Roles and Functions of

Local
Government Unit
PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND
GOVERNANCE
GRADE 11
FIRST QUARTER (W12/ HUMSS_PG12-IIa-b-1)

WILBERT B. WANAS
Developer

Department of Education • Schools Division of Benguet

Republic of the Philippines

i
 Department of Education
Cordillera Administrative Region
Schools Division of Benguet

Published by:

Learning Resource Management and Development System

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

2020

Section 9 of Presidential Decree No. 49 provides:

“No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the

Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency of office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work
for profit.”
 
This material has been developed for the implementation of K to 12
Curriculum through the Curriculum Implementation Division (CID)—Learning
Resource Management and Development System (LRMDS). It can be reproduced
for educational purposes and the source must be acknowledged. Derivatives of the
work including creating an edited version, an enhancement or a supplementary work
are permitted provided all original work is acknowledged and the copyright is
attributed. No work may be derived from this material for commercial purposes and
profit.
 
 

ii
 PREFACE

This module is a project of the Curriculum Implementation Division particularly

the Learning Resource Management and Development Section, Department of
Education, Schools Division of Benguet, Cordillera Administrative Region which is in
response to the implementation of the K to 12 Curriculum.

This Learning Material is a property of the Department of Education-CID,

Schools Division of Benguet. It aims to improve students’ performance specifically in
Philippine Politics and Governance.

The competencies contained in this module can be delivered with little to no

supervision from parent or adult or brothers or sisters.

 
Date of Development : June 2020
Resource Location : MANKAYAN DISTRICT, BENGUET DIVISION
Learning Area : Philippine Politics and Governance
Grade Level : 11
Learning Resource Type : Module
Language : English
Quarter/Week : Q2/W12
Competencies and Codes :  identify the different levels of the Philippine
Local Government (HUMSS_PG12-IIa-b-1)
 explain the roles and functions of Local
Government Unit (HUMSS_PG12-IIa-b-2)
 examine how decentralization affects
governance (HUMSS_PG12-IIa-b-3)
 conduct an interview with barangay officials on
community programs (HUMSS_PG12-IIa-b-4)

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The developer wishes to express his gratitude to those who helped in the
development of this learning material. The fulfillment of this learning material would
not be possible without these people who gave their support, helping hand and
cooperation:

Mr. Daniel D. Peredo, School Principal, Mr. Alexander L. Bocanog and Mr.
Jeffrey C. Japson, Head Teachers, Mankayan National High School for sharing
their time in critiquing this module and for their continuous guidance and support.

Ms. Vicenta Danigos and the Quality Assurance Team for their unending
patience in rechecking and quality assuring this learners’ material.

The Supreme Student Government Officers and Ahzryle Jaye who always
inspires me to create a material which will hasten learners’ performance and
learnings.

 
DIVISION LRMDS STAFF:

Melvin L. Alfredo Antionette D. Sacyang

Librarian II Project Development Officer II

Sonia D. Dupagan, EdD,

Education Program Supervisor– Learning Resource
 

CONSULTANTS:

Rose N. Anapen
Coordinator, Araling Panlipunan
EPS II-ALS

Rizalyn A. Guznian, EdD

Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division

Nestor L. Bolayo,
OIC, Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

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 Benilda M. Daytaca, EdD, CESO VI,
OIC, Schools Division Superintendent

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Copyright Notice ii
Preface iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents 1
Title Page 2
What I Need to Know 3
What I Know 5
What is it 10
What’s More 10
Activity 1 15
Assessment 1 15
Activity 2 16
Assessment 2 16
Activity 3 22
Assessment 3 22
What I Have Learned 22
What I Can Do 23
Post-Assessment 24
Additional Activity 27
Answer Key 29
References 30

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 TITLE PAGE

Roles and Functions of

Local
Government Unit
PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND
GOVERNANCE
GRADE 11
FIRST QUARTER (W12/ HUMSS_PG12-IIa-b-1)

WILBERT B. WANAS

vi
 Developer
Department of Education • Schools Division of Benguet
What I Need to Know

  Learning is a continuous process it is therefore given that education

will not be put on halt because of this existing pandemic. Learning may be
done on different and more friendly modalities such as asynchronous online
and modular.

We aim to ensure that learning will not be stopped, and that the days
to come will be productive, thus, rather than staying idle inside our homes
let us make use of our time wisely.

We have designed and developed modules which you can use to help
your lessons better and more interesting.

The Barangay is the grassroot level of the local governments in the

Philippines. Are you familiar with your barangay officials?

If you are one of the barangay officials in your locality, what issues
will you address first and how will you address these issues?

In this module, you will be introduced to the following learning

competencies as provided under Philippine Politics and Governance
Curriculum Guide 2016 & the Most Essential Learning Competencies
(MELC):

1. identify the different levels of the Philippine Local Government

(HUMSS_PG12-IIa-b-1)
2. explain the roles and functions of Local Government Unit
(HUMSS_PG12-IIa-b-2)
3. examine how decentralization affects governance (HUMSS_PG12-IIa-b-
3)

Further, you must:

 be able to compare and contrast barangay, municipality, city and
province through the use of venn diagram
 be able to analyze a news articles regarding barangay issue
 be able to write an essay about the best practices of your barangay
 be able to identify the different programs, projects and activities of
your respective barangay

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 What I Know

PRE-ASSESSMENT. Answer the following in your Activity Notebook.

