given

   
by
ix. a  bc  ab c

i.e. the positions of dot and cross can be

interchanged in a scalar triple product.
V
1
6

AB  AC  AD 
Note: 3. If A(x1,y1,z1), B(x2,y2,z2), C(x3,y3,z3)
1. If the vectors a, b and c are and D(x4,y4,z4) are any four given
points and
co-terminal edges (or adjacent edges) of
a parallelepiped then the volume “V” of
the parallelepiped is given by: 
AB  AC  AD  0  ,

V  a bc   (Remember).
then the points A(x1,y1,z1), B(x2,y2,z2),
C(x3,y3,z3) and D(x4,y4,z4) are coplanar
2. If the vectors a, b and c are (i.e. lie in the same plane).
co-terminal (or adjacent) edges of a
tetrahedron, then the volume “V” of
Genius Series (Maths 11) 151 Unit-3 Vectors
a1 a2 a3
EXERCISE 3.5  V  b1 b2 b3

 
c1 c2 c3
Q.1. Find a  b × c if:
3 1 1
a = 2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ , b = -iˆ + 2jˆ + kˆ , c = 3iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ  V  2 3 1
Sol. The given vectors are 1  3 4
a = 2iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ Expanding along R1 we get:
b = -iˆ + 2jˆ + kˆ 3 1 2 1 2 3
V 3 1   1
c = 3iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ 3 4 1 4 1 3
 V  3 12  3  1 8  1  1 6  3

a bc  ? 
 V  3 15   1 9   1 3
As
 V  45  9  3
a1 a2 a3
 V  57 cubic units. Ans.
 
a  b  c  b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3 Q.3. For the vectors
2 1 3 a = 3iˆ + 2k,
ˆ b = ˆi + 2jˆ + k,
ˆ c = -jˆ + 4kˆ
 
a  b  c  1 2 1 Verify that
3 1 2 abc = b ca = cab
Expanding along R1 but a  b  c = -c  b  a
1 1 1 2
 
2 1 Sol. The given vectors are
a bc  2 1 3
1 2 3 2 3 1 a  3iˆ  2kˆ  3iˆ  0jˆ  2k,
ˆ
 
a  b  c  2  4  1  1 2  3  3  1  6  b  ˆi  2jˆ  kˆ and
a   b  c   2  3  1 5   3  7 
c  ˆj  4kˆ  0iˆ  ˆj  4kˆ
a   b  c   6  5  21 We need to verify that
a   b  c   11  21 i. a  b  c  b  c  a  c  a  b
a   b  c   10 Ans. ii. a  b  c  c  b  a
i. To verify that:
Q.2. Find the volume of the parallelepiped
a bc  bca  ca b
whose edges are represented by
As
a = 3iˆ + ˆj - k, ˆ c = ˆi - 3jˆ - 4kˆ
ˆ b = 2iˆ - 3jˆ  k,
a1 a 2 a 3
Sol. Given that the vectors
a  b  c  b1 b 2 b3
a  3iˆ  ˆj  kˆ   i 
c1 c2 c3
ˆ ˆ ˆ
b  2i  3 j  k    ii 
3 0 2
  iii 
c  iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ 
 a bc  1 2 1
represent the edges of the parallelepiped. We 0 1 4
need to find the volume “V” of the
parallelepiped. Expanding along R1 we get
The volume “V” of the parallelepiped is 2 1 1 1 1 2
a bc  3 0 2
given by: 1 4 0 4 0 1
V  a bc
 a  b  c  38  1  0  2  1  0
Genius Series (Maths 11) 152 Unit-3 Vectors

 a  b  c  39  2  1 ii. To verify that:

