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وشه - سازی زمانی كوردی 2

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
313 views138 pages

وشه - سازی زمانی كوردی 2

Uploaded by

Birwalla Fan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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(^AAijJuO <£ij-a. tb (<-io) JJ<_S<J jJ»J (jjjJ»J <jl (*) (j<-ui<j fgjljjolj (£jA<->

.
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1 > <j << o j (jjiLoL ^ *<^ (joi<jLLu

ti£jLuiiÛ4J -j

oji<_><So j (jjLu.L<i u<»o<^. Ij<j jlijli j<jj. < ii^o j << (cLc^j) (_yilS< p_tijjo

: Jlftj

.v*iy.Vj = dL + Cj'ij

t^jS = ^+ VjS-

t^4j m -£
»

<S<jLoji (Jjj-O. J öLS ^j-JJ <— <-< ((jiKolLcL)


i <J (j^jjjj îsL><i (^yiKCojijjo

: doj cLjjSoj
j ) J V

. ciLaO jj Jjj!
: ^Lji <J : (<j ) \

<J (<i )
—Y
• ûijL><i ‘ f-^-<l :
u^-J^ J ui^jj*- :


öiib^ : l~tiuj*> <J : (li ) —
^ljiJj <J : (o) ~t

0 A) iJ*jjj : IjmV ^jl£ i


,jjjjj (g)l^ <1 (li
— —®
(jj)

: dj4j -il

cS jj m <jt J cS.jlS (jjljjjj c5*j<jjjj» (»j»)

^SjCi (») (^^j-* J (j-JJjJjjlj t^J<-5 (j ) j »jjjL1 (*)

: Cu\u6
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. 6j<ujjj6J

t £)bilj
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j 4-1 ^gj Ljlj ( j ) ^aaAjJL

j 4_uw 4J1Sj^6J öL^ ^ A j-blj J 4_S4jLflji j<uu« 4_jjij^ 6 J j (v

‘jL'u j l>«<-£ V J jjJ^><jb Jh Qs) j jj^nb J e 0) <£<iU>

: iJ.j cwjS * Jj6j jtSJ (fjtllj

. lIUja^Ijö J Jljlj ‘
4jUl»6 J . (JW«Ij 6J jljli 4 AJJ

(l^) 4JJJ6 J .JJJJjJ ^6JJJ (jA



*
6 Jji :

t JjLç -d

: d*j 6j<jjj$6 J is (û)

«jjU-
j

$*J>* sj Uj
I


6*0?

t
HfiJii-f
^LSjj <J (jîuj<-i JjL^ jj^ <j<* ajj^. IjiliöjljS <Jjj jIj<J

(j£<—^6 jjjLj ^<__ 5t\l j i mjI j (^L-Sjj <-J L_j jl—jjIj j jLlijKo
: <jL*j

X (jLi£Ajl£4J -i

(öjL^djli) )
:
Jh* Jh> ^h^S* û^jL j û^J^
: j<li4ij <J ^V<j


û'j^ *^ 6je3 c^^eLijS (jlja.

<jje ( )

. jKUjlS Ojj (
(jlj^.
)
. t2»l^d J6 jLaIj (jlj^ ^li^jlj (jMju

^Oll^j ^<J <-j C^jjLjJö jL ( J-j


JJ C(jî*Lj ) (Jöj (Jj-j (J<lLj IfJjiJk (jLujJ

: (jlSJöjli) öjöjIj^.

d»t£ ö j (jjL (jtL jLj<î “

. Û.mAIj JjjjS (^<^l^j 6 j jL I

*
( j-LjL* ) t^j^jSL CL< cujJîIjjö j

t
W # 4J* -u
jlJioJ

: tliöj ûiitjjJ jû (Jju j l^<Jju ^jljljJ <j


*

j-‘ ‘**j

i (juitfjij)ij (jU)aj jjjföjj -I

jLJftjli : jlj + jlj

jjjL : jjjL + <j6Jj«£ “

. jL<o^jJ i jL + <j + jjJ

jLjöjlj : jll + 6jL.j




U J jjJ :
U J + jjJ

J
'T' T T
I

^il I

(jUjOL : (jU + j 6 + jU “

t (jliû«jlJ)>j(jlj) 41 jjjj&jj -u

jtf 6jlî : jli + jll

J* JJi •• + JJ^ -
JJhf

: jLÖijlû «jUj 4J jjjjZljj -£

jIS36 jli : 6jLj + 6jLj

jjj jjj : jjj + jjj


-

: jUfojU jj dAlj 41 jJj^îjJ -J

j&LjL : 6 jIj + 6j1j

{.& {.<& :
_
V. V* . V*
+ JJJ
_1 y _ *

JJD JJJ * JSJ


i Y

x jfiMjb 4j -g.

