PILOT TRAINING GUIDE PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

Table of Contents

Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 19-1

10th-Stage Bleed Air......................................................................................................... 19-2
Description .................................................................................................................. 19-2
Components and Operation ........................................................................................ 19-3
10th-Stage Bleed Air Manifold .............................................................................. 19-3
Engine 10th-Stage Bleed Air Valves ..................................................................... 19-3
APU Load Control Valve (LCV) ............................................................................. 19-4
External Ground Air Connector ............................................................................. 19-4
14th-Stage Bleed Air......................................................................................................... 19-5
Description .................................................................................................................. 19-5
Components and Operation ........................................................................................ 19-6
14th-Stage Bleed Air Manifold .............................................................................. 19-6
Engine 14th-Stage Bleed Air Valves ..................................................................... 19-6
Bleed Air Leak Detection System ..................................................................................... 19-7
Description .................................................................................................................. 19-7
Components and Operation ........................................................................................ 19-8
Bleed Leak Detection ............................................................................................ 19-8
Sensing Elements ................................................................................................. 19-8
Thermal Switches.................................................................................................. 19-8
Bleed Air Leak Detection Units ............................................................................. 19-8
DUCT MON Test................................................................................................... 19-9
Controls and Indicators ................................................................................................... 19-11
BLEED AIR Panel ..................................................................................................... 19-11
EICAS STATUS Page............................................................................................... 19-12
EICAS Messages ...................................................................................................... 19-12

For Training Purposes Only 19-i

May 03
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM PILOT TRAINING GUIDE

Page Intentionally Left Blank

19-ii For Training Purposes Only

May 03
PILOT TRAINING GUIDE PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

List of Figures
Graphic Title Figure

Pneumatic Schematic ....................................................................................................... 19-1

10th-Stage Bleed Air Schematic ....................................................................................... 19-2
14th-Stage Bleed Air Schematic ....................................................................................... 19-3
Bleed Air Leak Detection Sensing Elements and Thermal Switches ................................ 19-4
Bleed Air Leak Detection System Capabilities .................................................................. 19-5
BLEED AIR Panel ............................................................................................................. 19-6
EICAS STATUS Page - Bleed Pressure Readouts .......................................................... 19-7

For Training Purposes Only 19-iii

May 03
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM PILOT TRAINING GUIDE

Page Intentionally Left Blank

19-iv For Training Purposes Only

May 03
PILOT TRAINING GUIDE PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

CHAPTER 19: PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

Introduction
The pneumatic system consists of two separate bleed air systems; 10th-stage and 14th-
stage bleed air. The 10th-stage bleed air is supplied from the engines, the APU or an
external air source. The 14th-stage bleed air is supplied from the engines.
The pneumatics system also includes a bleed air leak detection system that warns the
flight crew of possible duct ruptures.

RW
I-ICE ING
ANT AN
TI-I
ING CE
LW

LEFT RIGHT
FUSELAGE FUSELAGE

ISOL

L WING R WING
A/I A/I
VALVE VALVE
L ACU R ACU
L COWL R COWL
A/ICE A/ICE
L R
L T/R 10TH 10TH R T/R
PDU SOV ISOL SOV PDU
10TH STAGE 10TH STAGE

L BLEED R
ATS AIR ATS
L R PORTS
14TH STAGE 14TH LCV 14TH 14TH STAGE
SOV SOV

APU
P604_19_010

EXTERNAL
AIR SOURCE LEGEND
10TH-STAGE
BLEED AIR
14TH-STAGE
BLEED AIR

Pneumatic Schematic
Figure 19-1

For Training Purposes Only 19-1

Jan 04
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM PILOT TRAINING GUIDE

10th-Stage Bleed Air

Description
The 10th-stage bleed air is supplied from the left and right engine compressor’s 10th
stage, the APU or an external air source. The bleed air is distributed to the various
systems by the 10th-stage bleed air manifold.
Bleed air from the 10th-stage manifold is used for:
• engine starting
• air conditioning and pressurization

BLEED AIR PANEL

10TH STAGE

DUCT DUCT
FAIL FAIL FAIL
OPEN
CLOSED OPEN CLOSED

L APU LCV ISOL R

L ACU R ACU

10th Press 10th

Stage Xducer Stage
ATS ATS

L SOV ISOL R SOV

Ext Air
P604_19_007

Source LCV

APU

10th-Stage Bleed Air Schematic

Figure 19-2

19-2 For Training Purposes Only

Sept 04
PILOT TRAINING GUIDE PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

