Mitigation Enabling Energy Transition in the MEDiterranean region

Energy Audits and Energy Management

in buildings

MeetMed Training course on “Integration of Energy Efficiency (EE) and

Renewable Energy Sources (RES) in buildings
27 February 2020, Tunis

www.meetmed.org
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Contents

➢ Introduction to Energy Audits

➢ Procedure for Energy Auditing
➢ Energy Efficiency improvements
➢ Typical tools and time frames for energy audits
➢ Energy Management Systems
➢ Monitoring and Verification of Energy Savings

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Introduction to Energy Audits

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Energy Audits

Αn energy audit is a systematic inspection and analysis of

energy use and energy consumption of a site, building, system
or organization with the objective of identifying energy flows
and the potential for energy efficiency improvements and
reporting them - EN 16247

EN 16247 specifies the requirements, common methodology

and deliverables for energy audits. It applies to all forms of
establishments and organizations, all forms of energy and uses
of energy, excluding individual private dwellings.

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What is an Energy Audit

Energy Audit involves

Systematic Record of Energy Data
Analysis of Energy Data
Proposal of potential Energy Saving Measures

Need for Energy Audit:

Minimize Energy Consumption.
Maximize productivity.
Achieve Energy efficiency
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Why carry out an energy audit?

➢ To improve energy performance and minimize the

environmental impacts of the building’s operations
➢ To identify technical opportunities by evaluating
significant process energy-using components or
utilities including boilers, refrigeration plant,
ventilation systems, building performance, etc.
➢ To gain a greater understanding of a part or all of the
building's energy usage patterns
➢ To provide clear financial information regarding energy
savings opportunities in order to prioritize these items
for the building's decision-making process
 .8

Why carry out an energy audit?

➢ To identify potential for using renewable energy supply

technologies (e.g. NZEBs)
➢ To identify behavioral change opportunities by evaluating
current operations and maintenance practices
➢ To meet customer and shareholder expectations
➢ To achieve compliance with legal requirements such as the
Energy Efficiency Directive

➢ To contribute to the process for certification to a formal

energy management system, as set out in ISO 50001
 .9

Types of Energy Audits

➢ Walk-Through Audit

➢ Utility Cost Analysis

➢ Standard Energy Audit

➢ Detailed Energy Audit

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Walk-Through Audit

• Short onsite visits for inspection.

• Propose inexpensive and simple actions (housekeeping or of
minimum cost).
• Immediate energy savings considered.
• Checking the Operating & Maintenance procedures

✓E.g. Repairing broken windows

✓E.g. Boiler A/F ratios Adjustment
✓E.g. Lowering Cooling Preset Temperatures
 . 11

Utility Cost Analysis

• Establish “Relation” between cost & Utility’s services
• Analyze Operating cost of the Utility
• Obtain data from:
• Energy Bills
• Peak Demands.
• Weather effects identified
• Utility Cost analysis steps include:
• Verify energy bills & ensure no mistakes made
• Determine dominant charges
• Peak demand saving measures
• Check if alternative cost effective fuels will help
 . 12

Standard Energy Audit

• Comprehensive Analysis of Energy Systems

• Development of Baseline (of the building’s energy use)
• Identification of Energy Uses
• Evaluation of Energy Savings
• Cost Effectiveness of Selected E.E.M.
• Various Mathematical Tools are used
• Degree day methods
• Linear regression Methods
• Simple Pay Back Analysis
 . 13

Detailed Energy Audit

• Most Comprehensive & Time Consuming

• Use of hand held / stationary instruments
• Sophisticated Computer Simulations
• Carried out for:
• Evaluating Energy use
• Identifying Potential savings
• Recommending Energy Retrofits
• Evaluating the Cost Effectiveness of Energy Retrofits
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General Procedure for an Energy Audit

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Energy Audit

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Step 1: Preliminary Contact

a) The energy auditor shall agree with the organization on:

