Some Practical Aspects of Column Base

Selection
DAVID T. RICKER

The following three methods can be used effectively to to land a wall bearing beam on a preset bearing plate or to
prepare a landing site for the erection of a column: set a column on top of a beam whose flanges may be slightly
1. Leveling plates (see Fig. 1) out of parallel. Loss of contact between leveling plate and
2. Leveling nuts (see Fig. 2) base plate may also be the result of inaccurate milling of the
3. Preset base plates (see Figs. 3 and 4) column shaft, curling of the column base plate caused by the
heat of welding, or the column shaft being slightly out of
plumb during the erection process. If the gap persists after
LEVELING PLATES
plumbing, it should be treated the same as gaps at column
splices.1 Tests have proven that columns with initial gap at a
For small- to medium-sized base plates, say up to 22 in., the
splice have essentially the same load capacity as columns
use of leveling plates is probably the most effective method
without splices.2 There is no reason to believe this would not
to prepare for column erection. The leveling plates are
be true at column bases.
usually ¼ in. thick and are sheared to the same size as the
base plates. Sometimes the leveling plates are made about 1
in. larger in each direction than the base plate, but this is not LEVELING NUTS
necessary. It is not necessary to remove the edge burr left by
the shear. Shearing may cause the plate to curl and if so the Fortunately, when the size of the base plate becomes so large
plate should be flattened to within standard plate flatness as to make the use of a leveling plate impractical, there is
tolerances. The holes in the leveling plates are usually made another method available for setting column base plates.
3/16 in. larger than the anchor bolt diameter, but this is not a In this procedure, generally, four or more anchor bolts
firm figure and may vary among fabricators. Leveling plates are utilized, each bolt having two nuts and two heavy washe-
are sent to the field in advance of the main column and
grouted in place, usually by the general contractor or
foundation subcontractor. Since this work is done in advance
it permits time for an accuracy check. Once set, plates are
relatively tamper proof. If a leveling plate is found to be out
of level or at the wrong elevation, it is easily removed, the
grout broken up and cleaned away, and the leveling process
repeated correctly.
When a column is first "stood-up" and the hook let go,
there is a short period of time when it must stand alone
before being tied in with beams or guy cables. During this
interval the column may be subject to wind loads; jostled by
other members being hoisted into place; or accidentally
hooked by an errant choker or the eccentric loading of a float
and the connecting erector. The column base, therefore,
should offer some moment resistance. The leveling plate
method provides a solid contact surface; safety is one of its
prime attributes.
Leveling plates can be used with any number of anchor
bolts and for square, rectangular, ell-shaped, or offset base
plates.
Some designers express concern that the leveling plates
may not be set flat; yet these same individuals do not hesitate

David T. Ricker is vice president, engineering, The Berlin Steel

Construction Company, Inc., Berlin, Connecticut. Figure 1. Column base w/ leveling plate

THIRD QUARTER / 1989 81

rs. The anchor bolts must be set far enough apart to be able plate slightly out of level or a base plate curled by the heat of
to develop an effective resisting moment to overturning. The welding. Leveling nuts are best used for base plates ranging
base plate is generally large enough so that the bolts can be up to about 36 in. in size. Beyond this size, bending of the
located outside the perimeter of the column near the corners base plate may become a problem, and shipping the base
of the base plate. Avoid a closely spaced cluster of anchor plate separately should be considered.
bolts which will act as a fulcrum about which the column
might rotate and topple. Also the leveling nut method is not PRESET BASE PLATES
recommended if the bolts must be closely spaced in one
direction, as on a narrow wall. The bolts will not develop Large-sized base plates (36 in. and larger) are often shipped
good restraint in that one direction. In this situation it would to the job site and set in advance of the start of erection. This
be better to use a leveling plate or to design the wall with a is done because these large plates are often so heavy and
pilaster so as to utilize a more nearly square base plate. cumbersome that they make shipping and handling of the
When the leveling nut method is used, usually one of the column very difficult if not impossible.
lower nuts is brought to the proper elevation, allowing for the These large base plates are usually furnished with some
thickness of the heavy washer which must be placed on top of kind of leveling devices in the form of bolts or threaded rods.
the nut and below the base plate. This bolt and nut is then Shims and wedges can safely be used in this situation
spray painted to identify it as the nut with the proper because there is not an attached column shaft waving around
elevation. The other nuts are brought to the same elevation. If in the sky. A three-point support (like a milking stool) is
someone bent on mischief attempts to change the elevation of satisfactory. If leveling bolts are provided, small steel plates
the key nut, the broken paint will expose the misdeed and must be placed under the points of the bolts so they won't dig
help to re-establish the proper elevation. into the concrete.
When it comes time to erect the column, it can be When colossal-sized (say over four tons in weight) base
dropped into place very quickly and efficiently and the upper plates are required, an angle frame is often supplied in
washers and nuts installed. One of the major advantages of advance. This angle frame is carefully leveled and filled with
the leveling nut method is that it can accommodate a base concrete which is screeded off accurately and results in a