Components and Operation

10th-Stage Bleed Air Manifold

The 10th-stage bleed air manifold is located in the aft equipment bay. An isolation
valve divides the 10th stage into the left and right manifolds. With the isolation valve
closed, the left manifold may be pressurized from external air, APU or left engine
bleed air. The right engine bleed air normally pressurizes the right manifold.
One-way check valves are installed on the engine in the 10th-stage bleed ducts. The
valves prevent the reverse flow of manifold air into the engines. Similar valves are
also used for the APU and the external ground air connector.
Pressure readings for the manifold are derived from two pressure transducers, one for
the left manifold and one for the right manifold. The pressure readings for the left and
right 10th-stage manifold are displayed on the EICAS Status page.

Isolation Valve
The isolation valve is located in the aft equipment bay and is used to isolate the left
and the right manifold. Opening the isolation valve allows air from any of the sources
to be supplied to the left or right manifold as required. The 10th-stage isolation valve
is an electrically controlled, pneumatically operated valve, which either fully opens or
fully closes. The isolation valve is spring-loaded closed when no 10th-stage bleed air
is available or when electrical control power is lost.
The isolation valve is manually commanded open or closed by the 10TH STAGE
ISOL switch/light located on the BLEED AIR Panel. The valve may also be
automatically commanded open or closed by the following conditions:
• open; during engine starts (starter engagement)
• closed; when a pack overpressure occurs
Valve status is indicated by the switch/light OPEN annunciation.

Engine 10th-Stage Bleed Air Valves

The 10th-stage bleed air valves are located in the aft equipment bay and control the
supply of 10th-stage bleed air to the engines for starting, and from the engines for
bleed air supply. 10th-stage bleed air valve operation is similar to the isolation valve.
The valves are manually commanded open or closed by the L (R) 10TH STAGE
switch/lights located on the BLEED AIR Panel. The valves may also be automatically
commanded open or closed by the following conditions:
• open: during engine starts (starter engagement)
• closed: when the associated ENG FIRE PUSH switch/light is pressed
• closed: when a pack overpressure occurs

For Training Purposes Only 19-3

Sept 04
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM PILOT TRAINING GUIDE

Valve status is indicated by the respective switch/light CLOSED annunciation (see

Figure 19-2). Bleed air temperatures and pressures from the engine compressor 10th-
stage are unregulated and therefore dependent on engine power settings. Temperatures
and pressures can reach 700°F (370°C) and 170 psi (1172 kPa) at full thrust.

APU Load Control Valve (LCV)

The APU load control valve (LCV) controls APU bleed air supply to the 10th-stage
manifold. The LCV is an electrically controlled, pneumatically operated valve which
either fully opens or closes.
The valve is manually controlled by the APU LCV switch/light located on the BLEED
AIR Panel. When the APU LCV switch/light is pressed the valve opens, which allows
APU bleed air to enter the left bleed air manifold. The APU LCV is automatically
commanded closed by the following conditions:
• excessive APU EGT
• APU LCV interlock protection
Valve status is indicated by the switch/light OPEN annunciation (see Figure 19-2).
APU bleed air temperature and pressure can reach 500°F (260°C) and 50 psi
(345 kPa).

APU Load Control Valve Interlock Protection

A check valve installed in the APU bleed air duct prevents manifold pressure from
entering the APU compressor. The APU LCV interlock provides a second level of
protection, preventing manifold pressure from entering the APU by interlocking the
APU LCV with the 10th-stage bleed air switches.
The APU Electronic Control Unit (ECU) monitors the switch positions of the LCV,
10th-stage isolation valve, and left and right 10th-stage bleed switches. The APU LCV
will automatically close or be prevented from opening whenever the following switch
conditions exist:
• L 10th-stage bleed switch/light is pressed open; or
• both R 10th-stage bleed switch/light and the ISOL switch/light are pressed open

External Ground Air Connector

An external ground air connector is located on the aft fuselage below the left engine.
Ground air may be supplied to the left manifold of the 10th-stage bleed air-system
when a ground air source is attached to the external ground air connector.

