ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res.

9(09), 720-727

Journal Homepage: -www.journalijar.com

Article DOI:10.21474/IJAR01/13473
DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/13473

RESEARCH ARTICLE
DEVELOPMENT OF EFFERVESCENT TABLETS BASED ON RED GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE
ROSC. VAR. RUBRUM) AND ROSELLA FLOWER (HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA L.)

Suherman1, A.C. Kumoro1, K. Anam2, E. E. Susanto1 and S. Badaruddin1

1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, 50275 Semarang,
Central Java, Indonesia.
2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, 50275 Semarang,
Central Java, Indonesia.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Manuscript Info Abstract
……………………. ………………………………………………………………
Manuscript History The COVID-19 virus is still spreading throughout the world, and many
Received: 28 July 2021 efforts are being made to combat the outbreak and develop vaccines.
Final Accepted: 31 August 2021 Several traditional plants such as ginger and rosella can increase
Published: September 2021 endurance and ward off various diseases. In this research, effervescent
tablets made from ginger and rosella have been developed. Five
Key words:-
Covid-19, Effervescent Tablet,Ginger formulations of effervescent tablets with different concentrations of
Extract, Rosella Extract, Tablet Quality acid and base mixtures have been made to test their physical properties,
both granules, and effervescent tablets. The granule physical properties
test results showed that the variation of the mixture of acids and bases
had no significant effect on the physical properties of the granules. The
physical quality of the granule is following the applicable requirements.
The same thing was also found in the weight uniformity test. In
contrast, in the brittleness and hardness test, tablet formulation 5 (an
acid mixture consisting only of tartaric acid) showed the best results.
From the dissolution time test, it was found that the use of a mixture of
citric acid and tartrate was able to accelerate the dissolving time
compared to the use of one type of acid. From the test results, it can be
concluded that formulation five tablets show the best quality of tablets.
Further studies need to be done regarding the application of ginger and
roselle effervescent tablets to increase the body's immunity from
COVID-19.

Copy Right, IJAR, 2021,. All rights reserved.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Introduction:-
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), better known as COVID-19, has been
designated by WHO as a pandemic since March 11, 2020, and is still spreading its spread until now. This virus can
easily be spread by human-to-human transmission of droplets, especially in people who are close to each other. Until
now, it is still unclear what causes this virus (Rahman et al., 2021). Coronavirus is a human or mammalian-
transmitted, positive, unsegmented RNA virus that belongs to the Coronaviridae family. This virus attacks the
respiratory tract and generally does not cause severe effects. However, two types of coronavirus have caused
thousands of fatalities, namely SARS-CoV and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) (Huang et al.,
2020; Zhu et al., 2020).When someone is infected with coronavirus, the most common characteristics include fever,

Corresponding Author:-Suherman 720

Address:-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University,
50275 Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia.
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 9(09), 720-727

dry cough, and shortness of breath. COVID-19 is different from the previous coronavirus, where the virus is
straightforward to spread. Even though a vaccine has been found for COVID-19 and has begun to be distributed
throughout the country, much research is being carried out to overcome this outbreak, considering that COVID-19
has become a severe problem for almost all countries worldwide (Chen et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2020).

Apart from vaccines, various ways to treat or prevent COVID-19 are still being investigated by researchers now,
utilizing traditional plants. Red ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) It is a medicinal plant that grows in Indonesia,
both as a side plant and in particular areas. Ginger is rich in oleoresin (gingerol, shogaol) and has been widely used
as traditional medicine, flavoring agent, and antimicrobial agent (Ghafoor et al., 2020; Kizhakkayil and Sasikumar,
2011). Regarding COVID-19, several studies have revealed that ginger contains compounds that can inhibit the
replication rate of this virus (Amin and Jha, 2020; Goswami et al., 2020). In several countries such as the United
States, United Kingdom, and Nigeria, ginger has been applied to sufferers of COVID-19. It has been proven that
consuming ginger can accelerate the healing of sufferers (Orisakwe et al., 2020).

One of the herbal plants often used as medicine is roselle, which Indonesian people generally consume in tea.
Rosella has the potential as a source of functional food, antioxidants, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer,
natural dyes and is used in the health sector (Nurnasari and Khuluq, 2018). Rosella flowers contain essential
compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, and polyphenols, which according to several studies, can protect the
heart, fight cancer, and treat carcinoma (Formagio et al., 2015). Rosella flowers have been used in various countries,
such as in Egypt to treat heart and nerve diseases, in North Africa to treat sore throats and dry coughs, and in China
and Iran to treat high blood pressure (Da-Costa-Rocha et al., 2014).

