Drilling Engineering
Introduction
Mud Logging Introduction
Drilling Engineering Introduction
Steps to Drill A Gas/Oil Well
Rotary Drilling
Connection
Trip
Circulating System
Steps to Drill A Gas/Oil Well
1. Complete or obtain seismic, log,
scouting information or other data.
2. Lease the land or obtain concession.
3. Calculate reserves or estimate from best
data available.
4. If reserve estimates show payout,
proceed with well.
5. Obtain permits from conservation/
national authority.
Steps to Drill a Well - cont’d
6. Prepare drilling and completion program.
7. Ask for bids on footage, day work, or
combination from selected drilling
contractors based on drilling program.
8. If necessary, modify program to fit
selected contractor equipment.
Steps to Drill a Well - cont’d
9. Construct road, location/platforms and
other marine equipment necessary for
access to site.
10. Gather all personnel concerned for
meeting prior to commencing drilling
(pre-spud meeting)
11. If necessary, further modify program.
12. Drill well.
Steps to Drill a Well - cont’d
13. Move off contractor if workover unit
is to complete the well.
14. Complete well.
15. Install surface facilities.
16. Analysis of operations with oncerned
personnel.
Rotary Drilling
Drilling Team
Drilling Rigs
Rig Power System
Hoisting System
Circulating System
The Rotary System
The Well Control System
Well-Monitoring System
Special Marine Equipment
Making a mouse hole connection （小鼠洞）
Moving Kelly
to Single in
Mousehole Single
Added.
Stabbing Ready to
the Pipe Drill
Making a mouse hole connection - cont’d
Making a trip
Why
trip?
Use
Elevators
Put Kelly in
for
Rathole
tripping
大鼠洞
Tripping
one stand
at a time
60-90 ft
Making a trip - cont’d
Mud Logging Introduction
¾What is Mud Logging?
¾The Procedure of Mud Logging
¾Well Information Management
¾Data Acquisition
¾Mud Logging
9Drilling Monitoring
9Drilling Engineering Application
9Hydrocarbon Chromatographic Analysis
9Geology Application
9Output
9Auxiliary Application
9Advanced Application
What is Mud Logging?
Mud Logging is a real time wellsite information
service.
If something is taking place at wellsite while
drilling is underway, then it’s the business of
the mud logger.
The mud logger’s job is not simply to gather
data. The mud logger is responsible for letting
everyone at the wellsite have the information
needed when it is needed.
……
The Procedure of Mud Logging
Unit Installation Parameters Setup
Sensors Installation Threshold Setup
Parameters Setup
Data Acquisition
Data Acquisition
Mudlog Monitoring
Software
Configuration Real time Output
Final Work
Well Information Management
Well Information
Well Configuration Information
Mud Properties Information
Bit Information
Drillpipe Parameters
Monitoring Threshold
Data Acquisition
Engineering Data Acquisition
BKHT、HKLD、RPM、SPM、SPP、CSP、
TORQ、PIT、FOUT、MTO、MWO、
MRO、MTI、MWI、MRI，etc.
Gas Data Acquisition
H2S、CO2、Total Gas、C1~C5、H2
Drilling Monitoring
The Procedure of Mud Logging
Drilling Monitoring
Hole Problems
Lost Circulation
Stuck Pipe
• Keyseat- Crooked Hole
• Differential Sticking
• Mechanical Sticking
Junk in Hole
Kicks and Blowouts
Crooked Hole
Hole Problems - Lost Circulation
Indication:
Flow out < Flow in (e.g 400 < 500)
Drop in Mud Pit Volume
Blowout
Causes:
High Formation Permeability (e.g. fractures)
Low Formation Pore Pressure
Poor Drilling Fluid Characteristics
Induced Fracturing of Formation From Rapid
Pipe Movement
Hole Problems - Lost Circulation
Results:
Costly Mud Makeup
Loss of Production
Fire
Loss of Permit to Drill
Preventive Measures:
Crew Education
Good Mud Program
Study Wells in Area
…to be prepared
Hole Problems - Lost Circulation
Remedial Measures:
Use Lost Circulation Material as Mud
Additive (fibrous or granular)
Drill Through Troublesome Interval
and Case Off
Decrease Mud Weight
Decrease Circulation Rate
Hole Problems - Stuck Pipe
Indication:
Cannot Pick Up Pipe
Causes:
Cave - ins
Keyseat - Crooked Hole
Differential Pressure Sticking
Filter Cake
Deposited AFTER Circulation Stops - While Still on Bottom
Results:
Fishing Operations Back off, POH, RIH w/fishing string
Loss of Hole or at least part of the hole
Hole Problems - Stuck Pipe
Preventive Measures:
Use Minimum Mud Weight Required to Control Formation Pressures.
