-SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS: INDIA’S GLOBAL

ASPIRATIONS-

-WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON POVERTY ELEMINATION IN ALL ITS FORMS-

SUBMITTED BY:

AMARTYA VIKRAM SINGH

B.A.,LL.B (HONS.)

ROLL NO: 16097

GROUP NO: 31

SEMESTER: VIII
 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS: INDIA’S GLOBAL ASPIRATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my thanks to the people who have helped me most throughout my
project. I am especially indebted and highly grateful to my teacher Ms. Ananya Sharma for
non-stop support for the project.

A special thanks goes to my friends who helped me out in completing the project, where they
all exchanged their own interesting ideas, thoughts and made this possible to complete my
project with all the accurate information. I wish to thank my parents for their personal support
or attention who inspired me to go my own way.

At least but not the least, I thank all my friends who treasured me for my hard work and
encouraged me to complete this project.

Thank you.

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 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS: INDIA’S GLOBAL ASPIRATIONS

Table of Contents

-INTRODUCTION-.........................................................................................................................3
-THE GLOBAL PICTURE-...........................................................................................................5
-SUSTAINBLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS – THE INDIAN ACTION-....................................5
Leadership and coordination:.....................................................................................................6
-ROLE OF NITI AAYOG-.................................................................................................................6
1. Collective Effort:..........................................................................................................................7
2. Central Policy:.............................................................................................................................7
4. Competitive Federalism:.............................................................................................................7
5. Output-Outcome Monitoring Framework:...............................................................................8
-POVERTY: END IT IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE-..................................................8
-OUTLINE OF MDG 1-..................................................................................................................9
Target 1.A: Reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day:....................9
Target 1.B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including
women and young people..............................................................................................................10
Target 1.C: Reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger:.......................10
-PHILOSOPHY AND CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS AND
TARGET-.......................................................................................................................................10
-IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK-....................................................................................11
Technical Architecture for Monitoring SDGs:............................................................................11
Lessons from Best Practices and South-South Cooperation (SSC):..........................................12
-CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS: THE WAY AHEAD-.........13
Implementation Challenge:...........................................................................................................13
Regional Disparities:.....................................................................................................................13
Rapid Urbanisation:......................................................................................................................14
-REFERENCES-................................................................................................................................15

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 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS: INDIA’S GLOBAL ASPIRATIONS

-INTRODUCTION-
 
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) represent the aspirations of the global community
and also a valiant effort to push the frontiers of development. It is now universally
acknowledged that the SDGs represent an elaborate agenda for the governments, that
necessitates achieving progress simultaneously across social, economic and environmental
pillars.1 The inter-connectedness among these goals renders SDGs as planning,
implementation and a monitoring challenge. Specifically, SDGs impose an extraordinary
demand on the national statistical systems to generate and analyse an unprecedented amount
of data and more so on issues that are complex and evolving. India, with the world’s 17 per
cent of the population, holds the key to global SDG achievement. Today, the country faces
multiple challenges in several sectors of development, be it health, nutrition, education,
sanitation and infrastructure. However, these challenges also make India conducive for
developing innovative solutions to address them and also provide a useful lens for solving
similar problems in other parts of the world. While it is true that India’s progress will
determine the achievement of the SDGs in no small extent, the same is contingent on the
performance of our States and Union Territories. Given the federal structure of India, States
are crucial to India’s progress, as they are best placed to put people first and ensure that no
one is left behind. State and local governments also play a pivotal role in implementing
development programmes by almost spending seventy per cent more than the central
governments. State governments are, therefore, essential stakeholders if the SDGs are to
be realized in India, as well as globally. India is fully committed to achieving the Global
Goals within the specified timelines. The country is well aware of the prospect that if India
does not meet the SDGs, the world will be far from achieving them. The political leadership
is cognizant of the responsibility this warrants. To fast-track the progress towards meeting the
SDGs, India’s developmental schemes and programmes have been aligned with the Global
Goals. To coordinate all the SDG efforts at the national and sub-national levels, NITI Aayog
(National Institute of Transforming India) acts as the nodal institution. At the same time,
owing to the federal structure of the country, the States/ Union Territories play a significant
role in ensuring the success of the SDG agenda. This report measures the progress achieved
and distance to be covered by the States/UTs in their journey towards meeting the targets,
using the SDG India Index.2 The SDG Index is a powerful tool which offers excellent
1
Refer to ‘Global SDG Forum of United Nations.’
2
See Sustainable Development Index Report published by the Government of India (2019-20).
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 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS: INDIA’S GLOBAL ASPIRATIONS

