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‫‪Engineering Dictionary for‬‬

‫‪Preparatory Students of Engineering‬‬
‫‪‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ ‪ ..‬ﻓﻜﺮﺕ‪ ‬ﻭﺗﺄﻣﻠﺖ‪‬‬
‫ﲟﺎ ﻛﻨﺖ‪ ‬ﺃﻓﻜﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺧﺎﺋﻔﺎﹰ ﻣﻀﻄﺮﺑﺎﹰ ﻣﺘﺮﻗﺒﺎﹰ ؛ ﻷﱐ ﺃﺩﺧﻞ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻋﺎﱂ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ‬
‫ﻻ ﺃﻋﺮﻑ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﷲ ﻫﺪﺍﱐ ﻭﻭﻓﻘﲏ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻮﻛﻠﺖ ‪ ..‬ﻭﺃﻧﺼﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ‪..‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺘﲏ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ؛ ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺫﺍﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺄﻟﺖ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﻭﻃﻤﺌﻨﻮﱐ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪ ..‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻣ‪‬ﻀﻲ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎﹰ ﺑﺖ‪ ‬ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺗ‪‬ﺬﻛﺮ ‪ ..‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ‪ ‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﻨﺤﲏ ﺍﷲ ﺇﻳﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﺰﻣﻼﺋﻲ ﻃﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ؛ ﻟﻴﻌﻠﻤﻮﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻬﻞ ‪ ..‬ﻓﻴ‪‬ﺴﻌﺪﱐ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﳍﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮﺱ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﻮﺍﺟﻬﻜﻢ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺗﻜﻢ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﻣﺬﺍﻛﺮﺗﻜﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫؛ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺗﺒﻌﺖ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﰊ –ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﺮﺕ‪ ‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﱵ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺭﻓﻖ ﻣﻌﲎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﻧﺎﻇﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﻤﺖ ﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻗﻮﺍﻣﻴﺲ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺷﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ ‪ ..‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﱐ ﺃﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻧﻜﻢ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﻥ ﺷﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺳﻴﺴﺮ ﻟﻜﻢ ﻋﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ‪ ..‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ﺃﲜﺪﻳﺎﹰ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ..‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ Ctrl + F‬ﻭﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ ..‬ﻭﺳﺘﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺇﻥ ﺷﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ‪ ..‬ﻭﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺘﺪﻯ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫‪U‬‬

‫ﻭﺃﻧﺎ ﻻ ﺃﺩﻋﻲ ﺃﻧﲏ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﺮﲨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﻞ ﻗﻤﺖ‪ ‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﲜﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻣﻴﺲ ﻋﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺴﻖ ﻟﻴﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻜﻢ ﺃﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺣﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﳌﺎ ﺗﺮﻳﺪﻭﻥ ‪..‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻣﻮﺱ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ؛ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺃﺭﺟﻮ ﺃﻻ ﺗﺒﺨﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺣﱴ ﺗﻔﻴﺪﻭﺍ ﻏﲑﻛﻢ ﺇﻥ ﺷﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ ‪..‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻋﺼﺎﻡ‬
‫‪2008-10 -25‬‬

‫‪Khalid Essam‬‬ ‫‪Future Engineer Team‬‬ ‫‪2008‬‬

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The Word Arabic Meaning English meaning

above ‚u� at a higher level or rank than

absence «bF�« Æ »UO� state of being not present

absolute ·�d Æ oÓKD�� something absolute

’UB���«
the process of absorbing something or of
absorption being absorbed.
acceleration WK�� Rate of change of velocity.

accomplish �r�� Æ e�M�� achieve or complete successfully.

acid i�L� Æ �wC�L�� substances with pH of less than 7.0

actual wF�«Ë Æ wIOI� existing in fact; real.

acute angle …�œU�� ÏW��Ë«�“ angle of less than 90 degrees

adiabatic …�—«dÓ(« �ÂuEJ�� Æ v�U�U�œ√ occurring without loss of heat

airplane …�—U�OÓ� ª …�dzU� an aeroplane.

‰u��Ô�
chemical compound containing an alkyl
alcohol group and a hydroxyl group
alloy WJO�� mixture of metals.

amplification ��ÚJ� Æ rO��C� strengthening, reinforcement; enlarging

…Ë—c�« WLO� Æ WF�

the maximum displacement of a periodic
amplitude wave
analogous t�U�A�� Æ d�U�M�� comparable in certain respects.

qOK%
a detailed examination of something in
analysis order to interpret or explain it.

q=K����
the part receives the light after
analyzer polarization.