Use Special Drill Collars (spiral)
Use Centralizers on Casing
Periodically Establish Circulation while Running Casing or Drillpipe in
Deep Hole
If Circulation Can Be Established:
Erode Mud Filter Cake - at High Fluid Velocity (speed up pumps)
Spot Special Fluid; Oil, Acid
Reduce Mud Weight as Far as Possible
Rotate Pipe - Keep Moving Pipe
If Circulation Cannot Be Established:
Cut Pipe or Unscrew Joint - and Fish
KEY
SEAT
P1 >> P2
P1
P2
Thick Filter Cake F = μN
N = ΔP A
Thin Filter Cake
F = μ ΔP A
How is filter cake formed?
Pipe Stuck in Wall Cake
Hole Problems - Junk in Hole
Indication:
Bit Parts Missing
Items from Surface Dropped into Hole
Erratic Torque
Cause:
Negligence of Crew
Result:
Fishing Operation
Hole Problems - Junk in Hole
Preventive Measure:
Crew Education
Remedial Measures:
Run Junk Basket
Run Basket with Collapsible Teeth
(“Poor Boy” Basket)
Run Magnet
Hole Problems – Kick, Blowout
(oil, gas or water)
[surface or underground]
Indication:
Returns to Surface after Circulation is Stopped (KICK!)
Well Out of Control - Big Problem!
Lost Circulation . . .
Cause:
Loss of Hydrostatic Head due to Lost Circulation
Poor drilling Fluid
Swabbing Effect while Pulling Drillpipe
Insufficient Mud Weight
Result:
Possible Loss of Life and Property
Legal and Financial Problems
Hole Problems – Kick, Blowout
Preventive Measure:
Crew Education
Be Alert
Blowout Control Equipment on RIG including Pit
Volume Indicators
Remedial Action:
If on Bottom:
Use proper Mud Weight (increase)
Add Lost Circulation Materials
In Extreme Case of Blowout:
May Have to Directionally Drill a Relief Well
Hole Problems -
Blowout
Dynamic Kill
from a Relief
Well
Hole Problems - Crooked Hole
Indication:
Periodic Directional Surveys
Stuck Drill String
Casing Problems
Cause:
Too much Weight on Bit
Dipping Formation
Anisotropic Formation
Too Small Drill Collars
No Stabilizers
Result:
Uneven Spacing (on bottom)
Legal Problems
Production Problems
Cementing Problems
Hole Problems - Crooked Hole
Preventive Measure:
Avoid Buckling of Drill Pipe by using sufficient
number of drill collars
Use “Oversize” Drill Collars
Use Reamers and Stabilizers
Start the Hole Vertically
Remedial Action:
Plug Back and Sidetrack
Use Whipstock (wedge)
Use Reamers in 3 Locations
Real time Calculations
Status Recognition
Real Time Hydraulics Calculation
Real Time Pressure Calculation
Lag Parameters Calculations
Engineering Parameters Calculations
Gas Detection Parameters Calculations
Inclination Angle
θ, α, I
Direction Angle
φ, ε, A
Wellbore Surveying Methods
¾ Average Angle
¾ Balanced Tangential
¾ Minimum Curvature
¾ Radius of Curvature
¾ Tangential
Drilling Hydraulics Applications
Calculation of subsurface hydrostatic pressures
that may tend to burst or collapse well tubulars or
fracture exposed formations
Several aspects of blowout prevention
Displacement of cement slurries and resulting
stresses in the casing string
Bit nozzle size selection for optimum hydraulics
Surge or swab pressures due to vertical pipe
movement
Carrying capacity of drilling fluids
Schematic
of Rig
Circulating
System for
liquid
drilling
fluid
Well Control ppore < pmud < pfrac
Fig. 4-2. The Well Fluid System
Pressure Drop PPUMP
Calculations
Q = 280 gal/min
ρ = 12.5 lb/gal
PPUMP = ΔPDP + ΔPDC
+ ΔPBIT NOZZLES
+ ΔPDC/ANN + ΔPDP/ANN
+ ΔPHYD
"Friction" Pressures
2,500
"Friction" Pressure, psi
2103 DRILLPIPE
2,000
DRILL COLLARS
1,500
1,000 BIT NOZZLES
500 ANNULUS
0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
Distance from Standpipe, ft
Hydrostatic Pressures in the Wellbore
9,000
BHP
H ydrostatic Pre ssure , psi
8,000
7,000
6,000
DRILLSTRING ANNULUS
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
Distance from Standpipe, ft
Pressures in the Wellbore
10,000
9,000
8,000
CIRCULATING
Pressures, psi