1. aims, needs and expectations concerning the energy audit

2. scope and boundaries [EXAMPLE - The whole site and all energy using
systems or the boiler plant]
3. degrees of thoroughness required [EXAMPLE - Proportion of
apartments in a block to be visited; whether accuracy sufficient for
investment decisions is required].
4.timescale to complete the energy audit [depending on complexity of
buildings]
5.criteria for evaluating energy efficiency improvement measures
[EXAMPLE - pay back period]
6.time commitments and other resources from the organization
7.requirement for data to be collected prior to the energy audit
commencing and the availability, validity and format of the energy and
activity data
8.foreseeable measurement and/or
16 inspection to be made during the
energy audit.
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b) The energy auditor shall request information about:

1. The energy audit context [EXAMPLE Energy audit related to

a government agreement/scheme]
2. Strategic wider program (planned projects, outsourcing
facilities management)
3. Management system (environmental, quality, energy
management system or others)
4. Changes that may have an effect on the energy audit and
its conclusions
5. Any existing opinions, ideas and restrictions relating to
potential energy efficiency improvement measures
6. Expected deliverables and required format of the report
7. Whether a draft of the final report to the organization
should be presented for comment.

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c) The energy auditor shall inform the organization of any:

1. Special facilities and equipment required to enable the

energy audit to be carried out
2. Commercial or other interest which could influence his or
her conclusions or recommendations.)

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Start-up meeting

a) The energy auditor shall request the organization to:

1. Nominate the person ultimately responsible for the energy

audit within the organization

2. Nominate a person to communicate with the energy auditor,

where necessary supported by other appropriate individuals
constituted as a team for the purpose

3. Inform affected personnel and other interested parties about

the energy audit and requirements placed on them in
connection with and ensure their cooperation

4. Disclose any unusual conditions, maintenance work or other

activities that will occur during
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b) The energy auditor shall agree with the organization on:

1. Arrangements regarding the access of the energy auditor;

2. safety and security rules;
3. resources and data to be provided;
4. non-disclosure agreements (e.g. tenants in a building);
5. proposed schedule of visits with priorities for each;
6. requirements for special measurements;
7. procedures to be followed for installation of measuring
equipment, if needed.

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Step 2: Site visit

Walk-through inspection of the building in order to:

➢ Check operating and maintenance procedures
➢ Determine the existing energy consuming systems and their operating
conditions
❖ Systems like lighting, HVAC systems, motors, etc.
➢ Estimate the occupancy, and the uses of equipment and lighting
❖ energy use density and hours of operation
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Collecting Data

During the site visit, the energy auditor shall, in cooperation with the
organization, collect the following (where available):

1. list of energy using systems, processes and equipment;

2. detailed characteristics of the audited object(s) including known
adjustment factors and how the organization believes they
influence energy consumption;
3. operational history and past events that could have affected
energy consumption in the period covered by the data collected;
4. design, operation and maintenance documents;
5. energy audits or previous studies related to energy and energy
efficiency;
6. current and projected tariff, or a reference tariff to be used for the
protection of commercial confidence;
7. other relevant economic data; 22
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Collecting Data
Examples:

➢ Collect building geometry data (volume, heating/cooling area, etc.)

❖ To extract specific consumption indicators
➢ Collect energy consumption records of utility data (Optimal 3 years data).
❖ To identify a historical energy use pattern.
➢ Identify the fuel types used
❖ to determine the dominating fuel type.
➢ Determine the patterns of fuel use by fuel type
❖ to identify the peak demand for energy use by fuel type
➢ Analyze the effect of external factors in energy consumption of the
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Step 3: Analysis

During this phase, the energy auditor shall establish the existing
energy performance situation of the audited object.

a) The existing energy performance situation becomes a reference

against the improvements that can be measured. It shall include:

1. a breakdown of the energy consumption by use and

source of energy;
2. energy flows and an energy balance of the audited
object;
3. pattern of energy demand through time;
4. relationships between energy consumption and
adjustment factors (both routine and non-routine);
5. one or more energy performance indicators suitable to
evaluate the audited24object.
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The data
➢ Consumption data
• fuel consumption (the last three years are needed) and
type of fuel,
• electric consumption (the last three years are needed).

➢ Degree days [indices reflecting demand for energy to heat & cool
buildings] of the last three years for the normalization of
consumption

➢ Use of the building (type and time)

➢ Construction data (if existent)!