I. Multiple Choice.
1. The lack of unity among the warring barangays made conquest easier
for the Spaniards. Gradually, the datus were shorn of their powers.
The Spaniards organized pueblos, Cabildos, and provincias. What is a
pueblo?
A. Municipality
B. City
C. Province
D. Barangay

2. On October 10, 1991, The Local Government Code 1991 was signed
into law. This Code ordained an authentic and workable local
autonomy through the devolution of certain powers from the national
government to the local governments. This code is also known as?
A. RA 7610
B. RA 7160
C. RA 7061
D. RA 7106

3. There are twelve metropolitan areas in the Philippines as defined by

the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), which is
the largest conurbation or urban agglomeration in the country?
A. Zamboanga City
B. Cagayan de Oro
C. Metro Manila
D. Olongapo

4. In this kind of decentralization, the devolution or absolute transfer of

power from the central government to local authorities through
legislation. People are given the opportunity to govern themselves so
they can have mastery and control of their own environment.
A. Political Decentralization
B. Administrative Decentralization
C. Parastatal
D. Privatization

5. The transfer of power, authority, or responsibilities or the discretion to

plan, decide and manage from a central point to lower or local levels,
but within the central government itself.
A. Devolution
B. Deregulation

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 C. Privatization
D. Deconcentration

II. True or False

6. The pre-Spanish barangays were the first political and social
organizations of the Philippines. A barangay was a settlement of some
30 to 100 families and a governmental unit in itself.

7. The Americans contributed very little, if none at all, to the development

of local autonomy. In fact, national-local relationship reverted to the
strong centralism that characterized the Spanish colonial regime.

8. Punong Barangay/Barangay Captain is not allowed to enforce laws

and regulations relating to pollution control and protection of the
environment because it is the work of DENR.

9. The Sangguniang Barangay is empowered to regulate the operation of

tricycles for hire and grant franchises for their operation within the
territorial jurisdiction of the LGU subject to the guidelines prescribed
by the DOTC.

10. Sangguniang Panlungsod and Bayan are empowered to regulate the

establishment, operation, and maintenance of hotels, motels, inns,
pension houses, lodging houses, and other similar establishments,
including guides and transports.

III. Identification. Identify what is being prescribed.

11. The smallest administrative division in the Philippine.

12. What classification of a city with a minimum

population of two hundred thousand (200,000)
inhabitants, as certified by the National Statistics
Office, and with the latest annual income of at least
Fifty Million Pesos (P50,000,000.00) based on 1991
constant prices, as certified by the city treasurer?

13. Cities whose charters prohibit their voters from voting

for provincial elective officials. Independent component
cities are independent of the province.

14. the transfer of responsibility for planning,

management, and resource raising and allocation from
the central government

15. the transfer of governmental functions to non-

government organizations.

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NOTE: If your score is 15/15 (100%) you may skip the module but you are
encourage to continue to enrich your knowledge on the topic. If it is 50%-
99% finish the module.

What’s In

Previously you were introduced to the roles and responsibilities of the

Philippine Judiciary. Below are some terms of related to your previous
topics. Pick a picture and try to infer meaning behind the pictures. Write
insights on the box.

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Identify Me. Try to identify the photos below and write your
explanations/details in your activity notebook.

xi
WORD HUNT.  Locate the given words in the grid, running in one of eight
possible directions horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. Find all the 13
Municipalities of Benguet.

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 What’s New

Name what is being asked in your locality.

Punong Barangay

Municipal Mayor

Provincial Governor

SK Chairman

District Representative

What Is It

Are you familiar with our Philippine provinces? Well if so, try to match the
nicknames.
Nicknames Choices
1. Treasure Islands of the Southern Seas A. Benguet
2. Gateway to the Pacific B. Cavite
3. Salad Bowl of the Philippines C. Cotabato
4. Food Basket of North Central Mindanao D. Guimaras
5. The Island of Fire E. Basilan
6. Land of the Howling Wind F. Isabela
7. Historical Capital of the Philippines G. Masbate
8. Coconut Capital of the Philippines H. Camiguin
9. Mango Capital of the Philippines I. Romblon
10. Queen Province of the Philippines J. Bukidnon
11. Rodeo Capital of the Philippines K. Pampanga
12. Culinary Capital of the Philippines L. Davao Oriental
13. Marble Capital of the Philippines M. Aurora
14. The Venice of the South N. Tawi-Tawi
15. Stone Fortress of Mindanao O. Catanduanes

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 What’s More

LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

LESSON I
I. History of Local Government

The cities, municipalities, and provinces of today evolved from the

barangays of pre-Spanish times, the pueblos and cabildos of the Spanish
colonial days and the townships of the American regime.

