mit State

Design of Retaining Walls 385

CHAPTER 11

Limit State Design of Retainin Stem or

upright slab
Walls
Earth fill

11.1 INTRODUCTION
Heel slab
used to retain earth or such
Retaining walls are generally materialo
to
levels on its two faces. The soil on the back face is at
maintain unequal Toe slub
backfill. Retaining walls are extensively
higher level and is called the
below ground level, wing walls of hrida
in the construction of basements Fig. 11.1 Cantilever Retaining Wall
terrian roads. The retaining wall prevents the
and to retain slopes in hilly
retained earth to exert a lateral pressure on the wall tending to bend, over. heel slab together with the aelf weight of the structural elements of the
turn and slide the retaining wall. Retaining walls should be designed to retaining wall. Cantilever type retaining walls are adopted for small to
resist the lateral earth pressure from the sides and the soil pressure acing medium heights up to Sm.

vertically on the footing slab integrally built with the vertical slab.
Gravity walls of stone masonry were generally used in the earlier days b) Counterfort retaining wall
to retain earthen embankments. The thickness of the masonry walls
moment devel-
increased with the height of the earth fil. The advent of reinforced con- For larger heights exceeding 5 m of earth fill, the bending
in larger thick-
crete has resulted in thinner retaining walls of different types resulting in oped in the stem, heel and toe slabs are very large resulting
uneconomical. Hence,
ness of the structural elements tending
to be
considerable reduction of costs coupled with improved aesthetics.
for larger heights. Fig. 11.2
counterfort type retaining walls are adopted
wall consisting of a stem or
11.2 TYPES OF RETAINING WALLS Shows a typical counterfort type retaining counterforts which subdivide the
upright slab, toe slab, heel slab and the tee-section
vertical slab and they behave as vertical cantilever beams of
a) Cantilever retaining wall are effectively fixed to the
withvarying width. The stem and heel slab
between the counerforts
untcrtorts so that the stem bends horizontally and
The most common and widely used retaining wall is of the cantilever tYp* the thickness of the atem
lateral earth pressure. Consequently
comprising the following structural parts (Fig. 11.1) ue to reduced due to the
reduction of moment due

uC neel slab is considerably

i) Vertical stem resisting earth pressure from one side and the slab nds countertorts.
O the
fixity of these slabs between the
hke a cantilever. The thickness of the slab is larger at the bottom aand
in WALLS
gradually decreases towards the top in proportion to the vaia 3 FORCES ACTING ON RETAINING
soil pressure. I1.3 and
the shown in Fig.
retaining wall
are
ii) The base slab the foundation comprises the heel slab and
forming
toe slab. The heel the ddetailedarlous forces acting on
under
slab acts as a horizontal
cantilever
the
as follows:
combined action of the the top
and

soil pressure weight of retained earth from cantile-

a)
acting from the soffit. The toe slab also ac Lateral earth Pressure
ver under the
action of the ard. The force acting on
the
resulting soil oressure acting up the is the major
stability of the wall is maintained the earth)fill
on
due to earth
pressure

by weight of tne Orces

 Reinforced Concrete Design
386 State Design of Retaining Walls 387

Stem or
retaining wall. Th
The magnitude of the force is expressed by the
relation.
upright slab -Countertort P.-Cxh2
Where Ca Coenclent or active earth pressure
Ye= Density of Soil
=
height of the back fill measured vertically above the heel
(Fig 11.3)
ea cOefficient of earth pressure C depends upon the angle of sh
aring
cistance (angle of repose) "¢' and the inclination or slope of the back fill
Toe slab resist.

horizontal expressed as "0'.

to the
The general relation tor the coefficient of active earth pressure based
Heel slab
on Rankine's theory is given by the relation.
cos6-Vcos 0-coso cos
Fig. 11.2 Counterfort Retaining Wall Lcos+Vcos 6-cos pJ
For the case of a level backfill, 6= 0 and h = h

sino
Hence,
C1+sin
The coefficient of passive earth pressure is given by the relation,

