What Are Dreams?
Dreams are a composite of the images, thoughts, sounds, voices, and
sensations (happiness, fear, excitement) that we experience when we sleep. They can be composed
of bits and pieces of what is going on in your life on any given day, or they can be about places,
people or situations that seem to be entirely products of the imagination. You can dream about
things that you wish for, or things that you are afraid of. Often anxiety is also expressed in dreams,
represented in an ability to find or accomplish something which, in the context of the dream world,
is important. Stress you feel in your life can be represented in your dreams by disturbing imagery
like being chased by something fierce, or by a sense of helplessness, such as being locked in
somewhere and unable to get out.
You do your most dreaming during the rapid eye movement (R.E.M.) state of sleep. During this
deepest sleep, your eyes move rapidly, your heart rate and breathing become inconsistent, and you
experience muscle paralysis; all of these things are the body’s way of making sure that we don’t get
up and act out whatever we are dreaming about. The R.E.M. state of sleep, which can last from a
few minutes to half an hour, is rich with dreams. This is why dreams can seem very long and
detailed, though the actual dream itself may take up no more than a couple of minutes. R.E.M.
sleep takes up only about twenty to twenty‐five percent of the amount of time that we spend
sleeping.
There are many theories about the significance of dreams. In the late nineteenth century, the
famous psychiatrist Sigmund Freud postulated that our dreams give us a glimpse into our
subconscious mind, and more recent scientific studies have supported the idea. For example, in a
study of people suffering from amnesia, the participants reporting dreaming about thing that they
had done before they had gone to sleep, even though they had no conscious memory of having
done those things.
1. Which word in the article is a synonym for 4. If something is inconsistent then it happens:
combination? a. regularly b. irregularly
a. composed b. done c. infrequently
c. composite
2. If you feel anxiety, then you feel _____ . 5. What does paralysis mean?
a. irritable b. stress a. flailing arms and legs
c. anger b. unable to move
c. failure
3. What is an antonym for disturbing? 6. Significance means:
a. comforting a. importance
b. annoying b. consequence
c. frightening c. history
Satellites
DIRECTIONS: Read the article. Use context clues to answer the
questions.
A satellite is something that orbits the earth or another planet. For example, the moon is a satellite
of the earth. But when you think about a satellite you probably think of something manmade ‐ an
artificial body that is placed in orbit around a planetary body, in order to collect information or facilitate
communication.
A satellite receives radio signals sent from earth (called “uplinks”), and resends them back to earth.
In the simplest satellite system, the signal simply “bounces” off of the satellite. It is possible to bounce a
signal off of the surface of the moon and back down to earth, but the signal would have to be incredibly
strong, since the moon is so far away. Not only that, but they the time the bounced signal made it back
to earth it would be very weak, and would require extremely sensitive equipment even to detect it.
In contrast, modern communications satellites return the signal back to earth (called “downlinks”)
stronger than it was when they received it, a process called “amplification”. A modern satellite also
usually converts the returned signal to a different frequency before returning it, so that the signal
returning to earth is not confused with the signal being sent up.
Many types of information are moved around the world using the satellite system, for example
audio (radio) and video (television) programming, telephone and the internet all use the satellite system
to some extent. The area of the earth that is served by any particular satellite is called the satellite’s
“footprint”. Some satellite footprints are shaped so that only certain areas of the earth are served, for
example, by the use of what are called “spotbeams”. Spotbeams let satellites target only a very specific
area of the earth, or allow the services that they provide to differ by area.
1. What does “orbit” mean?
2. What does “sensitive” mean?
3. What does “modern” mean?
4. What does “convert” mean?
5. What does “amplification” mean?
6. What does “audio” mean?
7. What does “video” mean?
Context Clues
DIRECTIONS: Below is the opening passage of the United States
Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776.
Read each sentence. Use context clues to determine the meaning of the
underlined word. Match each word to its meaning.
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to
dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to
assume, among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which
the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the
opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel
them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self‐evident, that all men are created equal, that
they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among
these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights,
Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the
consent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes
destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and
to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and
organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect
their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long
established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly
all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils
are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are
accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably
the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is
their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new
Guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these
Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their
former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is
a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the
establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts
be submitted to a candid world.
1. dissolve A cause
2. impel B coming from
3. endowed C passing
4. unalienable D indicates
5. deriving E given
6. prudence F something seized
7. transient G break down
exercise of power in a
8. usurpations H cruel or oppressive way
9. evinces I good sense
cruel and oppressive
10. despotism J government
11. tyranny K cannot be taken away
The Story of the Boy Who Made Beautiful Melodies
DIRECTIONS: Read the story. Then circle the best meaning for each underlined word.
Frederic François Chopin was born in a little village in Poland not far from
the City of Warsaw, beside which flows the famous river Vistula. Chopin's
father, a Frenchman by birth, was a schoolmaster. The boy's mother was a
native of Poland. From the time when he was a little boy, the future great composer
loved his mother's country and the people just as much as he loved the dear mother
herself.