Figure 2. Column base w/ leveling nuts Figure 3. Heavy column base

82 ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

level concrete pad of proper elevation on which the column in the trade. Anchor bolts are primarily a tension device. To
base plate is directly placed (see Fig. 4). prevent the anchors from pulling out of the concrete—should
the bond stresses be exceeded—hooks, plates, or other shapes
ANCHOR BOLTS are added to the embedded portion of the anchors (see Fig.
The selection of the column base type is determined primarily 10).
by the geometry of the foundation and the nature of the loads Anchor bolts vary in size from approximately ¾ in.
which influence the base. The geometry consists of the shape diameter to 2½ in. diameter with ¾ in., 7/8 in., 1 in., 1 ¼ in.,
and location of the foundation—whether it is a square or and 1½ in. being the most common diameters. Avoid
rectangular footing, pile cap, a narrow wall, a pier or a specifying bolt diameters in sixteenths and eighths (except
pilaster, isolated or part of a wall, or at a corner of a wall. 7/8 in. and 1 1/8 in.) as these sizes may not be readily
The loads may consist of vertical gravity loads, uplift, shear, available. Anchor bolts less than ¾ in. diameter may lose
moment, or combinations of any of these. Erection loads, for section due to corrosion and result in less than anticipated
example, may be a combination of gravity load and moment service life. Anchor bolts greater than 2½ in. diameter may
(see Fig. 14). be difficult to find nuts for and wrenches to fit.
Columns subject to gravity loading alone, theoretically, Anchor bolts, subject to corrosive conditions, may be
would not need any base anchorage. During the erecting of a galvanized. When ordering galvanized bolts, specify that the
column, however, there is a brief period of time, before the threads be "chased" so the nuts will work freely. If anchor
column is stabilized with beams or guys, when a column must bolts must be galvanized, it is best to specify A307 and A36
stand on its own. For example, a 14 in. wideflange material to avoid the embrittlement sometimes resulting when
freestanding column 31 ft long, being scaled by an erector on high-strength steels are galvanized. Weathering steels may
a breezy day, will require a resisting base moment of also be used where anchor bolts are exposed to corrosive
approximately 5 ft kips. Some kind of anchorage is required atmospheres, but with the understanding that they will rust
to hold the base plate to the foundation—usually anchor bolts and stain the foundation concrete if so exposed.
or rods. Anchor bolt and anchor rod mean the same thing in Most anchor bolts are made from A36 material. Other
this text, and the terms are used interchangeably as they are materials used are A307, A325, A572, and A588. When