Jj_j ^ Içj.1 ^4j<_£j Olj CujjjdJlj t^JJ (^<oij j£*iL J J^-lLIj Sjj <J

• ÛJJ 6 J ilt i ijj J jljLa.

:(jUi^Û)^(jli)^^JiJ -î

jlîiftjlS : jli + J<,?.\ T» -N


t v v » t v. j. v
+ _
• <J">* tr?

jlA<j : jl* + <J


jlj<i : uijp.<i +<i


jllUjli : jliL + jli ”


:
(S
+ ~

•û^JJ :
û + ^JJ
jjjio jj + ji<j :

.jaj<1^<j jöj ; + uik^<j

» : 15 + ^-

oVIjIa ;<jI + JJIjIjo

J • ^6 + AJ

tr»^j
: + uj —

JLjjû<c : JL + jk<t

<jujLa : a+ ^jjjLa

'
(jjLLLi :

jbjli : jIj + jb -

jLIIa : jL + —
i

Jj 4*0 Jj^UOJ Ju4a ~^~


Jjjuj “

yji«<£ : + {<* ~

ajJL» J :
a3 + Jb j ”

t ( jLlIjjLj) jj (jl5 ) 4i jjjj&jj -u

: : jliL + jlS

JJ JJ-° JJ + J>° :

: (jLSfojLi ) jj (jLxfojLS ) AJ jjjj&jj -£

jlSLjli : jliL + jDftjC


<jt + —
^lyj :
jjj

t ( jlifojLS ) jj ( jli ) 41 jJjjiljj -

jlSJ* jL : jli + itl “)

jLjSl. : jLjg + -
~
:
^J^ + <i

jl^ 6jli : jliL + jli -T


UjLo +jL^ -
:
1s

OljLj : <jl + jLj

L.li j
v
-+- : Luli + jli —

,jS6j<ji : ^6 + j<ji

a'j^L : j' + je^e


*

ij u j yj*')******

MjU )jj(jU)<,jJjjS-A

jli : j\£ + j&d î w .

* + I*
+
c^l> :
c^ '->

ÛJ^J<J î ûj£ + J<J

^li : + jlS -T

jL> : jl + oj -

jLuyj : jL +

J<~J>* J* + u-JUi “ :

û LUW J :
û 1 * + OW J

<v* : ^j+^-
<^>•^<1 :
+ j*j<i
~

JOjS : Jft + ûjS

: u)l + jji, ™

AJ6JjS :
4J6 + JjS

jIjOjj! : jlj6 + 0e>^ “

ê jl &j£ : 4 ji + (jij£

^CftOjj^ :
^c** + ûjjj^ •“

jljL : (jl + jL

ö jjj<S : öJj + ^<£


M jlj ) jj OtSbjLi ) 4) jJjjÛjj -j

jL j^il + :
* jlSÎöjli
j

W

I
iv
Ti i t
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' (j7^U
iv _

jlj« • jl + ûi ~

IjM.y.j : lj* + oioj “

J (
jlJ ) jj ( jLi^jlJ ) <U jjjjftjj “j

j>lj î jS-lLLj +

: + JJ ^ 1

cr*e

:
^j<jI + ^<£

(2>*Î<aj< : (j*^ 6 + ^j<j


<jjJj6j • <JJ + Jj6j "