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Electricity Consumption from electricity bills – Office building

40 000

35 000

30 000

25 000
Consumption (kWh)

Total yearly electricity

20 000 consumption:
383.812 kWh
15 000

10 000

5 000

0
January February March April May June July August September October November December
Month

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Heating oil consumption based on invoices – Office Building

250000

200000 Heating oil consumption:

1.959.820 kWh

150000
Heating oil (kWh)

100000

50000

0
January February March April May June July August September October November December
Month

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Benchmarking

Energy indicator Existing Building Average building*

Specific electricity
consumption 123 120
(kWh/m2/yr)
Specific heating
consumption 218 160
(kWh/m2/yr)
Total 341 280

* Statistical data from the National Energy Performance of Building database

http://www.ypeka.gr/Default.aspx?tabid=907&language=el-GR
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Breakdown of Energy Consumption – (2)

Energy bills and technical characteristics of the equipment
In this case where energy bills and installation characteristics are available, an in-depth
conversation with the technical personnel of the installation carried out during the
energy audit where the operational hours, usage coefficient etc. where determined.
This fact led to the determination of the energy consumption breakdown.
Equipment Electricity
consumption
Cooling
6,559
Heating
10,542
Lighting
102,502
Office equipment
85,094
Rest equipment
52,061
Motors
2,541
Heating system
3,350
Elevators
11,563
Baseline load
consumption 109,517
Total consumption 29
383,730
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Breakdown of Energy Consumption – (1)

Based on assumptions and: (1) energy bills, (2) energy company measurements, (3)
existing metering devices, (4) new metering devices

Absorbed Operational Yearly Energy

Usage
System/Devices Power kW hours/year Consumption %
Coefficient (3)
(1) (2) (kWh) (1x2x3)
Other
Air compressors 125 8760 0.5 547,500 26.4% consumptions;
150,000; 7.2%
Auxiliary air compressors 50 500 0.7 17,500 0.8%
Chillers 65 8760 0.5 284,700 13.7%
Motors; 132,000;
Air Handling Units 20 8760 0.75 131,400 6.3% 6.4%
Cooling Towers 15 8760 0.45 59,130 2.8%
Refrigerators 5 8760 0.5 21,900 1.1%
Pumps 50 6600 0.6 198,000 9.5% Air compressors;
Fans 20 3300 0.4 26,400 1.3% 547,500; 26.4%
Homogenizers 40 3300 0.4 52,800 2.5%
Lighting 69 6600 1 455,400 21.9%
Lighting; 455,400; Auxiliary air
Motors 50 6600 0.4 132,000 6.4%
21.9% compressors;
Other consumptions 150,000 7.2% 17,500; 0.8%
0 0.0% Chillers; 284,700;
0 0.0% 13.7%
0 0.0%
0 0.0% Homogenizers; Pumps;
0 0.0% 52,800; 2.5% 198,000; 9.5%
0 0.0% Fans; 26,400; 1.3%
0 0.0%
0 0.0% Refrigerators;
Cooling Towers; Air Handling Units;
Total 2,076,730 1.000 100.0% 21,900; 1.1%
59,130; 2.8% 131,400; 6.3%

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Breakdown of Energy Consumption – (3)

Energy company measurements

In the case of installations that have an electrical supply of medium voltage (e.g.
20.000 V), the energy companies usually have readily-available yearly measurements
from 5-min to 1 hour intervals. These can be very useful to disaggregate energy usages.

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Breakdown of Energy Consumption – (4)

Existing Building Management System (BMS) measurements

In the case of some modern buildings, a BMS system is sometimes

installed which allows a better estimation of the breakdown of the
energy consumption. Even in this case however, there are often several
difficulties. Typical examples include:

• BMS systems that only produce non-workable print-outs which are

filed for EN ISO 14001 procedures (e.g. hotel in Athens).

• BMS systems that only monitor specific sub-circuits which are not
always those required by the energy auditor (e.g. hotel in Athens)

• BMS systems that only give alarms

32 when something doesn’t work
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Breakdown of Energy Consumption – (5)

New measurements

In the majority of cases, new measurements are a necessity if one

wants to reliably and accurately break down the energy consumption.

