AR561 – ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING

presentation on

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT & RECYCLING

by

GROUP 3

101117020 – Naveen
101117023 – Parivel
101117027 - Dheepthi
101117028 – Reethi
Solid-waste management, the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is
discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful.
Solid Waste Management may be defined as the discipline associated with the control of
generation, collection, storage, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid wastes in
a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering,
conservation, aesthetics and other environmental considerations.

Schematic diagram of Solid-waste management

Solid Waste chart
Principles of waste management
MSW management process
Waste hierarchy.
Life-cycle of a product.
Resource efficiency.
Polluter-pays principle.
Modern era.
Waste handling practices.
Landfill.
Incineration.

The most commonly recognized

methods for the final disposal of solid
wastes are:

•Dumping on land
•Dumping in water
•Ploughing into the soil
•Incineration
 SW management Concepts

Waste management hierarchy

The most commonly recognized

methods for the final disposal of solid
wastes are:

•Dumping on land
•Dumping in water
•Ploughing into the soil
•Incineration
 What can you do to reduce solid waste

1. Carry your own cloth or jute bag when you go shopping.

2. Say no to all plastic bags as far as possible.
3. Reduce the use of paper bags also.
4. Segregate the waste in the house – keep two garbage bins
5. Dig a compost pit in your garden and put all the bio degradable waste into
it.
6. See to it that all garbage is thrown into the municipal bin as the collection is
generally done from there.
7. When you go out do not throw paper and other wrappings or even leftover
food here and there, make sure that it is put in the correct place - a
dustbin.
8. Do not throw the waste/litter on the streets, drains, open spaces, water
bodies etc. REFERENCES:
9. Storage of organic/bio-degradable and recyclable waste should be done
separately at source. •Slideshare- solid waste management
10. Community storage/collection of waste mechanisms to be made available •Vikashpedia-solid waste management
in flats, multi-storied buildings, societies, commercial complexes, etc. •Solid Waste Management -A Case Study
11. Manage excreta of pet dogs and cats appropriately. July 2020
12. Waste processing/disposal at a community level is tobe explored. •Google images – for images
13. Pay adequately for the services provided.
14. Create awareness among your community.
Polokwane city
Limpopo province, SA
Introduction
The Limpopo Province has six district
municipalities of which Polokwane city is
found within the Capricon District
municipality. Polokwane city previously
known as Pietersburg is about 270 km to
the northeast of Tswane (Pretoria) City.
Polokwane City lies between 230 54′ 59′′ S
latitude and 290 27′ 00′′ E longitudes.
Polokwane area generally has rain in
Summer and dry in Winter. Land use in
Polokwane city falls under the following
categories : business and retail, industrial,
community services, recreation and
tourism, residential, agricultural and nature
conservation areas.
Sources of waste
There are six general sources of waste generation, namely; domestic, commercial, industrial,
agricultural, institutional and natural:

• Households are the highest producers of domestic waste. Domestic waste includes, among others,
paper and cartons, plastics, glass, left over food, cans.
• The main agents of commercial waste producers are stores, business premises, markets and
restaurants.
• Industrial waste refers to wastes such as construction and demolition debris and food processing
outlets.
• Agricultural wastes refer to the waste outcomes from dairy and poultry farms, livestock and other
agricultural activities like vegetation cultivation. Most of the agricultural wastes contain biodegradable
components.
• In case of institutional wastes, major producers are schools, offices and banks. This type of waste
contains paper and cartons.
• Natural waste consists of leaves, tree branches, seeds and carcasses of animals.
Solid waste hierarchy
The waste management hierarchy has been adopted
by most industrialized countries as the menu for
developing waste management strategies. According to
Seadon (2006), many programmes have adopted waste
management hierarchy to address solid waste, for
example, New Zealand’s Local Government Act
Amendment No. 4 (1996) defines hierarchy as
‘‘reduction, reuse, recycling, recovery, treatment and
disposal” with desirability of decreasing down the
hierarchy. Solid waste
hierarchy
South Africa has adopted solid hierarchy that puts waste prevention as a priority followed by waste
minimization through cleaner production (Table 1). The second preferred method is recycling which entails
re-use, recovery and composting of waste generated. The third method is treatment process, for example,
incineration of waste prior to disposal. Landfill disposal is regarded as the last resort for all waste that
remains from the other three methods.
Strategies to improve solid waste management system

1. Waste minimization and recycling

Recycling in South Africa has so far focused mainly on paper, glass, plastics and metals. Well
established companies have been involved in recycling in order to reduce the utilization of natural raw
materials as resources in the production systems. Recycling plays an important role in the reduction of
landfill space. For example, 1 tonnes of paper waste occupies 3 m3 of landfill space. The following facts
represent a brief state of recycling in South Africa (PACSA, 2002):

• In 1999 it was reported that the paper industry recycled 720,000 tonnes per annum which represents
38% of paper produced and an increase from 29% in 1984. Out of the 3% recycled waste in that year,
only 2% was from domestic waste. Almost every type of paper in South Africa has a recycling content.
For example, newspaper contains 25% recycled paper, card boxes 50%.