possibilities for the States/UTs to identify priority areas which demand action, facilitate peer
learning, highlight data gaps, and promote healthy competition. 

-THE GLOBAL PICTURE-

Since the coming into force of the Global Goals in 2016, countries have taken a host of
proactive measures to achieve the targets on time. Extreme poverty and under-5 mortality
have reduced; a large number of countries have ratified the Paris Agreement on climate
change and developed policies to address rapid urbanisation and support sustainable
consumption and production.3 At the same time, challenges remain. Learning outcomes of
children and people’s access to health services need improvement, ocean acidification is
rising, and close to million species of flora and fauna are at the risk of extinction.
Governments, civil society organisations, private sector, development organisations,
academia, and citizens must accelerate their efforts to achieve the goals collectively.

-SUSTAINBLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS – THE INDIAN ACTION-

India’s key role in Agenda 2030: India is home to one-sixth of the planet’s humanity, which
makes the country a key player in ensuring the prosperity and sustainability of the planet and
its people. India has raised the levels of prosperity for its people manifold in the recent past. 4
However, challenges remain in many areas including health, nutrition, basic infrastructure,
quality of education among others. India’s commitment to attain SDGs translates into
transforming this country, by improving its socio-economic-environmental indicators. Due to
their very nature of different goals being horizontally inter-connected, it is clearly recognised
that attainment of SDGs cannot be achieved by launching an individual scheme. It requires a
multi-pronged strategy and convergent set of interventions at different levels of government
on a sustained basis.5 Alignment of National Development Agenda with SDGs: At the macro
level, India’s key developmental programmes, policy focus and resource allocation align with
the SDGs. For instance, Ayushman Bharat (Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana), which
3
Ansari, M. M. 2008, “Right to Information and its Relationship to Good Governance and Development”
Central Information Commission, New Delhi. Available at: http://cic.gov.
4
SAARC Secretariat. 2014, Best Practices in Poverty Alleviation and SDGs in South Asia: A Compendium.
SAARC Secretariat, Kathmandu.
5
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. 2015, “Millennium Development Goals- India Country
Report”, Available at: http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/mdg_26feb15.pdf.
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covers 500 million persons and is the largest health protection scheme in the world closely
aligns with SDG 3 (health and well-being) and SDG 10 (reduced inequalities). India’s
comprehensive climate action agenda and leadership in International Solar Alliance aim to
achieve the same outcomes which SDG 7 (clean and affordable energy) envisions. India’s
Aspirational Districts Programme, which intends to bring holistic development to 112
relatively backward districts of the country thereby contributing to regional equality aligns
with the spirit of SDG 10 (reduced inequalities). “Strategy for New India @75”, the strategy
document prepared by NITI Aayog charting a path of transformation until 2022 also focuses
on how the strategies put forward will help the country meet its SDG targets.6

Leadership and coordination: While government programmes will contribute to the

progress towards achieving the Global Goals, it is equally essential to put in place a
coordinating and monitoring mechanism. At the national level, NITI Aayog is designated as
the government institution responsible for overall coordination and monitoring of the SDGs
in the country. NITI Aayog works closely with the Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation, accountable for the development of the baseline data on the National
Indicator Framework, all central ministries, State/UT governments, international
development organisation such as the UN system, think tanks, and the civil society
organisations in driving the adoption, implementation, and monitoring of the SDG agenda.
The SDG Task Force, constituting senior officers from crucial ministries and leaders from
think tanks and civil society organisations, offers timely guidance and support. NITI Aayog
leads a host of monitoring efforts, which will be detailed in a separate section below.7