 a  b  c  27  2 a  b  c  c  a  b
As
 1
 a  b  c  25 
a1 a 2 a 3
Now a  b  c  b1 b 2 b3
b1 b2 b3 c1 c2 c3
b  c  a  c1 c2 c3
3 0 2
a1 a2 a3 a bc  1 2 1
1 2 1 0 1 4
 b  c  a  0 1 4 Expanding along R1, we get
3 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 2
a bc  3 0 2
Expanding along R1, we get 1 4 0 4 0 1
1 4 0 4 0 1  a  b  c  3 8  1  0  2  1  0 
b ca 1 2 1
0 2 3 2 3 0
 a  b  c  3  9   2  1
 b  c  a  1 2  0   2  0  12   1 0  3
 a  b  c  27  2
 b  c  a  1 2   2  12   1 3
 i 
 a  b  c  25 
 b  c  a  2  24  3
Now
 b  c  a  2  27 c1 c2 c3
 b  c  a  25   2 c  b. a  b1 b 2 b3
Now a1 a 2 a 3
c1 c2 c3 0 1 4
c  a  b  a1 a 2 a 3 c  b. a  1 2 1
b1 b 2 b3 3 0 2
0 1 4 Expanding along R1, we get
 ca b  3 0 2
2 1 1 1 1 2
1 2 1 cba  0   1 4
0 2 3 2 3 0
Expanding along R1 we get
0 2 3 2 3 0  c  b  a  0  1 2  3   4  0  6 
ca b  0   1 4
2 1 1 1 1 2  c  b  a  1 1  4  6 
 c  a  b  0  1 3  2   4  6  0   c  b  a  1  24
 c  a  b  11  4  6   c  b  a  25
Multiplying both sides by -1, we get
 c  a  b  1  24
 
1 c  b  a  1 25
  3
 c  a  b  25 
From (1) (2) and (3), we get  ii 
 c  b  a  25 
From (i) and (ii), we get
a  bc  bca  ca  b
Hence verified. a  b  c  c  b  a
Genius Series (Maths 11) 153 Unit-3 Vectors
Q.4. Verify that the triple product of Q.5. Let a = a1ˆi + a 2ˆj + a 3kˆ and
ˆi - ˆj, ˆj - kˆ and k̂ - ˆi is zero.
Sol. Let
b = b1ˆi + b 2ˆj + b 3k.
ˆ Find a × b and
prove that
a  ˆi  ˆj  ˆi  ˆj  0kˆ
i. a × b is orthogonal to both a and b .
b  ˆj  kˆ  0iˆ  ˆj  kˆ (use dot product).
c  kˆ  ˆi  ˆi  0jˆ  kˆ    iii  a  b 
2 2 2 2
ii. Find a  b ,a , b
As
iv. Show that
a1 a 2 a 3
    
2 2
a  b  c  b1 b 2 b3 ab = a a b b - a b
c1 c 2 c3 Sol. The given vectors are
1 1 0 a  a1ˆi  a 2ˆj  a 3kˆ and
 a  b  c  0 1 1
1 0 1 b  b ˆi  b ˆj  b kˆ
1 2 3

Expanding along R1, we get i. To find a  b and to prove that a  b

1 1 0 1 0 1 is orthogonal to both a and b .
a b c 1    1 0
0 1 1 1 1 0 As
 a  b  c  11  0   1 0  1  0
ˆi ˆj kˆ
 a  b  c  11  1 1
a  b  a1 a 2 a 3
 a  b  c  11 b1 b 2 b3
 a  b  c  0 Hence verified.
Expanding along R1, we get

a 2 a 3 ˆ a1 a 3 ˆ a1 a 2 ˆ
ab  i j k
b 2 b3 b1 b3 b1 b 2
 a  b   a 2b3  b2a 3  ˆi   a1b3  b1a 3  ˆj   a1b2  b1a 2  kˆ 
 1
Now

a  b  a  a b 2 3 
 b 2a 3  ˆi   a1b3  b1a 3  ˆj   a1b 2  b1a 2  kˆ  . a1iˆ  a 2ˆj  a 3kˆ 
 By definition of 
 
 a  b  a   a 2b3  b 2a 3  a1   a1b3  b1a 3  a 2  a1b 2  b1a 2  a 3 
 dot product


 a  b  a  a a b  a a b  a a b  a a b  a a b
1 2 3 1 3 2 1 2 3 2 3 1 1 3 2  a 2a 3b 1

 a  b  a  0

  a  b   a i.e.  a  b  is orthogonal to a . Pr oved.

Now
Genius Series (Maths 11) 154 Unit-3 Vectors

a  b  b  a b  b a  ˆi  a b  b a  ˆj  a b  b a  kˆ   b iˆ  b ˆj  b kˆ 
2 3 2 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 3

a  b  b  a b  b a  b  a b  b a  b  a b  b a  b
2 3 2 3 1 1 3 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 3

 a  b  b  a b b  a b b  a b b  a b b  a b b  a b b
2 1 3 3 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 3

 a  b  b  0
 a  b  b i.e. a  b is orthogonal to b  Pr oved.
Sol. ii. The given vectors are
a  a1ˆj  a 2ˆj  a 3kˆ and b  b1ˆi  b 2ˆj  b3kˆ