The Barangays
The pre-Spanish barangays were the first political and social organizations
of the Philippines. A barangay was a settlement of some 30 to 100 families
and a governmental unit in itself.

Spanish Conquest and Centralism

The lack of unity among the warring barangays made conquest easier for the
Spaniards. Gradually, the datus were shorn of their powers. The Spaniards
organized pueblos (municipalities), Cabildos (cities), and provincias
(provinces). The provinces were established “for the convenience of
administration and constituted the immediate agencies through which the
central government could extend its authority on numerous villages.”

In place of the barangays, barrios were established, and the datus were
made into cabezas de barangay whose only remaining function was the
collection of taxes for the Spanish government.

Local Governments during the First Philippine Republic

The importance of local governments was recognized by Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini in their program of government for the
First Philippine Republic. Fillipino leaders knew that “if a strong and
enduring Filipino nation was to be established, it must be able to maintain
itself in all emergencies, and the whole political fabric must be well founded
on an efficient system of local governments.

The Malolos Constitution provided a separate article on local government

(Title XI, Article 82). Local autonomy was made explicit in the introductory
portion which stipulated that “the organization and powers of the provincial
and municipal assemblies shall be governed by their respective laws.”

Local Governments during the American Regime

The Americans contributed very little, if none at all, to the development of
local autonomy. In fact, national-local relationship reverted to the strong
centralism that characterized the Spanish colonial regime.

The Commission’s blueprint for town organization provided for a President

to be elected viva voce by residents of the town with the approval of the

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Commanding Officer. His duty consisted in the establishment of a police
force, collection of taxes, enforcement of regulations on market and
sanitation, establishment of schools, and the provision for lighting facilities.

The Commonwealth and Centralism

The forms and patterns of local government during the American civil
administration remained essentially the same during the Commonwealth
period. The only notable changes were the transfer of central supervision
from the Executive Bureau to the Department of Interior and the creation of
more chartered cities.

President Quezon, the central figure of the government during this period,
even argued against autonomy in the cities, hinting that “under the unitary
system of government which exists in the Philippines, the national chief
executive does and should control all local offices.”

Local Governments under the Republic

The national government was supreme and local governments were merely
its political and administrative subdivisions. Most of the formal and real
powers are vested and exercised by the national government. Local units,
however, possessed a certain degree of autonomy.

During Marcos's authoritarian years (1972-86), a Ministry of Local

Government was instituted to invigorate provincial, municipal, and
barangay governments. But, Marcos's real purpose was to establish lines of
authority that bypassed provincial governments and ran straight to
Malacañang. All local officials were beholden to Marcos, who could appoint
or remove any provincial governor or town mayor.

Local Governments at present

xv
After the People's Power Revolution, the new Aquino government decided to
replace all the local officials who had served Marcos. Corazon Aquino
delegated this task to her political ally, Aquilino Pimentel. Pimentel named
officers in charge of local governments all across the nation. Local officials
elected in 1988 were to serve until June 1992, under the transitory clauses
of the new constitution. Thereafter, terms of office were to be three years,
with a three-term limit.

On October 10, 1991, The Local Government Code 1991 (R.A. 7160) was
signed into law. This Code ordained an authentic and workable local
autonomy through the devolution of certain powers from the national
government to the local governments.

II. Local Government Units

A. BARANGAY
 A barangay (Filipino: barangay) is the smallest administrative division in
the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district or
ward.

 Municipalities and cities are composed of barangays, and they may be

further subdivided into smaller areas called purók (English: zone), and
sitio, which is a territorial enclave inside a barangay, especially in rural
areas. In writing, barangay is sometimes abbreviated to "Brgy." or "Bgy.".
As of May 2019 there are a total of 42,045 barangays throughout the
Philippines.

B. MUNICIPALITY
 A municipality (Filipino: bayan; munisipalidad) is a local government
unit in the Philippines. Municipalities are also called towns (which is
actually a better translation of "bayan").
 They are distinct from cities, which are a different category of local
government unit (LGU).

They have been granted corporate personality enabling them to enact local
policies and laws, enforce them, and govern their jurisdictions. They can
enter into contracts and other transactions through their elected and
appointed officials and can tax. The National Government assists and
supervises the local government to make sure that they do not violate
national law. Local Governments have their own executive and legislative
branches and the checks and balances between these two major branches,
along with their separation, are more pronounced than that of the national
government.

The Judicial Branch of the Republic of the Philippines also caters to the
needs of local government units. Local governments, such as municipalities,
do not have their own judicial branch: their judiciary is the same as that of
the national government.

xvi
A municipality, upon reaching a certain requirements-minimum population
size, and minimum annual revenue-may opt to become a city. First, a bill
must be passed in Congress, then signed into law by the President and then
the residents would vote in the succeeding plebiscite to accept or reject
cityhood.

One benefit in being a city is that the city government gets more budget, but
taxes are much higher than in municipalities.

As of March 31, 2017, there are 1,489 municipalities.

