Car Park Ventilation

by Jet Fan system

presented by
Paul Mason, Business Development Manager
Alex Maymó, CFD Engineer
 Agenda

• Basic principles
• Regulations
• Jet fans system
• Pollution / fume extraction
• Emergency fire smoke extract
• Fire smoke clearance
• Fire smoke control
• CFD examples
• Project examples
• Typical fan products

17/10/2012 2
 Basic principles

17/10/2012 3
 Basic principles - Regulation
Low pollution 6 ACH
BS 7346-7:2006
Normal
Section 6 High pollution 10 ACH
Pollution
Ventilation Low pollution
NP 127:2009 300 m3/(h·Space)
High pollution
600 m3/(h·Space)
Car Park
BS 7346-7:2006
Ventilation Smoke Clearance 10 ACH
Section 9

NP 127:2009
600 m3/(h·Space)
Emergency
Mode

BS 7346-7:2006 Smoke
Smoke Control
Section 10 & 11 production
17/10/2012 4
 Basic principles - Regulations

• BS 7346-7:2006
• Sección 6: Vehicle exhaust pollution control

• Sección 9: Impulse ventilation to achieve smoke

clearance

17/10/2012 5
 Smoke clearance
UK BS 7346 -7 Code of practice ...... for covered car parks.

Section 9. Impulse ventilation to achieve smoke clearance.

“to assist fire-fighters by providing ventilation to allow speedier clearance
of the smoke once the fire has been extinguished”
“help reduce the smoke density and temperature during the course of the
fire”
Section 10. Impulse ventilation to assist fire fighting access.

“the objective of the smoke control design is to aid access by the fire
service to more quickly locate and tackle a fire and carry out search and
rescue as necessary”
Section 11. Impulse ventilation to protect means of escape.
“the objective ..is to provide for the protection of escape routes for
occupants within the story as the car on fire......”
17/10/2012 6
 Basic principles – Typical main extract fans

Two fans
each extracting
50% air flow

UK BS 7346-7, at least 2 main extract fans to serve car park.

17/10/2012 7
 Smoke clearance

Fire smoke extract

Smoke clearance systems

17/10/2012 8
 Smoke clearance – Ducted method
Extract fans10 ACH

EXHAUST
FANS
Duct is extracting 50% smoke at high
level and 50% air at low level

DUCT
50 % air at high level

 Supply air

 50 % air at
5 ACH
 low level
LOW LEVEL 

17/10/2012 9
 Smoke clearance – Jet Fan system
Extract fans
10 ACH Smoke at high level is induced toward
extract point; more smoke removed?

Jet Fan

Supply air

17/10/2012 10
 Potential benefits – Jet Fan VS. ducted ventilation

• Ducted system:
• Extract at high, and low level  Will only extract
hot smoke at high level extract point
• Jet Fans system:
• Operates at high level and induces hot smoke
toward extract point
• Smoke exhaust may be increased

17/10/2012 11
 smoke control

fire smoke control

17/10/2012 12
 smoke control

UK BS 7346 -7 Code of practice ...... for covered car parks.

Section 9. Impulse ventilation to achieve smoke clearance.

“to assist fire-fighters by providing ventilation to allow speedier clearance
of the smoke once the fire has been extinguished”
“help reduce the smoke density and temperature during the course of the
fire”
Section 10. Impulse ventilation to assist fire fighting access.

“the objective of the smoke control design is to aid access by the fire
service to more quickly locate and tackle a fire and carry out search and
rescue as necessary”
Section 11. Impulse ventilation to protect means of escape.
“the objective ..is to provide for the protection of escape routes for
occupants within the story as the car on fire......”
17/10/2012 13
 smoke control - road tunnels

SMOKE VELOCITY (Vs)

Vs = 1.5m/s Vs = 1.5m/s
AIR VELOCITY

CAR FIRE – 3MW

where: tunnel: 10m (w) x 5m (h)

car fire 8MW

* based on Heselden’s method of predicting smoke velocity

17/10/2012 14
 smoke control - road tunnels

energy from fire Jet Fan

SMOKE VELOCITY (Vs)
moves smoke >18ms-1 velocity

JETFAN
Vs = 2.8ms-1
1.5 ms-1
entrained air flow

CAR FIRE – 3MW

critical velocity of 1.5ms-1

17/10/2012 15
 smoke control - enclosed car parks

inlet air via ramp

Ps
extract fans

smoke perimeter

For Car Parks, the tunnel theory is adapted to take Ps

to be Smoke Perimeter

17/10/2012 16
 Fire smoke

How much smoke is produced by a car fire?

