Transportation in Humans and Animals
We will learn about the types of blood circulatory system, blood circulatory system in humans, mechanism
clotting, blood groups of humans, lymphatic system, dan health issues related to the blood circulatory system
10.1 Types of Circulatory System
1. Open circulatory system: Hemolymph flows from the heart to the hemocoel (body cavity).
2. Closed circulatory system: Blood flows in the blood vessels from the heart to body tissues.
Blood circulatory system in insects, fish, amphibians and humans:
Insects:
Open circulatory system.
Have many segments of space.
No mixing of hemolymph content.
Fish:
Closed circulatory system.
Have a two-chambered heart; atrium and ventricle.
No mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart.
Amphibian:
Closed circulatory system.
Have a three-chambered heart; two atria and one ventricle.
Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the ventricle.
Humans:
Closed circulatory system.
Have a four-chambered heart: two atria and two ventricles.
No mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in ventricles.
10.2 Circulatory System
Blood composition:
Blood
Cell Blood
Dissolved substances
Erythrocytes
Protein; albumin, globuli
Leucocytes
Nutrients; glucose, amino
Respiratory gases; oxyge
Granulocytes; neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Waste substances
Agranulocytes; lymphocytes, and monocytes
Enzymes
Platelets
Water
Characteristics and functions of red blood cells and white blood cells:
Red blood cell (erythrocytes):
Biconcave disc-shaped.
Size: 8 µm (diameter) and 2 µm (thickness).
No nucleus.
Contains hemoglobin.
Elastic; allows it to squeeze into thin capillaries.
5 million cells/mL.
Life span 120 days.
Function: transport oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the form of oxyhemoglobin and carbamino
Produced in the bone marrow.
Destroyed in the liver and spleen.
Leucocytes Function
Basophils Secretes heparin (inflammatory response)
Eosinophils Inflammatory response
Neutrophils Phagocytosis
Monocytes Phagocytosis
Lymphocytes Produces antibodies
The function of blood:
Transport oxygen.
Transport water.
Transport heat.
Transport wastes.
Transport nutrients.
Transport hormones.
Transport carbon dioxide.
Comparison of blood vessels in humans:
Arteries:
Size of the lumen; small.
Muscular wall: thick.
Presence of valve: absent.
Blood pressure: high.
Function: transport oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary artery.
Blood flow: transport blood from the heart to all body parts.
Capillaries:
Size of the lumen: absent.
Muscular wall: one cell thick.
Presence of valve: absent.
Blood pressure: higher than veins and lower than arteries.
Function: the site of exchange for gases and nutrients.
Blood flow: transport blood from arteries to the veins.
Veins:
Size of the lumen: large.
Muscular wall: thin.
Presence of valve: present (prevent the backward flow of blood).
Blood pressure: lower than arteries and capillaries.
Function: transport deoxygenated blood except for pulmonary vein.
Blood flow: transport deoxygenated blood from body tissues to the heart.
The heart structure:
1. The weight of a human's heart is around 250g until 350g and has the size of a fist.
2. The heart is situated at the thorax cavity, above the diaphragm, and protected by the ribcage.
3. The heart's muscles are myogenic, which means they contract and relax automatically and are not con
4. Covered by pericardium to protect the muscle tissues of the heart.
5. The function of the valve is to ensure that the blood flows only in one direction and to prevent the bac
6. It has a four-chambered heart; atria (right and left); thinner than ventricles and ventricles (right and lef
10.3 Mechanism of Heartbeat
Heartbeat:
Source: [Text book Biology Form 4]
Average heartbeat = 72 times/minute.
Sinoatrial nodes (SA) and atrioventricular nodes (AV) functions to ensure the heartbeat beats at a prop
Sinoatrial nodes are also known as the pacemaker of the heartbeat.
Pacemaker sets and coordinates the contraction of the heart but it is also influenced by:
Nervous system.
Endocrine system.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
Adrenaline (hormone).
The sequence of the contraction of the heart muscles that pump the blood:
SA nodes produce electrical impulses.
Electrical impulses spread rapidly to both atria, causing the atria to contract simultaneously.
The contraction of the atria causing the blood pressure in the atria to increase and pump the blood to t
Electrical impulses arrived at the AV nodes.
The electrical impulses spread through the bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers until it reaches the heart
The electrical impulses spread to both ventricles and causing them to contract simultaneously.
This causing the blood pressure in both ventricles to increase and pump the blood to the lungs and to a
10.4 Mechanism of Blood Clotting
Importance of the mechanism of blood clotting:
Prevent the entry of pathogean
Maintain blood pressure
Prevent excessive blood loss
Maintain the blood flow in the closed circulatory system
Mechanism of blood clotting:
Mechanism of blood clotting
Platelet in contact with fibres exposed to the damaged blood vessel
↓
Platelet will clump at the site of injury and produce thrombokinase
↓
Inactive prothrombin converted to active thrombin by thrombokinase
↓
Thrombin then will convert soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin filament
Fibrin filament forms a sticky network and traps red blood cell
Blood clot is formed
Issues of blood clotting:
Cause diseases such as:
Hemophilia:
A genetic disease that caused by lacking of blood clotting factors.
Translated through sex-linked genes in chromosome X.
Can cause excessive and prolonged blood loss.
treatment: treated through injection of factor VIII or IX and genetic engineering.
Thrombosis:
A disease caused by the blood clot that form in the blood vessels.
The blood clot is known as thrombus.
Can narrow the blood vessels; interrupt the blood flow; can cause heart attack.