-ROLE OF NITI AAYOG-

As the institution overseeing implementation of SDGs in the country, NITI Aayog follows a
two-fold strategy.8 On the one hand, it sensitises and makes aware relevant stakeholders,
builds capacities, and facilitates implementation and monitoring of SDGs/targets through
aligned programmes/ schemes in collaboration with States/UTs and other institutions
including academia, civil society, UN and international organisations. On the other, NITI
6
Sen, A. 1993, “Capability and Well-being” in M. Nussbaum and A. Sen (eds.) The Quality of Life, (pp. 30-
53), Oxford: Clarendon Press.
7
Jones, Harry. 2009, “Equity in Development: Why It is Important and How to Achieve It” Working Paper 311,
Overseas Development Institute, London, UK.
8
See, Strategy for New India @ 75, by NITI Aayog.
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Aayog drives several innovative programmes and initiatives in several sectors corresponding
to the SDGs.

1. Collective Effort: The expression “Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas,” which translates as
“Collective Effort, Inclusive Growth”, forms the cornerstone of our national development
agenda. To fast track this agenda, NITI Aayog has released a Three-Year Action Agenda
covering years 2017-18 to 2019-20 and unfurled the strategy going forward -‘Strategy for
New India @ 75’. Reflecting the country’s long-standing federal tradition, States and UTs
participate actively to prepare these documents and are based on the SDG framework.9

2. Central Policy: The first element of the strategy is to ensure that attainment of SDGs
become central to the policy goals of not only the different Ministries in the Central
Government but also of the State Governments. This is so because many sectors requiring
sustained and strategic interventions are enumerated in State or Concurrent list of the
Schedule VII of the Constitution, like health, nutrition, education, water resource
management, agriculture among others. Given the complex nature of the task involved, NITI
Aayog uses the framework of cooperative as well as competitive federalism to align the
policies and schemes of State and Central Governments in these sectors to achieve the
SDGs.10

3. Aspirational District Programme: The Aspirational Districts Programme was launched

in the true spirit of cooperative and competitive federalism. Over the last year, 112 backward
districts across the country have been learning from and competing against each other to
record improvement across the SDGs 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10; focusing on health and nutrition,
education, agriculture and water resources, financial inclusion and skill development, and
basic infrastructure.11

4. Competitive Federalism: To drive the spirit of competition among States/UTs, NITI

Aayog has sought to establish a structure of evidence-based policymaking by devising a
robust mechanism for monitoring and evaluation of outcomes in key sectors of governance.
Focusing on effective management and better results backed by data analysis, NITI Aayog
has developed several social indices and dashboards. The Composite Water Management

9
Refer to the Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019.
10
Refer to the Sustainable Development Goals Report 2017.
11
Anand I., Thampi, A., (2016) Recent Trends in Wealth Inequality in India, Economic and Political Weekly,
51(50), December 2016.
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Index, the Health Outcomes Index, the School Education Quality Index, India Innovation
Index are some of the specific sectoral initiatives in this direction.12

5. Output-Outcome Monitoring Framework: There has been a significant paradigm shift

from input driven evaluation of schemes to outcome-based evaluation. In the new Output-
Outcome Monitoring Framework developed by NITI Aayog, the output and outcomes of the
schemes of Union Ministries and Departments are linked with the financial outlays as a part
of the Union Budget of 2019- 20. This will significantly enhance transparency, predictability
and ease of understanding of the government’s development agenda and linkages with the
SDGs.

