Report on:
Variable power supply (5V, 7V, 12V)
Submitted by
Pavan. V [CSE-069]
M. Gagan [ECE-027]
Spandana Vinod [AE-013]
Abhishek Anand [IT-013]
Under the guidance of
DR. Harinath Aireddy
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering (EEE)
Alliance University
1
Bachelor of Technology
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. Pavan. V Reg. No. CSE069, Mr. M. Gagan Reg. No.
ECE027, Ms. Spandana Vinod Reg No. AE013 and Mr. Abhishek Anand Reg.
No. IT013 have completed the report titled Variable power supply (5V, 7V,
12V) under my guidance for the course: Electrical and Electronics Lab in
Semester II of the Bachelor of Technology.
Name of the faculty Guide: Dr. Harinath Aireddy
2
▪ INDEX
I Abstract 4
II Introduction 4
III Objective 5
IV Methodology 6
V Results and discussions 15
VI Scope of the work 15
VII Contribution 16
VIII Conclusion 16
IX Acknowledgement 17
X References 17
I. Abstract
3
Here we make a variable power supply the main working principle of this project is full wave
rectification which is done by bridge configuration. Where we are using four diodes and
those rectifies the output of step-down transformer that step down 220 AC volts to 18volts.
In this circuit we use capacitor which is used to get constant input to regulator moreover, it
also helps to reduce the sharp peeks in the output. We use 1000µF capacitors which reduce
the noise and repels produce by regulator, so that regulator output has less repels. Here we are
also using voltage regulator that gives constant voltage which gives 5volts when it is used by
LM7805 voltage regulator and 12volts when used by LM7812 voltage regulator.
Now, the main task is to get variable output for this we use three voltage regulator which is
connected and one voltage regulator is connected with two resistors to get final output 5V,
7V and 12V.
II. Introduction
A power supply is a hardware component that supplies power to an electrical device. A
power supply can be given from the battery or from a hardware circuitry which converts
the AC supply into the DC supply or step-down AC to step-up AC and vice-versa. A
variable power supply is one which facilitates the user to vary and adjust the desired
output voltage and output current. Usually, a potentiometer is used for voltage
adjustments.
Variable Power Supply Circuit.
The variable power supply circuit is equipped with an adjustable voltage regulator to
adjust the output according to the output. An adjustable voltage regulator has line
regulation and load regulation.
Important features
• Its function is to supply a stable voltage (or less often current), to a circuit or device
that must be operated within certain power supply limits.
4
• AC to DC converters generally comprise a rectifier bridge to rectify the alternating
current of the input line and a regulating device supplying on output of one or more
regulated DC voltages.
• Just the simple alternating current is applied and through potentiometer you get the
desired regulated DC power supply.
• These variable voltage supplies are used for special purpose applications and testing
III. Objective
To design the circuit for variable power supply that gives output 5V,7V,12V by using
three voltage regulators.
To observe the output to meet the requirement.
Materials required
A. Components
1. Transformer 240v 50 Hz (18V,2A)
2. 1000 µF/50V capacitors (3 pieces)
3. 1n4007 rectifier diodes (5 pieces)
4. LM7805
5. LM7808 Voltage regulators
6. LM7812
7. 2K ohm resistor
8. 15K ohm resistor
9. Heat sink
B. Apparatus
1. Power supply
2. Voltmeter
3. PCB
5
4. Connection wires
5. Soldering iron
IV. Methodology
The main task is to get variable output for this we use three voltage regulator which is
connected and one voltage regulator is connected with two resistors to get final output 5V,
7V and 12V. AC supply 220volts, 50 Hz is connected to transformer then diode rectifier then
filter circuit then voltage regulator.
Step down transformer: A transformer designed to reduce the voltage from primary to
secondary is called a step-down transformer. The transformation ratio of a transformer will be
equal to the square root of its primary to secondary inductance (L) ratio.
Figure 01. Step down transformer (18-0-18)
Capacitors: A capacitor is a two-
terminal electrical device that possesses
the ability to store energy in the form of
an electric charge. It consists of two
electrical conductors that are separated by a distance.
6
Figure 02. 1000µF (50V) electrolytic capacitor
Rectifier diode: A rectifier
diode is a two-lead semiconductor
that allows current to pass in only one direction
1n4007 rectifier diode: 1N4007 is a rectifier diode, designed specifically for circuits that
need to convert alternating current to direct current. It can pass currents of up to 1 A, and
have peak inverse voltage (PIV) rating of 1,000 V.
Figure 03. 1n4007 rectifier diodes
Heat sink: A heat sink (also commonly spelled heat sink) is a passive heat exchanger that
transfers the heat generated by an electronic or a mechanical device to a fluid medium, often
air or a liquid coolant, where it is dissipated away from the device, thereby allowing
regulation of the device's temperature.
7
Resistors: The resistor is a passive electrical component to create resistance in the flow of
electric current. In almost all electrical networks and electronic circuits they can be found.
The resistance is measured in ohms.
Figure 04. Resistors (2K, 15K)
Figure 05. Voltage regulator
(LM7805, LM7808, LM7812)
Theory:
8
Figure 06.