• Total plastics collected in South Africa were 113,000 tonnes which was 13%. This quantity had resulted
in placing South Africa in the fore front in plastic recycling industry world-wide.

• Glass collection has grown from 54,370 tonnes in 1986 to 104,550 tonnes in 1999. The total tonnage
produced in 1999 was 520,000 tonnes, thus 20% was recycled.
• There were 32,130 tonnes of returnable bottles that were collected in 1999 from South African Brewery
(SAB) and Coca Cola Company as bottles that reached the end of life. The quantities of bottles
increased as a result of change-over from 1-liter bottles to 1.25-liter bottles, which resulted in 8,000
tonnes of bottles collected.
• Steel beverage cans have a high recovery rate in South Africa as it has grown from 18% in 1992 to
63% in 1998. These increases have also been affected by the subsidies offered by “Collect a can” for
collection system. Based on assessment made on the rate of collection for different recyclables,
materials without subsidies like glass always had the lowest recovery rate.
Currently, in South Africa, the statistics presented by Packaging Council of South Africa (PACSA,
2002) shows that recycling is increasing enormously from time to time with an increase of above 168 %
over a period of 18 years

Total recyclable materials

2. Source reduction
Source reduction involves altering the design, manufacture, or use of products and materials to reduce
the amount and toxicity of what gets thrown away. Source reduction can be a successful method of
reducing waste generation. Practices such as glass recycling, backyard composting, two-sided copying of
paper, and transport packaging reduction by industry have yielded substantial benefits through source
reduction. Source reduction has many environmental benefits. It prevents emissions of many greenhouse
gases, reduces pollutants, saves energy, conserves resources, and reduces the need for new landfills
and incinerators.
Polokwane Declaration on Zero Waste by 2022 was agreed upon at a meeting held in Polokwane city
in 2000 to address the problems of waste in the country. This declaration was based on the urgent need
to reduce, re-use and recycle waste in order to protect the environment and the waste management
system which promotes effective waste reduction. The goal of this declaration was to reduce waste
generation and disposal by 50% and 25% respectively by 2012 and develop a zero-waste plan by 2022.
The South African Government developed a National Waste Management Strategy to address waste
management aspects including the zero-waste plan as envisaged.
Results and interpretation
1. Waste generation
The study focused on the household solid waste
generated within the three selected residential areas
of Polokwane city, namely: Low income-Ivy park,
Middle income-Flora park and High income-Ster
park. Food waste was the highest across all the
income groups with a percentage waste generation
of 34%. The trend of wastes was as follows: Paper-
20% > plastics-18% >glass-11% > cans- 11%
>garden waste –6% (Table 6). represent waste
composition generated per household per day per
person from the income groups.
Mean composition of waste
generation
Total waste composition generated per household per day per
person
2. Solid waste collection and disposal
It was noted that wastes from the households were not sorted. Instead, all the wastes collected from
individual households were mixed in refuse bags. This makes recycling of wastes from homes not
practical, and thereby reducing the quality of recyclable wastes like paper and cardboard through mixing
of waste. The waste refuse bags from households are collected weekly on a specific day for each suburb.
For example, for Ivy park, collection is on Thursday, Flora park collection on Wednesday and Ster park on
Tuesday. The amount of waste collected on a weekly basis from the residential areas and city center
amounts to 456 m3. The collection system is quite effective; thus, no refuse bag is left by the roadside to
litter the city.