C. CITY
 A city (lungsod, or sometimes siyudad in Filipino and Tagalog) is a tier of
local government in the Philippines. All Philippine cities are chartered
cities, whose existence as corporate and administrative entities is
governed by their own specific charters in addition to the Local
Government Code of 1991, which specifies the administrative structure
and political powers of subnational government entities.

Only an Act of Congress can create or amend a city charter, and with this
city charter Congress confers to a city certain powers that regular
municipalities or even other cities may not have.

Despite the differences in the powers accorded to each city, all cities
regardless of status are given special treatment in terms of being given a
bigger share of the internal revenue allotment (IRA) compared to regular
municipalities, as well as being generally more autonomous than regular
municipalities.

There are twelve metropolitan areas in the Philippines as defined by the

National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). Metro Manila is the
largest conurbation or urban agglomeration in the country, and its official
metropolitan area is composed of the city of Manila plus 15 neighboring
cities and a municipality. Other metropolitan areas are centered around the
cities of Baguio, Dagupan, Angeles, Olongapo, Batangas, Naga, Cebu, Iloilo,
Bacolod, Cagayan de Oro, Davao and Zamboanga City.

As of August 2015, there are 144 cities in the Philippines.

Classification
The Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160) classifies all
cities into one of three categories:
a. Highly Urbanized Cities - Cities with a minimum population of two
hundred thousand (200,000) inhabitants, as certified by the National
Statistics Office, and with the latest annual income of at least Fifty
Million Pesos (P50,000,000.00) based on 1991 constant prices, as

xvii
 certified by the city treasurer. There are currently 33 highly urbanized
cities in the Philippines, 16 of them located in Metro Manila.

b. Independent Component Cities - Cities whose charters prohibit their

voters from voting for provincial elective officials. Independent
component cities are independent of the province.
 There are five such cities: Dagupan, Cotabato, Naga, Ormoc and
Santiago.

c. Component Cities - Cities which do not meet the above requirements

are considered component cities of the province in which they are
geographically located. If a component city is located within the
boundaries of two (2) or more provinces, such city shall be considered a
component of the province of which it used to be a municipality.

Income classification
Cities are classified according to average annual income based on the
previous 3 calendar years. Effective July 28, 2008 the thresholds for the
income classes for cities are:

Class Average annual income

1st PHP 400 million or more
2 nd
PHP 320 million or more but less than PHP 400 million
3 rd
PHP 240 million or more but less than PHP 320 million
4th PHP 160 million or more but less than PHP 240 million
5 th
PHP 80 million or more but less than PHP 160 million
6 th
below PHP 80 million

D. PROVINCE
The Provinces of the Philippines are the primary political and
administrative divisions of the Philippines. There are 81 provinces at
present, further subdivided into component cities and municipalities. The
National Capital Region, as well as independent cities, are autonomous from
any provincial government. Each province is administered by an elected
governor who oversees various local government entities.

Classification
Provinces are classified according to average annual income based on the
previous 3 calendar years. Effective July 28, 2008 the thresholds for the
income classes for provinces are

Class Average annual income

1st ₱450 million or more
2 nd
₱ 360 million or more but less than ₱ 450 million
3 rd
₱ 270 million or more but less than ₱ 360 million
4th ₱ 180 million or more but less than ₱ 270 million
5 th
₱ 90 million or more but less than ₱ 180 million
6 th
below ₱ 90 million

xviii
ACTIVITY 1
Maka-Relate ka gurl?
1) Write word(s) or phrase(s)
that relates to Barangay,
Municipality and Province.
Use your activity notebook. Barangay

Municipality Province

ASSESSMENT 1
1. What are the commonalities of city, municipality, province and barangay?

2. How are city, municipality, province and barangay interrelated with one
another?

LESSON II. Roles and functions of Local Government Unit under the
Decentralization

SEC. 384. Role of the Barangay.

- As the basic political unit, the barangay serves as the primary planning
and implementing unit of government policies, plans, programs, projects,
and activities in the community, and as a forum wherein the collective views
of the people may be expressed, crystallized and considered, and where
disputes may be amicably settled.

SEC. 440. Role of the Municipality.

-The municipality, consisting of a group of barangays, serves primarily as a
general-purpose government for the coordination and delivery of basic,
regular and direct services and effective governance of the inhabitants
within its territorial jurisdiction.