17/10/2012 17
 Fire smoke – Calculation of the rate of fire smoke production

M
M

Y
P

M = CePY3/2
where:
• M = Mass rate of smoke production (kg/sec)
• P = Perimeter of fire (m)
• Y = Height of smoke layer (m)
• Ce = Constant Source: UK BRE 368
17/10/2012 18
 Smoke control – Calculate smoke volume flow

Smoke production (kg/s) x Absolute smoke layer temp (K)

Volume of smoke (m³/s) 
1.22 kg/m³ x Absolute ambient temp (K)

where:
• Effective height of Car Park = 3 m
• Effective height of Clear Layer Y = 2.5 m
• Fire perimeter P = 20 m source BS 7346-7:2006
• Design Fire size HRR = 8MW source BS 73467:2006 (4MW with sprinklers)
• Analyse HRR values = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 MW

17/10/2012 19
 Smoke control – Calculate smoke volume flow

16.6 kg/s x 654K

Volume of smoke (m³/s)  = 30.4m3/s
1.22 kg/m³ x 293 K

where:
• Effective height of Car Park = 3 m
• Effective height of Clear Layer Y = 2.5 m
• Fire perimeter P = 20 m source BS 7346-7:2006
• Calculated Fire size above HRR = 6 MW
• Alternative HRR values calculated = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 MW

17/10/2012 20
 Fire smoke – Air change rate VS. Smoke production
BS 7346-7: 2006 (unsprinklered Fire)

Calculated smoke production m3/s

Car Park Car Park 6 AC/hr 10 AC/hr

HRR 1MW HRR 2MW HRR 4MW HRR 6MW HRR 8MW
m2 m³ m3/s m3/s

1000 3000 5.0 8.3 16.4 19.2 24.8 30.4 36.0

2000 6000 10.0 16.7 16.4 19.2 24.8 30.4 36.0

3000 9000 15.0 25.0 16.4 19.2 24.8 30.4 36.0

4000 12000 20.0 33.3 16.4 19.2 24.8 30.4 36.0

8000 24000 40.0 66.7 16.4 19.2 24.8 30.4 36.0

where:
• Effective height of Car Park = 3 m
• Effective height of Clear Layer Y = 2.5 m
• Fire perimeter P = 20 m source BS 7346-7:2006
• Design Fire size HRR = 8MW source BS 73467:2006
• Alternative HRR values shown = 1, 2, 4, 6 MW
17/10/2012 21
 Fire testing

17/10/2012
Source: UK CLG / BRE research 2006-9 22
 Fume extraction

Typical Country Regulations

17/10/2012 23
 fume and emergency smoke extraction
Regulations varies from country to country, examples:
Ventilation requirements by country
Ventilation Pollution control Smoke ext Temp deg C
Europe
Belgium 300 m3/h / space 600 m3/h / car space 200 - 300 /2h
Croatia 6 ac/h 10 ac/h 400 / 2h
Denmark 5 ac/h 10 ac/h 300 / 1h
Ireland 6 ac/h 10 ac/h 300 / 1h
Finland 0.9 - 3.6 l/s / m2 10m3/s / 1000m2 300 / 2h
2.7 l/s /m2
France 300 m3/h / space 900m3/h / car space 400 / 2h
600m3/h /car space 200 / 2h
Germany 300 m3/h / space 600 m3/h / car space 300 / 1h
3.3l/s /m2 10 ac/h
Holland 4 ac/h CO 200ppm / 30min
10.8 m3/h/m2
Italy 3 ac/h none
Poland 2-300m3/h / space 3 Mw fire 300 / 1h
Portugal 300 m3/h / space CO 50ppm , 100 ppm 600m3/h / car space 400 / 2h*
Spain 120 l/s / space 150 l/s / space 300 / 2h*
Sweden 0.91 l/s m2
Turkey UK BS 7346-7 ?
UK 6 ac/h CO 30ppm in 8h 10 ac/h 300 / 1h*
CO 90ppm in 15min