W��Ë«�“
space between two or more lines which
angle are joined at a common point
the angle which an incident line or ray
angle of
◊uI��« W�Ë«�“ makes with a perpendicular to the surface
incidence at the point of incidence.
angle of
”UJF�ô« W�Ë«�“
the angle made by a reflected ray with a
reflection perpendicular to the reflecting surface.

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angle of
—U�J�ô« W�Ë«�“
the angle made by a refracted ray with a
refraction perpendicular to the refracting surface.
angular
�ÍË«“ œ�œd� a scalar measure of rotation rate.
frequency
W��Ë«“ W�d�
the motion of a body about a fixed point or
angular motion fixed axis, as of a planet or pendulum.
angular velocity W��Ë«“ W�d� rate of change of angular displacement

�Í�u� �� Æ �–U�
something that deviates from what is
anomalous standard, normal, or expected.
W�U��« »—UI� ÁU&« b{ the hands of a clock
in the direction opposite to the rotation of
anti-clockwise

W�u*« sD�
the position of maximum displacement in a
antinode standing wave system.
…b� Æ “UN�
the technical equipment or machinery needed
apparatus for a particular activity or purpose.
apparent �Íd�U� Æ ÌœU� seeming real or true

appropriate V�U�M�� Æ rzUÓK�� suitable; proper

approximate ���dI� fairly accurate but not totally precise.

aqueous �wzU� resembling or containing water.

arbitrary Í—UO��« Æ �w�U���« based on random choice or personal whim.

”�uÓ�
a curve forming part of the circumference
arc of a circle or other figure.
W�U��
a physical quantity expressing the size of a
area part of a surface
assumption ÷«��« a thing that is assumed as true.
atmospheric
Íu'« jG�C�« the pressure exerted by the atmosphere
pressure
atom …�—– smallest part of an element

barometer ��Ë—U��« an instrument measuring atmospheric pressure

basic �Íb�U� Æ �w�Oz�— containing or having the properties of a base

”U�√
the underlying support for an idea,
basis argument, or process
‚�—�Ë�œ Æ ”Q�
a lipped cylindrical glass container for
beaker laboratory use

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a long sturdy piece of squared timber or
Æ W{—U� Æ WF�√ W�e� metal used horizontally in building to
beam support a load above.
W��� Æ …b�«— OR
a ray or shaft of light.
below X% at a lower level than

Êb�FÓ*« �wzU�M�
alloy of two metals which expand
bimetallic differently in heat
W�d�� Ë√ WO�A� WK�� Æ V�U�
a large solid piece of hard material with
block flat surfaces on each side.
boiler W�]öÓ� hot water heater

n�u&
the hollow part inside a gun barrel or other
bore tube.
bowl ”U� Æ WO�UDK� a round vessel that is open at the top

brass dH_« ”U�M�« Í√ dH�B�« a yellow alloy of copper and zinc

British Thermal W�—«d(« …b�u�« a unit of heat equal to the amount of heat
needed to raise 1 lb of water at maximum
unit (Btu) ®Æ»ÆÕÆË© WO�UD���« density through one degree Fahrenheit.
a pair of shock-absorbing pistons
buffer W�bB�« n=H� Æ �b�B*« projecting from a cross-beam at the end of
a railway track or on a railway vehicle.
��u���« WKOB�
a rounded part of a cylindrical instrument
bulb (usually at one end)
the relative change in the volume of a body
bulk modulus r�(« d�UF� Ë√ ”UOI� produced by a unit compressive or tensile
stress acting uniformly over its surface.
buoyant Ì·U� Æ uÚH]DK� q�U� able or tending to keep afloat.

uHD�« …u�
the upward force on an object produced by
buoyant force the surrounding fluid
Î…Q�� Ë√ …uI� l�bM� Æ d�HM�
break or cause to break suddenly and
burst violently apart.

Ã�—�b� Æ d�UF��
mark (a gauge or instrument) with a
calibrate standard scale of readings.
calorie (cal) Í—u�U� Æ d�F�� unit of heat energy

WOzU�dN� WF�
property of an insulator that allows energy to
capacitance be stored due to the separation of the charge
a device used to store electric charge,
capacitor n��ÓJ�� consisting of one or more pairs of conductors
separated by an insulator.