It can be said that both ginger and roselle flowers can be used as other alternatives to maintain the body's immunity
due to the increasing spread of COVID-19. So far, the two plants are generally consumed by brewing. However,
recently there are beverage preparations in the form of effervescent, namely in tablets that dissolve quickly and are
more practical for consumption(Kartikasari et al., 2015).Effervescent tablets are made by pressing the active
ingredients with a mixture of citric acid and bases such as sodium carbonate. Combining these mixtures is believed
to maintain medicinal quality, increase drug solubility, and be more attractive for consumption because it helps
improve the taste of certain drugs(Mahdiyyah et al., 2020).

Several studies have studied the manufacture of ginger effervescent tablets (Aghazadeh et al., 2019; Giyatmi and
Lingga, 2019; Kholidah and Khumaidi, 2014)and roselle (Aprilianto, 2011; Asiani et al., 2012), with a mixture of
different acids and bases. No literature discusses the manufacture of effervescent tablets using ginger and rosella
flowers as far as the author's search. Therefore, in this study, effervescent tablets made from red ginger and rosella
flowers were carried out. The acid mixture used is citric acid and tartaric acid, while the base used is sodium
bicarbonate. A total of 5 effervescent tablet formulations with varying concentrations of acid and base were prepared
and then tested the physical properties of the granules, and effervescent tablets were. Granule physical properties
test includes moisture content test, Carr's index test, and angle of repose test. The physical properties test for
effervescent tablets includes weight uniformity test, brittleness test, hardness test, and dissolving time test.

Materials and Methods:-

The materials used in this study were fresh red ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Rosc. Var. Rubrum) and red
roselle flower (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L) obtained from Karanganyar Regency, starch Manihot, 96% ethanol, filler
agent (dextrin), effervescent agent. (citric acid, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonate diluted using 96 percent
ethanol), Polyvinyl Pyrrolidine (PVP) binding agent, and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 6000 lubricating agent. The
tools needed include an analytical balance, oven, stopwatch, mesh sieves no 12, 16, and 40, blender, rotary
evaporator, single punch tablet printing machine (Atelier TDP-5), LABINDIA Tablet Hardness Tester type TH 1050
M, Benchtop Tablet Friability Tester Instrument CS-4, mortar and pestle, drying cabinet, Mettler Toledo moisture
analyzer, Tapped density tester SVM Erweka, filter paper, plastic container, porcelain cup, and glass beaker.

Preparation of ginger and rosella extracts

Fresh red ginger rhizome is washed, then sorted, and weighed. The rhizomes are sliced 1-3 mm thick, then dried in a
drying cabinet at a temperature of ± 40 ° C. Dry red ginger rhizome is brittle when broken and weighed until the
weight remains. The ginger rhizome is then powdered in a blender and stored in a plastic container with a lid. The
same procedure is also carried out to obtain roselle pollen.

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The extract was made by maceration using 96% ethanol as a solvent. A total of 1.5 kg of dry ginger or roselle
powder is macerated with 75% solvent (11.25 liters) of 96% ethanol, then put in a tightly closed vessel and left at
room temperature for five days protected from light while frequently stirring. After five days, the maceration results
are filtered and squeezed. The waste is added with 25% parts (3.75 liters) of 96% ethanol until 100% (15 liters) are
obtained into a closed vessel, left in a cool place, protected from light for two days, and filtered. The macerate was
combined and then evaporated using a rotary evaporator at a temperature of ± 40 ° C to obtain an ethanol extract of
252.7 g. The extract was concentrated again by evaporation in a water bath to obtain a thick ethanol extract of 204.4
g. A total of 200 g of thick red ginger or rosella extract is dried by adding little by little Manihot starch with a ratio
of 1: 3, then crushed until homogeneous. The fine extract was sieved with a No.40 mesh sieve and then dried in a
drying cabinet at a temperature of ± 40ºC to obtain dry extracts of red ginger rhizome and roselle flowers.

Preparation of effervescent granules

The preparation of effervescent granules uses the wet granulation method by making acid and alkaline granules
separately. Table 1 shows five effervescent tablet formulations with varying acid and base weights. Several dry
extracts of red ginger and roselle flower were mixed homogeneously with citric acid and tartaric acid for acid
granules. Then the wet granule is made using PVP, which has been dissolved with ethanol. Several dextrins are
combined homogeneously with sodium bicarbonate to make alkaline granules, and then PVP, which has been
dissolved in ethanol, is added to make a wet granule. The mixture of each formulation was granulated until the same
mass was obtained, then sieved using a mesh No. sieve. 12 and dried in a drying cabinet with a temperature of 40-60
° C for ± 1-2 hours until the appropriate material moisture content is obtained. The dry granules were sieved again
using a No. mesh sieve. 16. The dry granules that have been obtained are then tested for their physical properties.
The effervescent granules obtained were then compressed utilizing a tablet printing machine by mixing the acid
granules, alkaline granules, ginger and roselle extracts, and PEG. After that, the effervescent tablets were tested for
the quality of their physical properties.