J1+sin
W C1-sino third the height of
acts at one-
n
The magnitude of the earth pressure Pa
W2
w Pa the back fill as shown in- Fig. 11.3. The force P, developed
due to the pas-
of the retaining wall and its magnitude
SIve pressure acts on the toe side
Pa cos of earth fill on toe slab) is
Deing very small (due to the small height
generally neglected in the design computations.
(h/3) a level back fill or
due to the
Due to the construction of buildings on
loads act
of the retaining wall, gravity
W3 OVement of vehicles near the top load. This additional load of
Pp considered as uniformly distributed
(Neglected ng can
be (fictitious)
equivalent to an additional
LToe R Heel Nm can be treated as statically over the level
surface. The force devel-
o f Soil h, (w, / Y) acting
=
Z with the
level back fill together
Ea due tothe effect of surcharge on a
other forces are shown in Fig. 11.4.
is expressed as,
Soil Lne total force due to active earth pressure
ressure

P.=PatPa

Where Pal =C,w,h =C,hY. h and Pa (C,Y.hY2 =

Fig. 11.3 Forces

Acting on Retaining Wall
 Reinforced Concrete Design Limit State
388 of Retaining Walls 389
Surcharge stabilizing
that these stabili, forces should be factored by a value of 0.9 in calcu-
factor of safety.

Ws hs (Ws/) lating
the

lence, the factor oI sarety can be expressed by the relation,

E.S.9Stabilising
F.S. Force or Moment) 1
Destabilising Force or Moment
a) Overturning

The retaining wall overturns With the toe as the centre of rotation. When
structure overturns, the upward reaction R will not act and the expres-
W Pa sions for the verturning moment M, and the stabilizing moment M,
depend only on the lateral earth
pressure and the geometry of the retaining
wall.
a2 Considering the retaining wall with
th/2 sloping back fill (Fig. 11.3), the
expressions for the overturning and stabilizing moment are,
(h/3)
M,= (P.cos 0)(h'13) =
[C,1.h"S'Y6] cos ®
R AR
caleh M, =
W(B-x)+(P,sin 6)B
Calehs Where W Wi+ W2+Wj+ W
And W= weight of earth fill
B W= weight of stem
Fig. 11.4 Effective Surcharge on a Level Backfill W weight of heel and toe slab
The forces
Wweight of earth fill overtoe slab
heel.
Pa and Pa act at a
height of h/2 and h/3 respectively above the And x distance of W from the heel
B Base width of slab
The factor of safety against overturning is expressed as
b) The vertical forces include the
slab and the soil fill above weight of soil, weight of stem, heel, toe
toe slab.
(F.S)overtuming (0.9M.2
M.
1.4
c) The soil pressure
developed to resist the earth and other
upwards from heel to toe. The pressure veru
cal forces
acting b) Sliding
base is obtained pressure distribuu
by stability calculations
condition of vertical forces and comprising the equ ibrium
moments. The resistance developed against sliding of the retaining wall is mainly due
11.4 STABILITY REQUIREMENTS to
the frictional forces generated between the base slab and the supporting
soil expressed as
The design of retaining walls
should conform to the stability FR
specified in clause-20 of IS: 456 : requiren
Where R W= Resultant soil pressure acting on the base slab and
The factor of which and liding
safety against includes overturningess
1.4 since overturning and sliding shoula b t less than
the stabilizing forces i
Coefficient of friction between ooncrete and soil (Value of a
varies in
are due to cifies
dead loads. The n g e of 0.35 for silt to about 0.60 for 1ough roCK)
co the relation
Hen the factor of safety against sliding is computed by
 Reinforced Concrete Design
390 Limit State Design
of Retaining Walls
0.9uW2
(F.S)sidingP.cos6J 1.4 -150 to 200 mm
391

c) Shear key

fills with surcharge, the active pressures

In the case of back
aro .

high and consequently

above
the required factor
will not
of safety
againstt
be sufficient. In such cases, it is
slidingAatbyivelthey Stem
frictional forces advan
a shear key projeciing
below the base slab as
geous to provide show in
Fig. 11.5.