Khalid Essam Future Engineer Team 2008

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…—b� Æ »UFO��« Æ WF��

the maximum amount that something can
capacity contain or produce.
capillary tube ®Î«�b� lO�—© �Í�dF�� »u��√ a tube of small internal diameter

n�M Æ W�� Æ WÓI�Ó�

a class or division of people or things
category having particular shared characteristics.
a temperature scale in which there are 100
celsius Íu�� ∫ v�uO�K� degrees between the freezing and boiling
points
X�M�L���≈
a powdery substance made by calcining lime
cement and clay, used in making mortar and concrete
…e�O2 WH Æ W�B�OB� thing
typical of a particular person, place, or
characteristic
the property of matter that is responsible
charge W�M��� for electrical phenomena, existing in a
positive or negative form.
…dz«œ Æ WIK�
a round plane figure whose boundary consists
circle of points equidistant from the centre
a system of electrical conductors and
circuit WOzU�dN� …dz«œ components forming a complete path
around which an electric current can flow
circular �Ídz«œ Æ d�b��� having the form of a circle.

clinker ÊœUF*« Y�� the stony residue from burnt coal or from a
furnace.
W�U��« »—UI� W�d� ÁU&U�
in the same direction as the rotating hands
clockwise of a clock
close V�d� Æ oÓK�G�� near

coal �Íd�� r�� fuel made from carbon

coefficient  UO{U�d�« � q�UFÔ*« constant factor of a term

j�«��
(of waves) having a constant phase
coherent relationship.
cohesive p�UL�� Æ r�K�� characterized by or causing cohesion

coke „uJ�« r�� carbon fuel obtained by distillation of coal

colligative WFL:« ’«u)« Properties of a solution that depend on the

number of solute molecules present, but
property qO�U�LK� not on the nature of the solute.

collinear rOI��*« j)« fH� vK� l�«Ë (of points) lying in the same straight line

collision Â�œUB� an instance of colliding

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œuL��
an upright support shaped like a long
column cylinder
‚«��«
rapid chemical combination with oxygen,
combustion involving the production of heat and light.
common lzU� Æ �ÂU� Æ „��A� belonging to two or more quantities
each of two or more forces, velocities, or
Ê�uJ� Æ V=�d�
other vectors acting in different directions
component which are together equivalent to a given
vector.
composition V]�d� Æ VO�d� a mixture of ingredients

compress f�J� Æ jGC� flatten by pressure; squeeze into less space.

j�G�{
the action of compressing or being
compression compressed
The amount of material dissolved in a unit
concentration W�U�� Æ e^�d� Ë√ eO�d� of solution, expressed in mg/L.

concept ÂuNH� Æ …dJ� an abstract idea.

conclusion W�O�� Æ ÃU�M��« the summing-up of an argument or text.

W��U��d�� Æ X�M�L���≈
a strong hard building material composed
concrete of sand and gravel and cement and water
condition W�U� Æ ◊�d�� the state of something or someone

conduction qOu��« the transmission of heat or electricity or sound

conductor q�u*« a material or device that conducts heat or electricity.

consequently, p�– vK� ¡UM� ¨ Ê–≈Ë a result; therefore.

conservative wEH% resistant to change

…dE� Æ Í√— Æ —U���«

a fact that is taken into account when
consideration making a decision
u�Ë Â«uÓI�« Æ p��U�L�
consistency the thickness or viscosity of a substance.
W�ËeK�« Ë√ W�U�J�« W�—œ
X�U�
a component of a relationship between
constant variables that does not change its value
constriction ‚UM��« a narrowing that reduces the flow through a channel

constructive When the peaks and troughs of

¡UM��« q�«b��« two interfering waves match, the amplitudes add
interference to give the resultant wave a higher amplitude.

Khalid Essam Future Engineer Team 2008

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¡U�≈ Æ ¡U�Ë
an object for holding or transporting
container something
contract hÒKI�� decrease in size, number, or range

�Í�—«�—��« q����«
the transfer of heat through a fluid (liquid
convection or gas) caused by molecular motion
convenient `�d� Æ rzö� suited to your comfort or purpose or needs
each of a group of numbers used to
coordinates  UO�«b�ù« indicate the position of a point, line, or
plane.
copper ”U� (Cu) metallic chemical element

correspond o�UD�� Æ o�«u�� have a close similarity

corresponding q�UL�� Æ o�UD�� similar, analogous

ÊUM�« Æ ÃË“
a pair of equal parallel forces that are
couple opposite in direction.
�D� ¨ Ãd�
relating to or denoting a point of transition
critical from one state to another.
critical angle W�d(« W�Ë«e�« least angle of incidence for total reflection