SEC. 448. Role of the City. –

The city, consisting of more urbanized and developed barangays, serves as a
general-purpose government for the coordination and delivery of basic,
regular, and direct services and effective governance of the inhabitants
within its territorial jurisdiction

SEC. 459. Role of the Province. –

The province, composed of a cluster of municipalities, or municipalities and
component cities, and as a political and corporate unit of government,
serves as a dynamic mechanism for developmental processes and effective
governance of local government units within its territorial jurisdiction.

xix
ACTIVITY 2
Name That Work. Try to reach out to your LGU officials (whether barangay,
municipality or provincial) and identify programs, projects or activities
related to the following:

Basic Services Barangay Municipal Provincial

1) health Ex. Pre-natal Ex. Free Ex. Medical
services services PhilHealth Missions
2) environmental
management
3) agriculture
4) infrastructure
5) tourism

ASSESSMENT 2
1) If you will become the Mayor of your town what programs, projects or
activities will you introduce to your Municipality, considering the
current issues existing:
a) health services
b) environmental management
c) agriculture
d) infrastructure
e) tourism

DECENTRALIZATION (In the Philippine Setting)

 “the transfer of responsibility for planning, management, and resource
raising and allocation from the central government:
a) Field units of central government ministries or agencies.
b) Subordinate units or levels of government.
c) Semi-autonomous public authorities or corporations.
d) area-wide regional or functional authorities, or
e) organizations of the private and voluntary sector”

A. POLITICAL DECENTRALIZATION
 The devolution or absolute transfer of power from the central government
to local authorities through legislation.
 People are given the opportunity to govern themselves so they can have
mastery and control of their own environment.

B. ADMINISTRATIVE DECENTRALIZATION
 Decentralization of power or authority from the highest level of the
institutional hierarchy to the lower levels of the same organization.
 Ministries or departments establish a system of regional or local
administration to facilitate decision-making and more responsive delivery
of services

xx
 The transfer of functions and powers can be temporal and can be recalled
by the authority who made the transfer

C. OTHER DECENTRALIZATION SCHEMES:

 Use of PARASTATAL semi-autonomous bodies that perform specific
governmental functions (e.g. regional development authorities and
individual estates empowered to perform certain corporate functions).
 Privatization or the transfer of governmental functions to non-
government organizations.
 Complementation, which includes prototypes of decentralization schemes
(e.g. small efforts of local communities which take initiatives with or
without outside help to get organized for their own development).

The LGU institutes decentralization-

 By transferring to LGUs primary responsibility for delivering basic
services and facilities;
 By transferring to LGUs regulatory powers over certain activities in the
locality;
 By enhancing the governmental and corporate powers of LGUs;
 By improving national government-LGU relations in accordance with the
requirements of a decentralized set-up;
 By institutionalizing LGU-NGO/Private sector relations to broader
support for local autonomy; and
 By deconcentrating central authority to regional or field offices of
national agencies

Type of Decentralization
I. DECONCENTRATION
 The transfer of power, authority, or responsibilities or the discretion to
plan, decide and manage from a central point to lower or local levels, but
within the central government itself.
 
TYPES OF DECONCENTRATION
 Shifting of workload- simply shifts the workload from a central
government office to its field offices which does not necessarily include
the transfer of the appropriate authority to decide
 Field administration- it allows field offices some degree of discretion to
decide and plan and carry out such plans and adjust the implementation
of central directives to suit local conditions. Despite the grant of relative
authority, the field staffs remain as employees of the national government
and subject to its direction and control
 Integrated local administration- regional, provincial, or district offices of a
national line agency are established and each is headed by a chief
executive who is appointed by or is responsible to the central
government.
 Unintegrated local administration- it describes an arrangement by which
the field staff, usually doing technical functions, and the administrative
staff in the area, who are both responsible to the same national office,

xxi
 operate independently of and with little or no formal power over each
other.

II. DEVOLUTION
 The transfer of power and authority from the central government to local
government units.

DEVOLUTION OF SERVICE DELIVERY FUNCTIONS

 The granting of service delivery functions to LGUs is anchored on the
following:
a) It is essentially more democratic since elective officials will be held
responsible for the delivery of such services
b) It is more efficient since LGUs can better respond to diverse and
changing local conditions
c) It is more equitable since local communities are more likely to get their
due share of public services

The Code specifies the minimum set of services and facilities assigned to
each level of LGU because:
 It is easier to determine whether basic services and facilities are frontline
services or not
 It facilitates evaluation of the performance of LGUs, since delivery of
basic services and facilities lends itself more readily to quantifications
and verification
 Performance standards and targets could be easily set and outputs
measured against such standards and targets
 It is easier to delineate and allocate responsibility for basic services and
facilities among the different levels of local government. This is to avoid
duplication of function and encroachment of powers and responsibilities
among the different levels of local government.

REGULATORY POWERS
a. RECLASSIFICATION OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS
 The classification of land from agricultural to non-agricultural uses shall
be undertaken according to RA 2264, BP 337, and EO 648. Pursuant to
EO 229, EO 129 and RA 6657, however land use classification and
reclassification after June 15, 1988 shall be subject to DAR approval
 The preparation of new land use plans and zoning ordinances and the
updating of existing ones, including those approved by the HLURB prior
to June 15, 1988, shall be covered by the provisions of A 1 with respect
to changes in current agricultural land uses or classification
 Cities and municipalities share the authority of the DAR to reclassify
agricultural lands but only to a limited extent
 The authority shall apply only to the ff percentage of the total agricultural
land area at the time of the passage of the ordinance:
 The LGUs shall prepare their respective comprehensive land use plans
enacted through zoning ordinances
 The land use plans shall be the primary and dominant bases for the
future use of land resources