. <|^ + ^

"""
JjJJJaj<J t jJ + JJJJui<J

+ ""
(jLî^J * L)l (J*J

<jl£L» : <j| + dL»t “


i


Û 0JLSJ :
0* + ^JLSU

J6jj4j : ^6 + JJ<J “

cAfj<j ‘
<jj +

fj<j

6 JjjJ • 6 Jj +

^j<jd 6 JjLuu : + JjLlu

<3 o<« > : + û. v -


+ —
^jljlj : ^ aljli

6 jJ<JJi 6 + jj<ju»
\\r

j_i CjJijJ^jSöJ jLj jSLjj (Ir^A J CdwJöJ jLaj ^Vi^jIj <j Oajj^Jjj f<J

JCa<ay> >J*u) jjjuiJaullj^ ^lj^ujjL ^<£<jjj_^jj ^yj-L-ulj tjUöjtj

.(t«) <j<S ^jUöjIj tfJjjS ^Lûj <S C>Vijftl <j^Jö J ( •—fijjCCû


< A®Yi\

jjmpo
\\t


(T®iY** V jjLi tUui6
j ^Lu-û)

.(\1Y:\^A*: çLj<i ui jjco Y

(t*\ L li'AWK o ju,u. J^K) -r


.(\YY:m*î C l3<i j u<^) -t
(l\:\^AY:t»-4jU u^wLa. ^iU^o jj<j) —

.(1Y:W* î^juuJ.li) "Y


(^ ® : Y A A Y IlÎjL U. jj<j) —V

(M : \^A Y îuJjL* ^jj^Lk.


Lf
jL»A,*jj<j) —
(\t— \Y: \ \AV jIö-juJjjS j ^

(YY: Y***: ^jlli-jjjS j ls>L<î ^jj*ji<j) —V

(YY 13 *\ o : \^A Y îuitjLa ^fiU^ojj<j) —\

(A\ \A A V :ujjLft ^^Lv.


: ^ U^ *jj
1) —\
(Yfc: \^AY:uJjU ^U jL^ojjO) -\Y
(YY— Y\ : \ \\ * ^* Ll<i oijjc.U j<a<^<*) —\
:

(\oY — \1V :\^Y^ :uijU ^U ^L^o jj<i) -\«

. (\
* •
: Y* Y * : j<«<a^ Vjjj<c. û<I,ua) — \*\
.(Y* Y:Y* • 1 :<ji»<j <*jc Ljj) \Y

(“ :— : t(>ui<j j<*jt Ljj) —\

(\Yl:Y**l:û^O jUjc Ljj) -\\

\YOîj tJ^ji JJuLiJj (jDajL ££6jLj6J j um JÛ<A: ^lj<i I_ijj£<t J<«<XI <jlj^j
)
— Y*

(A* : ojuV \1V:JU


i i> u <> v&y*/**
I

w»*
u>
\\v

Lexical Morphology 9Sju>j&


i
^Uaûj : ^<u
<_j (Lexicon) ^£j<_Aj<i Ij<— u*kjpjijj^ ^<J

^j c£j<^jIj<j 4^jL-i<ui»j ^^JPJmJ^ ^I^L-uL ccujJjj-aj* j (5jIu<*Lj

. <jjj Ij^S<U (^ljJ

: Lexical rules jtfAu&uJal


w ^UbH -\
« w I*

(jnj J jl£< -jj^w Jp jijjjft L«uiL Col^^Jjt^ <tij 6 jj-ujlj^. <1 jiii^jl (^LluL

. j<^6 J jlj<J J j <5* 6 JJ IS 6J<i<J <J jJ<^ 6 J (j 1$ <1J^»jJjpJji LluL

: <UjJ -a

: jlSAjdiAij 4Sa>S -1

(^ <£ < jjji <Jji 6jMli.il ^Ûj (jL l^6j (jL j<i J<LU <j<^6 J jK <£ J<jt^6j^ J<J

; (j< jn>6 J jjJ <i t


jjSft Jj6 jjI (jjj-A jL lZjljjj^6 J

: ^<£<^ ^<lui6 j

* 6 j 6 jlj^> (_£<jl^ 6 J^ ^ <J j) 6J C jl£<iiiiylj 6 jiiiL

jLi— j *
jU -
ûb<J<-» :
û'j


cM*: jlj

: 6

*J-
lT0-)^
:
(S "
j<lujj : j6
j j

J (^Cuf6J
^ 6jj
l

: *j»jl>k <i Jftj <j KOjjUjjj 6j^ ihL


f
•* l V . » _
o^yjL» • u
jjjL* :
JJ
~

• •
ûiP
4£6jljj l<&6

ö'
-
ûl»W* :