Stem

Toe slab Heel slab

Toe Heel slab
h tst
h2 -Xt xh
B
LSher key
Fig. 11.6 Dimensioning of Retaining Wall Ellements

the front face of stem or up right slab. Referring to Fig. 11.6,

CpYeha
Let h= height of earth fill from the soffit of base slab
Fig. 11.5 Passive Pressure Due to Shear Key B width of base slab
width of heel slab
The passive resistance developed against sliding is computed as width of toe slab
C coefficient of active earth pressure.
P=C,Y0h-Ay2 Assuming the soil pressure distribution as triangular with maximum
ltis advantageous to provide shear
key just below the stem
a so that the pressure atthe toe and zero at the heel, the resultant vertical pressure will
reinforcements soil pres-
be extended into
can the shear key. pass through the middle third point. For economical design, the
The enhanced factor of Sure resultant should line up with the front face of the stem.
safety against sliding by the use of the shear
have
key can be expressed as. Unnikrishna Pillai and Devadas Menon"
Adopting this principle,
ueveloped an expression for the minimum width of heel slab as,
(F.S)y
(F.S)hding 09uW+Plz14
Pcos =hC3
back fill can be included by replac-
11.5
PROPORTIONING AND DESIGN OF RETAINING WA he effect of surcharge or sloping known values of "h'and Ca, Ah can
ghwith h+h, or hh respectively. With
be computed.
11.5.1
Preliminary dimensioning of Stem and Base sBab Hence, base width = B = 1.5
And x = (1/3) B so that x, = (2//3) B
a) Width of Base slab

An D) Thickness of base slab and stem

economical design
ing the base slab so as ofto the retaining wall can be obtained by propith
align the vertical soil reaction k a
a s e with
thickness of base slab is expressed
as,
irel
e
n a r y computations
of the
 Concrete Design Limit St ate
392 Reinforced
Design of etaining Walls 393
0.08h
= (h/12)
or

300mm Tension
But not less than assumed as,
face
Thickness of stem at bottom is

to a minimum vahe
The stem thickness is gradually decreased of 150 to
face of the stem is ained vertid
maintained vertical.
200mm at top. The front

and toe slabs

c)Design of stem, heel,
behave as cantilever cl.. -Tension
The stem, heel and toe slabs, structurally slabs and face
deform as shown in Fig. 11.7. Hence, the critical sections XX, YY. and
and 72.
22
shown in figure have to be designed
to resist the m factored
moment and
shear forces with a load factor of 1.5. Usually shear is not a critical Tension
factor and the flexural reinforcement is provided near the tension f desig face
the slabs with a clear cover of 50 mm. The reinforcements in the stem m
n may
be curtailed in stages for economy. Temperature and shrinkage reinfor
ment of 0.12 percent of the gross cross section should be provided tan
verse to the main reinforcement. Normal vertical and horizontal
reinforcement should be provided near the front face of stem and also a Soil pressure
the bottom face of heel slab and top face of toe slab.

Fig. 11.7 Deformation Characteristics of Retaining Wall

d) Design of Counterforts
4m high above ground level. The density of earth is 18 kN/m' and its angle
The counter forts should be integrally built with proper ties with stem and of repose is 30". The embankment is horizontal at top. The safe bearing
heel slab so that the horizontal forces due to earth fill is resisted by he of fric-
capacity of the soil may be taken as 200 kN/m and the coefficient
tension steel provided in the counterforts. In a similar way the vertical M-20 grade concrete and Fe-
tion between soil and concrete is 0.5. Adopt
forces on base slab are resisted
by the vertical ties in the counterfort 415 HYSD bars.
The counterfort is designed as a vertical cantilever, fixed at base. Since
the stem acts integrally with the counterfort, the effective section resisting
a) Data
the cantilever moment is a
flanged section, with the flange under compre
sion. The counterforts are 4m
designed as tee beams with the depth of the see Height of embankment above ground level
=

tion varying linearly from the

top to the bottom where the section Density óf soil = 18 kN/m
maximum to resist the maximum moments. Angle of repose = 30
The stem is
designed as a continuous slab spanning between tn S.B.C. of soil= 200 kN/m*
terforts with negative and
positive moments at supports and mid span Coefficient of friction = 0.5
respectively.The heel and toe slabs are
designed for soil Materials : M-20 grade concrete and
Fe-415 HYSD bars
continuous and cantilever slabs receptively. pres
b) Dimensions of the Retaining wall
11.6 DESIGN EXAMPLES
200(1 12m
I1.6.1 Design a cantilever retaining wall Minimum depth
of Foundation= +sinoJ
embankment

to retain an eartm
 Concrete Design
394 Reinforced Limit State I
esign of Retaining Walls
1.2 m 395
of foundation
=

