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PREPARED BY

1. RAFEEQUE K
HSST COMMERCE
GGHSS, MALAPPURAM
2. SREEJA V S
NVT COMMERCE
GMVHSS VENGARA
3. ANIL PETER
HSST COMMERCE
GBHSS MANJERI
4. RASSIA BEEVI M A
HSST COMMERCE
GGHSS MANJERI

TO THE TEACHER

1. We are here to start a special programme for uplifting those who are still
found difficulty in the subject business studies.

2. This booklet is meant only for these type of students in the district.

3. The basic reference resources is the NCERT text of the concerned class.

4. The teacher can use additional resources and questions, for coaching the
students as the case may be.

5. As this is prepared for minimum requirement, some omissions and deletions

may be expected.

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 CHAPTER -1

Nature and significance of management

Defnition:
“Management is the art of getting things done through others”.
Features of management
1. Management is a goal oriented process:
Management always aims at achieving the organizational objectives. All the
activities of a manager lead to the achievement of the objectives.
2. Management is pervasive:

Management is applicable to all types of organization.

3. Management is a continuous process:

The process of Management involves a series of process like planning, organizing

etc.
4. Management is a group activity:

All efforts of the individuals are directed towards a common goal.

5. Management is a dynamic function:

Depending on the changes in environment management also has to change its
objectives
6. Management is intangible :
Management cannot be seen but its presence can be felt with the achievement
of objectives.
7. Management is multidimensional:
Management involves three activities in management of work, management of
people and management of operation

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 Nature of Management
1. Management as an art.

Art is a systematized body of knowledge which requires skill, creativity and

practices.

Features of art are

1. Systematic body of knowledge
2. Personalized application
3. Perfection through practice
4. All the features of art one present in management and hence management is an art.

2. Management as a science :
Science is a systematized body of knowledge based on observation and practical.

Features of science are

1. Systematized body of knowledge

2. Principle based on experimentation
3. Universal applicability.

Some features of science are not seen in management and hence it is not a
pure science.
It is a social science because it is related to people.

3.Management is a profession:
Profession is an occupation which requires specialized knowledge, training and skill.
Features of profession are
1. Well defined body of knowledge
2. Formal training
3. Restricted entry
4. Professional association
5. Code of conduct

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 Presently all the features of profession are not present in management but it is on the
path of becoming a profession.

Levels of management
The hierarchy of management position from top to bottom is called levels of management. The
levels of management can be classified in three broad categories

1. Top level
2. Middle level
3. Lower level

1. Top level management.

Top level management consists of managing director, board directors , president , vice
president , CEO etc.
Function
1. Determining the objectives of business.
2. Framing plans and policies to attain the objectives.
3. Co-ordinating the activities of different department
4. Maintain a relation with government , workers , organization etc and other outside
partners
5. Assembling the finance and other resources to carry on the activities.

2. Middle level management

It include departmental heads like production manager , purchase manager etc. They
act as a link between top management and supervisory management.

Function
1. Implementing the policy decision by the top management.
2. Select and appoint employee of their department.
3. Take department decision.

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 4. Act as a link between top management and lower management.
5. Motivate the employees.
3. Lower level management
This level consists of supervisors foreman, inspectors etc. these management directly
related to workers. They act as a link between middle level managers and workers.
Function
1. Planning the day today work.
2. Assigning duty to the workers.
3. Supervising the workers are
4. Arrangement of materials machinery etc.
5. Evaluating the performance
6. Sending reports to higher authorities
7. Ensuring standard quality of the product etc.
Co-ordination
Co-ordination is the process of integrating the activities of various department of an
organization to achieve the organization objectives. Co-ordination is the essence of
management.
Features
1. Essence of management
2. Continuous process
3. Group effort
4. Common purpose

Elements of co-ordination

Elements of co-ordination are

1. Integration: All the activities of the various departments of the organization are to be
integrated towards achievement of a common goal
2. Balancing : Various activities of the organization should be balanced in order to achieve
the common objectives
3. Timing: Timing involves scheduling the operation so as to complete it in the prescribed
time limit.

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 CHAPTERS -2

Principles of management
Henry Fayol is known as the Father of General Management

Fayol’s principles of management

1. Division of work: The work must be divided into small tasks and each task should be
assigned to one person and this leads to specialization.
2. Authority and Responsibility: Authority means the power to take decision and
responsibility means obedience and to complete the assigned job.
3. Discipline : Means obedience, respect of authority etc
4. Unity of command: There should be one and only one boss for every individual
employee.
5. Unity of Direction - One head and one plan.
6. Subordination of individual interest to general interest: The interest of the
organization should be the first priority or over the interest of any individual.
7. Remuneration of employees: The remuneration should be sufficient to motivate
employees. It should be within the paying capacity of the organization.
8. Centralization and decentralization: Centralization means concentration of authority
the top level and decentralization means delegation of authority within the
organization.
9. Scalar chain : It is the formal line of authority which moves from highest to lowest rank.

Scalar chain

In case of emergency the officials of the different departments at the same level can
communicate with a shorter route of communication which is called gangplank so that speedy
decision can be taken

10. Order : There must be a fixed place for everything and everything must be in its place.
11. Equality : There should be no discrimination among the workers.

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 12. Stability of tenure of Personnel : Employees turnover should be minimized to
maintain organizational efficiency.
13. Initiative: Employees must be given an opportunity to take initiative in making and
executing their plan. It will satisfy the employees.
14. Esprit De corps (Union is strength): The Management should promote a team spirit
among employees.

Techniques of scientific Management: F.W. Taylor suggested techniques of scientific

management. They are

1. Functional Foremarship : Taylor suggested the division of factory into two

department.
1. Planning departments
2. Production department

According to this technique a worker will be guided by 8 supervisors.

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 Factory Manager

Planning incharge Production incharge

Instruction Route clerk Time and disciplinari Gang boss Repair Speed inspector
card clerk cost an boss post post

workers

2. Standardisation and simplification of work: Standardisation is the process of setting

standard. Simplification means eliminating unnecessary diversity of products.
3. Work Study: Work study is a systematic and critical assessment of the performance of
workers. It includes
Method Studies: The technique to know the best way of doing a particular work.
Motion study: The study of various movements.
Time Study : Determines the standard time taken by an employee to perform a given
task
Fatigue Study : It is used to find out the number and frequency of rest intervals that
must be provided to a worker
4. Differential piece wage System: Under the system two wage rates are determined for
efficient and inefficient workers. Those employees attained the standard are given high
rate and the employee not attained are given low rate.

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 CHAPTER – 3

BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

Importance of Business Environment:

1. It helps the firm to identify opportunity and to get first mover advantage.
2. It helps firm to identify threats.
3. It helps in assisting planning and policy formulation
4. Copying with changes.
5. It helps in improving performance.
6. Helps in assembling resources.

Dimensions of Business environment

Dimensions means all the factors which will have direct or indirect influence over the
business.

1.Economic environment

2.Social environment

3. Political environment

4. Legal environment

5. Technological

1. Economic environment: It includes inflation, tax and interest rate, unemployment,

competition etc.
2. Social Environment : It consist of tradition, custom language, religion etc.
3. Political environment: It consist of political parties, their attitude, government, its
stability peace in the country.
4. Technological environment: It consists of forces relating to innovation and scientific
improvement.

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 5. Legal environment: to consist of legislation passed by the government, administration
order, court judgment etc.

Industrial Policy 1991

Industrial Policy 1991 as brought comprehensive changes in economic regulation in the
country. They are :

1. Abolition of industrial licensing except for certain industries.

2. Dilution of role of public sector
3. Free entry to foreign investment and technology
4. Take away restriction on investment by business firm under MRTP Act

The major changes of the economic policy 1991 are :

1. Liberalization : Liberating the economy from unnecessary controls and regulation and
making the economy more competitive. It liberated the public sector from controls and
licensing.
2. Privatization: Refers to giving a greater role to the private sector and reducing the role
of the public sector.
3. Globalization: Refers to integration of various economies of world. It leads to free
movement of people , goods and services across boundaries.

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 CHAPTER – 4

PLANNING
Planning is the primary and basic function of management. It means deciding in advance
what, when, where, and by whom things are to be done.

Features of planning:-
They are

1. Goal Oriented:
Every plan will set an objective for the business
2. Primacy of planning:-
Planning is the basic and primary function of management.
3. Pervasiveness:-
The function of planning will have to be carried out by all mangers working in
different levels.
4. Flexibility:-
Capacity to adjust based on situation.
5. Continues process :-
It is a never ending activity till the end of the firm.

Steps in Planning:-
They are:

1. Setting the objective:-

The first step, which will serve the basis of planning.
2. Develop Planning premises:-
These are the assumptions about the internal and external environment of
the firm.
Eg:- existing staff, market condition
3. Determine alternative course of action:-
Here manager develops possible number of alternatives.
4. Select the best alternative:-
After making evaluation, select the best alternative.

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 5. Formulating Derivative Plans:-
These are the plans of various sections and departments.

(eg:- purchase plan, sales plan etc.)

6. Implementation of plans:-

In this stage putting the plan into action.

7. Follow up:-
Appraise the effectiveness of planning to find out and rectify various short –
comings.

Types of Plans
They are;
1. Single use plans
2. Standing plans
1. Single use plans:-
Those plans developed for a particular project or period of time
(eg:- budget, programme, project)
2. Standing plans:-
Those plans developed for activities that occur regularly over a period of time.
(eg:- policy, procedure, method, rules etc)
Objectives:-
The ends which the management seeks to achieve by its operation.
(eg:- Increase sale by 10%.
Strategy:-
Strategies are plans made in line of the plans of the competitor.
Eg:- continue the same line of operation)
Policy:-
A broad statement which provides guideline in decision - making
(eg:- pricing policy)

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

Procedure:-
A step by step way of handling events.

(eg:- Selection procedure)

Method:-

The standardized way of accomplishing tasks.

(eg:- method of wage payment)

Rule

Some specific statements which informs what is to be done or not to be done in a given
situation.

(eg:- smoking is prohibited)

Programme:-

All the activities necessary for achieving a given objective.

(eg:- Programme of opening ‘5’ branches.

Budget:-

It is the numerical expression of the future results.

(eg:- sales budget, cash budget

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 CHAPTER - 5

Organising

Bringing together various human and non-human resources called organizing.

Importance of organizing
They are

1. Division work brings specialization

2. Well defined jobs in the organization
3. Clear-cut authority and responsibility relationship
4. Avoids duplication of work
5. Brings co-ordination
6. Helps to adopt new changes

Organisation Structure
It is the pattern of relationship among various managerial personals in the organization.
It has a shape of pyramid.

Types of Organisation Structure

They are

1. Functional organisation structure

2. Divisional Organisation structure

1. Functional organization structure

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 MD

G. M

Purchase Production Marketing

manager Manager Manager

Here activities are grouped on the basis of functions. Each function is organized as a separate
department.

2. Divisional Organisation Structure

MD

Textile Cement Shipping

Production Finance Production Finance Production Finance

Manager Manager Manager Manager Manager Manager

Here activities are grouped on the basis of divisions. Divisions are formed based on either
product or territory.

Delegation and Decentralisation

Delegation:-

The process of sharing authority between a superior and his subordinate called
delegation. It is based on the principle division of labour.

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

Decentralisation:-

The dispersal of authority among organization members called decentralization. Here

authority is given to all subordinate in a particular level.

Distinction Between delegation and decentralization

Delegation Decentralisation
• Between one superior and one • Between two levels
subordinate
• Compulsory • Optional
• A managerial process • A managerial policy
• Authoritiy given on a selective basis • Authority given to all subordinate in a
particular level
• Control will be in the hands of superior • Superior has only a general control

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 CHAPTER - 6

STAFFING
It is the process of finding out the size and type of personnel required in the organization. Staffing is
concerned with employing right person on the right job.

Importance of staffing
They are:

1. Helps in obtaining competent personnel

2. Helps for better performance from employees
3. Ensures survival and growth
4. Ensures optimum utilization of human resources
5. Staffing improves the morale of employees

Sources of Recruitment
Various sources can be divided as

Internal
sources External sources

Transfers
Direct recruitment

Promotion
Casual callers

Advertisement

Placement Agencies

Employment Exchange

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 Campus recruitment

Recommendation of employees

Advertising on T.V

Web publishing

Internal Sources External sources

Recruitment from with in the firm Recruitment from outside the firm
A sense of security Frustration
Less choice Wider choice
No new entry Benefit of new blood
Economical costly
Restrict healthy competition Healthy competition

Selection Test
Various tests used are

a) Intelligence tests: Conducted to test the level of IQ, EQ, aptitude etc.
b) Aptitude tests : Test to measure the potential for learning new skill.
c) Personality test : Test to determine emotions, reactions, maturity, value system etc.
d) Trade Test : Contacted to test the knowledge, special qualification and skill.
e) Interest test: These are used to know the pattern of interest.

Methods of Training
They are

1. On the job training

2. Off the job training

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 1. On the job training
It means learning while doing . The training provides knowledge from the actual
work place.

Methods of on the job training

A . Apprenticeship programmes
Here trainee is placed under the supervision of an experienced person who teaches
him the skills.

B. Coaching
Under coaching superior guides and instructs the trainee as a coach.

C. Internship Trainee
Here the institute enters into contract with business firm for providing practical
knowledge to its students.

D. Job rotation
In the method, the trainee is moved from on job to another

2. Off Job training

It mean learning before doing. Provides theoretical knowledge.

Methods of off the job training

A. Classroom lectures : It is like a classroom lecture
B. Films: Here the content to be taught is presented through a film show
C. Case study : In the method, trainee study cases, to determine problems, analyze causes,
develop alternative solutions, select the alternative and implement it.
D. Computer modeling : Here models are created with the help of computer.
E. Vestibule training : The training given at the vestibule schools. These are the real model
of actual situation.
F. Programmed instruction : Here information is broken into units and these units are
arranged in a systematic manner.

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 CHAPTER – 7

DIRECTING

Directing is the process of instructing. guiding and motivating people in the organization to
achieve its objectives.

Elements of directing:
Supervision Motivation Leadership communication

1. Supervision - Supervision means overseeing the subordinates at work.

Importance of supervision
1. Friendly relations - Supervisor maintains friendly relations with workers
2. Acting as a link- Supervision enables a proper link between workers and management.
3. Maintain unity - A good supervisor maintain unity and harmony among workers.
4. Ensures performance - He can ensures effective achievement of work
5. Training - Supervisor provides on the job training-
6. Morale -A good supervisor build up morale among workers
7. Feedback- Supervisor gives feedback to higher levels.
II Motivation :
Motivation is the process of stimulating people to work greater interest and zeal.
Features of motivation
1. Motivation is an internal feeling.
2. Motivation produces goal directed behavior.
3. Motivation can be either positive or negative.
4. Motivation is a complex process.

Importance of motivation
1. Improves performance-When the needs of employees are satisfied. they devote all their
energies o achieve higher performance

2. Positive attitude- Motivation helps to change negative attitude to positive attitude.

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

3. Reduces employee turnover and absenteeism - Proper motivation provides confidence

4. Facilities changes : an effective system of motivation helps to overcome resistance to

change

5. Organizational goals- Motivation ensures achievement of organizational goals.

Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory of Motivation

Basic assumptions

1. Peoples behaviour is based on their needs.

2. . Peoples needs are in hierarchical order.
3. A satisfied need can no longer motivate a person.
4. After the lover level needs are satisfied, a person moves to the next higher level needs.
Hierarchy of needs

1.Physiological needs – These needs are most basic needs of an individual, Eg: Hunger,
Shelter, Clothing, sex etc.

2. Safety/security Needs –Need for protection from physical and emotional harm – job
security, pension plan, stability of income etc.

3. Affiliation/Social Needs – Need-Need for love and affection, sense of belonging,

friendship etc.

4. Esteem Needs – Need for self-respect, recognition, status, autonomy etc.

5. Self Actualization needs – To become what one is capable of becoming

III Leadership
Leadership is the process of influencing people so that they will strive willingly and
enthusiastically towards the achievement of group goals. It is the ability of a leader to
induce subordinates.

Features
1. Leadership indicates the ability of an individual to influence others.
2. Leadership involves changing the behaviour of others

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

3. Leadership represents inter-personal relations between a leader and his followers.
4. Leadership aims to achieve organizational goals.
5. 5. Leadership is a continuous process.

Qualities of a Good Leader

1. Physical features – Height, weight, health, appearance etc. determine the physical
personality of an individual.
2. Knowledge – A good leader must have required knowledge and intelligence
3. Integrity-A leader should have high level of integrity and honesty. He should be a role
model to other.
4. Initiative – A good leader must have initiative and courage
5. Communication skills – Leader should have the capacity to explain his ideas. He
should be a good speaker as well as good listener.
6. Motivation skills – A leader should understand the need of people and motivate
them.
7. Self confidence – A leader should have high levels of self confidence and will power in
most difficult times
8. Decisiveness – A leader should not change opinions frequently.
Leadership styles
1. Autocratic/ Authoritarian leader
2. Democratic –participative leader
3. Laissez fair/free rain leader

IV Communication

Communication is the process of exchange of ideas, facts, views, feelings, etc.,

between two or more person to create common understanding.

Elements of communication process

1. Sender – Sender means person who conveys ideas

2. Message – It is the subject matter of communication
3. Encoding- It is the process of converting the message into communication symbols
4. Media – It is the channel of communication
5. Decoding – It is the process of converting encoded symbols by the receiver for the
purpose of understanding
6. Receiver – The person who receives the message

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 7. Feed back – It means the reaction or response which indicates that the receiver has
understood the message.
8. Noise – It means an obstruction or hindrance in communication process

Barriers to communication
A. Semantic Barrier – These are problems arise in the process of encoding and
decoding of the message
1. Badly expressed message – use of wrong words, omission, poor vocabulary
etc., makes the message bad
2. Symbols with different meaning – Sender and receiver perceive the same
word in different meaning
3. Faculty translations – If the translator its not proficient in both languages
there may be mistake
4. Un clarified assumptions - When the sender does not make his assumption
clear, receiver may misunderstand the message
5. Technical jargon – Technical terms may not understand by common people
B Psychological Barriers - Barriers due to emotional factors
1. Premature evaluation – receiver evaluates the message before the
sender the completes his message
2. Lack of attention – Pre occupied mind of the receiver
3. Loss by transmission and poor retention – successive transmission of
message may result in loss of information. Poor retention of
information affects the effectiveness of communication process
4. Distrust – Sender and receiver do not believe each other
C Organisational Barriers - Barriers related to structure, authority, relation etc., in
the organization.
1. Organisational policy - Organization policy is not supportive to free flow of
communication, it may hamper effectiveness of communication
2. Rules and regulations – Rigid rules and regulations may be a hurdle to effective
communication
3. Status – A status conscious manager may not allow his subordinate to express
their feelings freely
4. Complex structure – When there are several managerial levels, communication
get delayed and distorted

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

D. Personal Barriers: - Personal Barriers in between superior and subordinate

1. Here of challenge to authority – Here of superior that particular communication

may affect his authorities

2. Lack of confidence of superior on his subordinate – Not trusted on the

competency of their subordinate

3. Unwillingness – Unwillingness of subordinate to communicate with his superior

4. Lack of proper incentives – If there is no motivation or incentives for

communications, subordinate may not take initiative to communicate

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 CHAPTER - 8

CONTROLLING

Controlling is the process through which mangers ensures that actual activities confirm to the
planned activities. It help to accomplish predetermined standards.

