MODULE 1

Systems Analysis and Design

Introduction
Systems Analysis and Design is an active field in which analysts repetitively
learn new approaches and different techniques for building the system more
effectively and efficiently. The primary objective of systems analysis and
design is to improve organizational systems. This course provides a basic
understanding of system characteristics, system design, and its development
processes. It is a good introductory guide that provides an overview of all
the concepts necessary to build a system. Here in this lesson will primarily
focus on System Analysis, which it conducts studying a system or its parts in
order to identify its objectives and System Design which focuses on how to
accomplish the objective of a system.

Course Learning Outcomes

At the end of this course, the students are able to:

Contents of the Module

This module contains the following lesson/s:

 Lesson 1: System Analysis and Design Overview

2
Directions On How To Use The
Module Properly

1. In order to benefit profoundly from this module, please be guided by all

the key points presented below:
2. This module contains two (2) lessons. Each lesson is explained
substantively. Read the explanations thoroughly so that you could
understand the lesson fully.
3. On the first page of each lesson, you will find the specific learning
outcomes (SLOs) of each lesson. SLOs are knowledge and skills you are
expected to acquire at the end of the lesson. Read them carefully.
4. You must answer the Learning Activities/Exercises (LAEs). The LAEs
are designed to help you acquire the specific learning outcomes.
5. Feel free to chat, call, text or send an email message to me if you have
questions, reactions, or reflections about the contents or activities in the
module. (You can find my contact details in our group page.)
6. The Practice Task/Assessment and the Assignment shall be checked by
me.

Lesson 1: System Analysis and

Design Overview

Specific Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the students are able to:
1. (K) Explain Systems Analysis and Design
2. (A) Discuss their personal understanding of a System
3. (A) Recognize the various System Models
4. (K) Identify the Constraints, Properties, Elements, and Types of Systems
5. (S) Show an example and label the different Systems Models

3
Discussion
Systems development is systematic process which includes phases such as
planning, analysis, design, deployment, and maintenance. Here, in this
lesson, we will primarily focus on −

 Systems analysis
 Systems design

Systems Analysis
It is a process of collecting and interpreting facts, identifying the problems,
and decomposition of a system into its components.
System analysis is conducted for the purpose of studying a system or its
parts in order to identify its objectives. It is a problem solving technique
that improves the system and ensures that all the components of the system
work efficiently to accomplish their purpose.
Analysis specifies what the system should do.

Systems Design
It is a process of planning a new business system or replacing an existing
system by defining its components or modules to satisfy the specific
requirements. Before planning, you need to understand the old system
thoroughly and determine how computers can best be used in order to
operate efficiently.
System Design focuses on how to accomplish the objective of the system.
System Analysis and Design (SAD) mainly focuses on −

 Systems
 Processes
 Technology

What is a System?
The word System is derived from Greek word Systema, which means an
organized relationship between any set of components to achieve some
common cause or objective.
A system is “an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked
together according to a plan to achieve a specific goal.”

4
 Constraints of a System
A system must have three basic constraints −
A system must have some structure and behavior which is designed
to achieve a predefined objective.
Interconnectivity and interdependence must exist among the system
components.
The objectives of the organization have a higher priority than the
objectives of its subsystems.
For example, traffic management system, payroll system, automatic
library system, human resources information system.

Properties of a System
A system has the following properties −
Organization
Organization implies structure and order. It is the arrangement of
components that helps to achieve predetermined objectives.
Interaction
It is defined by the manner in which the components operate with each
other.
For example, in an organization, purchasing department must interact with
production department and payroll with personnel department.
Interdependence
Interdependence means how the components of a system depend on one
another. For proper functioning, the components are coordinated and linked
together according to a specified plan. The output of one subsystem is the
required by other subsystem as input.
Integration
Integration is concerned with how a system components are connected
together. It means that the parts of the system work together within the
system even if each part performs a unique function.
Central Objective
The objective of system must be central. It may be real or stated. It is not
uncommon for an organization to state an objective and operate to achieve
another.

5
The users must know the main objective of a computer application early in
the analysis for a successful design and conversion.

Elements of a System
The following diagram shows the elements of a system −

Outputs and Inputs

 The main aim of a system is to produce an output which is useful for
its user.
 Inputs are the information that enters into the system for processing.
 Output is the outcome of processing.

Processor(s)
 The processor is the element of a system that involves the actual
transformation of input into output.
 It is the operational component of a system. Processors may modify the
input either totally or partially, depending on the output specification.