Provide depth c)Desig of stem

5.2 m
of wall (h) (4 + 1.2)
=
=

Over all depth

Thickness of base slab = (h/12) or 0.08h = (5200/12)= 33 mm
stem =
h, =
4.75 m
450 mm
Height of
Adopt thickness of base slab
=
, =
Thickness o f stem
thickness of base slab =
450 mm at
0.45) = 4.75 m bottom
. Height of stem h, (5.2
= =
-

200 mm at top. tapering to

is computed as,
Coefficient of active earth pressure
C
sin=1-sin30°
M
M, 1.5C
=
=1.5C Ye=
Y
=(15x0,333 x18x4.75 y6= 161 kN.m
1+ sin 1+sin300.333 cover of 50 mm, d= 400mm
Providing a
of heel slab h yC/3 = 5.2 V(0.333/3) =
1.73 m
M.161x10
19
= =
Width x,
1.006
Width of base slab = B = 1.5 x =
(1.5 x 1.73) = 2.6 m
10 x400
Adopt B =3 m
Width of toe slab = Im and Width of heel slab = 2 m (Refer Fig.1i Refer Table-2 (SP: 16) and read out the
percentage of reinforcement as
2 0 0

p=0.30=hbd
100A and A, 0.30x 10x 400 = 1200 mm/m
100
Provide 16mm diameter bars at 160mm centres at the bottom fora
height of 1.75m and gradually increased spacing of 200mm for the next
one metre and as 300mm centres for the remaining height.

Distribution Reinforcement = 0.12 percent =

(0.0012 x I10' x 450) = 540
mm/m.
m W
Provide 8mm diameter bars at 180mm centres in the horizontal direction at
W2 475m both front and back faces. Gradually the spacing is
increased to 250 and
(hs)
h 5.2m 300 mm centres towards the top of the stem.
Pa C distribution at base)
d) Stability computations (Pressure
wall is shown in Fig. 11.8 the sta-
The overall dimensions of the retaining
1-2m
W3 bility calculations are shown in Table 11.1.
0-45m run of wall
for one metre
Table 11.1 Stability calculations
(kN.m) |
-1m0-45 -1-55 m- Loads
Magnitude of Distance from Moment
'a' (m)
-3m Load (kN)
0.78 103.35
132.50
d
W, (1.55x4.75 x 18) 1.65 37.62
W= (0.2 x 4.75 x 25) 22.8 26.07
Pmin +(0.5 x 0.25 x 4.75 x 25) 14.25
1.83
48.60
53-84 kN/m 32.40
1.50
W, (3 x 0.45 x 25)
Moment due to earth pressure
7178
139 M C, (Yh)/6
max 0.333(18x 4.75 )/6 322.81
2M=
80-76 kN/m2 201.95
Total W
Soil pressure
distribution
at base
Fig. 118 Forces Acting on Retaining Wall
 Concrete Design Limit
396 Reinforced Design of Retaining Wal 397
of resultant from point 'a'=z-
= (M/yW)
Distance of point of application Tabl 19 (1S: 456) and for M-20
grade concrete, the
percentage
Reler

Z=
[(322.81/(201.95)]
= 1.6 m rcement required for t 0.20 N/mm is read
=

out as,
0.58) (1.6 -
0.5 x 3) = (0.I m
Eccentricity = e = (Z -
=
100A 0.15
(BI6) = (3/6) = 0.5 m =0. I m < (B/6) bd
is compressive froma to d (0.15x 10O0 x 400
Hence, the soil pressure

