1.

INTRODUCTION
An ideal gas is defined as one in which all collisions between atoms or molecules
are perfectlyelastic and in which there are no intermolecularattractiveforces
Ideal gas can be visualize as a collectionOf perfectly hard spheres which collide
but otherwise do not•interactwith each other. In such a gas, all the
internal
energy is in the form of kinetic energy and any change in internal energyis
accompanied by a change in temperature.

An ideal gas and a perfect gas obeys the law pv = RT. They are Characterize d
by three variables: absolute pressure (p), volume (v) and absolute temperature
(T). The specific heat capacities of ideal gas are not corfstantbut are functions
of temperature while the specific heat capacity of a perfect gas is constant.

2. THE EQUATION OF STATE FOR A PERFECT GAS

A. BOYLE'S LAW
Boyle's law states that "The absolute pressure exerted by a given mass ofa
peffect gas is inversely proportional to the volüme it occupies when temperature
is constant.

If p is the absolute pressure of the gas and V is the volume occupied by the gas,
then

The equationstates that the product of pressure and volume is a constantfora

given mass of confinedgas as long as the temperatureis constant. Boyle'slaw
representsa .rectangularhyperbolacurve. This curve is also called an isotherm
and process occurring at constant temperature is known as an isotherm al
process. Comparing the same substance using two different sets of condition or
for any two points in the curve, Boyle's law can be expressed as:

PI

where: p = pressure of the gas

volume of the gas
conStant
 p (pressure)

V (volume)
Figure 4.1. Constant Temperature P-V Diagram

The work done of an ideal gas at constant temperaturecan be computed as:

Work Done

The heat added of an ideal gas at constant temperaturecan be computed as:

Heat Added = mRT11n

The change in entropy of an ideal gas at constant temperaturecan be computed

as:

EntropyChange = prnkln

Example 4.1

An ideal gas is compressed isothermallyfrom 2 atm and 0.40 m to a final

pressureof 8 atm. Determine the final volume in m

Solution:

p1 VI = P2 V2
2 (0.4) = 80/2)
0.1m (ans)
B. CHARLE'S LAW
Charle's law states that "If any gas is heated at constantpressure, the volumeOf
the gas is directly proportional as its absolute temperature"

If V is the volume occupied by the gas and T is,the absolute temperatureof the
gas, then

increases and
This law describes how a gas expands as the temperature temperature.
conversely, a decrease in volume will 'lead to a decrease in or for any
Comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions
two points in the curve, Charles law can be expressed as:

or

p (pressure)

V (volume)
Figure 4.2. Constant Pressure P-V Diagram

The work done of an ideal gas at constant pressure Can be computed as:

The heat added of an ideal gas at constant pressure can be computed as:

The change in entropyof an ideal gas at constant pressure can be computed as:

Entropy Change = rnCp'In

Example 4.2

Gas is enclosed in a cylinder with a weighted piston as the top boundary. The
gas is heated and expands from a volume of 0.04 to 0.10 m at a constant
pressureof 200 kPa. Calculate the work done by the system.

200(0.10 - 0.04)

12 kJ (ans)

C. GAY-LUSSAC'S LAW
Gay-Lussac's law states that "If any gas is heated at constant volume, the
pressureof a gas of fixed mass is directlyproportionalto the gas absolute
temperature"

If p is the absolute pressure of the gas and T is the absolute temperature of the
gas, then

PTT

Temperatureis a measure of average kineticenergy of a substance and as the

kineticenergy of a gas increases, its particles collide with the container walls
morerapidly, thereby exerting increased pressure, therefore this law hold true.
Comparingthe same substance under two differentsets of conditions or for any
twopointsin the curve, Gay-Lussac's law can be expressed as:

PI _ 192 or 172 _

p (pressure)

V (volume)

Figure4.3. Constant Volume P-V Diagram

 The work done of an ideal gas at constant volume can be computed as:

_grlcgme

The heat added of an ideal gas at constant volume can be computed as:

eaVAMdedFwrmo
The change in entropy of an idpal gas at constant volume can be computed as.

Entropy Change = mCv In 2

Example 4.3

A closed vessel containsair at a pressure of 160 kN/m gauge and temperature

of 30 degree C. The air is heatedat constantvolume to 60 degree C with the
atmosphericpressure as 759 mm Hg. What is the final gauge pressure?

Solution:
101.325kPa
Patm — 759 mm Hgx = 101.2 kPa
760 mmHg

(160+101.2)
(30+273) (60+273)
287 kPa abs

287 - 101.2 = 185.8kPag (ans)

Example 4.4
What is the resultingpressure when one pound of air,at 15 psia and 2000F is
0
heated at constant volume to 800 F?