3. Waste recycling
This study indicated, that about 60 % of wastes generated in Polokwane can be recycled. This
included glass - 11%, plastics -18 %, paper- 20 % and cans-11%. The amount of potentially recyclable
waste in Polokwane city is much high as compared to other cities for example, Nairobi 35 %, Macao-
China 52 %, Singapore 30 % and Kathmandu 20.5 %, (Bai and Suntato, 2002). Although the Municipality
does not have a formal waste recycling system, it was found that the disposal site had informal waste
reclaimers that are collecting recyclable waste on a daily basis. This has also led to development of an
informal settlement close to the landfill. Waste reclaimers collect all the waste that is re-usable, ranging
from bricks, plastics, steel, card boxes, cans.
Conclusion
• There is a need to develop an integrated waste management plan for Polokwane city with a priority on
waste recycling to reduce the final amount of waste for disposal.
• The level of income of each household group determines the volume of waste generated by such a
group, thus the higher the level of income for the group, the more waste it generates.
• It was observed that volumes of waste and composition were not the same in each household group,
but this depended on the lifestyle, for example, the high-income group had the lowest garden waste
since they can afford private garden services that dispose garden waste after its generated, as
compared to the low-income group. The high-income group also had the highest percentage of paper
waste in a print form, which is linked to affordability.
• The amount of waste from households in Polokwane Municipality that can be recycled constituted
about 60%. This could significantly reduce the amount of waste being disposed into landfills. The
implications of this strategy would lead to the achievement of the Polokwane Zero waste declaration
target of 50% waste reduction by 2020 and zero waste generation by 2030.
• Waste generation is a vital component of waste statistics. The accuracy of these statistics is important
in planning, development and monitoring waste management strategies. The Municipality should
develop a monitoring system for waste classification, quality and quantity.
Godrej Society-
Vikhroli
Mumbai, India
 INTRODUCTION

• For the campus of Godrej spread across on both the eastern and western parts of Vikhroli- waste management
has been a goal for the last 5 years.

• Since 2010, the company has been focusing on sustainable initiatives under the aegis of their ‘Good and Green
Policy’.

• The policy mandated to look into two goals- Environmental and Social Sustainability making their entire campus
(industrial and residential) water and carbon neutral.

• Of the entire 12 MT produced, 6 MT is that of the industrial waste. As a specific strategy, the company focuses
on going zero waste by the year 2020
 METHODOLOGY
• The hazardous waste has been consistently managed along with any effluents through their STPs and ETPs as
mandated by the law.

• However, packaging waste and other scrap was not handled and is
now being streamlined.

• Every division is provided with a shed with separate compartments for

scrap, corrugated boxes, packaging material and biodegradable waste.

• The Environment Engineering office looks into managing all of this from
these division ensuring appropriate vendors are contacted for pick-ups
of these specific wastes.

• For example, thermocol is collected separately and handed over to a

vendor who resells it.

• The entire industrial arm manages to recycle about 98% of their waste.

• All the organic waste from the different departments go to a mobile

OWC (Organic Waste Converter) operator who picks it up and sells the
compost at a cost.
• Some of the organic waste is composted through a vermi-composting pits across the campus.

• The system of vermi-composting has existed for over 7 years now.

• The industrial complex has extended its management of waste to the residential colony that houses its employees
in 4500 apartments.

• This concept of managing waste is not restricted to just the industrial area.

• The residential area has an approximate of 4500 tenents (two colonies in Vikhroli east and one in Vikhroli West).

• So any waste- plastic, corrugated boxes, polythene bags all have vendors who collect from both the industrial and
residential area.

• In addition, about 45 waste pickers from Deonar Dumping Ground have been employed to manage the waste of
the residential colonies.

• All these 45 women are part of a self-help group (SHG) that ensures that they get their minimum wages and other
employment benefits such as ESIC, EPF (Employee Provident Fund), and safety gear (gloves, jackets and closed
shoes).

• Previous enthusiasm on segregation went down when people saw the Municipal truck mix their waste.
• As of now, segregation at source is not working for the residents since they were used to the municipal truck that
mixed the waste during pick up.

• But the SHG does help with the segregation and manages to segregate the organic from the inorganic.

• Recyclekaro.com comes to pick up the recyclables and electronic waste is also collected periodically (not as often
as the recyclables).

• The organization gains financially by making sure that their wastes are managed well.

• For example, thermocol and mixed paper earns them a revenue of INR. 9/kg when segregated vs. INR 2/kg.