Maximum and minimum

soil pressure at and 'a'
"a respectivelv ar
A =

100
= 600 mm/m

com
puted as
(68.10x10-0425
1000x 400)
P(max, min 3
Refe Table-2 (SP:16) and read out the percentage reinforcement as
kN/m* (at d)... tooe
Pmas 80.76 P0.121 <0.15
P'min 53.84 kN/m* (at a)...heel
Hence, provide 12 mm diameter bars at 180 mm centres (A = 628 mm).
Maximum soil pressure at toe is less than the safe bearing capacity of soil
given by (200 kN/m°). Hence, soil pressure is within safe permissible lim. Provide 8 mm diameter bars at 180 mm centres in the transverse direction
its. as distribution reinforcement at both faces of the heel slab.
slab
e) Design of heel slab D Design of toe

Maximum bending moment in the heel slab is computed at section 'bb Maximum bending moment in the toe slab is computed at the section CC
using the moment computations shown in Table 11.2 (Refer Fig 11.8) as shown in Table-11.3 (Refer Fig 11.8)

Table 11.3 Moment calculations for lm ength of Toe slab

Table 11.2 Moment calculations for Im length of heel slab
Loads Magnitude of Distance from | Moment (kN.m)|
Loads Magnitude of Distance from Moment (kN.m)
b' (m) Load (kN) c (m)
Load (kN)
W, = (1.55 x 4.75 x 18) 132.50 0.775 102.68 Upward pressure cdif 0.50 35.8
Self weight of heel slab = (71.78 x 1) 71.78
(1.55 x 0.45 x 25) 0.775 Upward pressure Jfe
Total
16.7 12.94
0.67 3.00
115.62 = (0.5 x 1 x 8.98) 4.49
Deduct for upward pressure (abih) 38.
.89
=
(53.84 x 1.55) 83.45 0.775 64.67 Tolal
Up ward pressure (ghi)
(0.5x1.55x13.9) Deduct self welght of toe slab 0.50 5.40
10.77 0.516 5.55 (1 x 1x0.45 x 25) 10.8
Total Deduction Neglect self weight of soil above toe
70.22
slab
33.49
Maximum moment in toe slab
Maximum B.M. in heel slab
M,, (1 15.62 70.22) 45.40 kN.m
= = =

Maximum ultimate moment 50.23

M, (1.5 x 45.40) 68.10 kN.m = =
in toe slab at CC =M, = 1.5 (33.49) =

Maximum Shear Force ximum ultimate moment

V,= 1.5 V. 1.5 + =
[132.50 16.70 83.4 kN.m
10.77] 82.5 kN
Ximum shear force =
V, = 1.5 [71.78+4.49 1 i =98.2 kN
82.5x 10)
ba)10x4000.20 N/mm? 98.2 x1000-0.245 N/mm
b 1000x400400
 Reinforced Concrete Design
Limit State Design
398 of Retaining Walls 399
read out the percentage
456) and
Refer Table-19
required for
(IS
forcement Then, P,=Cpp =
P.= CpP 11-sinó.78=(3
0.245 N/mm* using
M-20 grade
concrete as, x71.78) =215.34 kN/m
T=
(100A 0.15 I f a = depth of shear key = 4501
mm

bd Total
force
passive Pp (Pp .
a) =
215.34 x0.45) 96.9 kN
=

[o.15x 1000x400600 mm/m Eactor of

safety against sliding
100
HWP 100.975+96.9=2.43> 1.40
small, the reinforcement required wil
will be le 81.12
The ultimate moment being
Hence, provide 12mm diameter
than that from shear considerations. de minimum reinforcement of 8 mm diameter bars at 180 mm cen-
628 mm).
180mm centres (A,,
=
r . The reinforcement details in the retaining wall is shown in Fig. 11.9.
Provide 8mm diameter bars at 180 mm centres in the transverse direcr ters.

the slab. ection 200

and in both directions at the top of
8-300-
1m
g) Stability against overturning -16-300
Stability against overturning is checked by computing the overtuming and 8-250 3m
stabilizing moment about toe.
# 16-200

Overturning moment =M.