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2103
2,000
1,000 STATIC
0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
Distance from Standpipe, ft
Wellbore Pressure Profile
2103
0
2,000
DRILLSTRING
4,000
Depth, ft
6,000
ANNULUS
8,000
10,000
(Static)
12,000
BIT
14,000
0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000
Pressure, psi
Jet Bit Nozzle Size Selection
Proper bottom-hole cleaning
• will eliminate excessive regrinding of drilled
solids, and
• will result in improved penetration rates
¾ Bottom-hole cleaning efficiency
• is achieved through proper selection of bit
nozzle sizes
Jet Bit Nozzle Size Selection
- Optimization -
Through nozzle size selection, Optimization
may be based on maximizing one of the
following:
¾ Bit Nozzle Velocity
¾ Bit Hydraulic Horsepower
¾ Jet impact force
• There is no general agreement on which of
these three parameters should be maximized.
Lifting Capacity of Drilling Fluids
- Slip Velocity -
Fluid Velocity in Annulus
Particle Slip Velocity
Hole Structure and Hole Size
Mud Density and Rheology
Cutting Properties
Swab & Surge
Prediction of Abnormal Pore Pressure
Resistivity of Shale
Temperature in the Return Mud
Drilling Rate Increase
dc - Exponent
Sonic Travel Time
Conductivity of Shale
Procedure for Determining Pore Pressure
From dc - Exponent
Calculate dc over 10-30 ft intervals
Plot dc vs depth (use only date from
Clean shale sections)
Determine the normal line for the
dc vs. depth plot.
Establish where dc deviates from the
normal line to determine abnormal
pressure zone
Procedure for Determining Pore Pressure From
dc - Exponent
No
rm
al
Normal
Depth
Tre
d n
Abnormal
dc - Exponent
Cementing
Steel
Casing
Borehole Liner
Top
Casing
Cement Seat
Steel Liner
Full String Cementing Liner Cementing
Drilling Cost Analysis
The Drilling Engineer:
Recommends drilling procedures that will safely
drill and complete the well at the lowest cost
possible
Makes recommendations concerning routine rig
operations:
9 drilling fluid treatment
9 pump operation
9 bit selection
9 handling problems during the drilling process
The Drilling Cost Equation:
C b + C r( tb + tc + tt ) $
Cf = Eq. 1.16
ΔD ft
Cf = drilling cost, $/ft Δ D = footage drilled
Cb= cost of bit, $/bit with bit, ft/bit
Cr = fixed operating cost of rig, $/hr
tb = total rotating time, hrs
tc = total non-rotating time, hrs
tt = total trip time (round trip), hrs
Cost per ft for one entire bit run
80
70
60
Minimum Cost
50
40
Hydrocarbon Chromatographic
Analysis
Pixler Method
The red lines mark
empirically determined
approximate boundaries
for gas and oil production.
Hydrocarbon Chromatographic
Analysis
Triangular Method
upward =>a gas bearing zone
large=>Very light gas
small=>dense and wet gas
downward =>an oil bearing zone
larger with decreasing oil gravity
The ovoid was empirically derived from
analysis of known reservoirs.
Hydrocarbon Chromatographic
Analysis
Standard Mud Log Method (3H)
Remote Logging Monitoring
Two-way data communications
Monitoring of all rig systems and activities
On-line access to a drilling and geological database
and simulation software
High quality voice communication
High resolution color graphics transmission of reports
and graphs, still images of bits, cores, micrographs of
cutting, and so on
Lower resolution video transmission for surveillance
of rig activities, inspection of larger exhibits or rig
structure, and for face to face conferencing
Geology Application
¾Cuttings Description Data Management
Output
¾Plotting System
¾Real-time text data display based time and
depth
¾Real-time curve display based time and
depth
¾Daily, Month report generator
Auxiliary Application
¾Database Management Application
¾Data Edit Application
¾Data Remote Transfer
Advanced Application
Drilling String Vibration Analysis
Cutting Image Recognition
The End