Figure 5

Figure 4 Figure 6

THIRD QUARTER / 1989 83

higher strength is required, 4140 steel is sometimes used.If it Provide plenty of extra threads on anchor bolts. It is very
is necessary to identify the exact type of steel used, certified frustrating for an erector to have a nut "shank out" (run out
mill test reports should be requested from the supplier. of threads). In such an event the nut must be backed off and
Normally this is not required unless the anchors are subject extra washers added. Stacked washers are not a problem on
to significant tension. See Table 1C, page 4-4, AISC Manual anchor bolts and special restrictions should not be imposed.
of Steel Construction, 8th ed.1 for other rod steels. When anchorage is required in concrete which is already
Most anchor bolts come with hex nuts. Occasionally a poured, a hole is core drilled in the concrete and a straight
supplier may furnish square nuts. This is of little anchor bolt with a swaged shank may be grouted in place.
consequence. In tight situations where bolt projection is The swaging consists of dents pounded randomly in the
critical a half nut may be utilized. In rare cases, where the shank. A similar result can be obtained by depositing little
anchor bolt is not allowed to project above the top of the base blobs of weld metal on the shank (see Fig. 12). Concrete
plate, the plate can be counterbored so the nut will set into reinforcing rods with threaded ends have been successfully
the depression. This is expensive and should not be used used for this application. In any event such bolts should be
unless absolutely necessary. Of course, the plate must be used with caution. If the dents or blobs are a bit sparse or the
thick enough to permit the required depth of counterboring. concrete is not properly cured, then the anchors may pull out
Generally, because most base plates will be provided with of the concrete. Anchor bolts of any type should have proper
oversized holes, it is necessary to provide thick erection concrete embedment.
washers under the nuts. These are usually 5/16 to ½ in. thick Avoid anchor bolts with upset threads unless absolutely
and must be accounted for when the bolt projection is necessary. The source of these rods are scarce and delivery
established. The use of lock washers on anchor bolts is times are long. Avoid specifying unusual threading
seldom justified. Split-ring type lock washers have a requirements such as NF threads or left-hand threads.
relatively small outside diameter and have been known to Anchor bolts, when used with the leveling nut method of
suck down into the oversized holes resulting in an ineffective setting column bases, should have a nut and heavy erection
anchor bolt. It is better to spike the threads or use double washer both above and below the base plate. The washers are
nuts than to use lock washers. used to prevent the nuts from attempting to push through the
Anchor bolt projection is shown in one of two ways, oversized holes. Extra thread should be supplied for lower
depending on the custom of the fabricator-erector. The top nut adjustment (see Fig. 2).
end of the anchor bolt may be dimensioned either down to the Rods with full length threading and nuts on each end can
underside of the base plate, as in Fig. 11A, or down to the top be used for anchor bolts. The lower nut must be welded to the
of the concrete, as in Fig. 11B. During the concreting rod to prevent it unwinding when the top nut is tightened (see
operation, it is very difficult to get the concrete to the exact Fig. 10C).
elevation. This must be recognized by those who choose to Because of long-term relaxation of concrete, prestressing
dimension to the theoretical top of concrete. (Theoretical and of anchor bolts is unreliable and hardly ever justified.
as-built usually differ.) However, both methods are used Anchor bolts are the link between foundation and
extensively and both seem to work. column. When a column base is subject to uplift, the uplift

Figure 7 Figure 8

84 ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

force must be resisted by a weight greater than the uplift New Suggested Sizes for Oversized Holes in
force or the column base must be connected to the basic rock. Base Plates
Anchor bolts transmit this tension force. Several Bolt Hole Bolt Hole
characteristics in anchor bolt design can be varied to suit the Diameter Diameter Diameter Diameter
¾ 1 5/16 1½ 2 5/16
load requirements: the quantity of bolts, the diameter, the 1 9/16 1¾ 2¾
length, and type of material. 1 1 3/16 2 3¼
Anchor bolts should not be used to resist shear forces in 1¼ 2 1/16 2½ 3¾
a column base. Shear forces can be resisted by some device
attached to the underside of the base plate and inserted into a
groove or keyway in the concrete foundation (see Fig. 9). The the side of the column flange to provide a shear connection to
shear forces can also be resisted by the encasement of the face of the flange, thus bypassing the base plate
concrete around a column base. More commonly, the shear altogether (see Fig. 4).
resistance is developed by the friction developed between the Pure moment forces are rare in column bases. They are
bottom of the base plate and the top of the concrete usually accompanied by gravity loads and also shear. The
foundation. (If the leveling plate method of setting column moment couple consists of a downward force near one edge
bases is used, the coefficient of friction used should be that of the base plate and an opposite force upward at the anchor
of steel-to-steel.) bolts on the far side of the plate. Naturally, the further apart
The main reason anchor bolts should not be used to resist these forces are, the greater the moment resistance. Modest
shear forces is that they have a relatively low bending moment can be developed by means of a base plate welded to
resistance. If a base plate were to ease sideways into bearing the bottom of column. However, significant base moments
against an anchor bolt, the load (discounting the grout) would may require an arrangement such as shown in Figs. 4 or 13.
be delivered an inch or so above the concrete top. The anchor This relieves the base plate of bending and the base plate
bolt would act like a vertical cantilivered member. A ¾ in. weld of over stressing and may allow a thinner base plate to
diameter A36 anchor bolt resists less than a 5 kip lateral load be used.
delivered 2 in. above the top of concrete. Also the random Pilot nuts are sometimes used on top of the anchor rods
location of anchor bolts as they are located in the oversized to facilitate the entry of the rods into the base plate holes.
base plate holes results in a situation where seldom does This is an option of the erector (see Fig. 5). The base plate
more than one bolt of a multi-bolt group go into bearing at holes must be made large enough to accommodate the pilot
any one time. nuts. After the column is set, the pilot nuts are removed and
Large uplift forces are resisted primarily by the anchor replaced by the desired washer and nut.
bolts going into tension. Significant uplift forces must be The design of the actual base plate itself is well covered
resisted by a greater weight anchored to the lower end of the elsewhere. (See John T. DeWolf, Ref. 3.) Base plates are
anchor bolts or by drilling direct into basic rock. For large square more often than not. However, some foundation
uplift forces, it may not be adequate to rely merely on the geometry may dictate that the plate be rectangular, such as a
attachment of the base plate to the bottom of the column shaft plate on a narrow wall. Sometimes the shape of the baseplate
or to hope that the base plate will not bend. For these is dictated by where the anchor blots are located and the
conditions, it may be required to extend the anchor bolt up number of bolts required. A pair of bolts may be located clo-