Controlling process (steps in controlling)

1. Setting Performance standards – Standards are the criteria against which actual
performance is measured. It can be set in quantitative and qualitative terms.
2. Measurement of actual performance – There are several methods for the measurement
of performance – personal observation, sample checking, performance reports etc
3. Comparing actual performance with standards – Comparison reveal the deviation
between actual and standards
4. Analyzing deviations – The deviations from the standards are assessed and analyzed to
identify the causes..
5. A) Critical point control – Control system should first focus on Key Result Areas (KRA).
They are critical to the success of the organization. Control over each and every activity
is practical
b)Control by exception (Management by Exception) – Only significant deviations which
go beyond the permissible limit should be brought to the notice of management. An
attempt to control everything may end up in controlling nothing. It helps the managers
focuses on important areas.
5. Taking corrective action – If deviations are beyond the permissible limit, it requires
immediate managerial corrective action. This may involve training to employees,
modification of plans, technological up gradation.
Techniques of Managerial Control
Traditional Techniques

Traditional Techniques Modern Technique

1. Personal observation 1. ROI

2. Statistical reports 2. Ratio Analysis
3. Breakeven analysis 3. Responsibility Accounting
4. Budgetary Control 4. Management Audit
5. PERT & CPM
6. MIS

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

1. Personal Observation – Employees are observed personally on their job. It provides first
hand information.

2. Statistical Reports : Includes averages, percentage, ratio, correlation etc.

3.Break ever analysis – Analysis of cost, volume and profit. It determines the probable profit
and lost at different levels of activities. Break even point is the point at which total revenue is
equal to total cost. There is no profit and no loss at this point.

4. Budgetary Control – It’s a technique of Managerial con troll in which all operations are
planed in advanced in the form of budget and actual results are compared with budgetary
standards. Eg. Sales budget, production, cash budget etc.

Modern technique

1. Return on investments(ROI) – It can be used to measure the over all performance of the
company. It is proportion between net income and total investment
2. Ratio anlaysis – commonly used ratio are – Liquidity ratio, solvency ratio profitability
ratio and turn over ratio.
3. Responsibility Accounting – Under responsibility accounting the whole organization
divided into different responsibility senders, each segments headed by a manager who
is responsible for specified target of performance. eg:- cost centre, revenue centre etc.
4. Management Audit – Its refer to the systematic appraisal of the over all performance of
the management of a organization.
5. PERT & CPM – Programme evaluation and review technique (PERT) and critical path
method (CPM) are the important net work technique useful in planning and controlling
6. Management information system – MIS is computer basic information system that
provided support to decision making activities.

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 CHAPTER – 9

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

Business Finance – Money required for carrying out business activity is called business finance.
It is very crucial for the survival and growth of the business.

Financial Management – It is concerned with the optimal procurement and usage of finance it
aims at procuring fund with minimum cost and risk and ensuring effective deployment of fund

Financial Decision

It includes investment decision financial decision and dividend decision

A. Investment decision - It concerned with how the firms funds are to be invested in
different asset. Investment decision may be long term or short term
a) Long term investment decision (Capital budgeting decision ) It involves allocating the
resource in fixed asset. These decision asset any capacity over the long run.
b) Short term investment decision( Working capital decision) It is concerned with decision
with regards to investment in current asset.
B. Financing decision – These decision determine the source of finance. – Share holders and
bored fund.

Factors Affecting financing decision

1. Cost of source of finance

2. Risk involved
3. Flotation cost
4. Cash flow position
5. Level of fixed operating cost
6. Control consideration
7. State of capital market
III Dividend Decision- It determines how much profit is to be distributed its has
dividend and how much of it is to retained
Factors affecting dividend decision
1. Earnings
2. Stability of earnings

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 3. Growth of firm
4. Cash flow position
5. Taxation policy
6. Shareholders preference
7. Access to capital market

Capital Structure

It is the mix of various long term source of funs. (Equity shares preference share, debentures ,
loans, reserves and surplus. The capital structure should be an optimum capital structure.

Trading on equity

It is the use of fixed income bearing securities in the capital structure in order to increase the
return of equity share holders.

Factors affecting capital structure

1. Cash flow position

2. Trading on Equity
3. Interest coverage Ratio
4. Debt Service coverage ratio
5. Return on investment
6. Cost of debt finance
7. Tax rate
8. Cost of equity
9. Flotation cost
10. Flexibility
11. Control
12. Regulatory Frame work
13. Stock market condition
14. Capital structure of other company

Fixed capital

It is the investment in various fixed asset( Land, building)

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

Factors affecting fixed capital

1. Nature of business – Manufacturing concern require more fixed capital the trading
concern
2. Scale of operation – Larger is the scale heavier is the requirements
3. Choice of technique – Capital intensive firm require more fixed capital than labour
intensive firm
4. Growth- Higher growth heavier is the requirements
5. Diversification – For diversification operation more fixed capital is required
6. Financing alternatives - Cash purchase required more fixture capital than lease
purchase

Working capital – It is the capital required to invest in current asset. The capital is required
for meeting day to day expenses.

Factors affecting working capital

1. Nature of business – trading concern requires less working capital as compared to

manufacturing concern
2. Scale of operation – larger, heavier is the requirement
3. The business cycle - booming period requires more working capital than depression
period.
4. Production cycle – If it is more larger is the requirements
5. Seasonal factors - during season , heavier is the requirements
6. Credit policy –Cash purchase and credit sales requires more working capital than credit
purchase and cash sales.
7. Efficiency – High efficiency firm require less working capital .
8. Availability of raw materials – Free availability requires less investment.
9. Growth – Greater growth potential need more working capital.
10. Inflation – During the period heavier is the requirement.

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 Chapter –10
FINANCIAL MARKET

A financial market is a market for the creation and exchange of financial assets. Financial assets
refer to the financial instruments or securities like shares, debentures, treasury bills, etc. It
helps in mobilization of savings and channelizing them into the most productive uses. A
financial market helps to link the savers and investor

Classification of financial market

Money market Capital market

Money market
Money market is a market for trading short term funds, instruments with a maturity of less
than one year. It deals with short term securities. RBI, commercial bank, state govts, etc. are
the main participants of money market.

Money Market Instruments

I. Treasury Bill (Zero Coupon Bond)

A treasury bill is an instrument of short term borrowing by the Govt of India.

Treasury bills are issued by RBI on behalf of central Govt.
The issue period ranges from 14 to 364 days (52) weeks)
Treasury bills are negotiable instruments

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 Treasury bills are highly liquid in nature
Issued at a discount and are redeemed at par
T-bills are available of Rs.25000 and in multiples thereof

II. Commercial Paper

These are the unsecured promissory note issued by well reputed companies to raise short term
funds.
It is a short term unsecured promissory note
These are negotiable instruments
Its maturity period is usually 15 days to 1 year
Commercial papers are sold at a discount and redeemed at par

III. Call money

Call money is a short term finance repayable on demand, with a maturity period of one day to
fifteen (15 ) days. It is used for inter bank transactions.
The trading in routine surplus of banks is termed as call money

IV. Certificate of Deposit (CD)

CD is a savings certificate issued by commercial banks and development financial institutions

with a fixed maturity date
CDs are unsecured negotiable short term instrument
It is a time deposit or fixed deposit that restricts holders from withdrawing fund on
demand
Minimum amount of CD should be 1 lakh
The maturity period of a CD Ranges between 7 days to one year.

V. Commercial Bill

It is a bill of exchange used to finance the working capital requirements of business firms. The
seller of goods draws the bill and buyer accepts it. On acceptance the bill becomes a
marketable instrument and is called a trade bill. When a trade bill is accepted by a commercial

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

bank, it is known as a commercial bill. If the seller needs money before the due date, he can get
the bill discounted from the bank

2. Capital Market

It is the market dealing in long and medium term fund. It is the market where the transactions
in long term securities are made. The market dealing in shares, debentures, bonds and
securities is known as capital market

Primary market
Primary market is the market where in new securities are issued for the first time. A company
can raise capital in the primary market in the form of equity shares, preference shares,
debentures loans and deposits . Through this market both newly established companies as well
as the existing companies collect capital

Methods of Floatation in Primary market

1. Offer through prospectus { public issue}

Under this method, the company issues prospectus and invite the public to purchase the shares
or debentures of the company

2. Offer for sale

Under this method, securities are not issued directly to the public but are offered for sale
through intermediaries like issuing houses or stock broker

3. Private Placement
It means the allotment of securities to institutional investors and some selected individuals
instead of selling them to general public. The companies which cannot afford a public issue can
prefer private placement.

5. Right Issue

This is a privilege given to the existing shareholders to subscribe to new issue of shares. When
an existence company issues new shares, first of all it invite its existing share holders this is
called the right issue

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

5. e- IPOs
It is the issue of securities to the public through the on-line system of the stock exchange

Securities and Exchange Board of India [SEBI)

SEBI was established by the Govt. of India on April 1988.It is a regulatory and developmental
agency of Indian Capital Market. Investors’ protection is the major responsibility of SEBI. It was
given statutory status through on Act in 1992.
Objectives of SEBI
1. To regulate stock exchanges, mutual fund market and other security industry
2. To protect the rights and interest of investors.
3. To prevent malpractices in trading in securities
4. To regulate and develop a code of conduct relating to security market
5. To provide education and awareness relating to dealing in securities to the investors

Functions of SEBI
A. Regulatory Functions
1. Registration and regulation of stock exchange.
2. Registration and regulation of brokers, sub brokers, merchant bankers, underwriters, etc.
3. Registration and regulating the working of Mutual Funds.
4. Regulation of takeover of companies.
5. Inspection and audits of stock exchanges and intermediaries.
B. Development Functions
1. Training of intermediaries of the securities market.
2. Conducting research and publishing information to all market participants.
3. Undertaking measures to develop the capital market.
C. Protective Functions
1. Prohibition of fraudulent and unfair trade practices.
2. Controlling insider trading and imposing penalties for such practices.
3. Undertaking steps for investor protection.
4. Promotion of fair practices and code of conduct in securities market.

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 CHAPTER - 11

MARKETING

Marketing management
It is concerned with planning organizing directing and controlling the activities relating to the
marketing of goods and services to satisfy the consumers wants.
Selling and Marketing

Selling Marketing
Transfer of title of product from seller to buyer Marketing is a social process by which
individuals and groups obtain what they need
and want through waiting offering and freely
exchanging products and services of value with
others.
It is a part of marketing, it has limited It consists of number of activities, it has wider
scope scope
Transferring of title and procession of Achieving maximum satisfaction of the
goods customer’s needs and wants.
Profit maximization through increasing Profit maximization through customer
sales satisfaction
Activities start after the product is Activities start before the product is produced
developed and continue even after the product has been
sold.
Emphasis is on bending the customer Emphasis is to develop the product and other
according to the product strategies as per the customer’s needs
It involves efforts like promotion and It uses strategies in respect of products,
persuasion promotion, pricing and physical distribution.

Functions of marketing

1. Gathering and analyzing market information

The important function of management is to identify the needs of customers and take valuable
decisions for efficient marketing of the products and services.

2. Marketing planning
Another important function of marketing is to develop marketing plans for achieving marketing
objectives.

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

3. Product designing and development

Marketing involves product designing and its development.

4. Standardization and grading

Marketing function involves standardization and grading of product. Standardization ensures

uniformity and consistency to the product. Grading is the process of classification of product
into different classes on the basis of size, wieght, etc.

5. Packaging and labelling

Packaging means designing and developing the package

for a product. Labelling means putting identification marks on the package.
6. Customer support service

These are after sale services, handling customer complaints, maintenance service, technical
service, customer information etc.
7. Branding

It is the process of giving a symbol or name to a product for identifying and differentiating it
from the products of competitors
8. Pricing of products

It involves the analysis of the factors that affect the price of a product and thaking crucial
decisions in this regard
9. Promotion

It includes all those activities to influence the buyer and motivating them to buy the product
10. Physical distribution

It is another important function of marketing. It includes activities which are essencial to

transfer goods to customers
11. Transportation

It involves physical movements of goods from one place to another

11.Storage or warehousing
There is time gap between production of goods and sale of goods. It gives time utility.

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

Marketing mix
The concept of marketing mix was developed by Prof. N.H Borden. The combination of
marketing tools used to deliver value to the customers. According to Philip Kotler, marketing
mix is a set of marketing tools that the firm uses to pursue its marketing objectives in the target
market.
Elements of marketing mix
Marketing mix consists of various elements known as four Ps. These are product, Price, place,
promotion
1. Product : It means goods or services or anything of value which is offered for sale in the
market.
2. Price : It is the amount of money that consumers should pay to obtain the product. It is the
exchange value of a product in terms of money.
3. Place : It consist of activities that make a firms products available to target customers
(Physical distribution and channel of distribution )
4. Promotion : communication of product details to the people and persuading them to buy
the products.
Pricing
Price is the amount of money paid by a buyer in consideration of the purchase of a product or a
service. Pricing means determining the product value in terms of money before it is offered to
consumers for sale.
Factors affecting price determination
1. Product cost: Cost includes cost of production, cost of selling and cost of distribution.
There are three types of cost that are fixed cost, variable cost, and semi – variable cost.
2. The utility and demand: utility and intensity of demand sets the upper limit of price,
which a buyer would be prepared to pay.
3. Extent of competition: when the firm does not face any competition it can enjoy
complete freedom in price fixation.
4. Government and legal regulations: prices of certain products are regulated by govt.
eg: drugs, cement, sugar
5. Pricing objectives : Maximization of profit by skimming the cream price strategy or fixing
low price by penetrating price
6. Marketing method: Various other elements like distribution system, advertising, sales
promotion techniques, type of packaging credit facilities etc.
Promotion
Promotion refers to the use of communication with the objective of informing potential buyer
about a product and motivating them to buy the product.
Advertising
Advertising is any paid form of non-personal presentationand promotion of ideas, goods or

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

services by an identified sponsor.
Features of Advertising
1. It is a paid form of communication.
2. It is impersonal. There is no face to face contact between the advertiser and prospective
customer.
3. It is undertaken by some identified sponsor
Merits of Advertising
1. It helps in introducing new product
2. It helps to increase the sales of new and existing product
3. It helps to increase the goodwill of the firm
4. It helps the consumers to know about various product and their prices
5. It helps to create more employment opportunities
6. It educate the consumers about various uses of the product
Limitation of Advertising
1. It is an impersonal form of communication.
2. It is very difficult to Evaluate the effectiveness of the message
3. It is not flexible
4. Most of the advertisements are misleading
5. Lack of feedback
Objections to Advertising
1. Advertising ads to the cost of product, results high prices for the product
2. It undermines social and ethical values
3. Advertisement confuses the buyer
4. It encourages sale of inferior product
5. It may lead to monopoly of a brand
Sales Promotion
It refers to those marketing activities other than personal selling, advertising and publicity that
stimulate short term sales. Egs: cash discounts, free gift offers, etc.
Techniques of sales promotion (Commonly used sales promotion activities)
1. Rebate: Offering product at special prices to clear off excess inventory or at festival seasons
2. Discount: Offering product at less than maximum retail price
3. Refund: The seller offers to refund full or part of the price on production of some proof of
purchase
4. Quantity gift: Offering extra quantity of the product at the same price
5. Free gift: Offering another product as a gift along with the purchase of a product
6. Contest: Contests are organised for the consumers and winners are given attractive prices
7. Samples: Offer of free samples of a product at he time of introduction of a new product

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

 CHAPTER 12

CONSUMER PROTECTION

Consumer satisfaction is the most important factor of each and every organization. A consumer
said to be a king in free market economy. With the increased competition some businessmen
indulge in unfair trade practices. Therefore consumer has to protected from such unfair
practices
Rights to consumers
The consumer protection act 1986 provides certain rights to consumers such as:
1) Right to safety – The consumer has a right to be protected against goods and services which
are hazardous to life and health.
2) Right to be informed – The consumer has a right to have complete information about the
product including its ingredients, date of manufacture, price, quantity, directions for use etc.
3) Right to Choose – The consumer has the freedom to choose from a variety of products at
competitive prices.
4) Right to be Heard – The consumer has a right to file a complaint and to be heard in case of
dissatisfaction with a product or service.
5) Right to seek redressal – The consumer has a right to get relief in case the product or service
falls short of his expectations.
6) Right to Consumer Education – The consumer has a right to acquire knowledge and to be a
well-informed consumer throughout life.

Legal Protection of Consumer

1) Consumer Protection Act 1986 - It seeks to protect and promote the interest of consumers.
2) The Contract Act 1982 –This Act specifies the remedies available to parties in case of breach
of contract.
3) Sale of Goods Act 1930 – It provides, safeguards and reliefs to the buyers of the goods in
case the goods purchased do not comply with express or implied conditions or warranties.
4) Essential Commodities Act 1955 – It aims at controlling production, supply and distribution
of essential commodities, checking inflationary trend in their prices and ensuring equal
distribution of essential commodities
5) The prevention of Food Adulteration Act 1954 – This Act aims to check adulteration of food
articles and ensure their purity so as to maintain public health.
6) The Competition Act 2002 – The Act provides protection to the consumers in case of
practices adopted by business firms which hamper competition in the market.

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

7) Standards of Weights and Measures Act 1976 – It provides protection to consumer against
the malpractices of under – weight or under – measure.