xxii
 The LGUs shall adopt a comprehensive land use plan and enact
integrated zoning ordinances
 Provinces review the CLUP and zoning ordinances of cities and
municipalities and adopt comprehensive provincial land use plan
 Land use plans and zoning ordinances shall be subject to review,
evaluation, and approval of the HLURB
 Applications for conversion of agricultural lands shall be decided by the
Inter-Agency Town Planning Review Committee (DA, DAR, DTI, NEDA,
DENR, and DOT)

b. ENFORCEMENT OF NATIONAL BUILDING CODE

Pursuant to PD 1096, the building official is primarily responsible for

carrying out the provisions of this Code in the field as well as the
enforcement of orders and decisions
 The City/Municipal Engineer is designated as Building Official for the
implementation of PD 1096 (National Building Code of the Philippines)
who is appointed by the Mayor
 The building official issues building permits; authorized to enter any
building or its premises at all reasonable times to inspect and determine
compliance with the requirements of PD 1096; may order the
discontinuance of the occupancy or use of any building or structure or
its portions found to be occupied or used contrary to the law
 DPWH continues to exercise technical supervision over local building
officials
 Building official collects fees and other charges
 80% accrue to the general and 20% is retained to the building official for
the operating expenses of his office

c. ENFORCEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS

 Punong Barangay is mandated to enforce laws and regulations relating to
pollution control and protection of the environment
 Governor and the city/municipal mayor are empowered to adopt
adequate measures to safeguard and conserve the natural resources in
their respective jurisdictions
 Sangguniang Panlalawigan, Panlungsod, Bayan are mandated to provide
for the regulation of activities which may endanger the environment
 Sangguniang Panlalawigan shall adopt measures and safeguard against
pollution and for the preservation of the natural ecosystem
 The exercise of this power by LGU shall be consistent with national
policies and subject to supervision and control of DENR

d. INSPECTION OF FOOD PRODUCTS FOR PUBLIC CONSUMPTION

 Sangguniang Panlungsod and Bayan are empowered to provide for the
regulation and inspection of meat, fruits, poultry, milk, fish, vegetables,
and other foodstuffs for public consumption
 Cities and municipalities are authorized to regulate the slaughter, sale
and disposition of animals for human consumption

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 Sanggunians are empowered to regulate the construction and operation
of private markets
 Regulation of public markets involves food inspection
 The LGUs are empowered to enforce the standards on the construction of
market and abbatoirs prescribed by the DOH. These powers are limited
to the inspection of markets and the use and maintenance of such
facilities
 The city veterinarian undertakes for the NMIC the ante-mortem and post-
mortem inspection of animals to be slaughtered. The fees and charges
accrue to the general fund

e. QUARANTINE REGULATIONS AND ENFORCEMENT OF THE

SANITATION CODE
 LGUs adopt quarantine regulations necessary to prevent the
introduction and spread of disease
 By virtue of the Sanitation Code and EO 292, local health agencies fall
under the supervision of the DOH
 Sangguniang Panlungsod and Bayan adopt measures on the following:
a. Declare, prevent or abate nuisances- anything that injures health,
endangers life, the senses or produces discomfort to the community
b. Regulate the disposal of clinical and other wastes from hospitals, clinics
and similar establishments
c. Regulate the establishment, operation, and maintenance of public dance
halls, sauna baths, massage parlors and similar establishments

 The local health authority is responsible for the application of

prescribed health measures in and LGU and is empowered to enforce
health standards prescribed by the DOH on the quality and protection
of food, structural requirements of food establishment, use of food
service spaces, vermin control, and disposal of refuse, among others
 The local health officer is tasked to:
a. Direct the sanitary inspection of all business establishments selling food
items or providing accommodations such as hotels, motels, lodging
houses, pension houses and the like; and
b. Enforce all laws, ordinances, and regulations relating to public health

f. FRANCHISING OF TRICYCLES
 Sangguniang Panlunsod and Bayan are empowered to regulate the
operation of tricycles for hire and grant franchises for their operation
within the territorial jurisdiction of the LGU subject to the guidelines
prescribed by the DOTC.
 The Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board, and
attached agency of the DOTC, prescribes standards and issue
guidelines on the operation and franchising of tricycles

g. PROCESSING AND APPROVAL OF SUBDIVISION PLANS

xxiv
  Sangguniang Panlungsod and Bayan are empowered to process and
approve subdivision plans for residential, commercial, or industrial
and other development purposes
 Subdivision developers apply for a locational clearance with the
HLURB through the deputized zoning administrator
 The administrator is a city or municipal employee recommended by
the mayor for deputation by the HLURB
 The HLURB is the sole regulatory board for housing and land
development

h. LICENSING OF COCKPITS AND COCKFIGHTS

 Sangguniang panlungsod and bayan may also permit and license the
establishment, operation and maintenance of cockpits
 They are authorized to regulate cockfighting and the commercial
breeding of gamecocks
 City and municipal mayors are authorized to license and regulate
regular cockfighting pursuant to the rules and regulations issued by
the Philippine Gamefowl Commission

i. REGULATION OF TOURISM ESTABLISHMENTS

 Sangguniang Panlungsod and Bayan are empowered to regulate the
establishment, operation, and maintenance of hotels, motels, inns,
pension houses, lodging houses, and other similar establishments,
including guides and transports
 The role of Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA) is to accredit tourism
facilities in development projects in tourist zones based on
internationally accepted standards

Some Effects of Decentralization in Governance

 Improved delivery of basic services such as providing medicines,
equipment and other essential supplies in government hospitals
• The people will be closer to government
• Improved receptiveness of the government to the people’s needs

ACTIVITY 3
Chart Attack

Fill out the chart with the positive and negative effects of decentralization to
governance.

xxv
 Positive Negative

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.