a  b
2
?
As
ˆi ˆj kˆ
a  b  a1 a 2 a 3
b1 b 2 b3
a 2 a 3 ˆ a 1 a 3 ˆ a1 a 2
 ab 
b 2 b3
i
b1 b3
j
b1 b 2
k̂  Expanding along R1 

 a  b   a 2b3  b2a 3  ˆi  a1b3  b1a 3  ˆj  a1b2  b1a 2  kˆ

 a  b   a 2b3  b 2a 3  ˆi   a1b3  b1a 3  ˆj   a1b 2  b1a 2  kˆ

 a 2 b 3  b 2a 3     a1b3  b1a 3    a1b 2  b1a 2 

2
 ab 
2 2

 ab 
2
 a b  b a    a b  b a   a b  b a  
2 3 2 3
2
1 3 1 3
2
1 2 1 2
2 2
Squaring both sides 

 
 a  b   a 2b3  b 2a 3   a1b3  b1a 3   a1b 2  b1a 2    
2 2 2
ab  ab
2 2 2
Ans.

iii. Sol. The given vectors are 2

 a  b  a1b1  a 2b 2  a 3b3
2

a  a1ˆi  a 2ˆj  a 3kˆ and b  b1ˆi  b 2ˆj  b3kˆ

 a  b   a1b1  a 2b 2  a 3b3   
2
a  a 2 Ans.
2 2

a  b
2 2 2
 ?, a  ?, b  ?
Now
a  a1ˆi  a 2ˆj  a 3kˆ
Now

 
a  b  a1ˆi  a 2ˆj  a 3kˆ  b1ˆi  b 2ˆj  b 3kˆ   a  a1    a 2    a 3 
2 2 2

 a  b  a1b1  a 2b 2  a 3b3
a 
2 2
 a  b  a1b1  a 2b 2  a 3b3  a  1
2
 a 2 2  a 32
Genius Series (Maths 11) 155 Unit-3 Vectors
2
 a  a12  a 2 2  a 32

Now
b  b1i  b 2 j  b3 kˆ
 b  b1i  b 2 j  b3 kˆ  Taking absolute on both sides 

 b  b12  b 22  b32  By definition of magnitude of a vector 

 
2
Squaring both sides 
2
b  b12  b 22  b32
2
 b  b12  b 22  b32 Ans.

iv. Sol. The given vectors are

a  a1ˆi  a 2ˆj  a 3kˆ and b  b1ˆi  b 2ˆj  b3kˆ

    
2 2
We need to show that a b  a a bb  a b
2
To find a  b : As

ˆi ˆj kˆ
a  b  a1 a 2 a 3
b1 b 2 b3

Expanding along R1, we get

a 2 a 3 ˆ a1 a 3 ˆ a1 a 2 ˆ
ab  i j k
b 2 b3 b1 b3 b1 b 2

 a  b   a 2b3  b2a 3  ˆi  a1b3  b1a 3  ˆj  a1b2  b1a 2  kˆ

 a  b   a 2b3  b 2a 3  ˆi   a1b3  b1a 3  ˆj   a1b 2  b1a 2  kˆ

 a 2b3  b2a 3     a1b3  b1a 3    a1b 2  b1a 2 

2
 ab 
2 2

  
2
 a 2 b 3  b 2a 3    a1b3  b1a 3    a1b 2  b1a 2   a 
2
 ab   a2
2 2 2 2

 a  b   a 2b3  b2a 3    a1b3  b1a 3    a1b2  b1a 2  

 1
2 2 2 2

a  ab  b - a  b  :
2
To find

a  a   a ˆi  a ˆj  a kˆ    a ˆi  a ˆj  a kˆ 
1 2 3 1 2 3
Genius Series (Maths 11) 156 Unit-3 Vectors

  2
 a  a  a1a1  a 2a 2  a 3a 3  a  a  a12  a 22  a 32 
Now
 
b  b  b1ˆi  b2ˆj  b3kˆ  b1ˆi  b2ˆj  b3kˆ 
 b  b  b1b1  b 2b 2  b3b3  3
 b  b  b 21  b 2 2  b 23 
Multiplying (2) and (3), we get
a  a  b  b  a 2
1  a 22  a 32  b12  b 22  b32 
  
 a  a b  b   a1b1    a1b 2    a1b3    a 2b1    a 2b 2    a 2b 3    a 3b1    a 3b 2    a 3b 3    4 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Now
 
a  b  a1ˆi  a 2ˆj  a 3kˆ  b1ˆi  b 2ˆj  b 3kˆ 
 a  b  a1b1  a 2b2  a 3b3  By definition of dot product of two vectors 

 
 a  b   a1b1  a 2b 2  a 3b3  Squaring both sides 
2 2

 
 a  b   a1b1    a 2b 2    a 3b3   2  a1b1  a 2b 2   2  a 2b 2 a 3b3   2 a1b1 a 3b 3   5 
2 2 2 2