. =C= 0.33x18x4.75106 kN.m 8-180 5-2m
6 6

Stabilizing moment due to vertical forces about the toe is computed as, #16-160
M, = W (B - Z) = 201.95 (3 1.6) 282.73 kN.m 1-75m
Factor of safety against overturning is expressed as,
8-180 r#12-1800
(0.9 M09x282152.39
FS.M, 106.1 1,40 (Hence safe) #12-180
h) Stability against sliding
#2-12- #8-180
Sliding Force = P,= (0.5 C, Y. h) = (0.5 x 0.33x 18x 5.2) = 81.12 kN
Resisting force (ignoring passive pressure) 1000450 1550
is expressed as
F=HR uW (0.5 x201.5) 100.975 kN.
= =
-3000
=
Reinforcement Details in Cantilever Retaining Wall
Fig. 11.9
Factor of safety against sliding =
[(0.9 x
100.975)V(81.12) 1.12<1=
1.6.2 Design Example (Counterfort Retaining Wall)
Hence, the wall is unsafe
against sliding. Therefore a shear key nas b
designed below the stem. data
) Design of shear gn a retaining wall to suit the following
counterfort type
key Height of wall above ground level
bm =

Let Pp Passive force e bearing capacity of soil at site = 160 kN/m

resisting the
Pp Intensity of passive pressuresliding of retainingin wa f shear
gle of internal friction 33 degrees
key at C Refer developed just fron Density of soil = 16 kN/m
(Fig.11.8)
 Reinforced Concrete Design
400
Limit. ate
of
counterforts
= 3 m c/c Design of Retaini Valls 401
Spacings concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars Provi 12 mm diameter bars at 150 mm
Materials: M-20 grade centers (A, 754
Sketch the details
of reinforcements in the retaining wall Distribution reinf
inforcement =

(0.0012 0.12%
x 220 x
= mm) =

Adopt 6
mm diameter bars at 200 mm
centers (A, 283
1000)= 264 mmlm
of retaining wall nsions of the various
structural mm) =

a)
Dimensions The
retaining wallaare show in Fig.11.10(a). elements of the countert
erfort

Minimum depth offoundation

p1-sin
=2| Sino
Y.L1+sinÙJ
1.11 m f22020- 3060-

= 1.2 m
Provide depth offoundation
Overall height of wall= H=(6+ 1.2)
= 7.2 m
Counter fort
Thickness of base slab 2.L.H cm (2x3x7.2)
=
= =
43.2 cm

Provide 450 mm thick base slab.

H 6m
Base width = 0.6 H to 0.7
4.32 m and (0.7 x 7.2) = 5.04 m h 6-75 m
(0.6 7.2)
x =
H7:2 W3
Hence, adopt base width
= 4.5 m m

Toe projection (1/4) 4.5

= = 1.1 m W
P Cah
G (Earth pressure)
b) Design of stem
1:2m Stem
(1-sin
Pressure intensity at base =V+ sin W2
Toe slab Heel-slab 450

where h (7.2-0.45) =6.75 m

=

Pressure intensity = (16 x 6.75)%(1/3) = 36 kN/m? +2204- -3-28 m

(a) Counter fort Retaining Wall

Maximum working moment M, =| (36x321 kN.m (overall dimensions)

Factored moment = M, = (1.5 x 27) = 40.5 kN.m

Effective depth required for balanced section is computed as,

M. 405. x10° = 121 mm

45 kN/m
d-o.138fb) V (0.138 x20x 10)
Assuming an un-reinforced section and to provide a suitable thicknesslo
resist the design shear at base of stem, adopt an overall thickness ot
mm constant
150 kN/m
up to the top of the retaining wal. (b) Pressure Distribution

Effective depth = d = 175 mm Counterfort Retaining Wal

Fig. 11.10
The reinforcements in the stem is computed using the relauon c) Stability computations various
415A calculating the
(40.5x 10) (0.87 x415 A,X is computed by