ASSESSMENT 3
Based on your output, would you support decentralization? Why or Why
not? Elucidate your answers through enumerating at least 5 facts.

What I Have

Learned

From the lesson

discussed, take
one topic and
answer the
needed
information.

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 What I Can Do

Write an essay with the theme “My Barangay’s Best Practices”.

Directions: Your essay will be graded based on this rubric. Consequently,

use this rubric as a guide when writing your essay and check it again before
you submit your essay.

Traits 4 3 2 1
Focus & There is one There is one clear, There is one The topic and
Details clear, well well focused topic. main
focused topic. Main Main ideas are ideas are not

xxvii
 topic. Main ideas are clear somewhat clear. clear.
ideas are clear but are
and not well
are well supported by
supported by detailed
detailed and information.
accurate
information.
Organization The The introduction The introduction There is no clear
introduction is states states introduction,
inviting, states the main topic the main topic. structure,
the main and A or conclusion.
topic, and provides an conclusion is
provides overview included.
an overview of of the paper. A
the conclusion is
paper. included.
Information is
relevant and
presented
in a logical
order. The
conclusion is
strong.

Voice The author’s The author’s The author’s The author’s

purpose purpose purpose purpose of
of writing is of writing is of writing is writing is
very clear, somewhat somewhat unclear.
and there is clear, and there is clear, and there
strong some is
evidence of evidence of evidence of
attention attention attention
to audience. to audience. The to audience. The
The author’s author’s
author’s knowledge knowledge
extensive and/or experience and/or
knowledge with experience with
and/or the topic is/are the topic is/are
experience with evident. limited.
the
topic is/are
evident.
Word Choice The author The author uses The author uses The writer uses
uses vivid vivid words a
words and words and that limited
phrases. The phrases. The communicate vocabulary.
choice and choice and clearly, but the Jargon or
placement placement writing clichés may
of words seems of words is lacks variety. be present and
accurate, inaccurate detract
natural, and at times and/or from the
not forced. seems meaning.
overdone.
Sentence All sentences Most sentences Most sentences Sentences
Structure, are well are are well sound
Grammar, constructed well-constructed constructed, but awkward, are
Mechanics, and have and they distractingly
& varied structure have varied have a similar repetitive,

xxviii
Spelling and structure structure or are difficult
length. The and length. The and/or length. to
author author The understand. The
makes no makes a few author makes author
errors in errors in several makes
grammar, grammar, errors in numerous
mechanics, mechanics, grammar, errors
and/or spelling. and/or spelling, mechanics, in grammar,
but and/or mechanics,
they do not spelling that and/or spelling
interfere interfere that interfere
with with with
understanding. understanding. understanding

POST-ASSESSMENT

I. Multiple Choice.
1. The transfer of power, authority, or responsibilities or the discretion to
plan, decide and manage from a central point to lower or local levels,
but within the central government itself.
A. Deconcentration
B. Deregulation
C. Devolution
D. Privatization

2. The lack of unity among the warring barangays made conquest easier
for the Spaniards. Gradually, the datus were shorn of their powers.
The Spaniards organized pueblos, Cabildos, and provincias. What is a
pueblo?
A. Barangay
B. City
C. Municipality
D. Province

3. There are twelve metropolitan areas in the Philippines as defined by

the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), which is
the largest conurbation or urban agglomeration in the country?
A. Cagayan de Oro
B. Metro Manila
C. Olongapo
D. Zamboanga City

4. In this kind of decentralization, the devolution or absolute transfer of

power from the central government to local authorities through
legislation. People are given the opportunity to govern themselves so
they can have mastery and control of their own environment.

xxix
 A. Administrative Decentralization
B. Parastatal
C. Political Decentralization
D. Privatization

5. On October 10, 1991, The Local Government Code 1991 was signed
into law. This Code ordained an authentic and workable local
autonomy through the devolution of certain powers from the national
government to the local governments. This code is also known as?
A. RA 7061
B. RA 7106
C. RA 7160
D. RA 7610

II. True or False

6. Punong Barangay/Barangay Captain is not allowed to enforce laws
and regulations relating to pollution control and protection of the
environment because it is the work of DENR.

7. Sangguniang Panlungsod and Bayan are empowered to regulate the

establishment, operation, and maintenance of hotels, motels, inns,
pension houses, lodging houses, and other similar establishments,
including guides and transports.