Table 1:- Effervescent tablet formulation

Component Formula (mg)
I II III IV V
Red Ginger Extract 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
Rosella Extract 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
PVP 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2
Dextrin 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111
Effervescent mix
 Tartaric Acid - 172 347 526 708
 Citric Acid 682 516 347 175 -
 Sodium Bicarbonate 818 812 806 799 792

Extract antioxidant activity test using DPPH method with UV-Vis Spectrophotometer
The basic idea behind this antioxidant activity test method is to quantify antioxidant activity by measuring DPPH
radical capture by a compound with an antioxidant activity using UV-Vis spectrophotometry to determine the value
of free radical scavenging activity expressed as the IC50 value (Inhibitory Concentration). The IC50 value is defined
as the concentration of the test compound that can reduce free radicals by 50%. The smaller the IC50 value, the
higher the free radical scavenging activity. The formula calculates attenuation to DPPH:
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝐴𝑏𝑠 .−𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝐴𝑏𝑠 .
%𝐼𝑛ℎ𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100%(Eq. 1)
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Test the Physical Properties of the Granules

Test Moisture Content
Moisture content is an important quality parameter for dry products because it will determine the durability and shelf
life of the product. Hygroscopic granules produce poor granule flow so that the uniformity of tablets is also not
good. In this test, a moisture balance tool is used. The tool is inserted into an aluminum plate, then weighed ± 1
gram in a cup, then the percentage of the water content of the granule will be obtained. Water content was measured
three times and averaged.

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Test Carr's index

Carr's index test results are said to be good if Carr's index value is <20%, or it can be said to have good flow
properties. The smaller the% Carr's index, the better the flow properties. A total of ± 30 grams of granules were
weighed and put in a 50 ml measuring cup, then the volume (V1) and bulk density were measured, according to
equation (2). The measuring cup containing granules was placed on a tapping device, tapped 300 times. The
experiment was repeated three times with different granules, then the volume (V2) and tapped density were
measured, according to equation (3). Carr's index is calculated using equation (4).
𝑚
𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = (Eq. 2)
𝑉1
𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = (Eq. 3)
𝑉2
𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠 .−𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠 .
𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑟′𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 𝑥 100% (Eq. 4)
𝑇𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

Test the angle of rest

If the angle of rest formed is ≤ 30 °, it indicates that the granule can flow freely, and if the angle formed is ≥ 40 °, it
indicates that the granule has poor flowability(Kholidah and Khumaidi, 2014).Several granules are inserted into the
flow funnel with the bottom closed then flattened, after which the powder holder at the bottom of the funnel is
opened, let the powder flow on the table covered with paper. The pile of powder formed is measured for height and
radius. The angle of rest is calculated based on equation (5). α is the angle of repose, h is the height of the pile of
powder (cm), and r is the powder's radius.

ℎ
𝑇𝑎𝑛𝛼 = (Eq. 5)
𝑟

Test of physical properties of effervescent tablets

Weight uniformity test
Uniformity of weight is one factor that determines the uniformity of the active substance in tablets, affecting the
uniformity of the therapeutic effect. The weight uniformity test needs to be done to determine whether, in one tablet
printing, the weight of each tablet is more or less the same. In each test, ten tablets of each formulation were taken as
samples. The results obtained should not be more than two tablets, with each weight deviating from the average
weight of the tablet.

Brittleness test
The brittleness of the tablet describes the strength of the tablet surface against abrasion on the tablet surface. The
fragility of the tablets was carried out by freeing ten tablets of dust and then weighed and put into the friability
tester. The tool is run for 4 minutes at a speed of 25 rpm. After that, the tablet is dust-free again and weighed. This
test is carried out three times for each formulation. Equation (6) shows the fragility calculation formula. Wiis the
initial weight, while Wfis the final weight. The fragility of a tablet is said to be good if the value is <1%.
𝑊𝑖 −𝑊𝑓
𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = × 100% (Eq. 6)
𝑊𝑖

Hardness Test
Tablet hardness is a parameter that describes the resistance of tablets against mechanical stress. The tablet is inserted
into the Hardness tester. Then the tool is turned on until the hardness number or value is obtained. The experiment
was repeated ten times for each formulation.