Solution:

= 15 psia
TI = 200 + 460 = 6600R
= 800 + 460 = 12600R

660 1260
P2 = 28.6 psia (ans)
D. COMBINED GAS LAW
The combined gas law is a gas
law that combines Boyle's law, Charle's law, and
Gay-I-USSac'Slaw. This law has no officialfounderand is merelya combination
of the three previously discovered
laws. The statementof Combines Gas Law is:
The ratio between the product of pressure-volume and the temperatureof a
system remains constant.

If p is the absolute pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas occupied and
T is the absolute temperature of the gas, then

The constant in the above equation is Called the ideal gas constant and is
designated by R, thus the ideal gas equation becomes'

wherethe pressure and temperatureare absolute values. Comparing the same

substance under two different sets of conditions,combinedgas law can be
expressedas

The workdone of an ideal gas can be computedas:

Work Done

as:
The heat added of an ideal gas can be computed

Added

computed as:
The change in entropy of an ideal gas can be

Example 4.5
at a pressureof 740 mm Hg abs and a
A volumeof 400 cc of air is measured
volume at 760 mm Hg abs and OOC?
temperatureof 180C. What will be the
 Solution:

P2V2

76016
18+273 0+273

V2 365.4 cc (ans)

Example 4.6
A transportationcompany specializes in the shipment of pressurized
materials. An order is received for 100 liters of a particular gas at STP (32 F andI
atm). What minimumvolume tank is necessary to transportthe gas at 800F and
maximum pressure of 8 atm? a

Solution:

1000) (8)V2
(32+460) (80+460)
13.7 liters (ans)

3. IDEAL GAS EQUATION

An ideal gas can be characterizedby three state variables: absolute pressure
(P), volume (V), and absolute temperature (T). The relationship between them
was derived from kinetic theory and is called the ideal gas law. The ideal gas law
is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas and is a good approximationto
the behavior of many gases under many conditions.

Forms of equations of ideal gas:

where:
p = absolute pressure of the gas
V = volume of the gas
m = mass of the gas
gas constant
absolute temperature of the gas
n = number of moles (amount of substance of the gas)
p = density of gas
Ro = universal gas constant
In Sl Units, p is measured in
kilopascalabs (kPa abs), V is measuredin cubic
meters(m3),n is measured in moles, mass
js measuredin kg, and T in Kelvins

The individualgas constant (R) may be

obtained by dividing the universal gas
constant(RJ by the molecular weight (MW) of
the gas. The units of R must
always be consistent with the units of pressure,
temperatureand volume used in
the e uation.

MW

Universalgas constant (RJ values:

8.314 ft-lbf
kmol—K 1bm01-R

Molecularweight of air is 28.97 kg/kgmol (28.97 lbm/lbmol),therefore R for air is

0.287kJ/kg-K (53.3 ft-lbf/lbm-R).

Some values of molecular weights: MW = 12 kg/kgmolfor C, MW = 32 kg/kgmol

for MW = 28.02 kg/kgmol for N2, MW = 44 kg/kgmol for C02, MW = 2.016
kg/kgmolfor 1-12and MW = 18.016 kg/kgmol for steam 0-120). Gas constant
calculationusing Sl and English system:

8.3 43 kr 1545 ft—lb

Relationbetween specific heat at constant volume (CO, specific heat at constant

pressure(Cp) and gas constant (R):

The ratioof Cp divided by cv is known as specific heat ratio (k).

Otherrelationsof Cv, Cp, R and k:

 Some Properties of Air:

M = 28.97 kg air/kmoleof air k = 1.4 (specific heat ratio)

R = 53.3 ft—lb = 0.287 kJ
I b—0R
Btu kcal kJ
0.24 = 0.24 = 1.0
kg-Oc

Btu kcal 0.716

= 0.171 0.171

Example 4.7

vessel of air is kept at 101.3 kPa and 297 K. The molecularweight of air is 24
A vessel?
kg/kmol. What is the density of the air in the

Solution:
8314——-
k11101.K= 346.42 J/kg.K
mol.wt kg
24
kmol

pv = mRT
1000
(101.3kPa
{paa) = 0.98 kg/m 3 (ans)
34642— (297K)
kgJK)

Example 4.8
with carbon dioxide to
A bicycle tire has a volume of 600 cu. cm. It is inflated
are contained in the
pressure of 80 psi at 200C. How many grams of carbon dioxide
tire?

Solution:

M = mol. wt . of C02 - 44
8.3143
= 0.189 kJ/kg-0K
44
600 cm 3 = 0.0006 rn3
P = 80 psi = 551.43 kPa
= 20 + 273 = 293 K

m = 0.00598 kg 5.98 g (ans)