Redressed Agencies under Consumer Protection Act 1986

The Consumer Protection Act has set up three tier grievance redressal system at the district,
state and national level.
1) District Forum - Established by the state government in each district. This forum can
entertain complaints where value of goods or services and compensation claimed up to Rs. 20
lakhs. It consists of President and two other members. An appeal against the order of district
forum can be filed with state commission within 30 days.
2) State Commission – It is established by the state government. The forum can entertain
complaints where value of goods or services and compensation claimed is over 20 lakhs but less
than one crore. It shall consist of President and two members. An appeal against the order of
state commission can be filed with national commission within 30 days.
3) National Commission – It is established by the central government. The commission will
consider complaints only if the value of goods or services and compensation claimed is Rs 1
crore or more and it shall consist of President and four other members. An appeal can be filed
against the decision of national commission with the Supreme Court within 30 days.

Vijayabheri District Panchayath, Malappuram

ae-bmfw `mKw
 A²ymbw 1
amt\-Pvsaân-s³d kz`m-hhpw {]m-[m-\-yhpw
(Nature and Significance of Management)
\nÀÆ-N\w : aäp-Å-hc
- n-eqsS Imcy-§Ä s\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p¶ Iesb amt\-Pvsaâv F¶p
]d-bp-¶p.

amt\-Pvsaân-sâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ : (Features of Management)

1. amt\-Pvsaâv e£y-[n-jvTnX {]-In-bb - mWv (Management is a goal oriented process)
amt\-Pvsaâv FÃm-bvt]mgpw Øm]-\-¯n-sâ e£y-§Ä ssIh-cn-¡m³ {i-an-¡p-¶p.
2. amt\-Pvsaâv kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-am-Wv. (Management is pervasive) amt\-Pvsaâv FÃm-
bn-S¯pw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Hcp {]-Xn-`m-k-am-Wv.
3. amt\-Pvsaâv Hcp XpSÀ{]-{-In-bb - mWv (Management is continuous) amt\-
Pvsaâv ¹m\nwKv HmÀK-ss\-knw-Kv, Ìm^nw-Kv, Ub-d-IvS- nwKv I¬t{Sm-fnwKv F¶o {]-
hÀ¯-\-§Ä AS-§nb {]-{In-bb - m-Wv.
4. amt\-Pvsaâv Hcp Iq«mb {]-hÀ¯-\-am-Wv. (Management is a group activity)
Hmtcm Øm]-\-§-fnepw hyXykvY Bh-iy-§-fpÅ hyàn-IÄ D−m-hpw. FÃm-hcpw
tNÀ¶v kwL-S-\b - psS s]m-Xp-hmb e£yw ssIh-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v {]-hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.
5. amt\-Pvsaâv Ne-\m-ßI {]-hÀ¯-\-amWv (Management is flexible) ]cn-Øn-Xn-
bnse amä-§Ä¡-\p-kc - n¨v amt\-Pvsaânsâ e£y-§-fnepw amä-§Ä D−m-¡W - w.
6. amt\-Pvsaâv Hcp AZr-iy-ià - n-bm-Wv. amt\-Pvsaânsâ km¶n²yw Zriy-am-Ip-¶Xv
DbÀ¶ DXv]m-Z-\-£-a-X, DbÀ¶ em`w F¶n-hb - n IqSn-bmWv. (Management is
intangible)
7. amt\-Pvsaâv _lp-ap-J-am-Wv. Management is Multi Dimensional amt\-
Pvsaânsâ {]-[m\ {]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä tPmen, Poh-\¡ - mÀ {]-hÀ¯\w F¶nh
amt\Pv sN¿pI F¶p-Å-Xm-Wv.
amt\-Pvsaân-sâ kz`mhw : (Nature of Managerment)
1.am-t\-Pvsaâv Hcp Ie F¶ \ne-bn : Hcp \nÝn-X e£yw t\Sp-hm³ Adnhn-sâ ss\]p-
Wyhpw ]cn-io-e-\hpw {]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-XmWv Ie. Ie-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ:þ
1. {]m-tbm-KnI ]cn-Úm\w
2. hyàn-ssh-ZKv[yw
3. ^em-[n-jvTnXw
4. kml-Ncyw
hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw
 5. \nc-´c ]cn-io-e-\-¯n-eqsSbpÅ ]qÀ®-X.
Cu khn-ti-j-X-IÄ am-t\-Pvsaân {]-I-S-am-b-Xn-\m am-t\-Pvsaâv Ie-bm-
Wv.
2. am-t\-Pvsaâv Hmcp imkv{X-sa¶ \ne-bn : ]co-£W \nco-£-W-§-fn IqSn
Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯nb hnÚm\ tiJ-c-amWv imkv{Xw. imkv{X-¯n-â khn-ti-jX - -IÄ
1. Nn«-s¸-Sp-¯nb Adnhnsâ tiJcw
2. ]co-£-W-§-fn-eqsS hnI-kn-¸n¨ XXz§Ä
3. Imcy-Im-cW _Ôw
4. kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ XXz-§Ä
a\p-jy-\p-ambn _Ô-s¸« {]-hÀ¯-\-am-b-Xn-\m am-t\-Pvsaâv XXz-§Ä¡v IrXy-amb
^e-§Ä e`n-¡p-Ib - n-Ã. Bb-Xn-\m am-t\-Pvsaâv Hcp kmaq-lnI imkv{Xw F¶v ]d-
bmw.
3. am-t\-Pvsaâv Hcp s{-]m-^j- ³ F¶ \ne-bn : {]-tXyI Adnhpw Ignhpw ]cn-
io-e-\hpw Bh-iy-apÅ Hcp sXm-gn-emWv s{-]m- ^-j³. s{-]m-^-jsâ khn-ti-jX
- -
IÄ
1. {]-tXyI Adnhv
2. Hu-]-Nm-cnI ]cn-io-e\w
3. s]-cp-am-ä-¨«w
4. s{]m-^-jW - Â Atkm-kn-tb-j³
5. kmaq-lnI tkh\ XXv]c - X
6. \nb{-´nX F³{Sn
\ne-hn s{]m-^-jsâ FÃm khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw amt\-Pvsaân {]-I-S-aÃ
- . F¶m hcpw
Ime-§-fn Cu khn-ti-j-X-IÄ FÃmw DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m−v amt\-Pvsaâv Hcp s{]m-^-
j³ F¶ \nebnte¡v amdp-¶-Xm-Wv.

amt\-Pvsaâv t{iWn : (Levevels of Management)

amt\-PÀam-cp-sSbpw IogvPo-h-\¡
- m-cp-sSbpw A[n-Im-c-_Ôw DbÀ¶ \ne-bnÂ
\n¶pw Xmtg¡v hyà-am-¡p¶ t{iWnbmWv amt\-Pvsaâv t{iWn. Cu t{iWn 3 hn`m-K-
§-fmbn Xncn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
1. Top level

2. Middile level

3. Lower level

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 1. D¶X Xew (Top level) : t_mÀUv Hm^v Ub-d-IvSÀamÀ, No^v FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv
Hm^o-kÀ, amt\-PnwKv Ub-d-IvSÀ, sNbÀam³ XpS-§n-b-hÀ.
{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä
1. Øm]-\-¯n-sâ e£yw cq]o-Ic - n-¡pI
2. e£yw t\Sp-¶-Xn-\mbn Bkq-{XWw \S-¯pI
3. hnhn[ hIp-¸p-I-fpsS {]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä GtIm-]n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw \nb{´n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pI
4. a[y-Xe amt\-Pvsaâns\ \nb-an-¡pI
5. kÀ¡mÀ, kwL-S-\-IÄ, aäp _mly-{-Kq-¸p-I-fp-ambn _Ôw \ne- \nÀ¯p-I.
2. a[y-Xe amt\-Pvsaâv (Middle level Management) : hIp-¸p-ta-[m-hn-IÄ DÄs¸-Sp-¶p.
{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä
1. D¶X Xe-¯n FSp-¡p¶ Xocp-am-\-§fpw \b-§fpw \S-¸m-¡p¶p.
2. Xmgs¯ \ne-bn-te¡v \nÀt±-i-§Ä ssIam-dpI
3. DbÀ¶ Xehpw Xmgv¶ Xehpw X½n-epÅ I®n-bmbn {]-hÀ¯n-¡pI
4. hIp¸v Xocp-am\§Ä FSp-¡pI
5. Øm]-\-¯n-sâv sam-¯-¯n-ep-Å -e£ - y-§Ä t\Sp-¶-Xn-\mbn Xmgs¯ \ne amt\-
PÀamsc \bn-¡p-Ibpw {]-tNm-Zn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-I.-
3. Xmgv¶-Xe amt\-Pvsaâv (Lower level Management)
kq¸À ssh-kÀ, t^mÀam³, skbnÂkv Hm^o-kÀ XpS-§n-b-hÀ DÄs¸-Sp-¶p.
{]-hÀ¯\-§Ä
1. sXgn-em-fn-IÄ¡pÅ tPm-en-IÄ Bkq-{XWw sN¿pI
2. sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡v \nÀt±-i-§Ä \ÂIpI
3. b{´-§Ä, hkvXp-¡Ä XpS-§n-bh {I-ao-Ic - n-¡pI
4. sXgn-em-fn-I-fpsS ]cm-Xn-IÄ a[y-Xe¯n-te¡v Adn-bn-¡pI
5. sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS taÂt\m«w hln-¡pI

GtIm-]\w: (Co – ordination) : kwL-S-\-bpsS s]m-Xp-e£

- y-§Ä ssIh-cn-¡p-¶X
- n\v
amt\-Pvsaân-sâ FÃm-hn[ {]-hÀ¯-\-§fpw GtIm-]n-¸n-¡p¶ {]-hÀ¯-\-amWv GtIm-
]\w amt\-Pvsaân-sâ k¯-bm-Wv.

LS-I-§Ä : Elements of Co-ordination

1. kwtbm-P\w ]e-h-Ip-¸p-I-fpsS {]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä Hcp tI{µo-IrX Zni-bn-te¡v
sIm-−p-h-cnI
2. _me³knwKv : s]mXp e£yw t\Sp-¶-Xn-\mbn hnh[ {]-hÀ¯-\-§sf k´p-en-
X-am-¡pI
3. kabw : \nÀ±n-jT ka-b-¯n-\p-Ån kwL-S-\b- psS {]-hÀ¯-\§ - Ä
]qÀ¯n-bm-bn-«p-t−m-sb¶v ]cn-ti-[n-¡pI.

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 A²ymbw þ2
amt\-Pvsaâv XXz-§Ä
Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\pw {]-hÀ¯-\-¯n-\p-apÅ hnim-ehpw s]m-Xp-hm-b-Xp-amb amÀ¤-
\nÀt±-i-amWv amt\Pvsaâv XXzw
B[p-\n-I- am-t\-Pvsaân-sâ ]nXmhv þ slân^tbmÄ
slân ^tbm-fn-sâ amt\-Pvsaâv XXz-§Ä

1. sXm-gn hn`-P\w(Division of Work) sXm-gn-ens\ sNdnb bqWn-äp-I-fmbn hn`-

Pn¨v sN¿m³ XmXv]c - yhpw tijn-bp-apÅ BÄ¡mÀ¡v Gev]n¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-I.
2. A[n-Im-chpw D¯-ch - m-Zn-Xzhpw(Authority and Responsibility) D¯-ch - n-Sm-\p-
Å -A-h-Im-i-amWv A[n-Imcw Gev]n¨ tPmen IrXy-ambn sNbvXp \ÂIp-¶X - n\v
Iogp-tZym-K-Øt\mSpÅ IS-¸m-SmWv D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw
3. A¨-S¡w (Discipline) \nb-a-§epw N«-§fpw A\p-kc - n-¡pI
4. GIm-ß-Ia- mb D-¯c - hv (Unity of command) Hcp kabw Hcp taep-tZym-KØ - -
\n \n¶p am{Xw D¯-c-hp-IÄ kzoI-cn-¡pI
5. GI evIjyw :( Unity of Direction) Htc e£y-apÅ {]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v Hcp X-e-
h\pw Hcp ¹m\pw
6. hyàn Xmev]c - y-t¯-¡mÄ s]mXp XXv]c - y-¯n\v {]m-[m\yw: (Subordinaton of
individual interest to general interest) Øm]-\-¯n-sâ s]mXp Xm-ev]c - y-¯n\v
hyàn Xmev]c - y-t¯-¡mÄ ap³K-W\ \ÂIWw
7. Poh-\-¡m-cpsS thX\w:(Remuneration of Employee)
Poh-\¡- mÀ¡pÅ thX\w sXm-gn-ep-S-a¡pw Poh-\¡ - m-c\pw Xr]vXn-I-c-am-bn-cn-¡Ww
8. tIµo-I-c-Whpw hntI-{µo-I-c-Whpw (Centralisation and decentralisatiobn) :
tI{µo-Ic- Ww F¶m A[n-Imcw D¶-X-X-e-§-fn am{Xw \ne-\n¡pI. A[n-
Imcw Xmsg-¯«- n-te¡v ]IÀ¶v \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v hntI{-µo- I-cWw F¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
Ch X½n _me³kv sN¿Ww
9. kvImeÀ sNbn³ (Scalar chain) : Hcp Øm]-\-¯nse D¶-X-Xew apXÂ Xmsg
Xew hsc-bpÅ A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS t\Àtc-Jb - n-epÅ irwL-eb - mWv kvImeÀ
sNbn³.
Hmtc Xe-¯n-epÅ hyànIÄ¡v Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-¯n\v Ime-Xm-akw t\cn-Sp-¶X - n-
\m ASn-b-´c kl-Nc - y-¯n t\cn-«pÅ Bi-b-hn-\na-b-¯n\v DÅ hgn-bmWv KymwKv
¹mw¦v. (Gang Plank)

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 Gang Plank
10. {Iaw (Order): hkvX-p¡Ä¡pw hyàn-IÄ¡pw icn-bmb Øew {I-ao-Ic- n-¡p-Ibpw
Ah icn-bmb Øe-¯m-sW¶v Dd-¸p-hc - p-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-I.
11. XpeyX (Equity) : Poh-\¡ - m-cpsS CS-bn Xpey-\oXn Dd-¸m-¡pI
12. DtZym-K-Øc - psS ØncX (Stability of Tenure of Personnel): DtZym-K-Øc - psS
ASn-¡S- n-bpÅ amäw Nnehp hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-¶p.
13. ap³ssI (Initiative) : tPm-en-bnepw aäp {]-hÀ¯-\-§-fnepw ap³ssI-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-
Xn\v Po-h-\¡- msc t{]m-Õm-ln-¸n-¡pI
14. sF-Iy-amWv _ew (Esprit De Corps): Hcp Øm]-\-¯nse AwK-§Ä¡n-Sb - nÂ
GtIm-]-\hpw Iq«mb {]-hÀ¯-\hpw D−m-bn-cn-¡W - w.

imkv{Xo-ba- m-t\-Pvsaâv (Scientific Management)

F.W Taylor BWv imkv{Xob amt\-Pvsaân-sâv ]nXmhv

imkv{Xo-ba- m-t\-Pvsaâv X{-´-§Ä (Techniques of Scientific Management)

^wKvj-WÂ t^mÀam³jn¸v ^wK-j-W³(Functional Foremanship) :

t^mÀam³jn¸v A\p-kc - n¨v Bkq-{X-Whpw \nÀÆ-lW
- hpw shtÆsd thÀXn-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-
¶p. Hcp sXm-gn-em-fnsb Øm]-\-¯nse 8 kq¸Àssh-kÀamÀ taÂt\m«w \ÂIp-¶p.

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 Factory manager

Planning inchage Production inchage

Instructio Route Time

disciplin Gang Repair Speed inspect
n card clerk and cost
arian boss boss post or
clerk
post

workers

2. \ne-hm-cs
- ¸-Sp-¯epw efn-X-h-Xv¡c- n-¡epw (Standardrisation and
simplification) Akw-k-IrX hkvXp-¡Ä, {]-{-In-b, DXv]-¶w, kabw F¶n-h¡v
am\-ZW
- vU-§Ä {I-ao-I-cn-¡p¶ {]-{XIn-bb- mWv \ne-hm-c-s¸-Sp-¯Â. efn-Xh
- X
- vI-
cWw F¶m DXv]-¶-§-epsS hyXy-kvYX Hgn-hm-¡-em-Wv.
3. tPmen ]T-\w(Work study) Hcp tPm-en-bpsS hnhn[ hi-§Ä ]Tn-¡pI F¶-
XmWv tPmen ]T-\-¯n DÄs¸-Sp-¶-Xv.
1. coXn ]T\w
2. Ne\ ]T\w
3. ka-b-]-T\w
4. £oW ]T\w

4.hyXyØ i¼f hyhØ (Differential piece wage system)

tPm-en-bnse {]-I-S-\-¯n-sâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n \ne-hm-c-¯n\v apI-fn F¯n-bh
- À¡v-
D-bÀ¶ thX\ \nc-¡nepw \ne-hm-c-¯n\v Xmsg-bp-Å-hÀ¡-v Ip-dª thX\ \nc¡pw
\ÂIp¶ k{-¼-Zm-b-am-Wv.

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 A²ymbw þ 3
_nkn-\Êv ]cn-ØnXn ((Business Environment)
_nkn-\Êv Øm]-\-¯n-sâv \nb-´-W-¯n\v ]pd-¯p-ÅXpw F¶m _nkn-\Ê - n-sâ
\S-¯n-¸n\v _m[n-¡p-¶-Xp-amb LS-I-§-fpsS BsI XpI-bmWv _nkn-\Êv ]cn-ØnXn.
_nkn-\Êv ]cn-Øn-Xn-bpsS {]m-[m\yw
1. Ah-k-c-§Ä Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶-Xn\pw BZys¯ t\«w t\Sp-¶-Xn\pw klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
2. `oj-WnI-Ä Xncn-¨-dn-bm³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
3. D¸¶ \nÀ½m-W-¯n\v Bh-iy-amb hn`-h-§Ä
Hcp-¡m³ klm-bn-¡p¶p
4. s]s«-¶pÅ amä-§-fp-ambn s]m-cp-¯-s¸-Sm³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
5. ]²Xn cq]o-Ic - n-¡p-hm\pw \b-§Ä \nÀ½n-¡m\pw klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
6. {]-I-S\w sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯m³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
_nkn-\Êv ]cn-Øn-Xn-bpsS {]-[m\ LSI-§Ä

1. km¼-¯nI ]cn-ØnXn
2. kmaq-lnI ]cn-ØnXn
3. kmt¦-XnI ]cn-ØnXn
4. cmjv-{Sob ]cn-ØnXn
5. \nba ]cn-ØnXn

km¼-¯nI ]cn-ØnXn : (Economic Environment )

]en-i-\n-c¡, v hcp-a-\-¯nse amä-§Ä, cq]-bpsS aqeyw, ]W-s¸-cp¸w F¶nh

2. kmaq-lnI ]cn-ØnXn : (Social Environment) BNm-c-§Ä, ]mc-¼cy§Ä _nkn-\-

Ên kaq-l-¯n-\pÅ {]-Xo-£-IÄ F¶nh

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

3. kmt¦-XnI ]cn-ØnXn: (Technological Environment) imkv{Xob sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯e
- p-I-
fpw ]pXp-a-I-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸« iàn-Ifpw

4. cmjv{S- ob ]cn-ØnXn: (Political Environment) cmPys¯ cmjv{S- ob kl-Nc

- y-§fpw
kÀ¡mcn-sâ _nkn-\-Ên-t\m-SpÅ {]-tXyI at\m-`m-h-§fpw DÄs¸-Sp-¶p.