6
  As the output specifications change, so does the processing. In some
cases, input is also modified to enable the processor for handling the
transformation.
Control
 The control element guides the system.
 It is the decision–making subsystem that controls the pattern of
activities governing input, processing, and output.
 The behavior of a computer System is controlled by the Operating
System and software. In order to keep system in balance, what and how
much input is needed is determined by Output Specifications.
Feedback
 Feedback provides the control in a dynamic system.
 Positive feedback is routine in nature that encourages the performance
of the system.
 Negative feedback is informational in nature that provides the
controller with information for action.
Environment
 The environment is the “supersystem” within which an organization
operates.
 It is the source of external elements that strike on the system.
 It determines how a system must function. For example, vendors and
competitors of organization’s environment, may provide constraints
that affect the actual performance of the business.
Boundaries and Interface
 A system should be defined by its boundaries. Boundaries are the
limits that identify its components, processes, and interrelationship
when it interfaces with another system.
 Each system has boundaries that determine its sphere of influence and
control.
 The knowledge of the boundaries of a given system is crucial in
determining the nature of its interface with other systems for successful
design.

7
 Types of Systems
The systems can be divided into the following types −
Physical or Abstract Systems
 Physical systems are tangible entities. We can touch and feel them.
 Physical System may be static or dynamic in nature. For example,
desks and chairs are the physical parts of computer center which are
static. A programmed computer is a dynamic system in which
programs, data, and applications can change according to the user's
needs.
 Abstract systems are non-physical entities or conceptual that may be
formulas, representation or model of a real system.
Open or Closed Systems
 An open system must interact with its environment. It receives inputs
from and delivers outputs to the outside of the system. For example, an
information system which must adapt to the changing environmental
conditions.
 A closed system does not interact with its environment. It is isolated
from environmental influences. A completely closed system is rare in
reality.
Adaptive and Non Adaptive System
 Adaptive System responds to the change in the environment in a way
to improve their performance and to survive. For example, human
beings, animals.
 Non Adaptive System is the system which does not respond to the
environment. For example, machines.
Permanent or Temporary System
 Permanent System persists for long time. For example, business
policies.
 Temporary System is made for specified time and after that they are
demolished. For example, A DJ system is set up for a program and it is
dissembled after the program.
Natural and Manufactured System
 Natural systems are created by the nature. For example, Solar system,
seasonal system.
 Manufactured System is the man-made system. For example, Rockets,
dams, trains.

8
Deterministic or Probabilistic System
 Deterministic system operates in a predictable manner and the
interaction between system components is known with certainty. For
example, two molecules of hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen
makes water.
 Probabilistic System shows uncertain behavior. The exact output is not
known. For example, Weather forecasting, mail delivery.
Social, Human-Machine, Machine System
 Social System is made up of people. For example, social clubs,
societies.
 In Human-Machine System, both human and machines are involved to
perform a particular task. For example, Computer programming.
 Machine System is where human interference is neglected. All the
tasks are performed by the machine. For example, an autonomous
robot.
Man–Made Information Systems
 It is an interconnected set of information resources to manage data for
particular organization, under Direct Management Control (DMC).
 This system includes hardware, software, communication, data, and
application for producing information according to the need of an
organization.
 Man-made information systems are divided into three types −
 Formal Information System − It is based on the flow of information in
the form of memos, instructions, etc., from top level to lower levels of
management.
 Informal Information System − This is employee based system which
solves the day to day work related problems.
 Computer Based System − This system is directly dependent on the
computer for managing business applications. For example, automatic
library system, railway reservation system, banking system, etc.

Systems Models
Schematic Models

 A schematic model is a 2-D chart that shows system elements and their
linkages.
 Different arrows are used to show information flow, material flow, and
information feedback.

9
Flow System Models
 A flow system model shows the orderly flow of the material, energy,
and information that hold the system together.
 Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), for example, is
used to abstract a real world system in model form.
Static System Models
 They represent one pair of relationships such
as activity–time or cost–quantity.
 The Gantt chart, for example, gives a static picture of an activity-time
relationship.
Dynamic System Models
 Business organizations are dynamic systems. A dynamic model
approximates the type of organization or application that analysts deal
with.
 It shows an ongoing, constantly changing status of the system. It
consists of −
 Inputs that enter the system
 The processor through which transformation takes place
 The program(s) required for processing
 The output(s) that result from processing.

Learning Activities/Exercises
 Show an example of any of the Systems Models and label it.

Example:

STATIC SYSTEM MODEL

10
Practice Task/Assessment
1. Explain in your own words what is Systems Analysis and Design
2. Discuss you personal understanding of a System
3. What are the various System Models

Teacher Intervention
 To submit your Learning Activities/Exercises and Practice
Task/Assessment, scan the QR Code or click the link below:

READ ME!
Scan the QR Code or click the link below

https://forms.gle/ve41YBbtpJxkueFx9

Feedback To Assessment
Scoring Rubrics
Category 9-10 Points 6-8 Points 0-5 Point/s
Answers Clear, complete Correct yet Incorrect and
and correct incomplete or totally irrelevant
answer/s to the insufficient answer/s to the
question/s asked. answer/s to the question/s asked.
question/s asked.

Assignment

 Study in advance about System Development Life Cycle

11
REFERENCE

Tutorials Point. (n.d.). System Analysis and Design Tutorial. Www.Tutorialspoint.Com.

Retrieved October 7, 2021, from

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/system_analysis_and_design/index.htm

12