19-4 For Training Purposes Only

May 03
PILOT TRAINING GUIDE PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

14th-Stage Bleed Air

Description
The bleed air for the 14th-stage manifold is taken from a single port on each engine
compressor’s 14th stage. The air is distributed through the 14th-stage bleed air
manifold.
The 14th-stage bleed air is used for:
• wing anti-ice
• cowl anti-ice
• thrust reversers

RW
e ing
i-Ic A
g Ant nti-
Ice
Win
L

ISOL

L Wing R Wing
A/I Valve A/I Valve

L Cowl R Cowl
A/ice A/Ice

L T/R R T/R
PDU L SOV R SOV PDU
14th 14th
Stage Stage

BLEED AIR
14TH STAGE
DUCT DUCT
FAIL FAIL
P604_19_002

OPEN
CLOSED CLOSED
L ISOL R
BLEED AIR PANEL
14th-Stage Bleed Air Schematic
Figure 19-3

For Training Purposes Only 19-5

Jan 04
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM PILOT TRAINING GUIDE

Components and Operation

14th-Stage Bleed Air Manifold

The 14th-stage bleed air manifold is located in the aft equipment bay. The left engine
pressurizes the left manifold and the right engine pressurizes the right manifold. 14th-
stage bleed air can only be supplied by an operating engine. Manifold check valves are
installed to prevent reverse flow of 14th-stage air to an operating engine.

14th-Stage Isolation Valve

The isolation valve is located in the aft equipment bay and separates the left and right
wing anti-ice crossover duct. Refer to Chapter 14 Ice and Rain Protection for a
detailed description.

Engine 14th-Stage Bleed Air Valves

The 14th-stage bleed air valves are located in the aft equipment bay and control the
supply of 14th-stage bleed air from the engines to the manifold. The 14th stage valves
are electrically controlled, pneumatically operated valves, which either fully open or
fully close. The bleed air valves are spring-loaded open when no 14th-stage bleed air
is available or when electrical control power is lost.
The valves are manually commanded open or closed by the L (R) 14TH STAGE
switch/lights, located on the BLEED AIR Panel. The valves are automatically
commanded closed when the associated ENG FIRE PUSH switch/light is pressed.
However, when bleed air is no longer available after engine N2 spool down, the valve
will reopen regardless of the ENG FIRE PUSH switch/light position.
Valve status is indicated by the respective switch/light CLOSED annunciation (see
Figure 19-3).
Bleed air temperatures and pressures from the engine compressor 14th-stage are
unregulated and therefore dependent on engine power settings. Temperatures and
pressures can reach 950°F (510°C) and 215 psi (1482 kPa) at full thrust.

19-6 For Training Purposes Only

May 03
PILOT TRAINING GUIDE PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

Bleed Air Leak Detection System

Description
The bleed air leak detection system monitors the pneumatic ducting downstream of the
10th-stage and 14th-stage bleed air shutoff valves and wing anti-ice valves along the
fuselage, pylon and wing areas.
Bleed air leaks that occur between the engine and the engine bleed air shutoff valves
are detected by the engine and jet pipe/pylon overheat detection system. Refer to
Chapter 9 Fire Protection.
To detect bleed air leaks, the 10th-stage and 14th-stage bleed air leak detection system
uses sensing elements (loops) for bleed air ducting in the aft equipment bay, the
portion of the cowl anti-ice ducting which passes through the engine pylon, and for the
wing anti-ice ducting passing through the fuselage.
Thermal switches detect bleed air leaks in the leading edge portion of the wing anti-ice
ducting.

Right Fuselage
Element

Right Wing
(Same as Left)

Left
Fuselage
Element
P604_19_004

Inner Duct Rupture

Air Bleed Hole

Thermal Switch
(typical)
Bleed Leak-detection Element
(typical)

Bleed Air Leak Detection Sensing Elements and Thermal Switches

Figure 19-4

For Training Purposes Only 19-7

May 03
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM PILOT TRAINING GUIDE

Components and Operation

Bleed Leak Detection

The bleed air ducts are constructed of stainless steel, insulated, and encased by a
protective outer cover. A series of holes are drilled at designated locations in the outer
cover and sensing elements are installed adjacent to these holes. If a bleed air duct leak
develops, these holes direct the escaping hot air toward the leak detection sensing
elements.