5. \nb-a-]c
- n-ØnXn : (Legal Environment) tIm-SXn hn[n \ymb-§Ä `c-W-]-c-amb
D¯-c-hp-IÄ F¶nh DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. Chsb¡pdn-¨pÅ Adnhv AXym-h-iy-am-Wv.

hy-h-km-bnI \bw 1991 (Industrial Policy 1991)

1. \nÀ_-ÔnX ssek³knwKn\v Iogn-epÅ hyh-km-b-§-fpsS F®w Ipd¨p.
2. s]m-Xp-ta-J-eb
- psS ]¦v X{´-{-]-[m-\-amb hyh-km-b-§-fn am{Xw ]cn-an-X-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-
cn-¡p-¶p.
3. hntZ-i-ape[\-t¯m-SpÅ \bw DZm-c-h-XvI-cn-¨p.
4. s]m-Xp-ta-Je kwcw-`-§-fpsS Hmlcn hnä-gn-¡Â \S¯n
5. hntZi \t£]w t{]-Õmln¸n¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn hntZi \nt£] {]-tam-j³ t_mÀUv cq]o-
I-cn-¨p.

DZm-ch
- ¡-cWw: (Liberalisation) :A\m-hiy \nb{-´-W-§-fn \n¶pw C´y³ _nÊn-
\Êv \bw hyh-km-b-s¯bpw DZm-c-h¡-cn-¡m-\pÅ km¼-¯nI ]cn-£-Im-c-§Ä.
1. ssek³knwKv k{¼-Zmbw \o¡n-¡-fª - p.
2. _nkn-\Êv {]-hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS hym]-\-¯n-tem kt¦m-N-¯n-tem \nb-{´-W-§Ä CÃ.
3. Nc-¡p-tk-h-\-§-fpsS hne \nÝ-bn-¡m-\pÅ kzmX{´w.
4. hntZ-i-aq-e-[-\hpw kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw C´y-bn-te¡v AIÀjn-¡p-¶Xv Ffp-¸a- m-¡p-
¶p.

kzIm-cy-h¡-cWw : (Privatisation) : \nÀ½mW {]-{-In-bb

- n kzIm-cy-ta-J-e¡v IqSp-
XÂ ]¦v \ÂIp-Ibpw s]m-Xp-ta-J-e¡v Ipdªv ]¦v \ÂIp-Ibpw sN¿pI F¶ e£y-
t¯m-sS-bpÅ km¼-¯nI ]cn-£¡ - mcw

BtKm-fh
- Xvc
- Ww : (Globalisation) : hnhn[ cmPy-§Ä¡n-Sb
- n BtKmf k¼-Zvhy-hØ
- -
bpsS ]c-kv]c hn\n-a-bhpw kl-I-cW- hpw hÀ²n-¡p-¶p.

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 A²ymbw þ 4
¹m\nwKv þ (Planning)
`mhn-bn sNt¿− Imcy-§Ä ap³Iq«n Xocp-am-\n-¡p-¶ -{-]-hÀ¯-\-¯n\v ¹m\nwKv
F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. CXv amt\-Pvsaân-sâv BZy-t¯Xpw ASn-Øm-\-]-c-hp-amb {]-hÀ¯-\a- m-
Wv.
¹m\n-§n-sâ khn-ti-j-X-IÄ
Xmsg ]d-bp-¶p.
1. e£y-Xn-jvTn-X-am-Wv:-þ
¹m\nwKv D−m-¡p-¶Xv Hcp e£yw t\Sp-¶-Xn-\m-Wv.
2. sss{]-akn Hm^v ¹m\nwKv:þ
¹m\nwKv amt\-Pvsaân-sâ BZys¯ {]-hÀ¯-\-am-Wv.
3. kÀÆ-hym-]n-bmWv:þ
hnhn[ seh-ep-I-fn-epÅ FÃm amt\-PÀamcpw ¹m\nw-Kv sNt¿-−-Xp−v
4. Ab-hp-Å-XmWv:þ
kml-Nc - y-§Ä¡-\p-kc- n-¨v ¹m-\n-§n amäw hcp-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
5. XpSÀ{-]-hÀ¯-\-amWv:þ
Øm]-\-¯n-sâ BZyw apX Bh-km\w hsc th− {]-hÀ¯-\a- m-Wv.
skäv]vkv C³ ¹m\nwMv
Xmsg ]d-bp¶p
1. e£yw \nÀ®-bn-¡pI:þ
e£yw \nÀ®-bn-¡pI F¶-Xm-Wv ¹m-\nw-Mnse BZy tPmen
2. ¹m\nMv {]n-ssa-kkv D−m-¡pI:þ `mhn-bn kw`-hn-¡m³ CS-bpÅ Imcy-§Ä
Duln-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\mWv. {-]n-ssa-knMv F¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xv.
DZm:þ Kh¬saân-sâ \b-§-fn-epÅ amäw.
3. hnhn[ hgn-IÄ Is−-¯pI
e£yw t\Sm³ ]äp¶ hnh[ hgn-IÄ ChnsS D−m-¡p¶p
4. \Ã hgn sXc-sª-Sp-¡p¶p
hnhn[ hgn-I-fn IqSp-X em`hpw Ipdª \jvS-hp-apÅ hgn sXc-sª-
Sp-¡pI
5. sUdn-th-äohv ¹m³ D−m-¡pI:þ
hnh[ Un¸mÀ«vsaâp-I-fpsS ¹m\nwKv ]d-bp¶ t]cm-Wn-Xv.
DZm:þ skbvÂkv ¹m³
6. ¹mm³ \S-¸n-em-¡pI:þ
Cu L«-¯n ¹m³ \S-¸n-em-¡p¶p
7. hne-bn-cp-¯Â:þ
\S-¸n-em-¡nb ¹m-\n-sâ t]m-cm-bva-IÄ ]cn-lc - n¨v apt¼m«v t]m-hp-I.
¹m-\n-Kn-sâ Xc-§Ä
Xmsg ]d-bp-¶p.
hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw
 1. knwKnÄ bqkv ¹m³
2. ÌmânwKv ¹m³
1. knwKnÄ bqkv ¹m³:þ
Hcp {]-tXyI Bh-iy-¯n\v th−n D−m-¡nb ¹m³
DZm:þ _Päv, t{]-m{-Kmw, t{]m-PIväv
2. Ìm³dnMv ¹m³:þ
CS-¡n-S¡v D−m-hp¶ {]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v th−n X¿m-dm-¡n-b-Xv.
DZm:þ\-b§Ä, \S-]S- n-{XIaw coXn, \nbaw
(e-£yw) (Objective):þ
Øm]-\-¯n-sâ hnh[ {]-hÀ¯-\-§-fn-eqsS amt\-Pvsaâv Ic-Øa- m-
¡m³ B{XK-ln-¡p-¶-Xm-Wn-Xv.
DZm:þ hnev]\ 10% DbÀ¯pI
X{´w (Strategy):þ
FXn-cm-fn-bpsS ¹m\ns\ and-¡-S¡ - p¶ ¹m\ns\ X{´w F¶p ]d-bp-¶p.
DZm:- þ\n-e-hn-epÅ {]hÀ¯\ coXn XpS-cpI
\bw:þ
Xocp-am-\-§Ä FSp-¡m³ klm-bn-¡p¶ amÀ¤-\nÀt±-i-§Ä¡v \bw F¶v ]d-bp-¶.
DZm:þ hne \nÀ®b \bw.
\S-]Sn {Iaw:þ
{Ia {]-Imcw sN-t¿− Hcp Iq«w {]-hÀ¯-\-§sf \S-]S- n-{Iaw F¶v ]d-bp¶p
DZm:þ sXc-sª-Sp¸v \S-]Sn-{Iw
coXn:þ Hcp tPmen sN¿m³ ]äp-¶ -hn-hn[ coXn-I-sf-bm-Wv- CXv sIm−v Dt±-in-¡p-
¶Xv
DZm:þ Iqen-sIm-Sp-¡p¶ coXn
\nbaw:þ
hnh[ kml-Nc - y-§fnÂ]men-¨n-cn-t¡− IÀi\ \nÀt±-i-§-sf-bmWv
\nbaw F¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xv.
DZm:þ ]pI-hen \ntcm-[n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.
t{]m-{Kw:þ
Hcp e£yw t\Sm³ th− hnhn[ {]-h-À-¯-\-§sf t{]m-{Kw F¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
DZm:þ ]cn-io-e\ ]cn-]mSn
_UvPäv:þ
`mhn-bnse hcp-am-\-§-sfbpw sNe-hp-I-sfbpw A¡ cq]¯n Ah-Xc - n-¸n-¡p-
¶-Xns\ _UvPäv F¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
DZm:- þ Iymjv _UvP-äv.

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 A²ymbw þ 5
kwLm-S\w - Organising
Hcp kwcw`w XpS-§p-¶-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb hnh[ am\p-jnI am\p-jn-tI-Xc hn`-h-§Ä Hcp-
an¨v Iq«p-¶-Xn\v kwLm-S\w F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. CXv Øm]-\-¯n\v Hcp cq]w D−m-¡p-¶p.
kwLm-S\¯n-sâ {]m-[m-\yw
Xmsg ]d-bp¶p
1. sshZKv[yw Øm]-\-¯n\v \ÂIp-¶p.
2. \nÀh-Nn-¡-s¸-«- tPm-en-IÄ D−m-¡p-¶p.
3. A[n-Im-c-D-¯-c-hmZn¯ _Ô-§Ä \nÀh-Nn-¡p¶p
4. {]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä X½n Iq«n-ap-«p-¶Xv Hgn-hm-¡p-¶p.
5. GIo-I-csWw sIm-−p-hc - p¶p
6. ]pXnb amä-§Ä Øm]-\-¯n sIm-−p-hc - m³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
HmÀK-ss\-tk-j³ kv{S-IvNÀ
Øm]-\-¯nse hnhn[ amt\-Pvsaâv Øm]-\-§-fn Ccn-¡p¶ Bfp-IÄ X½n-
epÅ _Ôw Nn{X cq]-¯n Ah-Xc - n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xns\ HmÀK-ss\-tk-j³ kv{S-IvNÀ
F¶v ]d-bp¶p.
HmÀK-ss\-tk-j³ kv{S-IvNdnsâ Xc-§Ä
Xmsg ]d-bp-¶p.
1. ^wMvjW- Â kv{S-IvNÀ
2. Unhn-jW- Â kv{S-IvNÀ
1. ^wMvjW - Â kv{S-IvNÀ:þ

MD

GM

Purchase Manager Production Manager Marketing manger

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 {]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n D−m-¡nb HmÀK-ss\-tk-j³ kv{S-IvNdmWn-Xv.
ChnsS Hmtcm {]-hÀ¯-\-§fpw hnhn[ Un¸mÀSvsaâp-I-fmbn Ad-nb-s¸-Sp-¶p.
2. Unhn-j-WÂ kv{S-IvNÀ

MD

Textile Cement Shipping

Production Finance Production Finance Production Finance

Manager Manager Manager Manager Manager
Manager

Unhn-j-\p-IÄ ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n D−m-¡nb HmÀK-ss\-tk-j³ kv{S-IvNdmWn-Xv.

DXv]-¶-¯n-sâ-tbm, `q{]-tZ-i-¯n-sâ-tbm ASn-Øm-\-¯n Unhn-j-\p-IÄ D−m-¡mw.
A[n-Imc ssIam-ähpw hntI-{µo-I-c-Whpw
A[n-Imc ssIam-äw:þ
taep-Zy- m-K-س Xsâ A[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ Ipd¨v `mKw Iogp-tZymKØ\v ssIam-dp-¶X
- ns\
A[n-Imc ssIamäw F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. sXm-gn hn`-P\w F¶ amt\-Pvsaâv X¯z-amWv
CXn\v ASn-Øm\w
hntI-{µo-I-c-Ww:þ
A[n-Imcw Xmsg X«-p-I-fn-te¡v ssIam-äp-¶-Xns\ hntI-{µoIcWw F¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
A[n-Imc ssIam-ähpw hntI-{µo-I-c-Whpw X½n-epÅ hyXym-k-§Ä
A[n-Im-cs - sI-amäw hntI{µo-Ic- Ww
taep-tZym-K-Ø\pw Iogp-tZym-K-Ø\pw CS- c−p se-hep-IÄ¡n-Sb
- nÂ
bnÂ
\nÀ_-Ô-amWv \nÀ_-Ô-aÃ
amt\-Pvsaâv {]-{-Inb amt\-Pvsaâv \bw
sXc-sª-Sp¯v hyàn¡v am{Xw A[n- GÃm-hÀ¡pw \ÂIp¶p
Imcw \ÂIp-¶p.
\nb-´Ww taep-tZym-K-Ø-\n Xs¶ s]m-Xp-hmb \nb{-´Ww am{Xw
Bbn-cn¡pw
hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw
 A²ymbw þ 6
DtZymKh¡-cWw þ Staffing
Øm]-\-¯n\v Bh-iy-amb Xc-¯n-epÅ Bfp-Isf Is−-¯p¶ {]-{-In-bsb
Ìm^nMv F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. tPmen sN¿m³ km[n-¡p¶ Bfp-Isf Is−-¯pI F¶-
XmWv e£yw.
Ìm^nw-Mn-sâ {]m-[m\yw
Xmsg ]d-bp¶p

• Igp-hpÅ hyàn-Isf In«p-¶p.

• sXm-gn- em-fn-I-fn \n¶v anI¨ {]-I-S\w
• kvY
- m-]-\-¯n-sâ DbÀ¨sb klm-bn-¡p¶p
• hn`-h-§Ä AXn-sâ Gähpw anI¨ coXn-bn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
• sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS [mÀan-IX hÀ²n-¸n-¡p¶p

dn{Iq-«vsaâv Dd-hn-S-§Ä
Xmsg ]d-bp¶ coXn-bn Xcw Xncn¡mw

B`y-´c Dd-hnSw
_mly-amb Dd-hnSw

Øew amäw
t\cn-«pÅ dn{-Iq-«vsaâv

Øm\-¡b
- äw Iymjz tIm-fgvkv

]ckyw

Fwt¹m-bvsaâv FIvkvtN©v

s]-bvkvsaâ GP³kokv

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 Iyw]kv dn{Iq«v saâv

sd¡satâ.³kv Hm^v Fw¹m-bokv

te_À tIm-{Sm-IvSÀamÀ

Sn.-hn. ]ckyw

sh_v ]»n-jnMv

B`y-´c Dd-hn-S-§Ä _mly Dd-hn-S-§Ä

Øm]-\-¯n-sâ AI¯v \n¶mWv Øm]-\-¯n\v ]pd¯v
kpc£n-X¯zw {]-[m\w sN¿p¶p \ncmi
]pXp-ap-J-§Ä hcp-¶nà ]pXp-ap-J-§Ä hcp¶p
sNe-hvIp-dhv sNehv IqSp-XÂ
Btc#m-Ky-I-c-amb aÕcw D−m-Ip-¶nà D−m-Ip-¶p.

ske-£³ sSÌv
]e-Xcw sSÌp-IÄ D−v.

(a) _p²n ]co£:þ

At]-£I-sâ IQ, EQ F¶nh ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-Xv.
(b) A`n-cpNn ]co£:þ ]pXnb Ad-nhp-IÄ kzmb-¯-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Ignhv
]cn-tim[n-¡p-¶-Xn\v th−n \S-¯p-¶-Xv.
(c) hyànXz ]co£ :þ
At]-£-Isâ ]Iz-X, hnImc {]-I-S\w XpS-§n-be ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-Xv
(d) s{SbvUv ]co£:-þ
Ad-nhp-Ifpw Ign-hp-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-Xn\v \S-¯p-¶-Xv.

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 (e) Câ-sdÌv ]co£: -þ
At]-£-sIâ Xmev]cyw Af-¡p-¶-Xn\v th−n aS-¯p¶ ]co£
]cn-io-e\ coXn-IÄ
Xmsg ]d-bp¶p
1. Hm¬ Z tPm_v ]cn-io-e\w
2. Hm^v Z tPm_v ]cn-io-e\w

1. Hm¬ Z tPm_v ]cn-io-e\w:þ

bYmÀ° tPmen Øe¯v sh¨v \ÂIp¶ ]cn-io-e-\-am-WnXv

Hm¬ Z tPm_v ]cn-io-e\ coXn-IÄ:-þ

A . A]ssâkvjn¸v t{]m-{Kw:þ

]cn-N-b-k-¼-¶-amb Hcp hyàn ss{S\n¡v th− Adnhv ]IÀ¶v \evI

- p-¶-
Xm-Wn-Xv.

B. tIm-¨nMv:þ

ChnsS taep-tZym-K-س Hcp tIm-¨mbn \n¶p-sIm−v ss{-Sb

- v\n¡v th−
\nÀ±-i-§Ä \ÂIp¶p.
C. C³tâ¬-jn¸v ss{-S-bv\nwMv:þ

Hcp sXm-gn Øm]\w, _nkn-\Êv Øm]-\-hp-ambn Icm-dp-−m¡n AXn-s#â

AXn-Øm-\-¯n \ÂIp-¶-Xm-Wn-Xv.
D. tPm_v tdmt«-j³ :þ

Hcp tPm-en-bn \n¶pw {I-a-{-]-Imcw asämcp tPm-en-bn-te¡v amäp-¶p.

