PRESENTED BY- MR.
RONY XAVIER
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HEALTH
DEFINITION
“Health is a state of complete physical, mental, social
and spiritual well-being and not merely the absence
of disease or infirmity.”
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FACTORS AFFECTING THE
HEALTH
In order to improve population health
status and reduce health inequalities, it is
important to identify and understand the
main factors that protect and promote
good health. These factors are known as
the determinants of health.
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HEALTH DETERMINANT
Health is determined by a convergence of five levels:
1. Human biology, hereditary factors, age, sex,
person’s individual characteristics.
2. Individual life style.
3. Social and community influence.
4. Living and working condition.
5. General socioeconomic and cultural and
environmental conditions.
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THE MAIN DETERMINANTS OF
HEALTH
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HUMAN BIOLOGY
It includes those aspects of health (both mental and
physical) which are determined by the organic
structure and physiological functioning of the human
body.
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HERIDITORY FACTORS
Inheritance plays a part in determining lifespan,
healthiness and the likelihood of developing certain
illnesses.
The inheritance factors are can be:
✓Race
✓Sex
✓Inherited Diseases
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INDIVIDUAL LIFE STYLE
Behavioral Influences:
✓Tobacco use
✓Unhealthy diet
✓Inadequate activity
✓Alcohol and drug use
✓Behaviors leading to intentional/unintentional injury.
Personal behavior:
➢coping skills and how we deal with life’s stresses
and challenges
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SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY FACTORS
The social and community factors that have been shown in a
variety of settings to have the greatest influence on health
are:
✓Education
✓Social cohesion
✓social connectedness.
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EDUCATION
•Education has profound health effects. More education makes
an individual more aware of healthy and unhealthy choices
and makes it easier to make healthy choices.
•A low level of education is associated with poor health status.
•Low education levels are linked with poor health, more stress
and lower self-confidence
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SOCIAL COHESION
People with strong family, cultural and community bonds have
better health than people who are socially isolated.
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SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS
•Social connectedness is related to the health of individuals
and communities.
•Single parent families, people with mental illness, people
with disabilities, people living alone and older people are
particularly vulnerable to social isolation.
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COMMUNITY
Characteristics of communities can influence health in
many ways either direct or indirect. For example,
neighborhoods can be physically hazardous because of air and
chemical pollution, traffic, lack of sidewalks and safe places to
exercise, and the dangers of crime.
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LIVING AND WORKING
CONDITION
•Housing
•Work
•Employment and Occupation
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HOUSING
•Overcrowding, damp and cold have direct effects on physical
and mental health.
•High housing costs leave less money for other budget items
essential to good health including nutritious food, education,
and access to health services.
•Poor-quality housing poses a risk of exposure to many
conditions that can contribute to poor health, such as indoor
allergens that can lead to (and increase) asthma, injuries, and
exposure to lead and other toxic substances.
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WORK
Work can influence health in many ways, including through
links both with health care insurance and with physically
hazardous exposures in the workplace.
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EMPLOYMENT AND OCCUPATION
•The main factor determining adequate income is participation
in continuous employment.
•As such, employment is an important determinant of health.
•In addition to providing income, employment enhances social
status and improves self-esteem, provides social contact and a
way of participating in community life, and enhances
opportunities for regular activity, which all help to enhance
individual health and well-being.
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EMPLOYMENT AND WORKING
CONDITION
•People in employment are healthier, particularly those
who have more control over their working conditions
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GENERAL SOCIOECONOMIC,CULTURAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
✓Income
✓Poverty
✓Ethnicity
✓Culture
✓Environment
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INCOME
•Income is the single most important determinant of health.
There is a persistent correlation between low income and poor
health.
•The low income leads to the highest rates of illness and death.
•Adequate income is a prerequisite for many other
determinants of health, for example, adequate housing, a
nutritious diet and educational opportunities.
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INCOME AND SOCIAL STATUS
•Higher income and social status are linked to better health.
The greater the gap between the richest and poorest people,
the greater the differences in health.
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POVERTY
•Poverty has long been recognized as an important
determinant of ill health.
•People who are poor have worse self-reported health, higher
rates of disability, and higher rates of death, disease and injury.
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RACE AND ETHNICITY
•Racial and ethnic background has profound effects on an
individual’s health.
•There are advantages and disadvantages of race and ethnicity
that can affect the health.
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CULTURAL FACTORS
Definitions of Culture:
✓A system of thoughts & behaviors shared by a group of
people.
✓Refers to an integrated pattern of belief and behavior.
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CULTURE AND ETHNICITY
•Cultural factors can have both a positive and a negative
influence on health.
•Health inequalities within ethnic groups are as important as
health inequalities between different ethnic groups.
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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
The Physical Environment :
✓The quality of air.
✓water safety.
✓Food safety.
✓Drugs and other chemicals products.
✓Waste disposal.
✓control of excessive noise.
✓Lighting.
✓The radiation.
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POPULATION BASED SERVICES
AND FACILITIES
•Utilities such as water and sewerage reticulation contributed
towards large improvements in population health.
•Maintenance of these services, is essential to protecting
population health and should be a high priority.