The father knew that his little son was musical, so he took the greatest care to have
him taught by the best teachers. Chopin was only nine years old when he first played in
public. It is said that he created quite a sensation. But like all those who know that
talent is something to be worked for, he did not stop studying just because his playing
was pleasing to other people. In fact, it was just on that account that he began to work
all the harder.
Then there came a great change. He left his home and went to Paris, where he lived
for the rest of his life. Even though he was but a youth of twenty‐one, he had already
composed two concertos for the piano. These he had played in public to the great
delight of all who heard him, but especially of his countrymen.
You see, Chopin's going to Paris was a strange journey. The boy was leaving his
mother's country and going to the land of his father. Like Joseph Haydn, who went away
at the age of six, Chopin never lived at home again. But he did not reach Paris a
stranger. His reputation had preceded him, and some of the great ones in The World of
Music welcomed his coming.
During his boyhood Chopin played much in public, journeying to some of the great
cities of Europe, among them Vienna, Berlin, and Munich. Therefore, when he played in
Paris it was as an artist. Here, as at home, he charmed everyone by the beauty of his
music and the loveliness of his touch. He possessed the true piano hand. It was
somewhat narrow. The fingers were long and tapering. His hands seemed at once strong
and vigorous, yet delicate and sensitive. Indeed, Chopin's music is of just these qualities.
It is strong in its nobility, delicate in its sentiment.
One would think that to arrive in Paris and to be welcomed by the great ones would
make everything easy. But it was not so for Chopin. Only a few people were present at
his first concert and for quite a while he had no pupils. Indeed, it was all so discouraging
that he made up his mind to return to his beloved Poland.
His friend and fellow musician, Franz Liszt, begged him not to go. Others, too, urged
him to stay in Paris. One friend, who met him in the street as he was about to leave,
advised him as did the others to stay in Paris. But no, he was going home.
“But,” said this friend, “First come with me to visit a true lover of music.”
So Chopin went with him to the house of Baron Rothschild. Here he played, so
charming the company with his music that ever so many of them implored him for the
privilege of lessons. And so, all in a moment, his troubles blew away, as troubles often
do.
Do you wonder what kind of a man the little Polish boy became after he found
success in Paris? One person said about him: “Chopin talks little, and rarely about music.
But when he does speak of music one must listen to him.” Another said: “He is reserved
and quiet, especially among strangers, but among his friends he is witty and full of sly
humor.”
But his thoughts were not for words, they did not weave the pretty phrases of idle
talk. They were busy making nocturnes, waltzes, mazurkas, impromptus and many other
kinds of music that we shall learn to love as we hear them.
Music was Chopin's true speech. The world soon learned to love what he said in it.
And it always will love it. There was neither telephone nor telegraph in those days. Yet it
did not take long for another composer, Robert Schumann, who lived far away, in
Germany, to learn that a genius by the name of Chopin lived in Paris. The post carried to
Schumann a copy of Chopin's first printed music. This was a theme taken from Mozart's
Opera Don Juan, which Chopin arranged with variations for the piano.
When Schumann played it to his friends everyone exclaimed: “How beautiful it is!”
Then someone said, “Chopin—I never heard the name. Who can he be?”
So we see that his thoughts printed as music flew like winged messengers to carry
news of him to others in distant places. And people not merely asked: “Who can he be?”
but they found out who he was, and kept passing the news on and on until finally it has
reached us!
Chopin was never a robust person, though he was well and busy most of his life. But
in the last years he suffered much from illness. This led him to travel to many places
from Paris for the good of his health. Chopin was devoted to Poland, the beloved land of
his birth. Once he went to England and to Scotland. He played in London and was highly
lauded for the beautiful way he performed his own music.
While it is true that Chopin was ill in the last years of his life, we must notice that he
kept right on with his work. He played and composed just as he always had done.
Chopin died in Paris, October 17, 1849.
Many men, who would have given up everything had they not been brave, have
persevered right on through illness. Milton was blind, but he dictated “Paradise Lost” to
his daughter. Beethoven was deaf, but he did not give up composing. Robert Louis
Stevenson, who wrote the lovely Child's Garden of Verses, was ill all his life, but he kept
on writing. Norwegian composer and pianist Grieg was probably never well all his life,
but he never gave up.
1. Native means: A. born in a specific place B. young and inexperienced
2. Sensation means: A. widespread excitement B. a feeling in the body
3. Preceded means: A. went after B. went before
4. Possessed means: A. had B. allowed
5. Tapering means: A. getting less thick at one end B. to gradually slack off
6. Vigorous means: A. active B. healthy and full of energy
7. Discouraging means: A. causing a loss of confidence B. doubtful
8. Implored means: A. demanded B. asked
9. Reserved means: A. slow to reveal opinion B. to hold for someone
10. Variations means: A. a different version B. changes
11. Robust means: A. forceful B. strong and healthy
12. Lauded means: A. praised in public B. made louder
13. Persevered means: A. imprisoned B. kept going or working