J<S : J<S
-

'btS : I
-

:

cr“j>*

•>* -

j

jju j :
ls

Jjj : j

Jjj5bs :
jjj-
-
rjili
: li

6J • 6J

jLSdji^j iSdjd -u

<jLuaUJ CvJLJjLlJ * dlöj C


j .i.VCKlj
J jA <_£ 6 J<—ûJj^6J <-JlS6 j^ J<_
: J<U öjl^i: (_£<L»JJJ tJdJ CcJJlj^IjIj JJ-A <£<-kJjLkujlj<J

6j <J : öjd <J


Ij J J4J <j : b o“

j jlA <— jLkiu J_j<A 4_jIj c<_Jj j j jjJ6<_> jl j—jA <_l jL^öjt^J 6jl-V\^v
m
(SJ^ S^-uujji j<-i JJ^CJI Jaj jlA JJ ^jlaijjj<Lfc

« 6J


f^JJ^

lt^JJ^ 6j “
f*


j^JJ^JJ^

U-i^jjj “
^
; jJ 6
J CUjl^A JjAj J^A Ijjjlmûj ^jCjj JjjQlj <J

(.JJ6J-

CjIjjö J

t aj -b

4_JJ6 J tjjLL j ^4^4j J jj <jjûJ (jl^6 jjA4j "I I a*«I i<\l <J

:
Jj^

JjjLulb : Jj + jL» + Jj J»J


:
( jj«jj (^jiiL + j>ja<j (^jliL + l£»j )

IjJ j< ii 4 UA6J 4_$6 jj4 Ij4_j jjjj4J jljjaA ^j^jjL (jl jLjJ ^jI^ <J j4^4j

: j^jL

Ob +ft + “
+ ji<U + JtjA —
C5

j_j4 4_S (£4_$6jj j4_j C4_j»jIjJ (5»j4_j _jS_iiiL (jjjjjjA4_j Ij-JJjjS ^jiLaj 4_J

(^f-ijjSjilJ 4j C6j4_jjjjjjji.6J ^yjjjS 4j jj (Jj4j j 6j4jjj$6 JjjjJ l1oj^6 Jj£>j

: 4j<4 jlSjA jjJ IjjlA

4^6jiiiL —\
(_£jj*.

4^6jliL (^jjj-i -Y
>

w*

+ + ji. + 6J —
6J6 f.

+ <jl + <$6 + //& - ,,


:
f

3^1* + j^AO + 3^0


6j6 + J + jj + +6J

. jlA + jl*0 + £>j + jl*<J + jl*<,

: jLSAj^j^jpj^ LwLj -T

(^6 j_jjLj <_ilijjj> ^<j J' i<\l ^3l£<] cjjjj^j jlSitjjJi «L>I

• ‘^•j 1*1 J 6 J t< La.Lk. (jA.jJjiji

jLSi^jjJjpjjd ijljj^ :
^4£4j

: L&ti fjjjjASjti -j

:
(tf)

j jLi (jlj-ji <J 6j<_i cj-jj ((j _ £$ _ j _ I) (j-iijjj <_j (jjLijS JJjli j<_£<j

(
jL<Jt<i .(JLIjj = (jl + lj-> : ,Jaj ^-j6 j Iju<j ûfJi^ < (c$) tJ<SQli&ûj b

: vJ^J (JjJ<i&JjûJ (^) lj<i JÇjtj J<JM OjAJ (ulj) j<S<i (JA>6

. dliLijL = jL- + •»
^+
<C LijL -t

:
0) <>KJ<£j* J “ V
Ij<£<j LL li
j <-SöjL jljLj <J lj<-i o-oj (jj) (jijj-j <-j ^LjjS JjjL j<S<i

A\ .i><S <£<-<ijj (jj) Löjj<A LdjOlS OjJ (j) <a>Ajj


c£LHJ 6 J -H kjj^ c£j^ <1

•û'jj^
= 6* + “
V
JJJ<e
V
/

\y\

(j) J <^6jlj <J |j<i (jj) ^lfjlj J<^<J

! (Jftj CtJjJj6J ^JjjS v*lLO (jj) 6 J jj-»6 jl Jjp 4 ^ Att (_£

=
jjj 6 jli

"*"