Sensing Elements

The bleed air leak detection sensing elements operate in a similar manner to the
sensing elements used in the engine fire detection system.
The 10th-stage manifold uses a dual-loop sensing system. On a dual-loop system, both
loops must detect a leak before a duct overheat warning is given.
The 14th-stage bleed air manifold and the center fuselage wing anti-icing ducts are
monitored by single-loop systems.

Thermal Switches

Thermal switches are used in the leading edges of the wings to detect uncontrolled
leakage of the anti-icing piccolo tubes. Should a piccolo tube rupture or a clamp fail,
the thermal switch closest to the leak will trigger an overheat warning.

Bleed Air Leak Detection Units

Each sensing element is connected to its respective overheat detection unit which
monitors the resistance of its loop. When the resistance decreases to the warning trip
point, the bleed air leak detection unit prompts EICAS messages as well as aural and
visual warnings to alert the flight crew of an overheat condition.
For the 10th-stage ducts, the overheat warning signal will cause the following
warnings to occur:
• L (R) 10TH DUCT warning EICAS message is displayed
• MASTER WARNING switch/lights illuminate flashing
• “BLEED AIR DUCT” aural warning sounds
• respective red DUCT FAIL light on the BLEED AIR Panel illuminates

19-8 For Training Purposes Only

May 03
PILOT TRAINING GUIDE PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

For the 14th-stage ducts, the overheat warning signal will cause the following
warnings to occur:
• L (R) 14TH DUCT warning EICAS message is displayed
• MASTER WARNING switch/lights illuminate flashing
• “BLEED AIR DUCT” aural warning sounds
• respective red DUCT FAIL light on the BLEED AIR Panel illuminates
For the wing leading edge and center fuselage wing anti-icing ducts, the overheat
warning signal will cause the following warnings to occur:
• ANTI-ICE DUCT warning EICAS message is displayed
• MASTER WARNING switch/lights illuminate flashing
• “ANTI-ICE DUCT” aural warning sounds
Pressing either MASTER WARNING switch/light can silence the aural warnings.
However, the EICAS warning message will remain displayed until the condition is
corrected (sensing element or thermal switch temperature drops below the trip level).
Any bleed air leak warning requires flight crew action to manually isolate the failed
section.
Unlike the engine fire detection sensing elements, the bleed air leak detection units
cannot discriminate between an actual overheat condition and a false warning (shorted
loop).

DUCT MON Test

The integrity of the Bleed Air Leak Detection system can be tested via the BLEED
AIR Panel. Selecting and holding the DUCT MON selector to TEST verifies all
sensing elements’ loop continuity by simulating an overheat condition. In addition to
the bleed air duct warnings that occur during the test, successful completion will also
cause the DUCT TEST OK advisory EICAS message to be displayed.
The LOOP A and LOOP B positions are used to individually test each left and right
10th-stage loop for a short condition. If the selected loop tests normal, the LOOP A
TEST OK or LOOP B TEST OK advisory EICAS message will be displayed. Should
any 10th-stage loop be shorted, the applicable bleed air duct warning will occur.

For Training Purposes Only 19-9

May 03
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM PILOT TRAINING GUIDE

EICAS
Warning
Messages RW
e Only ing
i-Ic A
Ant nti-
Ice
ing
LW

Left Right
Fuselage Fuselage

14TH-STAGE 14TH-STAGE
& DUCT 14th ISOL DUCT &
EICAS FAIL FAIL EICAS
Warning Warning
CLOSED CLOSED
Message Message
L R

L Cowl L Wing R Wing R Cowl

A/Ice A/I Valve A/I Valve A/Ice

L T/R R T/R
PDU L ACU R ACU PDU
14th-Stage L 14th R 14th 14th-Stage
SOV SOV
10th
10th-Stage ISOL 10th-Stage

L L 10th R 10th R
ATS SOV SOV ATSP604_19_003

LCV
10TH-STAGE 10TH-STAGE
& DUCT DUCT &
APU
EICAS FAIL FAIL EICAS
Warning Warning
CLOSED CLOSED
Message Message
L R

Engine Fire Detection System (Zone A)

Jet Pipe / Pylon Overheat Detection System (Zone B)
Bleed Air Leak Detection System – 10th-Stage
Bleed Air Leak Detection System – 14th-Stage (pylon)
Bleed Air Leak Detection System – Anti-Ice (fuselage)
Bleed Air Leak Detection System – Anti-Ice (wing)

Bleed Air Leak Detection System Capabilities

Figure 19-5

19-10 For Training Purposes Only

Jan 04
PILOT TRAINING GUIDE PNEUMATIC SYSTEM

Controls and Indicators

The controls (switch/lights) and the test functions for the pneumatic system are located
on the BLEED AIR Panel.
The systems advisory, caution and warning messages are displayed on the EICAS
Primary and Status Page. The 10th-stage bleed air pressure readouts are displayed on
the Status Page (see Figure 19-7).