• Similarly, they save a huge expense incurred from the in-house compost rather than purchase elsewhere

• The entire task is managed by the Environment Engineering Department by 8 people and the women from the
SHG.
Envirgo - vigil
Thane, India
Enviro – Vigil, Thane

Enviro-Vigil processes bio-medical waste for the regions of Thane Municipal Corporation and adjacent districts
of Thane. Round the clock collection, crucial to the nature of bio-medical waste caters to over 3500 customers
(Pathology Labs, Dispensaries, Clinics and Veterinary labs) and goes up to 2000 kgs per day. The first step is to
separate the anatomical waste from the non-infectious waste. Of their entire collection, 1200 kg is anatomical and
contaminated waste which is incinerated at 8500C at the first stage. The second stage that involves burning of the
gases at 10000C, ensures that the gases are combusted to eliminate any kind of hazardous gas in the atmosphere.
The Wet Venturi scrubber which consists of alkali + water neutralizes the effluent gas and reduces the existing
temperature. The water in the Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) contains polypropylene bags for arresting carbon
particles from water. The water goes to the ETP for processing neutralizing the water. The same water is reused
for scrubbing purposes. The remaining gas is passed through a droplet separator and then exhaust air is released.
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 Enviro – Vigil, Thane

The rest of the 800 kg consists of

plastic waste that consists of IV
bottles, syringes, etc. which is
autoclaved at 1200C. The sterilized
plastic is then shredded at their plant in
Murbad where it gets converted into
granules. Colour can be injected at this
level, if needed, and these granules are
sold to manufacturers of medical
products who make new syringes,
bottles, etc. Any leftover product due
to chemical disinfection, is sent for
scientific landfilling.
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Enviro – Vigil, Thane

There are many problems faced in the treatment of such

wastes. The biggest issue is that all this waste is
unsegregated. Universally, there are three colour codes
which are observed in Medical waste- Yellow stands
for anatomical/infectious waste; Red stands for plastic;
Blue stands for glass/puncture proof containers.
Hospital staff often mix up surgical instruments with
infectious waste. The job comes down to temporary
labours who do not comprehend the issue. So by the
time new staff starts working, they need to be trained
again. Only a few hospitals segregate waste. Despite
Preventive and Social Medicine course in medical
colleges, doctors do not correlate the safe disposal of
such wastes and good health. Old medicines which are
a part of the waste, need to be incinerated but since
companies do not disclose their medical compounds,
their incineration is not standardized and multiple
checks on the gas effluent is carried out.
Reference: www.sciencedirect.com
Enviro – Vigil, Thane

The entire machinery at the Kalwa Municipal Hospital was purchased in 2003 and is about to be replaced in the
coming year. The operational and maintenance costs for such plants vary between INR 30,000 to 3 Lakh for 60
employees. The cost for collection in hospitals is INR 4-6 per day per bed and a fixed cost is levied upon General
Practitioners at about INR 1000-5000 per month. The profits that come from the Enviro - Vigil plant goes to fund
student ventures that work on green concepts and innovative projects. These projects vary from technical
research to applied research with the core idea of encouraging the students.

There is no doubt that decentralized waste management models work. However, there is a lacuna in managing it
completely. All of the cases mentioned in this study do not have any process in place for their sanitary waste and
rejects. Thus, it ends up going to the landfill. Particularly for sanitary waste, Enviro-Vigil does claim that the
sanitary pads can be incinerated safely but they are not mandated by law since they are permitted to only pick up
bio-medical waste. This brings attention to the need for making categorization of different kinds of waste. By
categorization/classification, the concept of segregation will become clear and this can lead to zero-waste
colonies. That said, there is very little done on incorporating, or even encouraging such colonies that are
managing their waste effectively.

Reference: www.sciencedirect.com
Enviro – Vigil, Thane

Conclusion:
Under the 74th Constitutional Amendment, the role of sanitation has been assigned to Municipal Corporations
among 17 other functional domains. To be able to complete this task, tenders are floated and the garbage mafia
work against decentralized solid waste management since it is not profitable. A conversation with industry on
bridging this knowledge gap is the need of the hour. But our Municipal Corporations have very little finance and
man-power assigned to do this. With the limited resources and a huge task lying ahead of them, rethinking the
system of work indicate administrative reforms will be required to bring in a crucial impact.

In retrospect, consumerism is also linked to waste management. Never ending needless purchase often leave you
with loads of trash behind. The concept of 3Rs need to be rethought and 5Rs need to come in place- Refuse,
Reduce, Reuse, Replenish, Recharge and Recycle. That way, energy and material recovery will be taken very
seriously. With that motto, producers will be forced to acknowledge the materials they use in their products and
the packaging of their products. Without relevant and precise knowledge, expediting solutions would not be
realistic. But to all this, people must come together to persistently work on the issue. That will bring adaptable
solutions to their doorsteps.

Reference: www.sciencedirect.com