Figure 9 Figure 10

THIRD QUARTER / 1989 85

se into the column web, as in Fig. 14A, or there may be four A sensible approach used by some engineers is to not require
bolts located near the outer corners of the plate or any of a milling unless the out-of-flatness exceeds allowable
member of similar patterns (see Fig. 14). tolerances, regardless of the thickness.
Anchor bolts exert relatively small lateral load on base To prevent the curling mentioned above, it is suggested
plates, and the edge distance rules listed in AISC Table that base plate welds be kept as small in size and quantity as
1.16.5.11 do not apply since "tear-out" is not a problem. The the strength requirements and good practice allow, and that
only edge requirement is: enough steel is left between the fillet welds be given preference over full and partial
edge of the plate and the closest edge of the hole so that the penetration welds. However, the minimum fillet weld sizes
drill or punch will not drift as the hole is made. One-quarter listed in the AISC Table 1.17.2A1 must be observed.
in. is usually enough for this. (See the discussion on Base plates in contact with other steel members, such as
misplaced anchor bolts.) leveling plates or steel beams, should have any spatter left
Burning of base plate holes is an accepted procedure, from the burning process removed to ensure good surface
especially when applied to field repair situations. Most base contact. Burrs resulting from shearing are of little
plates over 1 in. thick are cut to size by the burning process. consequence and need not be removed. Bearing plate surfaces
The slight hardening exhibited at the burned edge is not in direct contact with concrete need not be ground smooth.
important since bearing of the anchor bolt against the side of It is not necessary that base plate material match the
the hole is not a factor; it makes little difference how the hole column shaft material. It is, however, most important that the
is made.4 material be weldable if welding is used. Some commercial
When sizing the area of a base plate, the loss of area at grades of steel have the necessary strength but contain too
the anchor bolt holes (and grout holes) is generally ignored. much carbon to permit reliable welds. Most base plates can
AISC Manual of Steel Construction, 8th ed., pp. 4-125, be ASTM-A36 steel.
lists suggestions for oversizing holes for anchor bolts. Based Base plates near the edges of walls, piers, foundations,
on the trend toward foundation inaccuracy, these allowances etc., should be held back an inch or so from the edge, if
are very often not enough. It is suggested that an additional possible, to prevent spalling at the free edge of the concrete.
quarter inch over the hole diameter listed be used. A heavy
plate washer should be used over the holes (5/16 to ½ in. GROUTING
thick). The grouting of base or leveling plates is governed primarily
The finishing requirements of column base plates given by common sense. When leveling plates are used, the grout is
in AISC Spec. 1.21.31 were adopted many years ago when plopped in place off the end of a shovel or trowel and the
plate rolling and temperature control were not as plate is laid on top of the grout pile and tapped to the proper
sophisticated as they are today. Consequently, much costly elevation and made horizontal. The grout does not have to
and unnecessary plate milling is paid for each year by flow except toward the free edges of the plate, and hence the
unsuspecting clients. Many base plates are received from the theoretical grout thickness can be established at any figure
mill flatter than after they are welded to the column. that will accommodate comfortable construction tolerances.
Welding, especially large groove welding, tends to curl the Three-fourths to 1½ in. are common grout thicknesses, the
plates upon cooling. It is frustrating for a fabricator to mill lesser figure being common for smaller plates while the
an already flat plate and then watch it curl up after welding. higher figure favors larger leveling plates.