Subtracting (5) from (4), we get

a  a  b  b  a  b    a1b1    a1b 2    a1b3    a 2b1    a 2b 2    a 2b3 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

  a 3b1    a 3b 2    a 3b3    a1b1    a 2b 2    a 3b3 

2 2 2 2 2 2

 2  a1b1  a 2b 2   2  a 2b 2  a 3b3   2  a1b1  a 3b 3 

 a  a  b  b  a  b  a b  2 3
2
  a 3b 2   2  a 2b 2  a 3b3    a 3b1    a1b3 
2 2 2

 2  a1b1  a 3b3    a1b 2    a 2b1   2  a1b1  a 2b 2 

2 2

 a  a  b  b  a  b  a b  2 3
2
  b 2a 3   2  a 2b3  b 2a 3    b1a 3    a1b3 
2 2 2

 2  b1a 3  a1b3    a1b 2    b1a 2   2  a1b 2  b1a 2 

2 2

  a  b 2  
a  a  b  b   a  b    a 2b3  b 2a 3    b1a 3  a1b3    a1b 2  b1a 2 
2

2 2 2
 
 a 2  b 2  2ab 
 

  a  b 2 
    
 a  a b  b  a  b   a 2b3  b 2a 3    a1b3  b1a 3    a1b 2  b1a 2  
 6  
2

2 2 2

   b  a 2 
 
From (1) and (6), we get

    
2 2
a b  a a bb  a b Pr oved.
Genius Series (Maths 11) 157 Unit-3 Vectors
Q.6. Do the points (4,-2,1), (5,1,6), (2,2,-5)
and (3,5,0) lie in a plane? Q.7. For what values of c the following
Sol. Let the given points are vectors are coplanar?
A  x1, y1, z1   A  4, 2,1 , i. u = ˆi + 2jˆ + 3k,
ˆ v = 2iˆ - 3jˆ + 4kˆ
B  x 2 , y 2 , z 2   B  5,1,6  , w = 3iˆ + ˆj + ckˆ
C  x 3 , y3 , z 3   C  2, 2, 5 and ii. u = ˆi + ˆj - k,
ˆ v = ˆi - 2jˆ + k,
ˆ
D  x 4 , y 4 , z 4   D 3,5,0  W = ciˆ + ˆj - ckˆ
iii. u = ˆi + ˆj + 2k,
ˆ v = 2iˆ + 3jˆ + k,
ˆ
Now
AB   x 2  x1  ˆi   y2  y1  ˆj   z 2  z1  kˆ w = ciˆ + 2jˆ + 6kˆ
i. Sol. The given vectors are
AB  5  4 ˆi  1  2 ˆj  6  1 kˆ u  ˆi  2jˆ  3kˆ
AB  ˆi  3jˆ  5kˆ v  2iˆ  3jˆ  4kˆ
Now w  3iˆ  ˆj  ckˆ
AC   x 3  x1  i   y3  y1  j   z 3  z1  kˆ If the given vectors u, v and w are
AC   2  4 i   2  2  j   5  1 kˆ
coplanar, then
uvw = 0
AC  2i  4j  6 kˆ
1 2 3
Now
 2 3 4  0
AD   x 4  x1  ˆi   y 4  y1  ˆj   z 4  z1  kˆ
3 1 c
AD   3  4  ˆi   5  2  ˆj   0  1 kˆ Expanding along R1, we get
AD  ˆi  7ˆj  kˆ 3 4 2 4 2 3
1 2 3 0
1 c 3 c 3 1
Now
 1 3c  4  2  2c  12  3  2  9  0
1 3 5
AB  AC  AD  2 4 6  3c  4  4c  24  3 11  0
1 7 1  7c  4  24  33  0
Expanding along R1, we get  7c  53  0
4 6 2 6 2 4  7c  53
AB  AC  AD  1 3 5
7 1 1 1 1 7
53
AB  AC  AD  1 4  42  3  2  6  5  14  4  c  Dividing by  7 
7
AB  AC  AD  138  3 4  5  10 53
 c Ans.
AB  AC  AD  38  12  50  50  50  0 7
 The given points A  4, 2,1 , B 5,1,6  , ii. Sol. The given vectors are
C  2, 2, 5 and D 3,5,0  lie in a plane. u  ˆi  ˆj  k,
ˆ