2. Hm^v Z tPm_v ]cn-io-e\w
tPmen Øe-¯n\v ]pd¯v sh¨v \ÂIp¶ ]cn-io-e-\-am-Wn-Xv.
Hm^v Z tPm_v ]cn-io-e\ coXn-IÄ

A. ¢mÊv dqw eIvtNgvkv:þ

Hcp ¢mkvt]mse hnh-c-§Ä ]IÀ¶v \ÂIp¶ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv.
B. ^nenw:þ
hnh-c-§Ä Hcp ^nenw {]-ZÀi-\-¯n-eqsS ]IÀ¶ \ÂIp-¶p.
hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw
C. sIbvkv ÌUn:þ
ChnsS ss{Sbv\n Hcp {]-tXyI kml-Ncyw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-¡n, Imc-W-§f- pw,
]cn-lm-c-§fpw \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶p.
D. I¼yq-«À tam-Ue- nwMv:þ
ChnsS I¼yq-«-dn-sâ klm-b-t¯mSp IqSn hnhn[ tam-U-ep-IÄ D−m-¡p-¶p.
E. shÌn_yqÄ ]cn-io-e\w:þ
shÌn-_yqÄ kv¡qfp-I-fn sh¨v \S-¯p¶ ]cn-io-e-\-am-Wn-Xv. bYmÀ°
tPmen Øe-¯n-sâ Hcp amXr-I-sb-bmWv shÌn-_yqÄ kvIqÄ F¶v ]d-bp-¶X - v.
F. t{]m{KmaSv C³kv{-S£- ³:þ
\ÂtI− hnh-cs¯ Hcp {]-tXyI coXn-bn sNdnb IjvW-§-fm-¡p-¶p.
tNm-Zym-¯c coXn-bn ]Tn-Xmhv Hmtcm bqWn-än-eq-sSbpw IS¶v t]m-hp-¶p.

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 A²y.mbw þ 7
amÀK \nÀt±iw (Directing)
e£y-§Ä t\Sp-¶-Xn\v Øm]-\-¯nse Poh-\¡ - msc {]-tNm-Zn-¸n-¡p-I, hgn-¡m-«p-I,
\nÀ±-in-¡pI F¶nh sN¿p¶ {]-{In-bb
- mWv amÀK-\nÀt±iw.
amÀK-\nÀt±-i-¯n-sâ LS-I-§Ä
1. taÂt\«w
2. {]-tNm-Z\w
3. t\XrXzw
4. Bi-b-hn-\n-abw
1. taÂt\m«w : IogvPo-h-\-¡msc tPmen \nÀh-l-W-¯n t\cn«v \bn-¡p-Ibpw \nb-
{´n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ {]-{-In-bb
- mWv taÂt\m-«w.
{]m-[m\yw
1. \nc-´-c-_Ôw þ kq¸Àssh-kÀ ssXgn-em-fn-I-fp-ambn ku-l-r-Z-_Ôw ]peÀ¯p-¶p.
2. I®n-bmbn {]-hÀ¯n-¡p¶p :þ sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡pw amt\-Pvsaân\pw CS-bnse I®n-
bmbn {]-hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p.
3. sFIyw \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶p.:þ sXm-gn-em-gn-IÄ¡n-Sb
- n tbm-Pn¸pw sF-Iyhpw D−m-¡p-¶p.
4. \nÀh-lWw :þ sXm-gn-em-fn-Isf {]-Nm-Zn-¸n¨v tPmen \nÀÆ-lWw Dd¸v hcp-¯p-¶p.
5. ]cn-io-e\w :þ tPm-en-tbm-sSm-¸-apÅ ]cn-io-e\w \ÂIp-¶p.
6. ^oUv_m¡v :þ Hmtcm {]-hÀ¯n-bp-sSbpw ^oUv_m¡v h`y-am-¡p-¶p.

II {]-tNm-Z\w þ kzta-[b tPmen Gsä-Sp-¡m³ Bfp-Isf t{-]c

- n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xns\ {]-tNm-Z\w
F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. kwL-S\m e£y-§Ä ssIh-cp-¡p-¶-Xn\v Bh-iy-apÅ coXn-bnÂ
{]-hÀ¯n-¡m³ Iogv DtZ-ym-K-ØÀ kzta-[bm X¿m-dm-¡p¶ {]-{In-bb - m-Wn-Xv.
khn-ti-j-X-IÄ :
1. {]-tNm-Z\w Hcp B´-cnI hnIm-c-am-Wv.
2. e£y-¯n-eq-¶nb s]cp-amäw {k-jvSn-¡p-¶p.
3. {]-tNm-Z\w t]m-kn-äo-thm s\K-äo-thm-amImw
4. {]-tNm-Z\w Hcp k¦oÀ® {]-{-In-b.

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 {]-tNm-Z-\-¯n-sâ {]-[m\yw
1. sa¨-s¸« {]-I-S\w þ sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw Øm]-\-¯n-sâbpw {]-I-S\w sa¨-
s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
2. cN-\m-ßI kao-]\w þ sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fn \ntj-[-ßI kao-]-\-¯n\v ]Icw
t]m-kn-äohv at\m-`mhw D−m-¡p-¶p.
3. sIm-gnªv t]m¡v þ sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS sIm-gnªv t]m¡v Ipd-¡m\pw lmPÀ
\ne-sa-¨-s¸-Sp-¯m\pw km[y-am-¡p-¶p.
4. FXnÀ¸v Ipd-¡p¶p þ amä-§-tf#m-SpÅ FXnÀ¸v AXn-Po-hn-¡m³
klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
amkvtem-bpsS Bh-iyt{-iWn kn²m´w
kn-²m-´-¯n-sâ A\p-am-\-§Ä
1. a\p-jysâ s]cp-amäw Bbm-fpsS Bh-iy-§-ep-ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.
2. Cu Bh-iy-§sf t{i-Wn-bmbn {I-a-s¸-Sp¯mw
3. Xr]vX-am-¡-s¸« Bhiyw Hcp hyànsb {]-tNm-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶n-Ã.
4. Xmgv¶ Xe-¯n-epÅ Bh-iy-§Ä Xr]vXn e`n-¨m sXm-«S- p¯ Xe-¯n-epÅ Bh-
iy-§-fn-te¡v amdp-¶p.
Bh-iy-§f - p-sS {tiWn
1. ico-cn-Im-h-iy-§Ä þ `£-Ww, hkv{Xw, ]mÀ¸nSw XpS-§nb ASn-Øm\ Bh-iy-
§Ä
2. kpc-£n-X-Xz-h-i-§Ä þ `u-XnI kwc-£W - w, sXm-gn kpc-£, s]³j³,
kpØn-cX hcp-am\w
3. kmaq-ln-Im-h-iy-§Ä þ ku-lrZw kvt\lw, Iq«m-bvab - psS `mKw
4. A`n-am-\m-h-iy-§Ä þ kzm`n-am-\w, Bß-hn-izm-kw, aäp-Å-hc
- psS _lp-am\w
5. kzbw km£m-Xv¡m-c-¯n-\pÅ Bh-iy-§Ä þ Hcp hyàn¡v F¯n-¸n-Sn-¡m³
]äp-¶-Xn-sâ ]c-am-h[n Øm\-§-fn F¯n-¸-äp-I.

III t\XrXzw þ Bß hnizm-k-¯m-sS tPmen sN¿p-¶-Xn\v IogvPo-h-\-¡msc

t{-]c- n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ tijn-bmWv t\XrXzw
khn-ti-j-X-IÄ
1. aäp-Å-hsc kzo[o-\n-¡p-hm-\pÅ Ign-hmWv t\X-rXzw.
2. aäp-Å-hc
- psS s]cp-am-ä-¯n amäw hcp-¯p-¶p.
3. t\Xm-¡Ä¡pw A\p-bm-bn-¡Ä¡p-an-Sb - n \à _Ôw Øm]n-¡p-¶p.
4. Øm]-\-¯n-sâ s]mXp e£y-§Ä t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p¶p

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 \à t\Xm-hn-sâ KpW-§Ä
1. `u-XnI khn-ti-j-X-IÄ þ Btcym-Kyw, Db-cw, cq]w, Xq¡w
2. Adnhv þ tPm-ensb Ipdn-¨pÅ Adnhpw {]m-]vXnbpw
3. kXz-k-ÔX þ t\Xm-hn\v BßmÀ°-X, [mÀ½n-I-X, kXy-k-Ô-X, aqey-§Ä
F¶nh D−m-bn-cn-¡Ww
4. ap³ssI FSp-¡Â þ kÀKm-ß-I-ambn Nn´n-¡p-hm\pw ap³ssI FSp-¡m-
\pÅ {]m]vXn
5. {]-tNm-Z\w þ aäp-Å-h-cpsS Bh-iy-§Ä a\-Ên-em¡n Ahsc {]-tNm-Zn-¸n-¡p-
hm-\pÅ Ignhv
6. Bi-b-hn-\n-ab ]mShw þ Bi-b-§Ä hni-Zo-Ic - n-¡p-hm\pw t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-
hm-\p-apÅ Ignhv
7. Bß-hn-i-hmkw þ \Ã a\-ià - nbpw Bß-hn-izm-khpw {]-IS- n-¸n-¡Ww
8. Dd¨ Xocp-am\w þ CS-bv¡nsS A`n-{]- m-b-§Ä amäm³ ]mSn-Ã.
Bib hn\n-abw
Bi-b-§Â, hkvXp-¡Ä ImgvN]- m-Sp-IÄ XpS-§n-bh aäp-Å-hc
- n-te¡v hn\n-
abw \S-¯p-Ibpw Ah-cn [mcW D−m-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ {]-{X-In-b-
bmWv Bib hn\na-bw.
LS-I-§Ä
1. Bb-¡p-¶-h³ þ Bcm-tWm aäp-Å-h-tcmSv hn\p-abw \S-¯p-¶Xv At±-ls¯
ktµiw Ab-¡p-¶-h³ F¶v hnfn-¡p-¶p.
2. ktµiw þ hn\nabw \S-t¯− Bi-b-§sf AtÃ-¦n hnh-c-§sf ktµiw
F¶v ]d-bp-¶p.
3. am[yaw þ t^m¬, sSen-hn-j³, kw`m-jWw XpS-§nb hn\n-ab amÀ¤-§-fmWv
am[yaw
4. kwÚm-]\w þ ktµ-is¯ Bi-b-hn-\n-ab {]-Xn-cq-]-§-fm¡n amäp-¶p.
5. hnk-t¦-X\w þ Bi-b-hn-\n-ab {]-Xn-cq-]-§sf km[m-cW `mj-bn-te¡v amäp-¶p.
6. kzoIÀ¯mhv þ ktµiw kzoI-cn-¡p¶ BÄ
7. {]-Xn-Ic
- Ww þ kzo-IÀ¯m-hn\v ktµiw a\-Ên-embn F¶pÅ {]-Xn-I-cW- w.
Bi-bh
- n-\n-ab {]-Xn-_-Ô-§Ä
1. AÀ°-kw-_-Ô-amb {]-Xn-_-Ô-§Ä
2. a\:imkv{X-]-c-amb {]-Xn-_-Ô-§Ä
3. kwL-S-\m-]-c-amb {]-Xn-_-Ô-§Ä
4. hyàn-]-c-amb {]-Xn-_-Ô-§Ä

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

I AÀX-Y-kw-_-Ôa- mb {]-Xn-_-Ô-§Ä
ktµ-i-¯n D]-tbm-Kn¨ ]Z-§-fpsS sXämb XÀÖ-a, sXämb hymJym-\w, sXämb
D]-tbmKw XpS-§n-b-h. CXn-eqsS kzoIÀ¯mhv sXämbn ktµ-is¯ a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p.
1. sXämbn {]-IS- n-¸n-¡p¶ ktµ-i-§Ä þ sXämbn hm¡p-I-fpsS {]-tbmKw ]Z-k¼ - -
¯n-sâ Ipd-hv, tbm-Pn-¡m¯ hm¡p-IÄ
2. hyXy-kvX-amb AÀ°-§-fpÅ NnÓ-§Äþ Nne hm¡p-IÄ¡v hyXy-kvX-am-b -
AÀ°w DÅ-Xp-sIm−v kzoIÀ¯mhv asäm-¶mbn a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p.
3. sXämb XÀÖa þ XÀÖa sN¿m-\pÅ ]cn-Nb Ipdhv XS-Ê-am-Ip-¶p.
4. hyà-Xb - n-Ãm¯ A\p-am-\-§Ä þ Nne h-yJym-\-§Ä hyXy-kvX-amb A\p-am-\§
- Ä
{k-jvSn- ¡-p-¶p.
5. kmt¦-Xn-I-amb {]-tbm-K-§Ä þ km[m-cW hyàn-IÄ¡v hyà-ambn a\-Ên-em-¡p-I-
bn-Ã.

II a\-im-kv{X--]-ca- mb {]-Xn-_-µ-§Ä
1. A]-Iz-amb hne-bn-cp-¯Â þ apgp-h³ ktµ-ihpw {ihn¡msX XoÀ¸v I¸n-¡p-¶p.
2. {i-²¡- p-dhv þ ap³[m-c-W-sI−v ktµiw bYmÀ°-¯n a\-Ên-em-¡m-sX-bn-cn-¡pI
3. kwt-{-]-£-W-¯n-epÅ \jvSw. hnh[ Xe-§-fn-eqsS ktµiw IS¶v t]m-Ip-t¼mÄ
`mKn-I-ambn \jvS-s¸-Sm\pw sXämb hnh-c-§Ä e`n-¡p-hm\pw CS-bm-¡p-¶p.
4. hnizm-k-an-Ãmbva þ ktµiw Ab-¡p¶ hyàn¡pw kzoIÀ¯m-hn\pw ]c-kv]cw
hnizmkw CÃm-Xn-cn-¡p-I.

III kwL-S-\m-]-ca- mb {]-Xn-_-豈

1. kwL-S-\m-]-c-amb \b-§Ä þ Øm]-\-¯n-sâ LS-\, A[n-Imc D¯-c-hm-ZnXz

_Ô-§Ä
2. \nb-a-§Ä þ Øm]-\-¯nse IÀi-\-amb \nb-a-§fpw \nb-{´-W-§epw
3. k¦oÀ® LS\ þ [mcmfw amt\-Pvsaâv Xe-§-fpÅ Øm]-\-§Â Bi-b -
hn-\na-b-¯n XS-Ê-§-fp-−m-¡p-¶p.
4. ]Zhn þ D¶X Xe-¯n-epÅ amt\-PÀamÀ ]Z-hn¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂIp-¶X- v.
IV hyàn-K-Xa- mb {]-Xn-_-Ô-§Ä
1. taem-[n-Im-cn-bpsS `bw þ Xsâ A[n-Im-c-¯n\p t\sc shÃp-hnfn DbÀ¯p-tam
F¶ `bw
2. hnizm-k-Ip-dhv þ IogvPo-h-\¡ - mÀ¡v taep-tZym-K-Øs\ hnizm-k-an-Ãmbva
3. k¶-²-Xb - n-Ãmbva þ IogvPo-h-\¡
- m-cpsS XmXv]c - y-¯n\v FXn-cmbn `hn-¡p-tam F¶
`bw
4. t{-]-c-I-§-fpsS A`mhw þ th−{X t{]-c-I-§Ä e`n-¡m-¯-Xp-sIm−v IogvPo-h\ - ¡
- m-
cpsS XmXv]c - y-¡p-d-hv.
hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw
 A²ymbw þ 8
\nb-{X-´Ww
bYmÀ° {]-I-S\w Bkq-{X-nX {]-I-S-\-hp-ambn s]cp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶-sh¶v Dd-¸m-¡p¶
{]-{-In-bb
- mWv \nb-{´-Ww. CXv hyXn-bm\w Is−-¯m\pw DNn-X-amb \S-]S- n-I-fn-eqsS
\nh-e-hmcw t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m\pw klm-b-I-am-Ip-¶p.
\nb{´-W -{-]-{-Inb
1. {]-I-S\ \ne-hmcw \nÝ-bn-¡pI
\nb-´-W-¯n-sâ BZy-L-«-ambn Øm]-\-¯n-sâ e£y-§Ä¡v ASn-Øm-\a- mbn
\ne-hmcw \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶p.. \ne-hmcw KWm-ß-I-am-tbm kwJn-I-am-tbm \nÝ-bn-t¡-
−n-hc - pw.
2. bYmÀ° {]-I-S\w Af-¡pI
hkvXp \nj-T-ambpw hnizm-k-\o-b-hp-ambn thWw {]-I-S\w Af-t¡-−-Xv. {]-I-
S\w Af-¡p-¶-Xn\v hyàn-]-c-amb \nco-£W - w, amXrIm-]n-tim-[\, {]-I-S\
dnt¸mÀ«p-IÄ XpS-§nb kmt¦-X-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
3. Xmcayw sN¿pI.
bYmÀ° {]-I-S\w \ne-hm-c-hp-ambn XmcXayw sNbvXv hyXn-bm-\-§Ä Dt−m
F¶v ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶p.
4. hyXn-bm-\-§Ä hni-I-e\w sN¿Â
bYmÀ° {]-I-S-\hpw \nÝ-bn¨ {]-I-S-\hpw Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv e`n-¡p¶ hyXn-bm-\-
§Ä ImcWw I−p-]n-Sn-¡W - w. hyXn-bm-\-§Ä {]-Xo-£n¨ ]cn-[n-¡p-Ån-em-tWm
AtXm Kpcp-X-c-am-tWm F¶v Is−-¯W - w.

i. \nÀ®m-bI tI{µ§fnse \nb{-´Ww (Critical point Control)

Hcp Øm]-\-¯nse FÃm {]-hÀ¯-\-§fpw \nb-{´n-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]Icw kp{-][ - m-\-
ta-J-eb
- n {i² tI{µo-Ic
- n-¡p¶ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. kp{-]-[m\ taJ-eb
- n _m[n-¡p¶
sXäp-IÄ Øm]-\s¯ BsI _m[n-¡pw.

ii. khn-tij taJ-e-I-fnse amt\-Pvsaâv (Management by excemption/control by

excemption)
FÃmw \nb-´n-¡m³ {i-an-¨m H¶pw \nb-´n-¡m³ km[n-¡nà F¶-XmWv
CXn-sâ XXzw. A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb ]cn-[n-bnepw IqSp-X DÅ hyXn-bm-\-§Ä am{Xw D¶-X-
Xe amt\-Pvsaâns\ Ad-nbn-¨m aXn.
hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw
 5. Xncp-¯Â \S-]S- n-IÄ kzoI-cn-¡p-¶p.
hyXn-bm\-§Ä IqSp-X BsW-¦n Ah BhÀ¯n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m-\pÅ Xncp-¯Â
\S-]S- n-IÄ kzoI-cn-¡W
- w. hyXn-bm-\-§Ä A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amb ]cn-[n-¡p-Ån BsW-
¦n Xncp-¯Â \S-]S- n-IÄ Bh-iy-an-Ãm.
\nb{X´W kt¦-X-§Ä

i. ]c-¼c
- m-KX kt¦-X-§Ä
ii. B[p-\nI kt¦-X-§Ä

I.]c-¼c
- m-KX kt¦-X-§Ä
1. hyà-KX \nco-£Ww þ hnh-c-§Ä tiJ-cn-¡m³ Poh-\¡ - msc t\cn«v \nco-£n-¡p¶
coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. CXv Poh-\¡
- mÀ¡v k½À±w Iq«p-sa-¦nepw ^e-{-]-Z-amb Hcp coXn-bm-Wv.
2. ØnXn-hn-hc IW-¡p-IÄ þ icm-ic
- n, A\p-]m-X-§Ä, Awi-_-Ô-§Ä t]m-epÅ coXn-
IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-dp-−v.
3. em`-\-jvS-hn-i-I-e-\wþ t{-_¡v þ Cuh³ A\m-en-knkv F¶v Ad-nb-s¸-Sp¶ Cu coXn
Dev]m-Z\ Nne-hv, Dev]-¶-§-fpsS F®w. em`w F¶nh X½n-epÅ _Ôw hyà-am-¡p-¶p.
Dev]m-Z-\-¯n-sâ hnhn[ L«-§-fn Hmtcm Xe-¯n-ep-apÅ em`hpw \jvShpw hyà-am-¡p-
¶p.
4. _P-ädn \nb-´Ww þ Hcp \nÝnX Ime-b-f-hn-te¡v kJym-]-c-ambn X¿m-dm-¡p¶ `mhn
{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS ]{Xn-Ib
- mWv _P-äv. hn¸\ _P-äv, DÂ]m-Z\ _P-äv, Iymjv _P-äv,
hm§Â _Päv XpS-§nb hnh[ _P-äp-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.