Figure 11 Figure 12

86 ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

 When the leveling nut system is used or when large base grout hole near the center of the base plate will allow the
plates are shipped loose to the job and preset on leveling grout to enter and flow outward toward the plate edges.
devices, the grout must be worked under the plate so that Grout is usually trimmed neatly at the edges of the base
there are no resulting air pockets or other non-bearing areas. plates—either squared off or at an approximate 45 degree
For small to medium-sized base plates (say, to 36 in. square) angle. There are many good grouts on the market today of
a common method to ensure total bearing is to start the grout varying strengths. They should be of the nonshrink variety
in one side of the plate, continuing the process until it comes When column bases are subject to shear and when the
out the far side. For the grout to flow laterally for any base is designed to resist the shear by means of a shear lug
distance, there must be ample space between the bottom of fitted into a concrete keyway, access must be provided to
the steel plate and the top of the concrete. An inch and a half ensure that grout is distributed throughout the cavity to
would be a minimum space. Also, it is suggested that the provide the proper bearing area (see Fig. 9).
concrete foundation be dampened prior to grouting— General contractors should be aware that grouting must
dampened but not puddled. This helps reduce the absorption be performed before too much load is applied to the column
of water from the grout by the otherwise dry concrete. bases which could collapse the anchor bolts or bend the base
However, check the directions on the grout bag prior to use. plates.
Regardless of the grout space allowed, grout will flow In summary, the grout thickness for the leveling plate
only so far laterally, even though it is prodded with a blunt method should be in the ¾ to 1½ in. range. For the leveling
board. For large base plates (say, over 36 in.) it may be nut method, allow between 1½ and 3 in. of grout, depending
necessary to drill a hole in the base plate near the center but on anchor bolt diameter and the corresponding nut height.
not so as to foul the column section. The grout is fed through Extra-large base plates require more grout thickness in
this hole and urged with the handy blunt board to fill the void general. In establishing the grout thickness, the anticipated
beneath the base plate. This grout hole should be degree of accuracy of the elevation of the concrete pour
approximately 3 in. diameter. For very large plates or long should be considered. More grout space should be allowed
rectangular plates, two grout holes may be required. for a foundation contractor known for inaccurate work.
The more space left between the bottom of the base plate In certain rare circumstances, the concrete foundation
and the top of the concrete, the easier will be the lateral flow may be finished to such a precise level and elevation that the
of grout. Spaces 3 to 4 inches are not uncommon for large
plates.
Large base plate size is not the only determining factor
for grout holes. If a column base plate must be set in a
depression in a concrete foundation, with no side access for
poking the grout along using the ubiquitous blunt board, a.