v  ˆi  2jˆ  kˆ
w  ciˆ  ˆj  ckˆ
Genius Series (Maths 11) 158 Unit-3 Vectors

If the given vectors u, v and w are  12  5c  0

coplanar, then  12  5c
uvw 0  5c  12
1 1 1 12
 1 2 1  0  c Ans.
5
c 1 c
Q.8. Find the volume of tetrahedron with
Expanding along R1, we get following:
2 1 1 1 1 2 i. Vectors as coterminous edges:
1 1   1 0 a = ˆi + 2jˆ + 3k,
ˆ b = 4iˆ + 5jˆ + 6k,
ˆ
1 c c c c 1
 1 2c  1  1 c  c   11  2c   0 c = 7jˆ + 8kˆ
 2c  1  1 2c   1  2c  0
ii. Points A(2,3,1), B(-1,-2,0),
C(0,2,-5), D(0, 1,-2) as vertices.
 2c  1  2c  1  2c  0 (i). Sol. Given that, the vectors
 2c  2  0 a = ˆi + 2jˆ + 3k,
ˆ b = 4iˆ + 5jˆ + 6k,
ˆ
 2c  2 and c  7jˆ  8kˆ  0iˆ  7jˆ  8kˆ
2 are coterminous edges of the tetrahedron.
 c We need to find the volume “V” of the
2 tetrahedron.
 c  1 Ans. If the vectors a, b and c are coterminous
iii. Sol. The given vectors are edges of a tetrahedron, then the volume “V”
of the tetrahedron is given by
u  ˆi  ˆj  2k,
ˆ

v  2iˆ  3jˆ  kˆ and

1
V
6

a bc 
w  ciˆ  2jˆ  6kˆ 1 2 3
1
If the given vectors u, v and w are  V 4 5 6
6
coplanar, then 0 7 8
uvw 0 Expanding along R1, we get
1 5 6 4 6 4 5
1 1 2 V 1 2 3
 2 3 1 0 6 7 8 0 8 0 7 
1
c 2 6  V  1 40  42  2 32  0  3  28  0
6
Expanding along R1, we get
1
3 1 2 1 2 3 V  2  64  84
1 1 2 0 6
2 6 c 6 c 2 1
 V   66  84 
 118  2  112  c   2  4  3c   0 6
 116   12  c  8  6c  0
 16  12  8  c  6c  0
 V
1
6
18  
3

 4  8  5c  0  V  3 cubic units Ans.

Genius Series (Maths 11) 159 Unit-3 Vectors
(ii).Sol. Let the given points 1
 V 3  9   5  6   1 2 
A  x1, y1, z1   A  2,3,1 , 6
B  x 2 , y 2 , z 2   B  1, 2,0  , 1
 V   27  30  2 
6
C  x 3 , y 3 , z 3   C  0, 2,  5  and
1
 V   5 
D  x 4 , y 4 , z 4   D  0,1, 2  6
are the vertices of a tetrahedron ABCD. 5
We need to find the volume “V” of the  V
6
tetrahedron, ABCD. 5
The volume “V” of the tetrahedron is given V  Volume can never be negative 
by 6
5
V
1
6
  1
AB  AC  AD    V
6
Cubic units Ans.

Now
AB   x 2  x1  ˆi   y2  y1  ˆj   z 2  z1  kˆ Q.9. Write the value of the following.

AB   1  2 ˆi   2  3 ˆj   0  1 kˆ
(i)  
i  j  kˆ  i  j

AB  3iˆ  5jˆ  kˆ (ii)  kˆ  j  i  j  kˆ

Now (i) Sol. Given that
AC   x 3  x1  ˆi   y3  y1  ˆj   z3  z1  kˆ i j k i j
AC   0  2 ˆi   2  3 ˆj   5  1 kˆ k k 0 i j k & i. j 0

AC  2iˆ  ˆj  6kˆ k k 0 is additive identity

Now 1 Ans. k k 1
AD   x 4  x1  ˆi   y4  y1  ˆj   z 4  z1  kˆ (ii) Sol.
AD   0  2 ˆi  1  3 ˆj   2  1 kˆ k j i j k
AD  2iˆ  2jˆ  3kˆ k j i 0 j.k 0
As
i i 0 k j i
V
1
6