17/10/2012 *data changes, so important to check current requirement in country 24

 fume and emergency smoke extraction
Regulations varies from country to country, examples:

Ventilation requirements by country

Ventilation Pollution Smoke Temp deg C
ROW
Bahrain 6 ac/h 10 ac/h 300 / 1h
Dubai 6 ac/h 10 ac/h 300 / 1h
Oman 6 ac/h 10 ac/h 300 / 1h
Qatar 6 ac/h 10-12 ac/h 300 / 1h

Canada CO 11/13 ppm in 8h

CO 25/30ppm in 1h
Hong Kong
India 6-10 ac/h 10-30 ac/h 200 / 2h
Japan 6.35 - 7.62 l/s / m2
Singapore 6 ac/h CO 50 ppm max 10 ac / h
South Korea 6.35 - 7.62 l/s / m2 none
USA ASHRAE 7.6 l/s / m2 CO 9ppm in 8h
CO 35ppm in 1h
NFPA 6 ac/h

17/10/2012 *data changes, so important to check current requirement in country 25

 Basic principles – supply + extract ventilation
To ventilate an occupied area:

Air is supplied and extracted where required in the occupied area

17/10/2012 26
 Basic principles – supply + extract ventilation
To ventilate an occupied area:

Air is supplied and extracted where required in the occupied area

17/10/2012 27
 Basic principle – Duct installation

• Extract ducts:
• Take up space
• Increase fan pressure
• Can conflict with other services
• Lighting
• Pipework

17/10/2012 32
 Basic principles – Duct installation

Examples of ducting within car parking area, to show conflict with

other services.

17/10/2012 33
 Basic principles – Duct installation

More examples of ducting within car parking area, to show conflict

with other services!

17/10/2012 34
 Basic principles – Car park without ducting

17/10/2012 35
 Basic principles – Jet fans system

• Main extract fans provide

• The required Air Change / Hour (ACH) or,
• Flow rate / parking space
• Air is drawn via:
• Ramps
• Louvers
• Shafts
• Air can also be supplied by fans
• Jet Fans Control the air

17/10/2012 36
 Potential benefits – Jet Fan VS. ducted ventilation

• No ducting in the parking area

• Reduce fan pressure
• Reduce power consumption (kW)
• Reduce cost
• No ducting to be damaged, cleaned, maintained, or
obstruct other services
• More space for parking
• Improved visibility and appearance in parking area
• May reduce height of parking space, saving building
cost
• Others
17/10/2012 37
 Basic principles
Jet Fan system?

17/10/2012 38
 Basic principles – Typical car park Jet Fan

17/10/2012 39
 Basic principles

Jetfan n

17/10/2012
Jet Fan - air entrainment 40
 Basic principles – Axial Jet Fan plume

17/10/2012 41
 Basic principles – Axial Jet Fan plume

17/10/2012 42
 Basic principles –Centrifugal plume

17/10/2012 43
 Basic principles –Centrifugal plume

17/10/2012 44
 Basic principles

Basic principles
CFD + Jet Fan system?

17/10/2012 45
 Basic principles: CFD – ducted extract, multiple grilles
Entrance ramp, air in

Extract ducting:
Total of 28 grilles in 4 rows

What will happen to air?

17/10/2012 46
 Basic principles: CFD – Jet Fans, 2 extracts
Entrance ramp, air in

2 x extract
grilles

What will happen to air?

17/10/2012 47
 Smoke clearance

Influence of obstructions

17/10/2012 54
 Fume extraction - Orientation

1 2

3 4

17/10/2012 Car park, 3m H 9340m2. 6 ac/h = 47 m3/s, 10 ac/h = 78m3/s. 26 Jetfans 55
 Fume extraction – CFD air velocity

1 2

3 4

17/10/2012 Car park, 3m H x 9340m2. 6 ac/h = 47 m3/s, 10 ac/h = 78m3/s. 26 Jetfans 56
 Jet Fan operation

Video showing Jetfan induced flow of hot

smoke in car park.
http://www.youtube.com/user/SyPVentilation?feature=mhsn#p/u/5/pj-ScGU_TX8

17/10/2012 58
 Example CFD analysis

Examples CFD analysis

17/10/2012 63
 Example CFD analysis – Model of car park

Car Park description:

• Cars: 445
• Height: 3.0 m (3.33 m in Z2)
• Surface: 12,670 m2
• Inlet air: Via ramps and shafts
• Nº of extracts: 3
17/10/2012 64
 Example CFD analysis –
Layout of the car park with Jet Fan location

Zone 3

Zone 2

25 Jet Fans
• 7 of TJHT/2/4-315-C 0,8/0,2kW F300
• 13 of IFHT-50N-C 4/8 1.1/0.18kW F300
• 5 of IFHT-75N-C 4/8 2,2/0,37kW F300

Zone 1

17/10/2012 65
 Example CFD analysis – Possible cause and effect

A typical cause and effect table should be agreed, however, a typical arrangement may
be as follows:
The cause and effect describes how the main fans and Jet Fans will need to operate to
achieve the required ventilation conditions with the car park. For smoke clearance
systems, some regulations may require a delay before operation of JetFans, for safe
evacuation.
Pollution control
Mode Sensing Extract Fans Jet Fans
A CO <30 ppm Off Off
B CO = 30 ppm Low Speed Low Speed
C CO = 90 ppm High Speed High Speed
Emergency smoke clearance
Smoke or
rapid
D High Speed High Speed
Temperature
rise
17/10/2012 66
 Example CFD analysis – NPV
Velocity contour plot at 1.7 m above floor at 3.5 ACH

17/10/2012 67
 Example CFD analysis – NPV
LMA at 1.7 m above floor at 3.5 ACH

17/10/2012 68
 Example CFD analysis – NPV
Velocity contour at 2.75 m above floor at 3.5 ACH

Zone 3

Zone 2

Zone 1

17/10/2012 69
 Example CFD analysis – Report considerations

• Conclusions for NPV:

• Figures show air movement throughout the car park at 1.7m above
floor level, which is adult head height, without stagnant areas
• Figures indicate the Local Mean Age of air (LMA) at 1.7m above
floor level. This is the time that air remains in the car park, and
provides further indication of air distribution throughout the car park
• Example: for 3.5 ACH, optimum would be 1 ACH every (60min / 3.5
ACH x 60 seconds) = 1,030 seconds
• Therefore we can evaluate from the color contours the LMA. These
figures show the air to the left of the diagram is slightly older than
the air to the right, which would be expected, with location of air
inlet, air direction and location of air extract stations
• Figures indicate an acceptable air movement in a horizontal plane at
adult head height, 1.7m above floor
17/10/2012 70
 Example CFD analysis – EM
Velocity contour plot at 1.7 m above floor at 6.75 ACH

Zone 3

Zone 2

17/10/2012 71
 Example CFD analysis –
LMA at 1.7 m above floor at 6.75 ACH

Zone 3

Zone 2

17/10/2012 72
 Example CFD analysis –
Velocity streamlines at 6.75 ACH

Zone 3

Zone 2

17/10/2012 73
 Example CFD analysis – Report considerations

• Conclusions for EM:

• Figures show air movement throughout the car park at 1.7m above
floor level, which is adult head height, without stagnant areas
• Figures indicate the Local Mean Age of air (LMA) at 1.7m above
floor level. This is the time that air remains in the car park, and
provides further indication of air distribution throughout the car park
• Example: for 6.75 ACH, optimum would be 1 ACH every (60min /
6.75 ACH x 60 seconds) = 535 seconds
• Therefore we can evaluate from the color contours the LMA. These
figures show the air is being extracted in optimum time scale for
Zone 2 and Zone 3
• Streamlines show air movement throughout all the different zones
• Figures indicate an acceptable air movement in a horizontal plane at
adult head height, 1.7m above floor
17/10/2012 74
 Ejemplos de proyectos – Proyectos de Referencia

• Zorlu Center (Istanbul)

• Armada AVM (Ankara)
• The Polygon (Egypt)
• Lidl (Zagreb)
• Ikea (Caen)
• Floreasca Sky Tower (Bucharest)
• Allegro (Jawor)
• Pacific Al Marjan (Dubai)
• External Affairs Ministry (Algiers)
• Al Jasra (Qatar)
17/10/2012 84
 Further examples CFD analysis