Transformer: A Transformer is an equipment used either for raising or lowering
the voltage of an ac supply with a corresponding decrease and increase in current.
9
Working
A power supply can be given from the battery or from a hardware circuitry
which converts the AC supply into the DC supply or step-down AC to step-up
AC and vice-versa. A variable power supply is one which facilitates the user to
vary and adjust the desired output voltage and output current.
In working it is divided into three steps;
1. Working of full wave bridge rectifier
2. Smoothing
3. Voltage regulation
1. Working of full wave bridge rectifier:
The Positive Half-cycle: During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D2
conduct in series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through the
load as shown below.
Figure 07. The Positive Half-cycle
10
TheNegativeHalf-cycle: During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and
D4 conduct in series, but diodes D1 and D2 switch “OFF” as they are now reverse
Biased. The current flowing through the load is the same direction as before.
Hence, we can say that the bridge wave rectifier gives the pulsating DC voltage which
Are not suitable for electronics circuit.
Figure 08. The Negative Half-cycle Figure 8.1. Resultant wave form
2. Smoothing:
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC
Supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage
From the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line)
And the smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the
Varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.
11 Figure 09. Smoothing
Note: - Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the
Peak value (1.4 × RMS value).
Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a little as it discharges,
Giving a small ripple voltage. For many circuits a ripple which is 10% of the supply
Voltage is satisfactory and the equation below gives the required value for the smoothing
Capacitor. A larger capacitor will give less ripple. The capacitor value must be doubled
When smoothing half-wave DC
So, in this we concluded that the pulsating DC voltage is applied to the smoothing
Capacitor. This smoothing capacitor reduces the pulsations in the rectifier DC output
Voltage.
3. Voltage regulation using (LM7805, LM7808, LM7812)
Output from the full wave bridge rectifier is fed to a LM7805 regulator provides voltage from
5V. The LM7805 Voltage Regulator is a 3-terminal voltage regulator which can supply an
output voltage of 5V.
The Voltage Regulator has 3 pins.
1. VIN
2. VOUT
3. Ground
Figure 10. Voltage regulator
12
VIN: VIN is the pin which receives the incoming voltage
VOUT: VOUT is the pin which outputs the regulated voltage.
In this way 5V and 12V are produced using a voltage regulator.
Getting 7V using LM7808
Output from the full wave bridge rectifier is fed to a LM7808 regulator provides voltage from
7V. The LM7808 Voltage Regulator is a 3-terminal voltage regulator which can supply an
output voltage of 7V. To get 7volts from 8volts we use a diode 1n4007 which drops out the
voltage 0.7volts from the current volts. Diode and resistor is connected to the output of the
regulator. When we connect a diode and a resistor for output which gives 7volts.
Step down transformer
Soldering
(18-0-18)
Heat sink with
voltage regulator
Output
Capacitor
Rectifier
Bridge rectifier
Switch
Diode
Figure 11. Circuit diagram
Figure 12. Circuit
13
VII. Result and discussion
In our project we use capacitor which is used to get constant input to regulator moreover, it
also helps to reduce the sharp peeks in the output. We use 2200µF capacitors which reduce
the noise and repels produce by regulator, so that regulator output has less repels. Here we are
also using voltage regulator that gives constant voltage which gives 5volts when it is used by
LM7805 voltage regulator and 12volts when used by LM7812 voltage regulator.
Finally, we get dc regulated power supply of 5V, 7V, 12V separately.
14
VI. Scope of the work
The “Variable Power Supply” plays a very important role in the laboratory functions
and that is mainly to the electronics lab.
As in electronics all the instruments, components work on a particular regulated DC
supply, so a project which can supply by converting the alternating current to direct
current that too into a particular range of regulated power keeps its own preference.
As it can produce 5v, 7v, 12v direct current by regulating and converting alternating
current, it has a vast application. Such converters are known as “Switch Mode Power
Supply” (SMPS).
VII. Contribution
This project, Variable power supply (5V, 7V, 12V) was completed by four students, Pavan.
V, Spandana Vinod, M. Gagan and Abhishek Anand from our respected institution have
participated and collaborated for the completion and eventual success of this project. The
participants have divided the parts of the project according to their existing skill set. All of us
have tackled the problems we faced together.
Our project a voltage regulator is used to regulate voltage levels. When a steady,
reliable voltage is needed, then the voltage regulator is the preferred device. It generates a
15
fixed output voltage that remains constant for any changes in an input voltage or load
conditions.
VIII. Conclusion
This report presents the basic outline of how the variable power supply (5V, 7V, 12V) works.
The developed module gives the result with high accuracy and efficiency. The above work is
based on the concept of the power supply that has been designed provides a good alternative
to a less expensive power supply. The power supply has few components, covers a small area
and is very simple in design.
IX. Acknowledgement
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our Professor Dr.
Harinath Aireddy for giving us this wonderful opportunity and encouraging us
to work on this project.
X. Reference
The following resources and references were used for the completion of this project
Electrical 4 U
16
MIT Open Courseware
YouTube videos for sample
Circuit lab
17