AB  AC  AD  i i 0 is additive identity
3 5 1 1 Ans. i i 1
1
 V  2 1 6
6
2 2 3
Expanding along R1, we get
1  1 6 2 6 2 1 
V 3   5   1
6  2 3 2 3 2 2 
1
V 3 3  12  5  6  12  1 4  2
6
Genius Series (Maths 11) 160 Unit-3 Vectors
viii. If  be the angle between any two
REVIEW EXERCISE 3 vectors a and b then a  b  a  b
Q.1. Choose the correct options.
i. The value of when  is equal to:

     
ˆi ˆj  kˆ  ˆj  ˆi  kˆ  kˆ ˆi  ˆj a. 0 b.
4
a. 0 b. -1 c. 1 d. 3

ii. The vector 3iˆ  5jˆ  2k,
ˆ 2iˆ  3jˆ  5kˆ c. d. 
2
and 5iˆ  2jˆ  3kˆ form the sides of a Q.1.
triangle which is (i) Sol. (c)
a. Equilateral
b. Isosceles, but not right angled      
i. j  kˆ  j. i  kˆ  k.
ˆ i j

 i.i  j.   j  kˆ  kˆ
c. Right angled, but not isosceles
d. right angled and isosceles
iii. The two vectors: a  2iˆ  ˆj  3kˆ ˆ ˆ
 i.i  j.j  k.k
b  4iˆ  ˆj  6kˆ are parallel if   ?  111  1
a. 2 b. -3 c. 3 d. -2 (ii).Sol. (a)
iv. If a  b  a  b , then Let a  3i  5j  2kˆ
 a  32  52  22  9  25  4  38
a. a is parallel to b
b. ab b  2i  3j  5k
 b  2   3   5
2 2 2
c. a b d. None of these
v. The projection of the vector  b  4  9  25  38
2iˆ  3jˆ  2kˆ on the vector ˆi  2jˆ  3kˆ c  5i  2j  3kˆ
is:
 c  5i  2j  3kˆ
1 2
a. b.
 c  52  22   3  25  4  9  38
2
14 14
3 as a  b  c
c. d. None of these
14 So the given vectors form an equilateral
vi. Find non-zero scalars ,  for which triangle.
 
 a  2b  a  4b  a  0   (iii). Sol. (d)

For all vectors a and b.  1

a  2i  j  3kˆ 
a.   2,   3 b  4i   j  6kˆ
b.   2,   3   
 b  2  2i  j  3kˆ     2
c.   1,   3  2 
d.   2, 3 From (1) and (2), we see that a || b, if
vii. If a, b,c are position vectors of the 
 1    2
vertices of ABC, then 2
AB  BC  CA  ?    2
a. 0 b. 2a c. 2b d. 3c
Genius Series (Maths 11) 161 Unit-3 Vectors
(iv). Sol. (b) (viii) Sol. (b)
ab  ab a.b  a  b

 a b cos   a b Sin
2 2
 ab  ab
  a  b .a  b   a  b .a  b   Cos  Sin  Dividing by a b 
2 2
 a  b  2a.b  a  b  2a.b
2 2    1 
   Cos  Sin  
4 4 4 2
 2a.b  2a.b  0 Note: Book answer is wrong
 4a.b  0 Q.2. Find  and  if
 a.b  0  4  0  a  b ˆi + 3jˆ + 9kˆ  ×  3iˆ - λjˆ + μkˆ  = 0
(v) Sol. (b) Let Sol. Given that
ˆ b  i  2j  3kˆ
a  2i  3j  2 k, i  3j  9kˆ   3i   j  kˆ   0
Pr ojection of a on b 
a.b i j kˆ
b 1 3 9 0
3  

 2i  3j  2kˆ  i  2j  3kˆ 
Expanding along R1, we obtain
i  2j  3kˆ
3 9 1 9 1 3 ˆ
i j k0
2 6  6 2   3  3 
 