If the blood clot prevent the blood flow in the brain, it can cause stroke and paralyse.
Treatment: treated with aspirin, hrparin or warfarin.
Embolism:
A disease caused by embolus that cause the arteries to clog..
Embolus is the blood clot that flow in the blood flow.
Can narrow the blood vessels; interrupt the blood flow; can cause heart attack.
Treatment: treated with aspirin, hrparin or warfarin.
10.5 Blood Group of Humans
Blood group A:
Antigen (on the plasma membrane of erythrocyte): antigen A.
Antibody (in the blood serum): anti-B.
Can donate blood to the individuals with blood group A and AB only.
Can receive bloof from individuals with blood group A and O only.
Blood group B:
Antigen (on the plasma membrane of erythrocyte): antigen B.
Antibody (in the blood serum): anti-A.
Can donate blood to the individuals with blood group B and AB only.
Can receive bloof from individuals with blood group B and O only.
Blood group AB:
Antigen (on the plasma membrane of erythrocyte): antigen A and B.
Antibody (in the blood serum): absent.
Can donate blood to the individuals with blood group AB only.
Universal receipient.
Blood group O:
Antigen (on the plasma membrane of erythrocyte): absent
Antibody (in the blood serum): anti-A and anti-B
Can receive blood from the individuals with blood group O only.
Universal donor.
Rhesus factor:
Refers to the rhesus protein or known as antign D, that also found on the plasma membrane of erythro
Individuals with antigen D; individual with Rh+.
Individuals with no antigen D; individual with Rh-
Antigen and antibody
Types of rhesus
Presence antigen D Presence of antibody
Rh+ Present Absen
Rh- Absent Absen
The effect of Rh+ blood donor to the Rh- blood receiver:
During blood transfusion, the blood's donor will react by producing antibody, anti-D.
Antibody, anti-D cause the blood's donor agglutinate with the blood's receiver in the body and this can
Rhesus factor also can cause issues in Rh- mother that has more than one Rh+ children:
If Rh-negative mother carries the first child Rh+, there will be no blood agglutination because the mo
foetal blood through placenta.
At the last month of pregnancy, small amount of foetal blood can enters the mother's blood circulation
This will trigger the mother's immune system untuk produce antibody anti-D.
If the mother is pregnant with Rh+ second baby, the antibody anti-D presence it the mother's blood
destroy the foetal blood.
This can cause brain damage and death to the second baby.
The way to prevent agglutination during second pregnancy: the mother obtain anti Rh globulin thr
pregnancy to prevent the mother's body to produce antibody anti rhesus.
10.6 Health Issues Related to The Blood Circulatory System of Humans
Importance of a healthy cardiovascular system:
Encourages a healthy growth cell.
Transport substances required by body cells such as nutrients and oxygen to allow the cells to use th
respiration.
Transport waste substances such as carbon dioxide to be excreted.
Cardiovascular diseases include diseases related to the heart and the blood circulatory system such as athero
hypertension, myocardial infarction (heart attack) stroke.
Atherosclerosis is the formation and deposition of plaque on the artery walls.
The plaque is formed from cholesterol, lipid, dead muscle tissues and coagulated platelets.
The plaque will clog and narrow the lumen in blood vessels.
The restricted blood flow can cause hypertension.
Hypertension causes fine arteries to break and the patient can suffer from stroke if this happens in the
Stroke is also caused by blood clots (thrombus) that clog the flow of blood in the brain.
Artherosclerosis is the early stage of arteriosclerosis.
Arteriosclerosis occurs when calcium is deposited on the plaque and causes the artery to become hard
If the lumen of the coronary artery (artery for the heart) is narrowed, the insufficient oxygen supply to
cause angina (serve chest pain).
If the artery is completely clogged, myocardial infraction (heart attack) will occur.
10.7 Lymphatic System
Lymphatic system is a part of blood circulatory system and immune system.
High blood pressure from the capillaries bed causing the water and dissolved substances to diffuse int
90% of interstitial fluid will be passed into the blood capillaries and veins.
10% of interstitial fluid will be passed into the blood circulatory system through lymphatic system.
Roles of lymphatic system in transportation:
Transport the excess of interstitial fluid back into the blood before they enter the heart.
Lacteal in the small intestine absorb fatty acids and glycerols,
Transport enzymes and hormones.
Cholesterol enters the blood circulatory system through the lymphatic system.
Transport nutrients and waste back into the blood circulatory system.
The components of lymphatic system:
Lymph capillaries. example: lacteal.
Lymph vessels; contain valves.
Lymph duct; transport lymph into the blood circulatory system through subclavian vein. example;
duct.
Lymph nodes; filter the lymph; contain two types of leucocytes such phagocytes and monocytes.
Lymph organs; spleen, tonsil, thymus gland, appendix and bone marrow.
10.8 Health Issues Related to The Lymphatic System of Humans
Edema is caused by the excess fluid that is trapped in the body tissues, which is usually caused by the le
blood flow.
Causes of edema:
Pregnancy: The body will produce more body fluid to fulfill the needs of a growing fetus.
Prolonged bedridden patients: Paralysed or stroke patients with limited mobility can suffer from edem
Deficiency of plasma protein: Deficiency of albumin in the blood.
Parasitic infection:
o The parasite worm Brugia sp. infects the lymphatic vessel and prevents the flow of lymphatic
o The infected part, for example, leg will swell.
o The patient contracts lymphatic filariasis.
o This worm is transmitted through mosquito bites.