Dissolve Time Test

The dissolution time test aims to check whether the tablets dissolve quickly according to resin requirements. The
dissolving time of an excellent effervescent tablet will disintegrate and dissolve quickly in 1-2 minutes or less than 5
minutes. An effervescent tablet is put into the water with a volume of 250 ml. The dissolving time is calculated with
a stopwatch starting from immersing the tablet until all the tablets are crushed and dissolved.

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Results and Discussion:-

Extract antioxidant activity
Tabel 2:- The results of the evaluation of the physical properties of the Extract's Antioxidant Activity
Extract %Inhibition IC 50 (%)
Red Ginger Extract 73,171 0,061
Roselle Extract 51,220 0,082
Mix Red Ginger and Rosella Extract 80,488 0,042

Table 2 shows the results of the antioxidant activity test of the extract, which shows that the free radical scavenging
effect of the extract preparations shows that the mixture of ginger extract and rosella extract has greater inhibitory
power against free radicals, which is 80.488% with an IC 50 value of 0.042 where the results of the mixture of
extracts are classified as having good active antioxidants. This is by the research results by Philip Molyneux (2004),
which states that the level of the antioxidant power of test compounds using the DPPH method can be classified
based on the IC50 value, where the smaller the IC50 value, the higher the free radical scavenging
activity(Molyneux, 2004).

Granule physical properties

Table 3:- Evaluation results of granule physical properties test
Formulation Flow Rate Silent Moisture Tapped Bulk Density Carrs
(gr sec-1) Angle (o) Content (%) Density (gr (gr mL-1) Index
mL-1)
I 14,19 9,84 3.09 0,57 0,64 10,98
II 18,49 9,92 3.25 0,50 0,61 9,91
III 19,04 10,10 3.45 0,59 0,57 8,79
IV 14,24 10,22 3.36 0,83 0,54 7,67
V 14,63 10,20 3.29 0,57 0,57 7,69

Table 3 shows the granule physical properties test results, including the moisture content test, Carr's index test, and
the angle of repose test. It can be seen that the granules in formulation 1 have the lowest water content of 3.09%,
while the most significant water content is obtained in formulation 3, which is 3.45%. A good moisture content
value for effervescent granules should be below 0.5% (Giyatmi and Lingga, 2019; Patel and Siddaiah, 2018).Thus,
the water content in this study is still too high. This can be due to the less long drying process (1-2 hours) and the
low drying temperature (40-60°C) in this study, so there is still water in the granules. In Carr's index test, it can be
observed that the lowest and highest Carr's index values are found in formulations 2 and 1, respectively, with a
range between 7 to 11.36. Granules are said to have a suitable flow type if Carr's index value is between 5-15%
(Kartikasari et al., 2015; Nurahmanto et al., 2017).

Meanwhile, in the angle of repose test, it was found that the angle of repose value for the five granule formulations
was not much different, with a range between 9.7 to 10.57 degrees. This indicates that the effect of acid
concentration has little effect on the angle of rest or flow properties of the granules. It can also be observed that the
granules in formulation 5 (the highest tartaric acid concentration) have the most excellent angle of repose. This can
be due to the greater cohesion force between tartaric acid particles, resulting in a larger angle of rest (Kartikasari et
al., 2015). Granules have a good flow when the angle of rest is less than 30 degrees (Giyatmi and Lingga, 2019;
Patel and Siddaiah, 2018). From the granule physical properties test, it can be concluded that the differences in the
composition of citric acid, tartaric acid, and sodium bicarbonate do not have a significant effect on the physical
properties of the granules.

Evaluation of ginger and rosella extract effervescent tablets

The physical appearance of effervescent tablets
Evaluation of the physical appearance of the tablets was carried out by observing the shape, color, odor, surface of
the tablet, and whether there was any damage to the tablet. The evaluation of the physical appearance of the
effervescent tablets of ginger and roselle extract formulas I, II, III, IV, and V are the same, namely tablets are round
flat, yellowish pink, odorless, sour taste, with smooth surface, and no defects on the tablet.

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Figure 1:- Ginger and rosella extract effervescent tablet.