In order to do this, at least one (1) week of multiple measurements is

needed in order to cover the load profiles of both weekdays and
weekends.

Optimally, one should aim to have detailed weekly measurements for

each season of the year (i.e. summer, autumn, winter and spring).

Moreover, even if the client has available measurements, in order to

reliably propose energy efficiency 33measures, the energy auditor should
also undertake his/her own measurements for verification purposes.
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Electrical measurements – Electricity meter analyzer

• Familiarity with equipment (e.g. type of
clamps, battery functionality, electrical
outlet functionality)
• Range of clamps available
• Safety issues (e.g. gloves, protection for
gloves, dust)

Optimally, the mains switch should be

turned off when connecting the
device, otherwise it is recommended
that the building electrician makes the
necessary connections.
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Thermographic camera

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Temperature/Humidity/Lighting level loggers

• Remember to set the time

before operating

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Flue gas analyzer

• Familiarity with equipment

• Measurement during steady
operation of the boiler.
• Check filter
• Portable printer with magnet
is very useful

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Thermal energy measurements

Non-intrusive method

• Ultrasound Intrusive
• Clean surface required
• Dimensions of pipe necessary • Requires cutting of pipes
• Two-phase fluid cannot be • Flow rate meter and temperature
measured accurately sensors

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Energy Consumption and Baseline

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Step 4: Energy Efficiency Improvements

Based on the existing energy performance situation of the audited object,

the energy auditor shall identify energy efficiency improvement
opportunities.

b) The energy auditor shall evaluate the impact of each energy efficiency
improvement opportunity on the existing energy performance situation
based on:

1. the financial savings enabled by the energy efficiency

improvement measures;
2. the necessary investments;
3. the return on investment or any other economical criteria
agreed with the organization;
4. the other possible non-energy gains (such as productivity or
maintenance);
5. the comparison in terms of both cost and energy
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consumption between alternative energy efficiency
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Energy saving actions shall be ranked upon the agreed criteria.

c) In those cases where it is appropriate to the agreed scope aim and

thoroughness of the energy audit, the energy auditor shall complement
these results with:

1. requirements for additional data;

2. the definition of need for further analysis.

d) The energy auditor shall:

1. evaluate the reliability of data provided and highlight

defaults or irregularities;
2. use transparent and technically appropriate calculation
methods;
3. document the methods used and any assumption made.
4. subject the results of the analysis to appropriate quality
and validity checks 41
5. consider any regulatory or other constraints of the
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Drawing-up of an energy saving action plan

The Energy Auditor has to draw up an action plan for the in-time
implementation of the proposed energy efficiency measures, if such a task is
foreseen in the audit’s terms, based on the time-programming principles.

This planning should be made for each phase of implementation and

includes:
➢ targets and measures that have to be implemented in each phase,
➢ the time-schedule of each phase,
➢ the requested organization and the budget for the implementation costs,
➢ the determination of the way that the work-progress will be monitored,
➢ the delimitation of the monitoring/measuring or/and evaluation of each
phase results procedure.
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References

• European Energy Directive 27/2012

• EN 16247 – part 1. General Requirements

• Guidebook for Energy Audits. 2017. Hellenic Ministry of Energy and

Environment

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Typical tools and time frames for energy audits

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Time frames

The time taken to perform an energy audit depends on:

❖ the availability of energy data,
❖ the size of the site, and
❖ the complexity of the systems:
➢ A walk-through audit might take only a few hours for a simple site
for which information is readily available.
➢ On more complex sites, a week or more could be easily spent
simply on analyzing invoices and records.
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ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

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What is Missing in the Project-Based

Approach to Energy Efficiency?

But
Project-Based Focus on
Technological Change
what
about…
People? Organizational Barriers?

Overall Energy-Use
Strategy?
 . 48

A More Comprehensive Approach To Energy

Efficiency Is Needed
Organizations that target behavioral and organizational barriers, as well
as technological, can achieve continuous improvement in energy
performance.