(o) ^j^jöj -r
! iûUj<£öJjöJ lj<jl jL ^<1

lj<-J ulfcaj (6)<^<J*oj (_£


JJÖ JO<J j<^<j jljO L£JJ jJ^J (j-^Lji "î

: jJ
6J (jl/lj/ <JJJ<£ö J jlaJjS ^ (^j)

jjJj<-A <j<jojjJjU = jjJj<-A î 6 + £* + <JûjjJjlj

(S (&) ûl*o6J O-aJ 6jljJ<—J £ (6J6) ^LjjJ <£ ^OliLji j<J

<—J k t
6J< S<JjLl/6
= 6J6+W*+<—6jL/A : jJ 6
J jL/ljjj < JJJ (jj—jUjjS

(j-^6 j <jS (^OIj <1 Ijj<-/w (jiLûji JJ<_S<J jLil (^jLîlj (jijj<-S<jj6 j

:
(i) Je ^»j^» J (jj) trtjjf j^ ‘jj'^^j^ O^jjf^ <# ö'fjj J-*L>

. jjJj<a OjJjL ^ jljti “

:(j) ^^<^6 j “i

j cjLa ( <5 + j +ö ) <j (£)IjJ.Ij (jiLji (jfLjS j<^<j vZjo-oI^öjL (jjlj <1

: Jöj cuj<SöJj 6J (j) !j<i ûli 6 jlj j <j & (öjö) ^LjJ (^Aji^jL

.
6JÖJ<£j — 6j6+j+<ij —

: Jjfti -l>

(.) & ->

. (N) oLûJ = (ol+ <j+ 6 j) (j JjJ

6j<-jjjjö j <-$6jlj (jjlûjS ^ (ö) OlSj<i ûjj (ö) ^/ujjj ^LjS jLjL j<S<i

T = jl + *j^

( )
j ”

UT

c^6jL jCuid ^jl ^ »l^jg Cftjliiu Ijc jL jCiiil ^jjj^jLj d


^Ci IjC-i Cj-1» ((£ - j - l
) jj-jjjjj
C-j ^Ljji cLjjL j<£<j tC*bö Jjjj

< xuî ((S) iIijj


j jli <J Jji-L (6J<JJ|JJ6U (<£^) (^Ij6j<j-u

:
J ^J6 J ljj<j

<£ j <j6 = <^6


1 + lj <-6

(£ (6) <-JJJjJ JjJ J<J dj£<j OlS j<j C*JJ ^ljjS (jJJjJ (6) <J *JjjL j<5<j


ddj ^JJJ»6J (jLSjS<J J 6J<JJJJ 6 J ^jLjS JjA.L ^jIj6j<jji

<^ <ji 4»$ 6 + CjJu

j d<-j JJLj <jj<^6 (6) j (1) Ij6jL ^<J cjS (^jL jj (<^6) ^JjS jL) <J

: jJ
6j 6J<JJJJ6 J (6)

• (jt^6 JaACj = (jl + <^6 + Jo«ii ""

:
((S) <S*J^jl

(jljjj<J (^jjjj <-j 6 jj<_aj<ji tj<_S ccjl-jj


(<$) o±jj-> <—* (^jLjjS iiLjjL j<_S<j

(c^) C£ 6 j<—iljj ^jjC-IL ^3<-j CJ1»Ij<-j JJ<jIj<-jj»


((^) (j—-ujjJ < J> Ij<S<jL&û

: j) 6j c^jjjj6J ÇJ) <j ^jjjjj Jj^L

<£<j (^jLi = <$6 + ^Li


<_j (^<-^<jj|jj^ <£ djjt^j<-u <ja 6J MyiK 6 jj-lj (jL<a<j (jîjjjKJ (jjLlj ((^)

: d6j 6 J<JJJJ6 J <S<$6j ((^) jL<J jLIj ((^) lj<j CCjjjjL ((^)

-
(
r) = + ”
V V

:
(>=»*) (S Qs) —x
: d ÖJ cJLdjV 6J<JJJJ6 J <S<J (^) <j JjS<J <jl jSkjJ ^<J

. (i) ^i6J : cuhjSL J I^jJjeV (O) ^<i J .rkj5Ll6 j = oj + JS^*j

(
U ( J t
j ( J 1 û )
(£6j<jljJ i

• Cjj 6J : Cjj <^ + ûli » 6 J



w
J<r. K : J<* dl£
-

•((jjl ftjl“ > tsjlj) jC^ • PjC*.