Figure 13. Moment base or base subject to uplift Figure 14

THIRD QUARTER / 1989 87

column base plate is placed directly upon it without grout. with a rod bending device called a "hickey." For anchor bolts
Such precision usually requires the use of mechanical mislocated up to about ¾ in., the concrete may be chipped
finishing devices, and these are difficult to operate in the away to a depth of a few inches and the "hickey" used to
presence of anchor bolts protruding from the concrete. This bend the bolt into the proper position.
method is more often associated with the setting of heavy Anchor bolts mislocated by over ¾ in. usually require
machinery bases and is rarely used in building construction. that the base plate be slotted. Severe error may locate the
bolt outside or near the edge of the base plate. Edge distance
FOUNDATION INACCURACIES is usually not a problem even if the base plate hole needs to
The concrete chemists who do such an admirable job of be slotted clear through and out to the edge of the plate as
transforming sand, stone, water, and cement into concrete long as the plate is not weakened. Heavy plate washers with
foundations do not always understand the full significance of offset holes are used to cover the slots. These are welded to
the little lines between the inch marks on their measuring the top of the base plate in the field (see Fig. 6). Anchor bolts
tapes. Often the result is mislocated anchor bolts. In addition may also be mislocated toward the interior of the base plate.
to being out of place, the bolts may be tilted, have too much Large errors may result in the bolts fouling the web or
or too little projection above the top of the concrete, or be at flanges of the column. There are several remedies to this
the wrong elevation. The entire bolt group may be rotated 90 situation, all costly. The errant bolt can be burned off at the
degrees from its proper orientation, or the wrong diameter surface of the concrete and a new expansion bolt drilled into
bolts may be used. Sometimes only one bolt of a four-bolt the proper location if room permits. Swaged bolts set into
cluster will be misplaced. It seems at times as if anchor bolts core drilled holes with epoxy grout can also be used for this
are set with about as much finesse as a brain surgeon purpose. Such drilling, however, is often complicated by the
operating with a garden hoe and with callous disregard for presence of reinforcing rods, and it must be determined by
the other trades which must build upon the foundation. the engineer-of-record if it is permissible to sacrifice the
Thanks to alignment tolerances (see Ref. 1, Code of reinforcing should one or more rods be encountered.
Standard Practice, par. 7.5 regarding the accurate setting of If an entire bolt group is misplaced but the individual
anchor bolts and bearing devices) and the fact that most bolts otherwise are in proper relationship with one another, it
column base plates are furnished with oversized holes, small may be possible to offset the column base plate from its
mislocations of anchor bolts can usually be tolerated. Bolts intended location. There are benefits to having the anchor
that are tilted (not vertical) can sometimes be straightened bolt survey performed before fabrication. Likewise, if a bolt
group is set in place 90 degrees to what it should be, very
often the base plate can be turned on the column with no ill
effects.
Anchor bolts which are accurately located but do not
project far enough above the top of the concrete to allow a
washer and nut to be installed are a real problem. Threaded
rod extensions can be welded to the top of the bolt. A sleeve
coupling can be used with a short threaded rod extension, but
the hole in the base plate must be enlarged to ensure that it
clears the coupling (see Fig. 7).
Sometimes a bolt group is so poorly placed, out of
alignment and with the individual bolts tilted and off line,
that a new base plate must be fabricated with holes drilled to
suit the errant locations.
Bolts that are mislocated too near the edge of the column
flange may require the flange to be notched somewhat to
allow the nut to turn. This slight loss of column bearing area
is usually not a problem but should be investigated. If the
area loss should prove to be a problem, the deleted area can
usually be added nearby in the form of a bearing stiffener
with only a small ripple of inconvenience (see Fig. 8).
Anchor bolts set with too much projection are less
troublesome. If the threads are insufficient to allow
tightening of the nut, then washers must be stacked under the
Figure 15 nut. This is not detrimental to performance but is an adverti-

88 ENGINEERING JOURNAL / AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

sement of sloppy work on the part of the foundation adjustment (see Fig. 15). Oddly enough, this device is
contractor. If the bolts are so long that they would extend declining in popularity at a time when the incidence of anchor
above the floor line, they must be cut off. This can usually be bolt error appears to be on the rise.
done after the column is tied into the structure with beams.
The anchor bolts, one by one, can be denutted and the shank
welded directly to the base plate or to a heavy washer which REFERENCES
is in turn welded to the base plate. The offending rod is then 1. American Institute of Steel Construction, Manual of Steel
burned off somewhere below the floor line. Field alterations Construction, 8th ed. Chicago: AISC, Spec. 1.25.4, and pp. 5-
of this nature may affect the tension capacity of the anchor 150 of Commentary.
bolts, and this should be checked by the engineer. Any 2. "Capacity of Columns with Splice Imperfections," AISC
Engineering Journal 14 (1st Quarter 1977).
contemplated column base alteration should be brought to the
3. John T. DeWolf, "Design of Column Bases," Storrs, Conn:
attention of the engineer so that he may pass judgment as to University of Connecticut.
its effectiveness. This is especially true of bases subject to 4. Iwankiw and Schlafly, "Effect of Hole Making on the Strength
uplift, moment, and/or shear forces. of Double Lap Joints." AISC Engineering Journal, 19 (3rd
Anchor bolts with sleeves provide a greater latitude of Quarter 1982).

THIRD QUARTER / 1989 89