-POVERTY: END IT IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE-

United Nations adopted the Millennium Declaration comprising the Millenium Development
Goals (MDGs) as an outcome of deliberations in the United Nations Millennium Summit on
8 September 2000. It gave a new vision to the global efforts on development over the next 15
years. The Report of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development held in
Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil in June 2012 (also known as Rio+20) called “The Future We Want”
paved the way for formal consultations on post-2015 development agenda in the form of
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) based on three dimensions of development, namely,
economic, social and environmental. SDGs are viewed as extensions of MDGs with
sustainability parameter added to each MDG to be implemented in the post-2015 era along
with a set of all new goals which were ignored in the MDGs. The SDGs are a set of 17
specific goals offering
special focus on important areas related to sustainable development that require urgent and
extensive attention at present and in the near future. The SDG framework undertakes to
provide systematic solutions to the obstacles identified in case of the MDGs like inequality,
sustainability, institutional resourcefulness, implementation efficacy, environmental
deterioration, etc., (UN 2014a). In this context, this paper attempts to explore the strengths
and weaknesses of one specific MDG, namely, MDG 1 related to poverty eradication in
context of India. Further the paper endeavours to identify the remaining gaps in fulfilling
targets under

12
Refer to the School Education Quality Index 2019, by NITI Aayog.
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MDG 1 with implications for the corresponding SDG 1, i.e., “End poverty in all its forms
everywhere”.

This project also supplements the evaluation of MDG 1 against the implementation
framework of SDG 1 to be adopted by India in fulfilling this goal. In order to set the
background for SDG 1 for the next 15 years, we must evaluate the impact of MDG 1 in India.
Second section presents a brief overview of targets of MDG 1 in the context of poverty. Third
section provides evidence of achievements of MDG 1 targets and highlights the best practices
and areas where the development programmes went beyond specified targets under the MDG
1. Fourth section briefly summarises the remaining gaps in fulfilling targets under the MDG
1. This section also highlights the estimated resource needs, scope of enhanced technology
intervention, and impact evaluation with special attention to gender and youth issues. Fifth
section describes the philosophy and concept of SDG 1 and its targets in detail, highlighting
the scope and prospects with reference to achievements and failures of specific targets of
MDG 1. Section six discusses in detail the implementation framework to be adopted by India
in fulfilling the SDG 1 focussing
on various parameters of implementation including its financing, technical architecture for its
monitoring and evidences and lessons learnt from best-practices in the rest of the world.

-OUTLINE OF MDG 1-

Out of the eight MDGs adopted by the United Nations in 2000 to be achieved globally by the
end of year 2015, the first Goal was to “Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty”. This goal
was considered the most significant out of all and a precondition to achieve the rest of the
seven MDGs. The overview of MDG 1 is given below. MDG 1 was based on three specific
targets:

Target 1.A: Reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day:

The above target was captured by the following three indicators:

 Poverty Head Count Ratio (PHCR): Extreme Poverty Rate.13

13
Poverty Head Count Ratio means proportion of population below the national poverty line.
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 Poverty Gap Ratio.14

 Share of poorest quintile in national consumption.15

Target 1.B and 1.C are associated with abating unemployment and combating extreme hunger
levels globally.

Target 1.B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including
women and young people:
This target had been captured by following four indicators:
 Growth rate of GDP per person employed.
 Employment to population ratio.
 Proportion of employed people living below $1 per day.
 Proportion of own-account and contributing family workers in total employment.

Target 1.C: Reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger:

This target was based on two indicators, namely:

 Prevalence of underweight children under five years of age.
 Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption.

As indicated, MDG 1 consisted of three different but interconnected targets of abating

poverty, reducing mounting levels of unemployment and combating hunger. However, scope
of this paper is mainly restricted to the first target of MDG 1, i.e., Target 1.A related to
poverty alleviation in India.

-PHILOSOPHY AND CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

AND TARGET-

SDGs are expected to supplement the positive outcomes of the MDGs. The idea behind up-
gradation of MDG 1 to SDG 1 lies in the evolution of various approaches to measure poverty.