II. B[p-\nI kt¦-X-§Ä

1. \nt£-]-¯n³ taepÅ {]-Xn-^ew (Rol)

aqe-[\ \nt£-]-¯n \n¶v e`n-¡p¶ BZm-b-¯n-sâ ASn-Øm-\-¯n kmYm-]\ - -
¯n-sâ Imcy-£-aX Af-¡p-¶p.
2. A\p-]mX hni-I-e\w
hnh[ A\p-]m-X-§Â D]-tbm-Kn¨v _nkn-\-Ên-sâ km¼-¯nI ]{Xn-I-IÄ hni-I-
e\w sN¿p-¶p.

3. D¯-c-hm-ZnXz A¡-u− - nwMv

Hcp Øm]-\-¯nse hnh[ hIp-¸pIsf/sk£-\p-Isf D¯-c-hm-Zn¯ tI{µ-§-
fmbn IW-¡m-¡p¶ coXn-bm-Wn-Xv. e£yw t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Npa-Xe tI{µ-
¯n-sâ {]-[m-\n-¡m-bn-cn-¡pw.

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 1. Nnehv tI{µw
2. hcpam\ tI{µw
3. em`-tI{µw
4. \n£] tIµw
4. amt\-Pvsâ HmmUnäv
Hcp Øm]-\-¯nse amt\-Pvsaân-sâ sam-¯-Xn-epÅ {]-I-S\w, {]-hÀ¯\w,
^e-{]
- m]vXn F¶nh hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. CXp hgn Imcy-£-aX hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-hm\pw
GtIm-]\w sa¨-s¸-Sp-¯m\pw D]-Ic - n-¡p-¶p.
5. s\äv hÀ¡v kmt¦-X-§Ä
k¦oÀ®hpw sshhn-²y]qÀ®hpw ka-b-_-Ôn-X-ambn ]qÀ¯o-Ic - n-t¡− #{-]P
- vIvSp-
IÄ \nb-{´n-¡m³ s]À«v, kn]n.Fw t]m-epÅ kt¦-X-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
1. FÃm {]-hÀ¯-\-§fpw bpàn klambn {I-ao-Ic - n-¡p-¶p.
2. s\äv hÀ¡v Ub-{Kw X¿m-dm-¡p-¶p.
3. Hmtcm {]-hÀ¯-\-¯n\pw ka-b-{Iaw X¿m-dm-¡p-¶p.
4. s\äv hÀ¡nse Gähpw ssZÀLy-ta-dnb ]mXsb {In-«n-¡Â]mX F¶v IW-¡m-
¡p-¶p.
5. am-t\-Pvsa-âv hnh-c-knÌw ( (MIS)
^e-{-]-Z-amb Xocp-am\w FSp-¡p-¶-Xn\v hnh-c-§Â \ÂIp¶ I¼yq-«À A[n-jvTnX
hnhc k{¼-Zm-b-am-Wn-Xv. CXv IrXy-Xb - pÅ {]-kvà-amb hnh-c-§Ä Bhiy-amb ka-
b¯v e`y-am-¡p-¶p.

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 A²ymbw þ 9
[\-Im-cy-am-t\-Pvsaâv
_nkn-\Êv ^n\m³kv
[\w _nkn-\-Ên-sâ Poh-c-à-am-Wv. _nÊn-\Êv Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw hn]q-eo-Ic
- n-¡p-
¶-Xn-\pw \ho-Ic
- n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw CXv Bh-iy-am-Wv.
[\-Im-cy-am-t\-Pvsaâv
Hcp _nkn-\Êv \S-¯p-¶-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb ]W-¯n-sâ Dd-hnSw Is−-¯p-Ibpw tiJ-
cn-¡p-Ibpw hnth-I]
- c-amb hn\n-tbmKw Dd-¸p-hc
- p-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ {]-{In-bb - mWv
[\-Imcy amt\-Pvsaâv. CXn \nt£-]-, [-\-Im-cy, -em-`-hn-lnX Xocp-am-\-§Â DÄs¸-Sp-
¶p.
[\-Im-cy-Xo-cp-am-\-§Ä
1. \nt£] Xocp-am-\-§Ä
2. [\ kam-lc - W Xocp-am\w
3. em`-hn-lnX Xocp-am\w
1. \n£] Xocp-am\w þ Øm]-\-¯n-sâ ^−p-IÄ hnh[ BkvXn-I-fn F§n-s\
\nt£-]n-¡Ww F¶ Xocp-am\w
a. ZoÀL-Ime \nt£] Xocp-am-\-§Ä þ Øncw BkvXn-I-fn ]Ww \nt£-]n-¡p-
¶Xv kw_-Ôn¨v þ ]pXnb sI«nSw hm§pI , ]pXnb b´w hm§p-I.
b. {l-kz-Ime \nt£] Xocp-am\w þ CXv Øm]-\-¯-n-sâ ssZ\wZn\ Nne-hp-IÄ
t\cn-Sm-\pÅ \nI-vtj]w
2. [\-ka- m-lc - W Xocp-am\w þ Bh-iy-amb [\w FsXÃmw t{km-X-Êp-I-fn \n¶v
kam-lc - n-¡Ww F¶ Xocp-am\w. Ah kam-lc - n-¡-Xp-¶Xv {]-[m-\-am-bpw- Hm-lcn
DS-a-I-fpsS ^−v, Un_-©dp-IÄ, hmbv]-IÄ XpS-§n-b-hb - n \n¶p-am-Wv.
[\-Imcy Xocp-am-\s¯ _m[n-¡p¶ LS-I-§Ä
1. Htcm {km-X-Êp-I-fp-sSbpw Nnehv
2. Htcm t{km-X-Ên-sâbpw \jvS_m-[yX
3. Htcm Dd-hn-S-§-ep-sSbpw [\-k-am-l-c-W-Nn-ehv
4. Øm]-\-¯n-sâ ]W-{-]-hm-l-¯n-sâ tXmXv
5. DS-a-ØÀ Øm]-\-¯n B{-K-ln-¡p¶ \nb-´Ww
6 aqe-[\ hn]-Wn-bpsS AhØ

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 3. em` hnlnX Xocp-am\w
em`-¯n F{X `mKw Øm]-\-¯n \ne-\nÀ¯-W-sa¶pw F{X `mKw
em`-hn-ln-X-ambn \ÂI-W-sa-¶p-apÅ Xocp-am\w
em`-hn-lnX Xocp-am-\s¯ _m[n-¡p¶ LS-I-§Ä

i. Øm]-\-¯n\v e`n¨ em`-¯n-sâ Afhv

ii. em` Ønc-Xbpw XpSÀ¶v t]m-cp¶ em`-hn-lnX Ønc-Xbpw
iii. I¼-\n-bpsS hfÀ¨m Ah-k-c-§Ä
iv. ]W-{X]-hm-l-¯n-s³dv tXmXv
v. Hmlcn DS-a-I-fpsS em`-hn-lnX XmÂ]cyw
vi. tÌm¡v amÀ¡äv {]-Xn-I-cWw
vii. Kh¬saân-sâ \nIp-Xn-\bw
viii. aqe-[\ hn]-Wn-bpsS e`yX
ix. \nb-a-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ
aqe-[-\-L-S\
hnh[ aqe-[\ t{km-X-Êp-I-fpsS a-n{inXs¯ aqe-[\ LS\ F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. Cu
an{-i-X-¯n CIzän sjb-dp-IÄ, ap³K-W\ sjb-dp-IÄ Un_-©dp-IÄ, hmbv]I - Ä
\o¡n-sh¨ k¼mZyw F¶nh DÄs¸-Sp-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. \Ã aqe-[-\-L-S\, Nnehv
Ipd-ªXv Bbn-cn-¡W - w. CXv sjb-dp-Sa-I-fpsS BkvXn-bpsS aqeyw hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-
¶-Xpam-bn-cn-¡W
- w.
aqe-[\ LS-\sb _m[n-¡p¶ LS-I-§Ä
1. ^n\m³jy enh-tdPv þ IS-a-mb - n-«pÅ ^−p-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw aqew CIzpän
sjb-dp-S-a-I-fpsS em`-¯n-sâ hÀ²\
2. Øm]-\-¯n-sâ ]W-{]-hm-l-¯n-sâ AhØ
3. em`-¯n ]eni XpI-bpsS A\p-]mXw
4. em`-¯n IS-_m-[y-X-IÄ \nd-th-äp¶ A\p-]mXw
5. \nt£-]-¯n e`y-am-Im-hp¶ {-]-Xn-^ew
6. ISw e`y-am-Ip-¶-Xn-\pÅ Nnehv
7. \nIpXn \nc¡v
8. skIyp-cn-än-IÄ hn]-Wn-bn Cd-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ Nnehv
9. [\-]-c-hpw hym]m-c-]-c-hp-amb \jvS km[yX ]cn-K-W\
10. \nb-a-]-c-amb N«-IqSv
11. Hmlcn hn]-Wn-bnse AhØ
12. aäp I¼-\n-I-fpsS aqe-[\ LS\
hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw
Ønc-aq-e-[\w
Ønc BkvXn-IÄ hm§p-¶-Xn\v Nne-h-gn-¡p¶ ^−v. Hcp hÀj-¯n IqSp-X Øm]-
\-¯n \ne-\n¡p¶ BkvXn-Isf Øncm-kvXn-IÄ F¶p ]d-bp-¶p.
Ønc-aq-e-[\ Bh-iy-§sf _m[n-¡p¶ LS-I-§Ä
1. _nkn-\-Ên-sâ kz`mhw þ \nÀ½mW Øm]-\-§Ä¡v hym]mc Øm]-§-sf-¡mÄ
IqSp-XÂ ØncmkvXn Bh-iy-am-Wv.
2. _nkn-\-Ên-sâ hen¸w þ h³InS Øm]-\-§Ä¡v IqSp-X Ønc \n-t£-]§ - Ä
thWw
3. kt¦X Xnc-sª-Sp¸v þ DbÀ¶ b{´-h¡-cWw Bh-iy-amb Øm]-\-§Ä¡v
IqSp-XÂ Ønc \nt£]w thWw
4. kmt¦-XnI hnZy-bpsS \ho-Ic - Ww þ Ce-Ivt{-Sm-WnIvkv Dev]-¶-§Ä, I¼yq-«À t]m-
ebpÅ taJ-eb - n-epÅ BkvXn-IÄ s]s«¶v Ime-l-c-W-¸S- m-dp-−v.
5. hfÀ¨ km[y-X-IÄ þ hfÀ¨m km[y-XbpÅ Øm]-\-§Ä¡v IqSp-X Ønc-aq-e-
[\w Bh-iy-ambn hcpw.
6. [\-ti-Jc- W _Z-ep-IÄ þ Ønc-aq-e-[\¯nsâ Afhv BkvXn-IÄ hm§p-¶Xpw
]m«-¯n-s\-Sp-¡p-¶Xpw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-¡pw.
7. Sshhn[y-h¡-cWw þ ]pXnb taJ-eb - n-te¡ {]-thin-¡p-t¼mÄ aqe-[\ Bh-iy-
IX hÀ²n-¡pw.
8. kl-Ic - Ww þ aäp Øm]-\-§-ep-ambn kl-Ic - n-¡m³ X¿m-dm-hp-Ib
- m-sW-¦nÂ
Ønc aqe-[\ Bh-iy-IX Ipd-¡mw.
{]-hÀ¯\ aqe-[\w
Øm]-\-¯n-sâ ssZ\w-Zn\ Bh-iy-§Ä¡v th−n \ne-\nÀ¯p¶ aqe[-\s¯ {]-hÀ¯\
aqe-[\w F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. CXvssIh-i-apÅ ]Ww, _m¦nse ]Ww, tÌm¡v
sU_vtägvkv XpS-§nb {lkz-Ime BkvXn-I-fm-Wv.. \ne-hnse BkvXn-I-fn \n¶v
_m-[y-X-IÄ Ipd-¨m e`n-¡p¶ XpI-bmWv Aä {]-hÀ¯\ aqe-[\w
{]-hÀ¯\ aqe-[-\s¯ _m[n-¡p¶ LS-I-§Ä
1. _nkn-\-Ên-sâ kz`mhw þ \nÀ½mW taJ-eb
- n-epÅ Øm]-\-§ÂU¡v IqS-pX
- Â
{]-hÀ¯\ aqe-[\w Bh-iy-am-Wv.
2. {]-hÀ¯-\-¯n-sâ tXmXv þ h³InS Øm]-\-§Ä¡v DbÀ¶ {]-hÀ¯\ aqe-[\w
thWw
3. _nkn-\Êv ]cn-hr¯n þ A`n-h-r²n Ime-b-f-hn DXv]m-Z\w hÀ²n-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm−v
IqSp-X {]-hÀ¯\ aqe-[\w Bh-iy-ambn hcpw.
hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw
4. Ime-N-{I-a-\p-kc
- n-¨pÅ LS-I-§Â þ kok-W-embn {]-hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Øm]-\-§Ä¡v
DbÀ¶ aqe-[\w th−n hcpw.
5.D¸m-Z\ N{Iw þ {]-hÀ¯\ aqe-[\w D¸m-Z\ {]-{In-bb
- psS ssZÀLy-hp-ambn _Ô-
s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p.
6. ISw þ IS-e`- y-Xbpw ISw A\p-h-Zn-¡p-Ibpw {]-[m-\a- m-Wv.
7. Imcy-£-aX þ DbÀ¶ {]-hÀ¯\ Imcy-£-aX {]-hÀ¯\ aqe-[-\-¯n-sâ Bh-iy-IX
Ipd¡pw
8. Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-¡-fpsS e`yX þ IrXy-amb e`yX {]-hÀ¯\ aqe-[\ Afhv
Ipd-¡pw.
9.aÕcw þ ISp¯ aÕ-c-¯n IqSp-X {]-hÀ¯\ aqe-[\w Bh-iy-ambn hcpw
10.hfÀ¨m km[yX þ hfÀ¨bpÅ Øm]-\-§Ä¡v IqSp-X {]-hÀ¯\ aqe-[\w Bhiy-
ambn hcpw.
11.]W-s¸-cp¸w þ ]W-s]-cp¸w Bh-iy-IX hÀ²n-¸n-¡pw.

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 A²ymbw þ 10
[\-Im-cy-hn-]Wn
km¼-¯nI BkvXn-IÄ : (Financial Asset) Bb Hml-cn-IÄ Un_-©-dp-IÄ, t_m-−p-
IÄ F¶ne krjvSn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw ssIamäw sN¿p-¶-Xn\pw th−-nbpÅ hn]-Wn-bmWv [\-
Imcy hn]-Wn. \nt£-]-Ic - n \n¶v kwcw-`I hmbv]-ImÀ¡v ]Ww ssIam-äp-¶Xv
[\Imcy-hn-]Wn km[y-am-¡p-¶p. CXn-eqsS ^−p-IÄ \ÂIp-¶-ehscbpw ^−p-IÄ
hm§p-¶hscbpw Hcp-an¨v sIm-−-p-hc
- p-¶p.
[\-Im-cy-hn-]-Wnsb c−-mbn Xcw Xncn¡mw

[\-Im-cy-hn-]Wn

Money Market Capital Market

(]W hn]Wn ) ( aqe-[\ hn]-Wn)

]W-hn-]Wn Money Market lrkz-Ime ^−p-I-fpsS hn]-Wn-bmWv aWn amÀ¡äv

Imem-h-[n. Hcp hÀjw hsc-bpÅ km¼-¯nI BkvXn-I-fmWv ChnsS ssIImcyw
sN¿p-¶-Xv. RBI, hmWn-Py-_m-¦p-IÄ. kwØm\ Kh¬saâv ayq¨yp ^−v F¶n-h-
bmWv ]W-hn-]W
- n-bpsS {]-[m\ ]¦m-fn-IÄ
]W-hn-]Wn {]-am-W-§Ä
1.{S-jdn _nÃp-IÄ þ

tI{µ Kh¬saân\v lrkz-Im-e-t¯¡v ]Ww Bh-iy-ambn hcp-t¼mÄ RBI ]pd-¯n-

d-¡p¶ D]-I-c-W-amWv {S-jdn _nÃp-IÄ. apJ-hn-e-tb-¡mÄ Ipdª hne¡v hn¡p-
Ibpw ]n¶oSv apJ-hn-e¡v Xncn-s¨-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Cu lr-kz-Im-e- hn-]W
- n-{]
- -am-
W-¯n\v ]eni \ÂIp-¶n-Ã. Ch-bpsS Imem-h[n 14 Znhkw apXÂ 364 Znhkw
hsc-bm-Wv.