Weight uniformity
The weight uniformity test needs to be done to determine tablets' level of weight uniformity in one tablet printing.
The results of the weight uniformity test are shown in Table 3. It can be observed that there is not a single tablet
whose weight deviates more than 5% and 10% of their respective mean weights so that it qualifies as an effervescent
tablet that is fit for consumption (Kholidah and Khumaidi, 2014; Patel and Siddaiah, 2018). Fine granule flow
properties also influence good weight diversity results. Due to the granules' excellent flow properties, the granules'
ability to fill the die will be more constant, and the resulting weight will also be more uniform.

Tablet fragility
This test is intended to prevent crushed tablets during the packaging, distribution, and storage processes. The
brittleness of the tablet describes the strength of the tablet surface against abrasion on the tablet surface. The good
friability value is less than 1% which means the tablet is mechanically stable (Kartikasari et al., 2015; Patel and
Siddaiah, 2018). In this study, ten tablets were taken for each formulation and carried out three times for brittleness
testing, then weighed. Obtained the average value of the fragility of formula 1 of 1.03%: 1.09%: 0.93%. In formula
2 there is a result of 0.5%: 0.7%: 0.85%, formula 3 has a result of 0.98%: 0.99%: 0.90%. In formula 4 the results are
0.88%: 0.84%: 0.85%, and in formula 5 the results are 0.93%: 0.74%: 0.75%. It can be concluded that the average
value of the friability test is below <1%, with formulation 5 showing the best results. Besides, it can be seen that
formulation 1 (containing only citric acid) has the highest percentage value of friability. In contrast, the lowest
percentage value of friability is obtained in formulation 5 (containing only tartaric acid). This indicates that the
concentration of citric acid can affect the fragility of the tablets (Giyatmi and Lingga, 2019).

Tablet Hardness
Tablet hardness test is intended to see the resistance of tablets against loads or mechanical stress, for example, shock
or impact. The hardness of the tablet can be influenced by several factors, including the pressure during tableting,
the physical properties of the material being compressed, and the amount and type of material used (Aprilianto,
2011). Good hardness for effervescent tablets is 4-8 kg/cm2(Kartikasari et al., 2015; Kholidah and Khumaidi, 2014).
In formulation 1, the hardness of the tablets obtained an average of 4.7 kg.cm -2, formula 2 with an average of 5.23
kg.cm-2, formula 3 with an average of 4.6 kg.cm-2, formula 4 with an average of 4.6 kg.cm-2, and formula 5 with an
average of 7.23 kg.cm-2. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that all formulations meet the criteria in the
tablet hardness test, with formulation 5 showing the best hardness value.

Dissolving Time
The dissolving time test is a test that is performed to determine whether the granule can dissolve and for how long
the granule can dissolve. A reasonable dissolving time requirement for effervescent tablets is around 1-2 minutes
(Kartikasari et al., 2015; Kholidah and Khumaidi, 2014). The results of the dissolution time test can be seen in Table
4. It can be observed that formula 1 has the longest dissolving time. The variation of citric acid and tartaric acid
resulted in a faster dissolving time of effervescent tablets. According to the test results, the interaction between citric
acid and tartaric acid can enhance the solubility time, indicating that formulas 2, 3, and 4 have a superior solubility
time than formulas 1 and 5. Because citric acid is hygroscopic, it might increase the amount of water in the powder,
causing it to dissolve quickly. The tartaric acid with a higher concentration will have a greater density. The
molecular weight will also be more excellent and make it easier for the powder to flow (Giyatmi and Lingga, 2019;
Kholidah and Khumaidi, 2014).

Table 4:- Solubility test results.

Formula Time
1 108 seconds

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2 30 seconds
3 46 seconds
4 43 seconds
5 58 seconds

Conclusion:-
In this study, effervescent tablets from ginger and roselle extracts have been successfully prepared with different
formulations. Several tests regarding the physical properties of granules and effervescent tablets have been carried
out. The results show that the ratio of citric acid to tartaric acid and sodium bicarbonate affects the physical
properties of the granules, such as moisture content, angle of rest, and Carr's Index. Variations in acid and base
concentrations did not influence weight uniformity in the weight uniformity test. Formulation 5 (just tartaric acid as
an acid combination) performed best in both the brittleness and hardness tests. Citric acid and tartaric acid, at
various doses, accelerated the dissolving time in the solubility test. Formula 5 is the best overall, according to test
findings of the physical qualities of granules and effervescent tablets. It can be concluded that effervescent tablets
from ginger and rosella extract can be made/formulated easily. However, further research is still needed regarding
the effects of ginger-rosella effervescent tablets on endurance.

Acknowledgments:-
This research was funded by the Ministry of Research and Technology / National Research and Innovation Agency
and the Ministry of Finance Education Fund Management Institute in 2020.

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