Solving. A,= 700 mm

=

17590 175 x 20)J pressure

distribution at base

a c i n g and taking
moments

moments
all the forces
about the
about
of
the heel. The

heel point 'a'

are
var-

shown in

orces acting and their

Table-11.4.
 Reinforced Concrete Design
402 nit State Desi
Table 11.4 Stability Computations
of Retaining Walls
gn
Table 11.5 Moments of 403
Magnitude of
Toe Slab
S:
Loads Distance from Loads
Load (kN) 'a' (m) hent about Magnitude of Distance from
Load (kN)
W =
(0.22 x 6.75 x 25)
.64
48.60
3.39 a(kN. m)
120.80
Upward pressure 'cdj (m)
'c Moment about
C (kN.m)
W =(0.45 x4.5 25) = (126.6 x 1)
x .25
26.6
W (3.28 x 6.75 16)
x 354.24 1.64 109.35 Upward pressure 'efi' 0.50
63.30
Moment due to earth pressure 580.95 (0.5 x 1 x 23.4)
11.7
0.67
7.84
C, (y,.h6)
(1/3) (16 x7.2V6 3317
Total

71 14
of toe slab
Total W 438.48 Deduct self weight
EM-1142.8 (1x 0.45 x
25) 10.8
0.5
Deduct weight
of soil above toe 12.0
5.40
0.5
Distance of the point of application of the resultant from (0.75 x 1x 16) 6.00
point 'a' i slab
Total deduction

2.66 m 11.40
Z-w 438.49 4154
Eccentricity = e = (Z- b/2) = (2.66 -4.5/2) =0.41 m
(89.61 x
10)=(0.87x415 A, x400)1 (10x 400x 20)J
But (b/6) = (4.5/6) =0.75 m. Hence, e< (b/6) Solving A= 644 mm*

Maximum and minimum pressures at the base Provide 12 mm diameter bars at 150 mm centres = 754 mm) (A,
are given by Distribution bars = 0.12% = (0.0012 x 1000 x 450) = 540 mm?

P mak
438.49( 6x0.41=150 KN/m Provide 10 mm diameter bars at 280 mm centres on both faces
(A=561 mm)
438.49,6x0.41) e) Design of Heel Slab
Pmin 4.5 4 5 4 5 kN/m
The maximum intensity of pressure does not exceed the Consideringl m wide strip of heel slab near heel end 'a',
of 160 kN/m.
permissible value
Upward soil pressure = 45 kN/m
The pressure distribution Weight of soil on strip (16 x 6.75) 108.00
at the base of the retaining wall is shown in = =
KN/m
Fig.11.10(6). Selfweight of strip (1x0.45 x 25)
= = 0.80 kN/m*
Total load = 118.80 kN/m
d) Design of toe slab Deduct downward pressure - 45.00 kN/m
Net downward pressure 73.80 kN/m
The maximum Spacings of counterforts = 3 m
bending moment acting on the toe slab is calculated by
considering moments of all forces about the point 'c'. The computations
negative working moment at counterfort given by,
Maximum is
are
compiled in Table-11.5.
Maximum working morment in toe slab is obtained as, M 73.80x3=5.35 kN.m
M, (71.14 11.4) 59.74 kN.m
=
M.=12
M. (1.5 x 55.35) 83
-
= kN.m =

Design Ultimate moment = =

Design Ultimate moment M, = x

Effective (1.5 59.74) =89.61 kN.m
=
4154
depth of toe slab 400 mm =
(83 x 10)=0.87x415 A x400)1000x400 x20)
Reinforcements in toe slab is
computed using the relation,
Solving A, =600 mm
 404 Reinforced Concrete Design
Limit State
diameter bars at 150 (A., Desig of
Provide 12 mm

Distribution bars = 0.12% = (0.0012xi

mm centres

1000x450) 540
= 754 mm)
=

between counterfort and

Retaining 405
mm2
C o n n e c t i o n l

Provide 10 mm diameter bars at 280 mm centres on both fa.

h) upright slab
mm) faces(A= 561 Consider the bottomlmheight of upright slab.
strip= 36 kN/m?
on this
Pressure
Design ofcounterforts otal lateral pressure transferred
to the
counterfort for Im
36 (3-0.44) =91.8 kN height
is
Thickness provided at the top = (220 + 220) = 440 mm Factored force = 5x91.8) = 137.7 kN
Thickness of counterfort = 440 mm
Maximum working moment in counterfort is Reinforcement required per metre height =51.7x 10*
O.87x415 381 mm
x3=820.12 kN.m Deovide minimum reinforcement of 10 mm
horizontal links at 280 mm centres.
diameter bars in the form of
Factored Design moment M, (1.5 x 820.12) 1230 kN.m
= = =