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

2.hmWnPy ]{Xw AYhm tIm-ta-jy t]¸À
DS-a-Ø-h-Imiw btYjvSw ssIam-dm-hp¶ t{-]-mankdn t\m-«p-I-fmWv tIm-ta-jyÂ
t]¸À. {Sjdn _nÃp-Isf t]mse UnkvIu−v \nc-¡n hn¡p-Ibpw apJ-hn-e¡v Xncn-s¨-
Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ tIm-ta-jy t]¸dpIÄ¡v 15 Znhkw apX Hcp hÀjw hsc Imem-
h-[n-bm-Wp-Å-Xv.
3.ImÄaWn
_m¦p-IÄ ]c-kv]cw ISw hm§p¶Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Hcp D]-I-c-Wa- mWv
ImÄa-Wn. Hcp Znhkw apXÂ 15 Zn-hkw hsc-bmWv CXn-sâ Imem-h-[n.
4.sUt¸m-knän kÀ«n-^n-¡äv
_m¦p-I-tfm [\-Im-cy-Øm-]-\-§-tm lrkz-Im-e-km-¼-¯nI t{km-X-Ên-\mbn
ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ D]-I-c-W-amWv sUt¸m-knäv kÀ«n-^n-¡-äv. 91 Znhkw apXÂ
1 hÀjw hsc-bmWv ChnsS Imem-h-[n. ChpsS DS-Øm-h-Imiw ssIam-äw sN¿m-
hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
5.hmWnPy _nÃp-IÄ
Øm]-\-¯n-sâ {]-hÀ¯-\-aq-e-[\ Bh-iy-§Ä t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶X
- n-\pÅ
D]-I-c-W-amWv hmWn-Py-_n-Ãp-IÄ. I¨-h-S¡
- m-c³ _nÃv X¿m-dm¡n hm§p-¶h - sâ
t]cn FgpXn kq£n-¡p-¶p. Imem-h[n XnI-bp-t¼mÄ AXp ]W-am¡n amäp-
Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. _m¦p-IÄ hmWn-Py-_n-Ãp-IÄ,\UnkvIu - −v sN¿p-I-tbm I¨-hS- -
¡m-c\v th−n tiJ-cn-¡p-I-tbm sN¿p-¶p.
aqe-[-\h
- n-]Wn
CS-¯c - w, ZoÀL-Ime ^−p-I-fpsS hn]-Wn-bmWv aqe-[-\-hn-]W
- n. ZoÀL-Ime skI-yq-cn-än-
I-fmb sjb-dp-IÄ, Un_-©-dp-IÄ, t_m-−p-IÄ F¶n-hb - mWv ChnsS ssIImcyw sN¿p-
¶-Xv. CXneqsS k¼mZyw \nt£-]-amÀ¤§-fn-te¡v amäp-¶-Xn\pw hmbv] Bh-iy-ap-Å-
hÀ¡v ^−v kzocq-]n-¡phm\pw km[n-¡p-¶p.
aqe-[-\-hn-]W
- n-bn c−v {]-[m\ hn`m-K-§Â D−v.
aqe-[-\-hn-]Wn

{]m-Y-anI hn]Wn ZzXob hn]Wn

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw
{]m-Y-anI hn]Wn
{]m-Ya- nI hn]Wn
BZy-ambn hnX-cWw sN¿p¶ skIyq-cn-än-I-fm-Wv- C-hnsS ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶X
- v.
]pXnb I¼-\n-I-tfm \ne-hn-epÅ I¼-\n-I-tfm -\ÂIp¶ ]pXnb skIyq-cn-än-IÄ hnX-cWw
sN¿p¶ hn]-Wn-bm-Wn-Xv. sjb-dp-IÄ, Un_-©-dp-IÄ, t_m-−p-IÄ XpS§n-b skIyq-cn-
än-I-fmWv ChnsS ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-Xv.
{]m-Ya- nI hn]-Wn-bn skIyq-cn-än-IÄ \ÂIp¶ coXn-IÄ
1. t{]m-kvs]IvSv hgn-bpÅ ]»nIv Hm^À:
aqe-[\w kam-lc
- n-¡p-¶-Xn\v th−n \nt£-]-Isc t{-]m-kv]ISvkv hgn £Wn-¡p-¶-
XmWv CXv.
2.Hm^À t^mÀ skbnÂ
s]mXp P\-§Ä¡v \ÂIp-¶-Xn\v ]Icw skIyq-cn-än-IÄ sam-¯-ambn t{-_m-¡Àt¡m, CS-
\n-e-ImÀt¡m hn¡p-¶p. ]n¶oSv CS-\n-e¡
- mÀ s]m-Xp-P\
- -§Ä¡v ssIam-dp-¶p. Cu
coXn-bmWv Hm^À t^mÀ skbnÂ.
3. ss{]-häv s¹kvsaâv
sXc-sª-Sp¯ Hcp \nÝnX {Kq¸v \nt£-]-IÀ¡v am{Xw skIyq-cn-än-IÄ apgp-h³
\ÂIp¶ GÀ¸m-SmWv CXv.

4..Right Issue
Hcp I¼-\n-]p-Xnb Hml-cn-IÄ hn]-Wn-bn Xpd-¡p-t¼mÄ \ne-hn-epÅ Hmlcn DS-a-
IÄ¡v (A-h-cpsS ssIh-i-apÅ Hml-cn-I-fpsS A\p-]m-X-a\- pk-cn-¨v) I¼-\n-bnÂ\n¶pw
]pXnb Hml-cn-IÄ hm§m-\pÅ Ah-Im-i-ap−-v. CXv A\p-kc - n¨v \ne-hn-epÅ Hmlcn DS-
a-IÄ¡v Hmlcn hn¡p-¶-Xn-s\-bmWv sdäv Cjyp F¶v ]d-bp-¶-Xv.
5.-C-e-Ivt{-Sm-WnIv þ C\o-jy ]»nIv Hm^À
tÌm¡v FIvkvtN-©pI-fnse Hm¬sse³ kwhn-[m\w hgn Hml-cn-IÄ hnX-cWw
sN¿p-¶-XmWv Ce-Iv-t-{-Sm-WnIv C\n-jy ]»nIv Hm^À.

sk_n : SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA (SEBI)

C´y³ aqe-[\ hn]-Wn-bpsS \nb{´W hnI-k\ FP-³-kn-bmWv sk_n. sk_n
cq]o-Ic
- n-¨Xv 1988- em-Wv. F¦nepw \nb-am-\n-kr-X- ]-Zhn e`n-¨Xv 1992 se skIyq-cnän
Bâv FIvkvsN©v t_mÀUv Hm^v C´y BIvSv A\p-kc - n-¨m-Wv. tÌm¡v FIvkt- N-©p-
hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw
I-fpsS kpJ-a-amb {]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä t{]m-Õm-ln-¸n-¡p-hm\pw AtXm-sSm¸w \nt£-]I- -
cpsS Ah-Im-i-§fpw Xmev]c
- y-§fpw kwc-£n-¡p-hm\pw IqSn-bmWv sk_n Øm]n-X -
am-b-Xv.
sk_n-bpsS {]-hÀ¯-\-§Â

A.sdKp-se-ädn {]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä

• kvtäm¡v FIvkvsN-©p-I-fpsS cPnkvt{Sj\pw \nb{´-Whpw

• hn]-Wn-bn {t_m-¡Àam-cp-sSbpw k_v t{-_m-¡Àam-cp-sSbpw cPn-kvt{S-j³
• \nt£-]- ]-²-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw ayq¨p ^−p-I-fp-sSbpw cPn-kvt- {- S- j
- \pw
\nb{X´-Whpw
• sjbÀ, sjbÀ t{_m-¡-ÀamÀ, A−Àsd-äÀamÀ F¶n-hc - psS {]-hÀ¯\w \nb-{´n-
¡Â
• I¼-\n-IÄ Gsä-Sp-¡p¶ {]-hÀ¯-\-§sf \nb-{´n-¡Â
• tÌm¡v FIvkvtN-©p-I-fnepw aäp CS-\n-e¡
- m-cnepw At\z-j-W-§fpw HmUn-äp-Ifpw
\S¯pI

B.. hnI-k-\m-ß-I-{-]h
- À¯-\-§Ä

• \nt£-]-Ic
- psS hnZym-`ym-khpw CS-\n-e¡
- m-cpsS ]cn-io-e-\-§fpw t{-]m-Õm-ln-¸n-
¡pI
• Kth-jW- hpw D]-tbmK{-]-[m--amb hnh-c-§-fpsS {]-kn-²o-I-cW - hpw \S-¯pI
• aqe-[\ hn]-Wn-hn-I-kn-¸n-¡p¶-Xn-\p-Å- \-S]
- Sn kzoI-cn-¡pI

C..kwc-£-Wm-ßI {]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä

• h©-\m-]c - hpw A\ym-bhpw Bb-hym-]mc coXn-IÄ \ntcm-[n-¡pI

• C³ssk-UÀ s{-S-UnMv t]m-epÅ \S-]S- n-IÄ \nb-{´n-¡pI
• \nt£-]-Ic - psS kwc-£-W-¯n-\mbn \S-]S- n-IÄ ssIsIm-ÅpI
• skIyq-cnän amÀ¡-änse \ymb-amb k{-¼-Zm-b-§fpw s]cp-amä N«-§fpw {t]-Õm-ln-
¸n-¡p-I.

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 A²ymbw þ 11
hn]-W\w
hn]-W\ amt\-Pvsa-âv
hn]-W\ amt\-Pvsaâv F¶m DÂ]m-Z-I-\n \n¶v D]-t`-àm-¡-fn-te¡v km[-\-§fpw
tkh-\-§epw ssIamäw sN¿p-¶-Xp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v {]-hÀ¯-\-§sf Xzcn-X-s¸-Sp-¯p¶
Bkq-{X-Ww, kwLm-S-\w, amÀ¤-\nÀt±iw \ÂI \nb{X´Ww XpS-§n-b-hbm-Wv.
hn]-W-\hpw hn¸-\bpw
hn]-W-\hpw hn¸-\bpw X½n Xmsg-]-db
- p¶ hyXym-k-§-fp−-v.

hn]-W\w (Marketing) hn¸\ (sales)

1 D]-t`m-àm-¡-fpsS Bh-iy-§Ä Xr]vXn- 1. hn¸-\¡- mc-sâ D¸-¶-§Ä ]W-ambn

s¸-Sp-¯p¶ km[-\-§-fn {i² ]cn-hÀ¯\w sN¿p-¶-Xn {i²
tI{µo-Ic
- n-¡p-¶p. tI{µoI-cn-¡p-¶p.
2. D¸m-Z-\-¯n\v ap¼v hn]-W\ 2. DÂ]m-Z-\-¯n-\p-tijw hn¸\ \S-¡p-¶p.
{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä Bcw-`n-¡p-¶p.
3. D¸-¶-¯n-sâ Bkq-{X-W-¯n\pw 3. DÂ]m-Zn-¸n¨ km[-\-§-epsS hn¸-\-
hnI-k\-¯n\pw Du¶Â \ÂIp¶p ¡mWv Du¶Â \ÂIp-¶-Xv.
4. hn]-W\w F¶m hn¸-\-IqSn 4. hn¸\ amÀ¡-änwMv {]-{-In-bb
- psS Hcp
DÄs¸-Sp¶ hn]p-e-amb ]Z-am-Wv. `mKw am{X-am-Wv.
5. D]-t`màr kwXr-]vXn-bn-eqsS em`w 5. hn¸\ Af-hn em`w e£y-an-Sp-¶p.
eIvjyan-Sp-¶p.
6. Imhn-bäv sh¬dn-sâ XXzw (hn¸-\- 6. Imhn-bä Fw]vä-dn-sâ XXzw (hm-§p-¶-
¡mÀ kq£n-¡p-I) bmÄ kq£n-¡p-I)

hn]-W-\-¯n-sâ [À½-§Ä
1. hn]Wn hnh-c-§Ä tiJ-cn-¡p-Ibpw hni-I-e\w sN¿p-Ibpw sN¿pI:þ D]-t`m-àm-¡-
fpsS Bh-iy-§Â Xnc-¨-dn-bp-Ibpw Øm]-\-¯n-sâ hn]-Wn-sb-Ip-dn¨v hni-I-e\w sN¿p-
Ibpw sN¿pIsb¶Xv hn]-W-\-¯n-sâ {]-[m-\-[À½-am-Wv.
2. hn]W\ Bkq-{XWw
Øm]\¯nsâ amÀ¡-änwMv e£y-§Ä ssIh-cn-¡m-\pÅ ¹m-\p-IÄ X¿m-dm-¡p-
I-sb-¶Xpw hn]-W-\-¯n-sâ [À½-am-Wv.

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

3.-DXv]m-¶ cq]-IÂ]-\bpw hnI-k-\hpw
D]-t`m-àm-hn-sâ Bh-iy-§Ä \nd-th-äp-¶-Xn-\mbn D¸¶w hnI-kn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw cq]-
I¸\ sN¿p-Ibpw thWw.
4. \ne-hm-ch
- ¡-c-Whpw XcwXncn-¡epw
ap³Iq«n \nÝ-bn¨ \ne-hm-c-§-fmb KpW-taÂa, hne, ]mt¡-PnwMv, apX-em-b-h¡v A\p-
k-cn¨ D¸-¶§Ä DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw \nÝ-bn¨ am\-ZW - vU§Ä¡v A\p-kc - n¨v D¸-
¶-§sf Xcw Xncn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶Xv hn]-W-\-¯n-sâ asä#cp [À½am-Wv.
5.-]m-t¡-Pnw§pw te_-en§pw
DÂ]m-Zn]n¨ D¸-¶-§-fp-sS- ]m-t¡-Pn§pw Ah¡v A\p-tbm-Py-amb te_-
en§pw cq]-I¸\ sN¿p-I-sb-¶p-ÅXv hn]-W-\-¯n-sâ [À½-am-Wv.
6.-D-]-t`màr ]n´pW tkh\w
hn¸-\m\-´c tkh-\-§Ä, D]-t`m-àm-hn-sâ ]cm-Xn-IÄ ssIImcyw sN¿m³,
]cn-]m-e-\-tk-h-\-§Ä apX-em-be \ÂIn D]-t` m-àm-¡sf kwXr-]vXc
- m-¡p-I-sb-¶Xv
hn]-W-\-¯n-sâ [À½-am-Wv.
7.-{-_mânw§v
Hcp D¸-¶s¯ FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS D¸-¶-§-fn \n¶pw Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶-Xn\pw thÀXn-cn-
¡p-¶-Xn\pw Hcp t]tcm NnÓ-tam \ÂIp¶ {]-{-In-bb
- mWv {_ân-§v..
8.hne-\n˨bw
Hcp D¸-¶-¯n-sâ hnesb kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ LS-I-§sf hni-I-e\w sNbvXv D¸-¶¯ - n\v
A\p-tbm-Py-amb hne-\ÂIp-I-sb-¶Xv hn]-W-\-¯n-sâ {]-[m-\-amb [À½-am-Wv.
9.-hn¸\ t{]-Õm-l-\-§Ä
D¸-¶-§sf Ipdn¨v D]-t`m-àm-¡sf Ad-nbn-¡p-Ibpw Ah hm§m³ t{]-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw
sN¿p-I-sb-¶Xv hn]-W-\-¯n-sâ [À½-§-fnÂs]-«-Xm-Wv.
10.`u-XnI hnX-cWw
hn¸-¶-§Ä DÂ`hw apX D]-tbm-K-Øew F¯pw-h-sc-bpÅ Hgp¡v
Bkq-{XWw sN¿pI, \S-¸n-em-¡p-I, \nb-{´n-¡pI F¶nh CXn s]Sp-¶p.
11 KXm-KXw

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 CXv hn]-W-\-¯n-sâ {]-[m\ [À½-am-Wv. CXneqsS D¸¶w D]-t`m-àm-¡Ä¡v e`y-
am-¡m³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
12.-kw-`c
- Ww
hn]W nap³Iq-«n-I−v D¸m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ D¸-¶-§Â \mi-\m-jvS-§fn kwc-£n-¡p-¶-
Xn\v Ah icn-bmbn kw`-cn¨v kq£n-¡W - w. hn]-W-\-¯n-sâ Hcp {]-[m\ e£yw Xs¶-
bmWv kw`-cW
- w.
amÀ¡-än§v anIvkv (hn-]-W\ an{in-Xw)
hn]-W\ e£yw ssIh-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn Xncn-sª-Sp-¡-s¸« hn]-W\ D]m-[n-I-fpsS kw{-
K-ls¯ hn]-W\ an{inXw F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. I¼-\n-bpsS amÀ¡-än§v knÌw, D¸-¶w,
hne hn¸\ hÀ²I {]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä hnX-cW kwhn-[m\w F¶n-h-bpsS ImX-emb \mev-
C³]p-«p-I-fpsS kwtbm-P\s¯ hnh-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v hn]-W\ an{inXw D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p.
DÂ]¶w(Product) hne (price) hn¸-\-hÀ²I {]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä(promotion) hnX-cW
kwhn-[m\w(Place) F¶n-hb- mWv hn]-W-\-an-{in-X-¯n-sâ \mev P’s F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶X
- v.
hn]-W-\a- n-{io-X-¯n-sâ LS-I-§Ä

1. D¸¶w (Product)
amÀ¡-änwKv an{in-X-¯n-sâ Gähpw {]-[m-\-s¸« LS-I-am-Wn-Xv. D¸¶w F¶m hn¸-\-
¡mbn amÀ¡-än hmKvZm\w sN¿p¶ km[-\-§Ä AsÃw-¦n tkh-\-§-fm-Wv. D]-t`m-
àm-hn-sâ Bh-iy-§Ä¡-\p-kc - n-¨pÅ km[-\-§fpw tkh-\-§fpw Bkq-{XWw sN¿pI
hnI-kn-¸n-¡pI D¸m-Zn-¸n-¡pI F¶nh CXn DÄs¸-Sp-¶p.

hne (price)
Hcp D¸-\-¯n-sâ-tbm tkh-\-¯n-s³tbm tkh-\-¯n-sâtbm- ssI-am-ä-aq-ey-amWv hne.
hn¸-\¡ - m-c³ \ÂIp¶ D¸-¶-§Ä¡pw tkh-\-§Ä¡pw hm§p-¶-h³ \ÂIp¶
{]-Xn-^-e-amWv hne. D¸¶ sNehv, tNm-Z\w, kam\ D¸-¶-¯n-sâ hne F¶o LS-I-
§-sfÃmw ]cn-KW - n-¨mWv Hcp D¸-¶-¯n-sâ hne \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶-Xv.