Technological
Change
Continuous improvement!

Comprehensive
Energy
Management

Behavioral Organizational
Change Change

Energy & Cost Savings

Staff at every level of an organization (over time)
need to be engaged and involved in order
to achieve energy goals!
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ISO 50001 - A Key Strategy For Fighting Climate Change

Over +50 countries have worked together
through ISO to create a globally-relevant
standard that countries can leverage to meet
their international climate commitments
ISO 50001 is:
– Ambitious and Quantifiable:
• Relevant to sectors that account for over
50% of global energy use
• Data-driven action to improve energy
performance on a continual basis
– Transparent, comparable and verifiable: ~15,000
• Globally-harmonized; transparent certified sites
certification process; internationally- worldwide
relevant since 2011
– Business Friendly
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What Are Energy Management Systems (EnMS)?

• Objectives:
– Measure & baseline
– Monitor & plan
– Continually improve energy
efficiency

• Main criteria:
– Management System
Approach
→The organization makes
commitment

– Requirement for a corporate

policy to manage energy
efficiency
• Plan,Do,Check,Act and
continuous improvement
• Similar structure as ISO
14001 (different
requirements)
 . 51

Key Requirements of Energy Management Systems

Examples extracted from EN 16001 and ISO 50001

• Establish, implement and maintain an energy policy with commitment for achieving energy
performance (energy efficiency & use of renewable sources)

• Define priorities and set appropriate objectives and targets using energy performance
indicators and have in place an energy metering plan

• Conduct an initial diagnosis of energy consumption for all activities (including past, present
and future energy consumption)

• Identify the main factors that have an influence on energy consumption

• Establish the relationships between energy consumption and energy factors

• Build a periodic forecast of energy consumption and identify opportunities of energy

savings

• Consider energy consumption in the decision process for design and procurement of all
equipment, raw materials or services

• Identify applicable regulation and/or other requirements (such as clients’ specifications)

• Management review of activities to ensure that the policy is implemented and that the EnMS
remains appropriate.
 EnMS concerns …..

• ISO 50001 is applicable to any organization whatever the size,

industry or geographical location.
• It is particularly relevant if the organization operates energy intensive
processes or faces a greenhouse gas emissions challenge.

All activities and industries are concerned

• Manufacturing (Aerospace, Automotive, Electrical, Electronics…)

• Process industries & Mining (Chemical, Pharmacy, Metals, Paper, Cement, Glass, Wood, Oil&Gas …)

• Power & Utilities (Energy Production, Energy and Water Distribution, Water and Waste Treatment…)

• Food

• Construction & Real estate

• Transportation & Infrastructures

• Retail

• Services (Healthcare, Finance, Insurance, Telecom, Tourism…)

• Government & Public organizations (Public Administration, Public sector service delegation …)
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References

• Advancing Sustainable Energy Cooperation in North America. November

2016. Ms. Graziella Siciliano. Energy Management Working Group. U.S.
Department of Energy

• Energy Management System ISO 50001. Baudouin Hue. Bureau Veritas.

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MONITORING AND VERIFICATION OF

SAVINGS

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IPMVP Protocol

The International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol

(IPMVP) Volume I is a guidance document describing common practice in
measuring, computing and reporting savings achieved.

The IPMVP presents a framework and four measurement and verification

(M&V) Options for transparently, reliably and consistently reporting a
project’s saving.

M&V activities include site surveys, metering of energy or water flow(s),

monitoring of independent variable(s), calculation, and reporting. When
adhering to IPMVP’s recommendations, these M&V activities can produce
verifiable savings reports.

The IPMVP is intended to be used by professionals as a basis for preparing

savings reports.
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M&V activities consist of some or all of the following:

• meter installation calibration and maintenance,

• data gathering and screening,
• development of a computation method and acceptable estimates,
• computations with measured data, and
• reporting, quality assurance, and third party verification of reports.

When there is little doubt about the outcome of a project, or no need to

prove results to another party, M&V may not be necessary. However, it is
still wise to verify that the installed equipment is able to produce the
expected savings.

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Option A

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Option B

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Option C

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Option D

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