Reinforcement at the bottom of counterfort is computed by using Connection between counterfort and heel slab
the rela
tion,

415A Tension transferred in I m width of counterfort near the heel end

(1230 x 10)=(0.87x 415A, x4400)1- 4154, is =73.8(3-0.44) = 189 kN
(440 4400 20)J x
Factored force = (1.5 x 189) = 283.5 kN
Solving A = 800 mm

But minimum reinforcement as per IS:456-2000 code is

Reinforcement required for 1 mheight 9741785 mm
stipulated as 0.87 x415
(0.85 bd(0.85x 440x Spacing of 10 mm diameter bars provided in the form of two legged verti-
415 4400)3965 mm cal links is (2x78.5x10=
Provide 5 bars of 32 computed as 5, =

785 |=200
200 mm
mm
mm diameter (A,= 4020 mm)
Provide 10 mm diameter two legged vertical links at 200 mm centres
g) Curtailment of bars
Let h
)Reinforcement Details
=
depth at which 1 bar can be curtailed
The detail of reinforcements in the counterfort retaining wall is shown in
Then
h= 6m from top Fig.11.11.
Let h =
depth at which 2 bars can be curtailed 11.7 EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE
Then
6.73 h=5.2m from top wall to retain earth
Design a reinforced concrete cantileverretaining above
Let h depth of 5.5 m ground level.
evel with the top of the wall to a heightwith a safe bearing capacity of
=
at which 3 bars can be curtailed density of soil at site is 17 kN/m resistance of the soil as 35
2 U kN/m. Assume the angle of ahearing beween soil andcon
h=5.2m from top coefficient of friction
The rees. Further assume a concrete and
Fe-415 HYSD bars.
remaining two bars are continued e t e as 0.55. Adopt M-20 erade

right up to the top:

 Reinforced Concrete Design Limit State
406 Design of Retdining Walls 407
4) De
a
Cantilever retaining wall to retain earth with
640 20° horizontal.
The top of the
to the horizontal.
wall is 5.5 m
abackfill sloped
220 level. A s s u m e above
depth of foundation as 1.2 m below the ground
2-32
6-200-< Horizontal links Counter lort th a Safe aring capacity of 120 kN/m*. The ground level
10-280

L-2m w LN/m and an angle of of shearing unit weight of backfill

6750 5-2 m resistance of 35". Also assume
12-150N
yer tical links
3-32 |50m he Coefficient of friction between
soil and concrete as 0.55. Adopt
pright slad #10-200
4-32 M-20 grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD steel bars.
10-280 5-32
10-280-

siab
12-150
FV10-20 12-150 Le10-280
1000 -3280
Sectional Elevation Midway Sectional Elevation of Counterfort
Between Supports
12-150
1.0m.
6-200
0-22m
-Counter fort L10-280 -Horizontal links
3-28 m 10-280
5-32 -Vertical links
10-200
0 3 m
Sectional Plan at Base of Counterfort

Fig. 11.11 Reinforcement Details in Counterfort Retaining Wall

2) A cantilever type retaining wall is to be designed to support a bank of

earth 4 m above ground level on the toe side of the wall. The backfill
is inclined at an angle of 15 degrees with the horizontal.
surface
Assumethat good soil is available for foundations ata depth of 1.25m
below
angle
ground
of
level with safe bearing capacity of 160 kN/m and
resistance
a an

shearing of 30 degrees. Assume coefficient of fric

tion between soil and concrete as 0.5. Adopt M-20 grade concrete and
Fe-415 HYSD reinforcement. Assume the unit weight of soil as lb
kN/m
3 Design a counterfort type retaining wall to support an earth fill or
m above
ground level. The foundation depth may be taken as .
below ground level. The safe
kN/m. Unit weight of soil maybearing
of soil at site is,
be takencapacity
as 16 kN/m and an angle of
shearing resistance of 30'. Assume the value of coefficient of
as 0.55. Adopt M-20 grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars. Sketch Sketch
the details of
reinforcements in the retaining wall.