BLEED AIR Panel

DUCT MON Selector 14TH-STAGE L and R Switch/Lights

(Spring-loaded to NORM) (alternate-action)
TEST – Tests 10th-stage,14th-stage Push – Opens or closes respective
and anti-ice sensing elements for 14th-stage bleed air shutoff valve.
continuity by simulating a bleed air CLOSED Light
leak. Illuminated – Indicates the respective
NORM – Normal selector position 14th-stage bleed air shutoff valve is
LOOP A – Test 10th-stage Loop A closed. 14TH-STAGE ISOL
sensing elements for short conditions. DUCT FAIL Light Switch/Light
LOOP B – Tests 10th-stage Loop B Illuminated – Indicates a bleed air leak Push – Opens or closes
sensing elements for short conditions. in the respective 14th-stage duct. 14th-stage bleed air
isolation valve.
OPEN Light
Illuminated – Indicates
BLEED AIR the 14th-stage bleed air
NORM 14TH STAGE isolation valve is open.
TEST LOO A
LOOP
LO
LOOP B DUCT DUCT
FAIL FAIL
OPEN
CLOSED CLOSED
L ISOL R
DUCT 10TH STAGE
MON
DUCT DUCT
FAIL FAIL FAIL
P604_19_008

OPEN
CLOSED OPEN CLOSED

L APU LCV ISOL R

10TH-STAGE L and R Switch/Lights APU LCV Switch/Light 10TH-STAGE ISOL Switch/Light

(alternate-action) (alternate-action) (alternate-action)
Push – Opens or closes respective Push – Opens or closes the APU Load Push – Opens or closes 14th-stage
10th-stage bleed air shutoff valve. Control Valve (LCV). bleed air isolation valve.
CLOSED Light OPEN Light OPEN Light
Illuminated – Indicates the respective Illuminated – Indicates the APU LCV Illuminated – Indicates the 14th-stage
10th-stage bleed air shutoff valve is is open. bleed air isolation valve is open.
closed. FAIL Light
DUCT FAIL Light Illuminated – Indicates APU LCV has
Illuminated – Indicated a bleed air stuck open when commanded closed
leak in the respective 10th-stage duct. by the interlock protection.

BLEED AIR Panel

Figure 19-6

For Training Purposes Only 19-11

May 03
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM PILOT TRAINING GUIDE

EICAS STATUS Page

APU
DUCT TEST OK
100 430

RPM EGT
L 10th-Stage R 10th-Stage
Bleed Pressure Bleed Pressure
Readout CABIN TEMP 20 Readout
45 BLEED PRESS 45

FUEL TEMP

100 ENGINE 90
100 BULK

OXY 2000
C ALT 100

RATE 0.0
SPOILERS P 0.0

Description Symbol Condition

Indicates the pneumatic supply pressure available for operation

45
of air conditioning system or main engine starts

P604_19_009
L and R 10th-Stage
Bleed Pressure Readout
--- Invalid data

EICAS STATUS Page - Bleed Pressure Readouts

Figure 19-7

EICAS Messages

AURAL WARNING
MESSAGE MEANING
(IF ANY)
L 10TH DUCT
Bleed air leak in the respective 10th-stage ducting. “BLEED AIR DUCT”
R 10TH DUCT
L 14TH DUCT
Bleed air leak in the respective 14th-stage ducting. “BLEED AIR DUCT”
R 14TH DUCT
ANTI-ICE DUCT Bleed air leak in the fuselage or wing anti-ice ducting. “ANTI-ICE DUCT”
APU load control valve has failed in the open position with APU LCV interlock
APU LCV FAIL
activated.
DUCT TEST OK Bleed air leak detection systems passed self-test.
LOOP A TEST OK
The respective 10th-stage duct overheat loop circuit has passed self-test.
LOOP B TEST OK

EICAS Messages
Table 19-1

19-12 For Training Purposes Only

May 03