14
Poverty Gap Ratio at national poverty lines is the mean shortfall from the poverty lines (counting the non-
poor as having zero shortfalls) as a percentage of the poverty lines. This measure reflects the depth of poverty as
well as its incidence.
15
Share of poorest quintile means share of poorest 20 per cent population in total national monthly consumption
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The most ancient approach to poverty was the “Subsistence Approach” and the new concept
of “Basic-needs Approach” came later, which along with food requirement also included
aspects of non-monetary elements required for human subsistence. The concept of poverty
was further broadened when Amartya Sen gave the concept of “Entitlements or Capabilities
Approach” which proposed that “the income-centred view of poverty, based on specifying an
interpersonally invariant ‘poverty line’ income, may be very misleading in the identification
and evaluation of poverty. Since income is not desired for its own sake, any income-based
notion of poverty must refer – directly or indirectly – to those basic ends which are promoted
by income as means” (Sen, 1993). There are also discussions on the concepts of “Human
Poverty” and on more specific versions like “Gender-based Poverty” in academic and policy
discourses.

The philosophy behind the inception of SDG 1 is to extend the MDG 1 targets based on
Minimum Needs Approach and Basic Needs Approach of poverty to Capabilities Approach
or Entitlements Approach and Gender-based Poverty Approach. The basic objective is to
inculcate inter-generational entitlements and reduce intra-household disparities. On
methodological aspect, SDGs are much wider in concept than MDGs as SDGs are based on
holistic approach of poverty.

Unlike MDG 1, SDG 1 aims to end poverty from everywhere in all its forms which includes
economic, social, gender-based and all other forms of deprivation in income, education,
nutrition, health, access to water and sanitation, and vulnerability to economic shocks. This is
known as Multidimensional Approach of poverty which guided the Targets of SDG 1.

-IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK-

The remaining gaps in fulfilling the targets of MDG 1 illustrate that positive outcomes of
MDG 1 could have been better in India if implementation framework adopted by India had
been more comprehensive. This section elaborates the normative framework of
implementation of SDGs to be adopted by India in order to assure targeted outcomes. The
implementation framework focuses on two major dimensions as discussed below.

Technical Architecture for Monitoring SDGs:

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Monitoring of SDGs is a very vital issue for their implementation. However, there could be
no single approach which can monitor the development programmes in an optimum way. The
implementation of SDG 1 requires amalgamation of a number of measures to be taken which
could improve the technical architecture of SDGs and make them more target-oriented. The
biggest issue with the monitoring of development programmes is the performance
measurement. First of all, objective parameters should be set for the evaluation of
performance under SDG 1 (UNDP, 2015). Since, SDG 1 talks about removing poverty in all
its forms from everywhere, it requires introspection of all forms of poverty prevalent in
various countries. Human Poverty Index developed by the United Nations to complement
Human Development Index could be referred for this purpose or country specific indices
could be developed keeping in mind the country specific forms of poverty. This must include
poverty in the form of deprivation in income or opportunities, education, access to natural
resources, or inequality on the basis of gender, age, caste, creed, and other dimensions. Also,
specific indices should be developed focussing on vulnerable sections of society like disabled
population or transgenders to bring them to the mainstream and measure their level of
poverty and its improvement over the years. Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness Index
(GNHI), Gender-related Development Index (GDI), Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM),
Global Peace Index (GPI), OECD’s Better Life Index, Genuine Progress Indicator, Index of
Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) are few such indices that capture poverty in its
different forms. Secondly, the measurement of performance should be regular and at fixed
intervals. Thirdly, evaluation agencies should be independent and autonomous of the
implementing agencies in order to maintain the integrity of the measures. Fourthly, above
mentioned objective approaches should be designed for measurement and only one specific
approach should be used for measurement of one parameter. Lastly, regular publication of
these measures should be brought out for various interest groups and the public.

Lessons from Best Practices and South-South Cooperation (SSC):

South-South Cooperation (SSC) has become the expression of collaboration and partnership
among countries from the South, interested in sharing, learning, and exploring their
complementary strengths to go beyond their traditional role as aid recipients. SSC is allowing
the emergence of a paradigm where “Horizontal Partnerships”, based on equity, trust, mutual
benefit and long-term relations, become an alternative way to do development cooperation.