1 2 3
2 2 2
14
3  9  i    27  j     9 kˆ  0i  0j  0kˆ
(vi) Sol. (a) Given that Equating the coefficients of j and k on
 
 a  2b  a  4b  a  0   both sides
j:     27   0
a  2b  a  4b  a  0
   27  0
a  a  a  2b  4b  0
   27
     1 a   2  4 b  0a  0b
k̂ :   9  0
Equating the coefficients of a and b on both
   9
sides
 1
a :     1  0     9  Multiplying by  1
Hence   9,   27 Ans.
b : 2  4  0  2  4    2
Put   2 in 1 we obtain Q.3. if a = 9i - j + kˆ and b = 2i - 2j - kˆ ,
then find a unit vector parallel to the
2    1  0  3      3
vector a + b
(vii) Sol. (a) Sol. The given vectors are
AB  BC  CA  b  a  c  b  a  c a  9i  j  kˆ
 b  b  a  a  c  c 0 b  2i  2j  kˆ
Let
Genius Series (Maths 11) 162 Unit-3 Vectors

cab
  
 c  9i  j  kˆ  2i  2j  kˆ 
 c  9i  2i  j  2j  kˆ  kˆ  By definition of addition of two vectors 
 1
 c  11i  3j 
 c  11i  3j  Taking absolute on both sides 

 c 11   3  By definition of magnitude of a vector 

2 2

 c  121  9

  2
 c  130 
Let c be a unit vector in the direction of c , then by definition
c
c
c

11i  3j
 c  Use  2
130
11 3
 c i j
130 130
c is the required unit vector which is parallel to c .

Q.4. If   
r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ , find r × ˆi  r × ˆj + xy
Sol. Given that

  
r  xi  y j  zk. we need to find r  i  r  j  xy
Now

 r  i . r  j  xy   xi  y j  zkˆ   i   xi  y j  zkˆ   j  xy

 r  i . r  j  xy  x i  i   y  j  i   z  kˆ  i   x i  j  y  j  j  z kˆ  j  xy
 r  i . r  j  xy  x 0  y  kˆ   z j  xkˆ  y 0  z  i   xy
 r  i . r  j  xy  0  ykˆ  z j   xkˆ  0  zi   xy
 r  i. r  j  xy  0i  z j  ykˆ    zi  0j  xkˆ   xy
 r  i. r  j  xy  0 z   z 0   y  x   xy
 r  i. r  j  xy  0  0  xy  xy   xy  xy  0 Ans.
Genius Series (Maths 11) 163 Unit-3 Vectors

Q.5. If a = 7iˆ + ˆj - 4kˆ and 

a  bc  0 
b = 2iˆ + 6jˆ + 3kˆ 1 3 1
then find the projection of a on b .  2 1 1  0
Sol. The given vectors are 0  3
ˆ
a  7i  j  4k, b  2i  6j  3kˆ Expanding along R1, we obtain
Pr ojection of a on b  ? 1 1 2 1 2 1
1 3 1 0
As  3 0 3 0 
Projection of a on b  a  b 
 1  1 3     3  6  0   1 2  0   0
b  3    18  2  0
Now  3  21  0
 
a  b  7i  j  4kˆ  2i  6j  3kˆ   3  21
 a  b   7  2   1 6    4 3 7
21
 a  b  14  6  12    Dividing by 3
3
 a  b  20  12
   7 Ans.
  2
 a  b  8 
Now Q.7. Vector a and b are such that
b  2i  6j  3kˆ a = 3, b =
2
and a × b is a unit vector,
3
 b  2i  6j  3kˆ
write the angle between a & b .
b  2   6    3
2 2 2
Sol. Given that
2
 b  4  36  9  49  7 a  3, b  ,
3
  3
 b  7   a  b  is a unit vector, so by definition
Put the values of a.b and b from (2) and (3) a  b 1
in (1), we obtain Let
8   Angle between a and b
Projection of a on b  Ans.
7 =?
As
Q.6. Find λ if the vectors:
a  b  a b Sin, 00    1800
a = ˆi + 3jˆ + k,
ˆ b = 2iˆ - ˆj - kˆ and
 | a || b | Sin | a  b |
c = λ j + 3k are coplanar.
Sol. The given vectors are   3   23  Sin  1
ˆ
a  i  3j  k,
3
b  2i  j  kˆ  Sin 
2 3
c   j  3kˆ  0i   j  3kˆ 3 3
If the vectors a, b and c are coplanar, then
 Sin 
2 3
 a. a a 
Genius Series (Maths 11) 164 Unit-3 Vectors