~

yjjSL : (jJji + JL —

(o) <^LjJ<j :<jlj + (jj)<j

LLJ :IjajI

• ((^jl ftjli n (Ç )l 1
6^J 1 j) <6 : Jjft *h Ca

. (1) (jc»0j*j :jic»<3j»j —

<Sb :<SjIj
-

. JJL^ :JJIj1a

t IfSjjZ iSjii -£
V

•Qs S> <s) J>^£


: J»j (Jj) Jj cjjjjSö J (^) lj<i toli (^) (jijjj <j (^LjS Jjjli j<£<$

<SLVkjtj

Çs) J? «=**£••» (tf)

:
(tf j#j)tfiv^" Y
: d»j Ij (jjl f i
jLi i tSjljcl ( lg ) jj ( j )
Ij6jjJ

4
:
( Si <s) tr>b^

jLLLjS ^ (£<jljlj J<J Jj ^ (^ij) <5j<-y<jj^. <J

<-jjJ ja-jLjjS j_j (^) J (a) J-j Cj-jjjSö J (^) !j<_i öjjjL-A

^ d j j Lil jjj

j <j Ljj 0 j = siLi “î"


Ljö j • (!)
J 6

m
00 = di + : (*)

:
( J i? J ) -i

oljlöJ “ Cj\ + + 6J

Jp.

“0
•(ûêjîx^ <s Si öeJÎ* s) <1 öbJ^

(û?JL>?) V ^ jtjLoji (^) (jjL»ij ^IS^J

: ^ 6J (ûiSL*^) j? OJjjSftJ ((_$) lj<i Ojn U


(A) ^LjIa — (^+LILa “

t bA^5 4J jiA ; fifjji

( O J 6 J^ <Aj
t < uij ^lS^t-Sjj <J ^ 4—i j<bu<l jj <J 4. 1 J ^4j6jj ö jLij

<1-uuIj ^<1 ^öjj-ajIj^ <J (£jjd J j 4-a^jJji^jA <-» j<-uu j-lA <-jIj

<J <-J jj-JJJJ J 6j4—ij <—» 6 J_i<J J<-Ij ^<J6 jV- i <-> >lA i
0) CC*l-^lSj6J

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jLllöjlj cjLilj cjLi )


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: ^jjKîû Aj -£
Ramzi Munir. (1990) Dictionary of Linguistic Terms.
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English-Arabic Beirut: Dar El-llmLilmalyin.


2- Bloomfield, L. (1933),Language Holt, Rinehart&Winston. New York.
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linguistics. Little Brown & Company.Canda.
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Great Britain.
6-Dowty, David. (1972).Studies in the Logic of Verb Aspect and Time
Reference in English.(Ph.D. Thesis), The University of Texas at Austin
7- Fattah,M,M.(1980) On The Stress System of kurdish, Zanko.The
Scientifîc Jorurnal of Sulaimaniyah University.Vol:6,No,2,Sep.
1ot

\tt

8- Greenberg Joseph, H (1961) Essays in Linguistics. The university of


Chicago press. London.
9- Langacher,R.W (1973) Language&its structure.Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich inc.U.S.A.
Linguistics,Georgetown University. Washington D.C
10- Leech,G.(1974) “Semantics" Great Briton London ,

11- Lyons, J. (1977) "Sementics" Cambridge University Press,London&


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12- Lyons, J. (1977) introduction theoretical linguistics, Cambridge


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14- Walter Cook ( 1981) An Introduction to Generative Semantics,
(Unpublished classroom Lectures), Department of
«* V » M» . I

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http://www.aklaam.net/newaqlam/index.Dhp7option =com
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http ://www.ta-u .com/vb/archive/i ndex.php/t-2 1 83 03 .html

y--\/i/tv <jlL1 lujwLJl -Vi^ *n jlj^i ^Uia.1 ™T


www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/sawalha/sawalha09alecso.ppt

http://www.onefid.edu.duz :L*.j]jij>* —
Lexical Morphology —
http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/institut/mitarbeiter/iilka/teaching

Morphological and Lexical Contrastive Analysis of Turkish and —


English
https://globalioumals.org/GJHSS Volumel2/4-Morphological-
and-Lexical-Contrastive.pdf

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