Project examples

17/10/2012 85
 Project examples – Terra

17/10/2012 88
 Project examples – Terra

17/10/2012 89
 Project examples – The Polygon
Height Surface Aprox. Volume
Basement Zone
[m] [m2] [m3]
Z1.1 4.00 3,664 14,656
Z1.2 4.00 5,625 22,500
Basement 1
Z1.3 4.00 3,355 13,420
Z1.4 4.00 7,453 29,812
B1 4.00 20,097 80,388
Z2.1 2.74 3,635 9,960
Z2.2 2.74 5,894 16,150
Basement 2
Z2.3 2.74 6,438 17,640
Z2.4 2.74 7,743 21,216
B2 2.74 23,710 64,966

93
17/10/2012 93
 Project examples – Zorlu Center

Floor to
Floor Surface
Level Zone ceiling Height Volume [m 3 ]
[m 2 ]
[m]
PB1 - 3.20 1,881 6,018
PB2A - 3.20 2,457 8,384
PB2 - 3.20 2,338 7,993
PB3 - 3.20 2,403 8,213
Z 4.1 3.20 2,724 9,239
PB4
Z 4.2 3.20 1,867 5,976
Z 5.2 & Z 5.3 3.20 3,069 10,342
PB5
Z 5.1 & Z 5.4 3.20 4,317 13,815
Z 6.2 & Z 6.3 3.20 3,499 11,708
PB6
Z 6.1 & Z 6.4 3.20 3,441 11,012
Z 7.2 & Z 7.3 3.20 3,499 11,197
PB7
Z 7.1 & Z 7.4 3.20 3,832 12,263
Total - 27.2 35,327 116,160
17/10/2012 94
 Project examples – Armada

Note
location of
air entry
Access ramps
for air inlet
and extract
Extract air fans
17/10/2012 95
 Project examples – Do’s & Dont’s

• Do not locate extract points close to ramps, or air inlet

points. Better to locate extract points opposite side of car
park to ramps or air inlet points
• Do consider where air / smoke is discharged to atmosphere
– Is it safe?
• Do avoid high inlet air velocity to car park, BS refers to
maximum inlet air velocity of 2 m/s
• Do not locate Jetfan discharge toward exit stairs, fireman
access or sprinklers
• Do avoid high air velocity in escape routes and ramps, BS
refers to maximum inlet air velocity in ramps should not
exceed 5 m/s
• Others

17/10/2012 96
 Product

Typical fan products

17/10/2012 97
 Product

Model : TJHT
• Axial Flow Type
• 315 to 630 mm diameter
• 12N to 390N Thrust.
• Fully reversible impeller
• Fitted with 1 or 2 speed motor
• Terminal box, or optional Isolation switch fitted
for F200, F300, F400
• Supplied with inlet/outlet
protection guards or Deflectors
17/10/2012 98
 Product

Model : TJHU
• Axial Flow Type
• 315 to 400 mm diameter
• 12N to 60N Thrust.
• Uni-direction impeller
• Fitted with 1 or 2 speed motor
• Terminal box, or optional Isolation switch fitted
for F200, F300, F400
• Supplied with inlet/outlet
protection guards or
inlet guard and outlet deflector
17/10/2012 99
 Product

17/10/2012 100
 Product

17/10/2012 101
 Product

17/10/2012 102
 Product
Centrifugal Induction Fan Model : IFHT
• Centrifugal Type
• Low headroom car park
• 50N, 75N, 100N thrust
• Terminal box connection
• Isolation switch option
• Fire rated F300 / 120, new F400 / 120
• Two speed 4 / 8 Pole

17/10/2012 103
 Product

17/10/2012 104
 Product

17/10/2012 105
 Product

17/10/2012 106
 Product
Models : TGT - THGT
Axial flow fans
• 400 to 1250 mm diameter
• Air volume flow from 1,500 to
120,000 m3/h
• TGT
•THGT Fire rated
F200/120
F300/120
F400/120

17/10/2012 107
 Remember – Fans for life safety

Car fire testing

Image from CLG / BRE Global research programme
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4bjMLFx4IQg&feature=player_embedded

17/10/2012 109
 Fire – the results, costs?

17/10/2012
Source: Avon Fire & Rescue UK 110
Car Park Ventilation
by Jet Fan system

Questions

presented by

Alex Maymó
CFD Engineer

http://www.tv3.cat/videos/1534449/Incendi-espectacular-a-Viladecans