8. The Americans contributed very little, if none at all, to the development

of local autonomy. In fact, national-local relationship reverted to the
strong centralism that characterized the Spanish colonial regime.

9. The pre-Spanish barangays were the first political and social

organizations of the Philippines. A barangay was a settlement of some
30 to 100 families and a governmental unit in itself.

10. The Sangguniang Barangay is empowered to regulate the operation of

tricycles for hire and grant franchises for their operation within the
territorial jurisdiction of the LGU subject to the guidelines prescribed
by the DOTC.

III. Identification. Identify what is being prescribed.

11. What classification of a city with a minimum

population of two hundred thousand (200,000)
inhabitants, as certified by the National Statistics
Office, and with the latest annual income of at
least Fifty Million Pesos (P50,000,000.00) based on
1991 constant prices, as certified by the city
treasurer?
12. The smallest administrative division in the
Philippine.

xxx
 13. Cities whose charters prohibit their voters from
voting for provincial elective officials. Independent
component cities are independent of the province.

14. the transfer of governmental functions to non-

government organizations.
15. the transfer of responsibility for planning,
management, and resource raising and allocation
from the central government

ADDITIONAL ACTIVITY

Read the news article and answer the questions provided.

Philippines: Investigate humiliating abuses by local officials enforcing curfew  

The Philippine authorities should urgently investigate reports of barangay (village)

officials committing abuses against people accused of violating curfews, said
Amnesty International Philippines today.

On 7 April, a barangay official in Mexico, Pampanga forced three LGBTQI+ people to

perform humiliating acts as punishment for supposedly violating the curfew; the
punishment was recorded on video and posted on social media by the barangay
captain. The rest of the group were subjected to other forms of degrading
punishment.

Amnesty International Philippines calls on the government to probe these abuses

and hold accountable those found to be responsible.

“The relevant agencies must investigate these reports of ill-treatment and penalize
barangay officials and members of civilian voluntary groups who may be found to
have committed these acts. These abusive practices should not be swept under the
rug by local authorities under the pretense of ‘implementing curfews’ and ‘just
following orders,’” Amnesty International Philippines Executive Director Butch
Olano said.

“These abusive practices should not be swept under the rug by local authorities
under the pretense of ‘implementing curfews’ and ‘just following orders”

Amnesty International Philippines previously expressed concern over several

incidents of cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment allegedly
used by barangay officials against curfew violators, during the first two weeks of
the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon.xxxi The organization said that these acts
are in clear violation of absolute prohibitions outlined under the Anti-Torture Act of
2009, as well as the Philippine government’s international obligations under the UN
Convention Against Torture.
 “Acts of abuses, including torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment and
punishment, must not be tolerated. Skirting the law especially during the COVID-19
pandemic only further enables the already prevalent culture of impunity in the
country. The law must be properly implemented, and abusive officials held
accountable even during lockdowns.” Olano said.

Background

In March 2020, a news report stated barangay officials from Sta Cruz, Laguna are
facing charges after detaining curfew violators in a dog cage. This was followed by a
police officer caught on video beating up several residents in Manila for violating
quarantine protocols; the PNP responded with an investigation of the incident. The
most recent report was of a video shared by a barangay captain asking three curfew
violators who are members of the LGBTQI+ community to do lewd acts as
punishment.

The Anti-Torture Act of 2009 ensures that the ‘human rights of all persons,
including suspects, detainees and prisoners are respected at all times; and that no
person placed under investigation or held in custody of any person in authority or,
agent of a person authority shall be subjected to physical, psychological or mental
harm, force, violence, threat or intimidation or any act that impairs his/her free will
or in any manner demeans or degrades human dignity’.

Questions
1. What is the news article all about?

2. What human rights were violated based on the article?

3. Is the government doing enough to protect these human rights?

4. Are you in favor of curfew? Why or why not?

5. If you will become a public servant, what measures would you take to
avoid this kind of abuses?

xxxii
 ANSWER KEY

Pre-Assessment POST-TEST
1. A 1. A
2. B 2. C
3. C 3. B
4. A 4. C
5. D
5. C
6. TRUE
7. TRUE 6. FALSE
8. FALSE 7. TRUE
9. FALSE 8. TRUE
10. TRUE 9. TRUE
11. BARANGAY 10. FALSE
12. HIGHLY URBANIZED CITY
13. INDEPENDENT COMPONENT CITY 11. HIGHLY URBANIZED CITY
14. DECENTRALIZATION 12. BARANGAY
15. PRIVATIZATION 13. INDEPENDENT COMPONENT CITY
14. PRIVATIZATION
15. DECENTRALIZATION

What Is It
1. E
2. M
3. A
4. J
5. H
6. O
7. B
8. L
9. D
10. F
11. G
12. K
13. I
14. N
15. C

xxxiii
xxxiv
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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
 

Department of Education
Schools Division Office of Benguet
Wangal, La Trinidad, Benguet
Telephone: 074 422 2001 
Email Address: [email protected]

xxxvii