3 3 0 1 0 1 3 ˆ
 Sin  AB  AC  i j k
0 2 1 2 1 0
2
 3  AB  AC   6  0 i   2  0  j   0  3 kˆ
   Sin 1  
 2   AB  AC  6i  2j  3kˆ
  AB  AC  6i  2j  3kˆ
   Ans.
3
 AB  AC   6   2    3
2 2 2
Q.8. Find the area of a triangle whose
vertices are (0,0,2), (-1,3,2) and (1,0,4).
Sol. Let ABC be a triangle with vertices  AB  AC  36  4  9
A(0,0,2), B(-1, 3, 2) and C(1,0,4).
 AB  AC  49
Area of ABC = ?
A rough sketch of the problem is  1
 AB  AC  7 
Now
1
Area of  ABC = AB  AC
2
  7   Use 1 
1
2
7
 Sq. units Ans.
2
Q.9. Find the area of the parallelogram
with vertices A 1, 2,-3 , B  5,8,1
Now C  4,-2, 2 , D  0,-8,-2
AB   x 2  x1  i   y 2  y1  j   z 2  z1  kˆ Sol. Given that the vertices of parallelogram
ABCD are A(1,2,-3), B(5,8,1), C(4,-2,2) and
AB   1  0  i   3  0  j   2  2  kˆ D(0,-8,-2).
Area of parallelogram ABCD = ?
AB  i  3j  0kˆ A rough sketch of the problem is
Now
AC   x 3  x1  i   y3  y1  j   z 3  z1  kˆ
AC  1  0  i   0  0  j   4  2  kˆ
AC  i  0j  2kˆ
Now
i j kˆ
AB  AC  1 3 0
Now
1 0 2
AB   x 2  x1  i   y2  y1  j   z 2  z1  kˆ
Expanding along R1, we obtain
AB  5  1 i  8  2 j  1   3 kˆ
Genius Series (Maths 11) 165 Unit-3 Vectors

AB  4i  6j  1  3 kˆ
AB  4i  6j  4kˆ
Now
AD   x 4  x1  i   y 4  y1  j   z 4  z1  kˆ
AD   0  1 i   8  2  j   2   3  kˆ
AD  i   10  j   2  3 kˆ
AD  i  10j  kˆ
Now
i j kˆ
AB  AD  4 6 4 From above figure, we have
1 10 1  By triangle law of 
BC  BA  AC  
Expanding along R1, We obtain  vector addition 
6 4 4 4 4 6 ˆ
AB  AD  i j k
10 1 1 1 1 10 BC AB CA
 AB  AD   6  40 i   4  4 j   40  6 kˆ  a  c  b
 AB  AD  46i  8j  34kˆ  a  b  c
 AB  AD  46i  8j  34kˆ  a  bc  
a   
2
  b  c   squaring both sides 
2
 AB  AD   46   8   34  
2 2 2

a    b  c  a   a  
2 2
 AB  AD  2116  64  1156  2 2

a.a   b  c    b  c 
 AB  AD  3336

Now
2
Area of parallelogram ABCD  AB  AD  a  b.b  b.c  c  b  c.c
 3336 Sq. units Ans.  v.v  v 2 
 a  b  b.c  b.c  c  
2 2 2

 and a.b  b.a 

Note: Angle between two vectors is the  

 
angle between their directions. 2

Q.10. Prove that in any ABC  a 2  b 2  2b.c  c2 a  a2

i  a 2  b2  c2  2bc Cos A Cosin e Law   a 2  b 2  c2  2b.c
ii  a  b CosC  c CosB  Pr ojection Law   a.b  
Sol (i). Let ABC be a triangle such that  a 2  b2  c2  2bc cos    A   
 abcos  
BC  a, CA  b, AB  c as shown in the
 cos     
figure.  a 2  b 2  c2  2bc  Cos A   
  Cos  
 a 2  b 2  c2  2bc CosA Hence proved.
Genius Series (Maths 11) 166 Unit-3 Vectors

(ii). Sol. Let ABC be a triangle such that BC  a,CA  b and AB  c as shown in the below
figure.

From above figure, we have

BC  BA  AC (Triangle law of vector addition)
 BC  AB  CA  PQ  QP 
 a  c  b  BC  a, AB  c, CA  b 
 abc0
 
 a. a  b  c  a.0 Taking dot product with a 
 a.a  a.b  a.c  0  By distributive property 
 a  ab Cos    C   ac Cos    B  0
2

 a 2  ab  Cos C   ac  Cos B  0  Cos       Cos 

 a 2  ab CosC  ac Cos B  0
 a 2  ab Cos C  ac CosB
a 2 ab Cos C  ac CosB
   Dividing by a 
a a
a b CosC a c CosB
 a 
a a
 a  b CosC  c CosB Hence proved

End of Unit-3