3.-Øew (Place)
DÂ]m-Zn-¸n¨ Øe¯v \n¶pw D]-t`m-àm-hn-sâ ASp-t¯¡v D¸¶-§Ä F¯n-¡p-¶X - p-
ambn _Ô-s¸« Imcy-§-fmWv Øew F¶ hn]-W\ an{inXw AÀ°-am-¡p-¶-Xv. CXnÂ
c−v {]-[m\ {]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. D]-t`-àr-tI{-µ-§-fn-te¡v DÅ D¸-¶§
- -
fpsS KXm-KXw 2. D¸-¶-§-fpsS kw`-cWw
4.-hn¸\ hÀ²I {]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä
hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw
 D¸-¶-s¯-tbm tkh-\-s¯-tbm Ipdn¨v D]-t`m-àm-hns\ Ad-nbn-¡p-Ibpw
hm§m³ t{]-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-I-sb-¶-XmWv hn¸\ hÀ²I {]-hÀ¯\w F¶Xv
sIm−v Dt±-in-¡p-¶-Xv. hn¸\ hÀ²I {]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä DÄsIm-Åp¶ \mev LS-I§ - -
fmWv ]cn-kyw sN¿Â .hyàn-KX hn¸\, {]-Nm-cW
- w, hn¸\ t{]m-Õm-l\w F¶nh
hn-e-\n˨bw
GXv D¸¶w hm§pt¼mgpw AXn\v ]Ww \ÂtI-−-Xp-−v. D¸¶w D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-
t¼mÄ D−m-Ip¶ t\«-¯n-sâ apey-amWv D]-t`-àmhv \ÂIp¶ hne. hn]-W\ an{io-X-
¯n-sâ hfsc {]-[m-\-s¸« LS-I-amWv hne.
hne \nÀ®-bs¯ _m[n-¡p¶ LS-I-§Ä
1. DÂ]m-Z-\-sN-ehv
DÂ]m-Z-\-sN-ehv D¸-¶-¯n-sâ hnesb _m[n-¡p¶ Hcp {]-[m\ LS-Ia- m-Wv.
D¸-¶-¯n-sâ hne DÂ]m-Z-\-sN-e-hpw, \nÝnX em`hpw DÄsIm-Åp-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw.
2. hn]-Wn-bnse aÕcw
aÕ-c-an-Ãm¯ hn]-Wn-bn kzX{X´-ambn hne \nÀ®-bn-¡mw. F¶m hn]-
Wn-bn aÕcw Ds−-¦n FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS D¸-¶-¯n-sâ hne IqSn ]cn-KW
- n-
t¡-−n-hc - pw.
3. D]-t`màr Bhiyw
D¸-¶-¯n-sâ Unamâv hne \nÀ®-b-¯n ]cn-KW - n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. D¸¶w
A\n-hm-cy-am-sW-¦n hn]-Wn-bpsS Bh-iy-IX \jvS-s¸-SmsX hn]-Wn-¡m-
c\v DbÀ¶ hne CuSm-¡m³ Ign-bpw.
4. K-h¬saâpw \nb-a-]-c-amb \nb--{´Whpw
Nne D¸-¶-§-fpsS hne kÀ¡mÀ \nb-{´n¡pw A¯cw kml-Nc
- y-§fn kÀ¡m-dn-sâ
\ne-hn-epÅ \nb-a-§Ä¡qSn ]cn-KW
- n-t¡−n hcpw.
5.-Øm-]-\-¯n-sâ e£yw
hne \nÀ®-bs¯ kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ hfsc {]-[m-\-s¸« Hcp LS-I-amWv Øm]-\-¯n-sâ
e£yw. DZm:þ Øm]-\-¯n-sâ e£yw ]c-am-h[n em`w D−m-¡p-Ib - m-sW-¦n DbÀ¶ hne-
bm-bn-cn¡pw \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. hn]-Wn-bnse Øm\w e£y-an-Sp¶ Øm]-\-§Ä Ipdª
hne-bmWv s]m-Xpsh \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶-Xv.

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 6. D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ hn]-W\ coXn-IÄ
hnX-cW k{¼-Zmbw ]c-ky-§-fpsS KpW \ne-hmcw hnev]\ hÀ²I {]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä,
D¸-¶-§-epsS hyXy-kvXX apX-emb LS-I-§fpw hne \nÀ®-bs¯ _m[n-¡p-¶p- −v.
{]-tam-j³
Hcp Øm]-\-¯n-sâ D¸-¶-s¯-tbm tkh-\-s¯-tbm Ipdn¨v hnh-c-§Â \ÂIn DÂ]-
¶-§Â hm§m³ D]-t`m-àm-¡sf t{]-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw hn¸\ Dd-¸m-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-
XmWv {]-tam-j³ sIm−v AÀ°-am-¡p-¶-Xv. ]ckyw sN¿Â, hyàn-K-Xh - n¸\,
hn¸\ hÀ²I {]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä, {]-Nc
- Ww F¶nh CXnÂs¸-Sp-¶p.
]ckyw sN¿Â
Hcp D¸-¶s¯ Ipdn-t¨m tkh-\-s¯-¡p-dn-t#m hyàn-]-c-am-bn-«Ã - msX {]-Xn-^ew \ÂIn
Ah-Xc - n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw, {]-Nc
- n-¡epw sN¿-emWv ]c-ky-{-]-Nc
- Ww Nc-¡p-I-fp-sSbpw tkh-\-
§-fp-sSbpw B\p-Iq-ey-§Ä hne e`yX XpS-§nbhsb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hnh-c-§Ä ]ckyw
\ÂIp-¶p.
]c-ky-¯n-sâ ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ
1. CXv Hcp hyI-Xn-tb-Xc Bi-b-hn-\n-ab cq]-am-Wv.
2. s]«-¶p-ÅXpw IrXy-hp-amb ^oUv _m¡n-sâ A`mhw
3. hg-¡-an-Ãmbva
4. Ipdª ^e-{]
- m]vXn
]c-ky-t¯m-SpÅ FXnÀ¸v (hn-aÀi-\-§Ä)
1. ]ckyw hne Iq«p¶p
2. CXv kmaq-ly-ap-ey-§sf ZpÀ_-e-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p
3. hm§p-¶-hsc Bi-b-Ip-g-¸-¯n-em-¡p-¶p.
4. sXämb ]c-kz-¯n-sâ klm-b-t¯msS \ne-hm-c-an-Ãm¯ D¸-\-§f - psS
hnÂ]\ {t]m-Õm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶p.
5. Nne ]cn-ky-§-fn A\m-`n-j-eW
- nb amb ktµ-i-§Ä ssIam-dp-¶p.
skbnÂkv {]-tam-j³
hn¸\ {t]m-Õm-ln-¸np-¡p-¶-Xn\v e£y-an-«n«pp-Åv lrkz-Im-e- {-]-hÀ¯-\-§-fmb dnt_-äp-
IÄ, ku-P\y km¼n-fp-IÄ, k½m-\-§Â, dn^-−p-IÄ apX-em-b-hsb-bmWv CXv sIm−v
kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. D]-t`m-àm-¡-tfbpw CS--\ne¡mscbpw hn¸-\¡ - m-scbpw t{]-Õm-ln-¸n-
¡p-¶-Xn-\mWv hn¸\ {]-tam-j³ coXn cq] Iev]\ sNbvXn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.
hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw
hne]v\ {]-tam-j³ sSI-\n-¡p-IÄ
1. dnt_-_-äp-IÄ þ {]-tXyI Ah-k-c-§-fn hm§p-¶-hsc BIÀjn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m- bpw
tÌm-¡p-IÄ hnä-gn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbpw dnt_-äp-IÄ \ÂIp-¶p.
2. Ingnhv
D]-t`m-àm-¡sf BIÀjn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn D¸-¶-¯n-sâ hne-bn \n¶pÅ Ingn-
hmbn hne-bpsS Nne iX-am\w Ipd-¡p-¶p.
3. do^-−p-IÄ
DXv¸-¶§Ä hm§n-b-Xn-sâ sXfn-hp-IÄ \ÂIp-t¼mÄ hne-bpsS Hcp `mKw
do^−v sN¿-emWv CXv. km[m-c-Wb
- mbn ASp¯ hm§-en-emWv CXv e`n-¡p-¶X
- v.
4.{^o Kn^äv
Hcp D¸-¶-¯n-s\m¸w amsämcp D¸¶w ku-P-\y-ambn \ÂIp-¶-XmWv CXv
5.A[nI Afhv k½m\w
]m¡-än-sâ AI-t¯m ]pd-t¯m Hmtc hne¡v D¸-¶-¯n-sâ A[nI Afhv \ÂI-emWv
CXv.
6.\dp-s¡-Sp-¸p-Ifpw k½m-\-§fpw
D]-t`m-àm-¡Ä¡v Iq¸¬ \ÂIn \dp-s¡-Sp¯v k½m-\§Ä \ÂIp-¶-XmWv CXv.
7. km¼nÄ
Nne D¸-¶-§Ä hm§p-t¼mÄ aäp Nne DXv]v¶-§fpsS ku-P\y km¼n-fp-IÄ
D]-t`m-àm-¡Ä¡v \ÂIp-¶-XmWv CXv.
8. aÕ-c-§Ä
D]t`m-àm-¡Ä¡v Nne aÕ-c§-fn ]s¦-Sp-¡m\pw hnP-bn-IÄ¡v k½m-\§
- Ä
\ÂIm\pw sN¿p¶ coXnbm-Wn-Xv.

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

 A²ymbw þ 12
D]-t`m-àr-kw-c-£Ww
GsXmcp _nkn-\Êv Øm]-\-¯n-sâbpw hn]-W\ X{-´-¯n-sâ Gähpw {]-[m-\-
amb hiw D]-t`màr kwXr-]vXn-bm-Wv. Hcp kzX{´ It¼mf hyh-Øb
- n D]-t`m-àm-
hmWv cmPm-hv. hn]-Wn-bnse Nqj-W§fn \n¶pw D]-t`m-àm-hns\ kwc-£n-¡pI
F¶Xv hf-sc-tbsd {]m-[m\yw AÀln-¡p-¶p.

D]-t`m-IvXr Ah-Im-i-§Â (Right of Consumers)

1. kpc-£n-X-Xz-¯n-\pÅ Ah-Imiw
Bbp-Ên\pw Btcm-Ky-¯n\pw l\n-I-c-amb km[-\-§Ä hn]-W\w sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶-
Xn \n¶pw kwc-£Ww \ÂIp¶ Ah-Imiw D]-t`-àm-¡Ä¡p-−v.
2. Ad-nbm-\pÅ Ah-Imiw
D]-t`m-àmhv hm§m³ Dt±-in-¡p¶ D¸-¶s¯ Ipdn-¨v, AXm-b-Xv, hne, t- N-cp-h-
IÄ, DÂ]m-Z-\- Xo-¿Xn Afhv apX-em-b-hsb Ipdn¨v hnh-c-§Ä And-bm-\pÅ Ah-Imiw
D]-t`m-I-Xm-hn-\p-−v.
3. Xnc-sª-Sp-¡m-\pÅ Ah-Imiw
Dev]-¶-§Ä AXn-sâ KpW-\n-e-hm-cw, {_³Uv, hne apX-em-b-h-¡-\p-kc
- n¨v Xnc-sª-Sp-¡p-
hm-\pÅ Ah-Imiw
4.]cm-Xn-s¸-Sm-\pÅ Ah-Imiw
D¸-¶-¯n-tem, tkh-\-§-fn-tem Fs´¦nepw ]cm-Xn-tbm AXr-]vXn-tbm Ds−-¦nÂ
D]-t`mIv-Xm-hn\v ]cmXn \ÂIm³ Ah-Im-i-ap-−v.
5.-]c
- mXn ]cn-l-c-¯n-\pÅ Ah-Imiw
D]-t`m-àm-hn-sâ \yb-amb ]cm-Xn-IÄ¡v ]cnlmcw e`n-¡m-\p-Å Ah-Im-i-amWv CXv.
6..D]-t`mà#r hnZy-`ym-k-X-àn-\pÅ Ah-Imiw
D]-t`m-à-m¡
- Ä¡v Ah-cp-sS- A-h-Im-i-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw ]cm-Xn-]c
- n-lm-cn-¡m-\pÅ amÀ¤-
§sf Ipdn-¨p-apÅ Adnhv t\Sm-\pÅ Ah-Im-i-amWv CXv

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

D]-t`-àm-¡Ä¡pÅ \nb-a-kw-c-£Ww
D]-t`m-àm-¡Ä¡v \nb-a]
- cn-c£ \ÂIp¶ \n-c-h[n \nb-a-§Ä D−v. Ah Xmsg sIm-Sp-
¡p-¶p.
1. D]-t`-àr-kw-c-£W \nbaw 1986
KpW \ne-hm-c-an-Ãm¯ D¸-¶-§Ä- A-\ym-b-amb Nne hym]mc coXn-IÄ, tkh-\-
§-fnse t]m-cm-bva-IÄ aäp NqjW§Ä F¶n-h-s¡-Xnsc Cu \nbaw ]cn-c£ \ÂIp-
¶p. D]-t`-àm-hn-sâ Ah-Im-i-§Ä, ]cn-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw XÀ¡-§Ä ]cn-lc - n-¡p-¶-
Xn\pw CXv klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
2. IcmÀ \nbaw 1982
IcmÀ ewLn-¨m e`n-¡p¶ ]cn-lm-c-amÀ¤-§Ä Cu \nbaw {]-Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p.
3. .-Nc
- ¡v hn¸\ \nbaw 1930
Cu \nbaw {]-Im-c-apÅ hyh-Ø-IÄ ]men-¡p-¶n-sÃ-¦n D]-t`m-àm-hn\v kwc-£Ww
Dd-¸m-¡p¶p
4. `-£y-ambw tNÀ¡Â \ntcm-[\ \nbaw 1954
`£y-h-kvXp-¡-fpsS ambw tNÀ¡Â ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw, ]cn-ip²n Dd¸v hcp-¯p-¶-
Xn\pw th−n-bpÅ \nb-a-amWv CXv.
5. aÕc \nbaw 2002
_nÊn-\Êv Øm]-\-§Ä kzoI-cn-¡p¶ \b-§Ä hn]-Wn-bnse aÕ-cs¯ XS-Ês
- ¸-Sp-
¯p-¶-sh-¦n Cu \nbaw ]cn-c£ \ÂIp-¶p.
6. Ahiy hkvXp \nbaw 1955
]pgv¯n-sh-¸p-ImÀ, Icn-©-´¡ - mÀ F¶n-hc
- psS kmaq-lnI hncp² {]-hÀ¯-\-
§Äs¡-Xnsc kwc-£Ww \ÂIp¶ \nb-a-am-Wn-Xv.
7. Af-hp-Xq¡ \ne-hm-c-\n-baw 1976
Afhp Xq¡-§-fn Ip-d-hp-−m-bm A¯cw Nqj-W-§-fn \n¶pw kwc-£Ww
\ÂIp¶ \nb-a-am-Wn-Xv.

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw

D]-t`màrkwc-£W \nb-a-{]-Im-c-apÅ ]cn-lmc GP³kn-IÄ
1) PnÃm-t^mdw
kwØm-\-K-h¬saâv PnÃm Xe-¯n \nb-an-¡p¶ GP³kn-bm-Wn-Xv. CXnÂ
kwØm\ kÀ¡mÀ \nb-an-¡p¶ Hcp sNbÀam\pw c−v AwK-§fpw D−m-bn-cn-¡pw.
(A-h-cn HcmÄ kv{Xo Bbn-cn-¡W - w) \jvS-]-cn-lmcw ¢bnw sNbvX-Xn-t\m-sSm¸w km[-\-
§-fn-sS-tbm tkh-\-§-fp-sS-tbm aqeyw 20 e£w Ihn-bp-¶n-sÃ-¦n _Ôs¸«v Pnà t^m-d-
¯n-em-Wv- D-]-t`-àmhv ]cmXn kaÀ¸n-t¡-−-Xv. PnÃm t^m-d-¯n-sâ D¯-c-hn Xr]vXn-bn-
Ãm¯ ]£w 30 Znh-k-¯n-\Iw D]-t`m-àm-hn\v kwØm-\-I-½o-j\p ap¼msI A¸oÂ
\ÂImw.
2)tÌäv I½o-j³/kwØm\ I½o-j³
Htcm- kw-Øm-\-¯n-epw, kwØm-\-K-h¬saâv \nb-an-¡p-¶-XmWv kwØm\ I½o-j³.
CXn Hcp A²y£\pw c−v AwK-§fpw (HcmÄ kv{Xobm-bn-cn-¡W - w)- DÄs¸-Sp-¶p.
km[-\-¯n-sâ-tbm, tkh-\-¯n-sâ-tbm- hn-ebpw \jvS-]c- n-lmcw ¢bnw sNbvXXpw 20
e£w cq]-bn IqSn-Xepw Hcp tIm-Sn-bn Ihn-bp-¶p-an-sÃ-¦n kwØm\ I½o-j³
ap¼msIbmWv ]cmXn kaÀ¸n-t¡-−-Xv. kwØm\ I½o-j³ D¯-c-hn Xr]vXn-bn-Ãm¯
]£w ]cm-Xn-¡m-c\v 30 Znh-k-¯n-\p-Ån tZiob I½o-j³ ap¼msI A¸o \ÂImw.
3)tZiob I½o-j³
tI{µ-K-h¬saâv \nb-an-¡p-¶-XmWv tZio-b-I-½o-j³. CXn Hcp A[y-£\pw 4 AwK-
§fpw (HmcmÄ kv{Xobm-bn-cn-¡W- w)DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. \jvS-]c- n-lm-c-¯n-s\m-¸w, km[-\§
- f
- p-
sS-tbm tkh-\-§-fp-sS-tbm apeyw Hcp tIm-Sn-bn Ihn-bp-¶p-sh-¦n tZiob I½o-j³
ap¼m-sI-bmWv ]cmXn kaÀ¸n-t¡-−-Xv. tZiob I½o-j³ D¯-c-hn Xr]vX-\-sÃ-¦nÂ, 30
Znh-k-¯n-\Iw ]cm-Xn-¡m-c\v kp{]ow tIm-S-Xn-bn A¸o \ÂImw.

hnP-b-t`cn þ PnÃm ]©m-b¯v , ae-¸pdw