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The Philippines has initiated citizen’s participatory monitoring of local development projects
for increasing transparency and accountability of implementing agencies. Specific lessons
from
Bangladesh regarding microfinance and employment generation from South-East Asian
countries could be of vital use for India to solve its own problem of poverty.

The strategy adopted by Bangladesh in capacity building of poor and women, especially
those
belonging to the lagging regions of the country through a well-planned education and training
programme. The idea is to narrow down the skill gaps in labour force with special focus on
target groups. Bangladesh has also successfully implemented a National Disability Action
Plan involving all related ministries in collaboration with various NGOs to provide skill
training, stipends, interest free micro-credit and education facilities to the disabled
population.

Nepal is a very unique country which redesigned its own constitution based on the needs and
priorities of the society to remove inequality and disparity of socio-economic nature. The
Micro-Initiative Fund (MIF) in Bhutan was formulated to solve the problem of rural credit in
agriculture sector and small-business by formal financial sector through Bhutan Development
Bank, through Tarayana Foundation which is a microfinance institution and has various
donor-assisted projects.16

-CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS: THE WAY

AHEAD-

Implementation Challenge: The commitment of the government to eradicate poverty can be

realised if initiatives of States/ Union Territories complement actions at the national levels.
There is need for greater coordination among the Centrally Spon - sored/ Central Sector
schemes, the State government schemes, and the local development initiatives of the
Panchayati Raj Institutions and Urban Local Bodies.

16
See compilation from various sources including OCED Report “Unlocking the Potential of South-South
Cooperation Policy Recommendations from the Task Team on South South Cooperation”, Report of UN High
level Plenary Meeting on MDGs (September 2010) and “Best Practices in Poverty Alleviation and SDGs in
South Asia: A Compendium, 2014”.
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Regional Disparities: The States of India reflect enormous socio-economic diversities and
disparities. Much of India's poverty is concentrated in rural areas and in low-income States.
The difference among the States/ UTs in terms of the proportion of people living below the
poverty line is stark: Chhattisgarh has 39.93 per cent of people living below poverty while the
corresponding figure for Andaman & Nicobar Islands is 1 per cent. Between 2004-05 to
2011-12, the percentage of people below poverty line has decreased significantly from 13.8
per cent to 5 per cent in Goa. However, Chhattisgarh has seen only marginal reduction, from
40.9 per cent to 39.93 per cent.

Rapid Urbanisation: While bringing a range of economic benefits, rapid urbanisation has
brought with it enormous challenges, most noticeably in the form of demand-supply gaps in
housing, infrastructure, employment and other economic opportunities and services.

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-REFERENCES-

 Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, 2015: Millennium

Development Goals- India Country Report. Available at:
http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/mdg_26feb15.pdf.

 OECD. 2011. Unlocking the Potential of South-South Cooperation Policy

Recommendations from the Task Team on South-South Cooperation. Available at:
http://www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness/TT-SSC%20Policy%20Recommendations.pdf.

 Sen, A. 1993. “Capability and Well-being” in M. Nussbaum and A. Sen (eds.) The
Quality of Life, (pp. 30-53). Oxford: Clarendon Press.

 Solomon, A., J.F. Solomon and M. Suto. 2004. “Can the UK Experience Provide
Lessons for the Evolution of SRI in Japan?” Corporate Governance, 12(4): 552–566.

 Sjöström, E., and R. Welford. 2009. “Facilitators and Impediments for Socially
Responsible Investment: A Study of Hong Kong.” Corporate Social Responsibility
and Environmental Management, 16(5): pp 278-288.

 UN 2010 Report of High-Level Plenary Meeting on the Millennium Development

Goals.

 NITI Aayog Sustainable Development Index, 2019.

 Economic Survey – 2014-15, 2017-18, 2018-19.

 All India Survey on Higher Education 2018-19.

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