5D� Ë√ 5I�d� l�UI�

a mark, object, or figure formed by two
cross short intersecting lines or pieces (+ or ×)
÷�dF��� �lÓDÚI��
a section created by a plane cutting a solid
cross-section perpendicular to its longest axis
V�FJ�
the product of a number multiplied by its
cube square.
�OFJ�� �—c��
the number which produces a given
cube root number when cubed.
current �w�U� Æ —U�O� flow (of water, electricity, etc.)
the degree to which a curve deviates from
curvature ¡UM�« a straight line, or a curved surface deviates
from a plane.
cycle …�—�Ë�œ a cycle per second; one hertz
a three-dimensional shape with straight
cylinder W��«�uÔD��Ô√ parallel sides and a circular or oval cross
section.

cylindrical �w�«�uÔD��Ô√ shaped like cylinder

h=I�M� Æ hÔI�M�
make or become smaller or fewer in size,
decrease amount, intensity, or degree.

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deduce �Z��M���« ª Ój��M��

� « arrive at (a fact or a conclusion) by reasoning.

defects WÒK� Æ �qÓK�� a shortcoming, imperfection, or lack.

·�dF� Æ s�OF� Æ œ�b�

state or describe exactly the nature, scope,
define or meaning of
n�dF� Æ b�b%
a formal statement of the exact meaning of
definition a word.
alteration in the shape or dimensions of an
deformation Á�u�A� Æ t�uA� object as a result of the application of
stress to it
demonstration W�M���d� Æ � U��≈ the action of demonstrating something.

density W�U�� the degree of compactness of a substance

depend on vK� bL�F� Ë√ n�u�� be controlled or determined by.

dependant l�U��« Æ W�UF�« contingent on something else

depression nF{ Æ ÷UH�« the action of depressing something.

the distance from the top or surface to the
depth o�L�� bottom of something or to a specified point
within it.
nB�
give a detailed account of (someone or
describe something) in words.
destructive When the peaks of one wave match the
«b�« q�«b��« troughs of another, the waves interfere
interference destructively.
a quantity obtained by the addition of
determinant …œb� products of the elements of a square
matrix according to a given rule.
determination b�b% the quality of being determined; firmness of purpose.

�wDOD� Ë√ �w�UO� r�— appearance or structure of something.

a simplified drawing showing the
diagram
a straight line passing from side to side
diameter ®…dz«b�«© dÚDÔ� through the centre of a body or figure,
especially a circle or sphere.
wzU�dNJ�« ‰“UF�«
having the property of transmitting electric
dielectric force without conduction; insulating.
differ nK�� be unlike or dissimilar

different d��¬ Æ nK�� not the same as another or each other; unlike

q{UH��«
calculation of the derivative of a
differentiation mathematical function

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 9
the process by which a beam of light or
®  �u�B�« Ë√ ¡�u�C�« © �œu�O�� result of passing through a narrow
other system of waves is spread out as a
diffraction
aperture or across an edge.
diffraction a plate of glass or metal ruled with very
œuO(« “Ëe� close parallel lines, producing a spectrum
grating by diffraction and interference of light.
an expression for a derived physical
quantity in terms of fundamental quantities
b�F�
such as mass, length, or time, raised to the
dimension appropriate power (acceleration, for
example, having the dimension of length ×
time-2).
dimensionless œUF�√ ÊËb� having no dimensions
a course along which someone or
direction ÁU&« something moves, or which must be taken
to reach a destination.
disorder ÂUEM�« «bF�« Æ v{u� lack of order

X��A� Ë√ XO�A� radiation according to wavelength.

the separation of white light into colours or of any
dispersion

W�«“≈
the amount by which a thing is moved from
displacement a position.
dissipation o�dH� Æ b�b� � breaking up and scattering by dispersion

dissociation p^JÓH� Æ ‚UIA� « the action or process of disconnecting or separating.

(with reference to a solid) become or
dissolve V�c� cause to become incorporated into a liquid
so as to form a solution.
distinction ‚�d� Æ ·ö��« a marked difference or contrast

distribution l�“u� the action of distributing.

the process of dividing a matrix, vector, or
division WL��I�« other quantity by another under specific
rules to obtain a quotient.
drag Òj�L� Æ V���� Æ �d� pull along forcefully, roughly, or with difficulty.

V��� Æ qCH�
because of, as a result of, in consequence
due to of

efficiency …¡UH� Æ WO�U�F� the state or quality of being efficient.

elastic �d� (of a collision) involving no decrease of kinetic energy.

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electric current wzU��dNÓ� —� U�O� flow of electricity through a conductor

W�O��d�NÓ�
Energy created by moving charged
electricity particles
electromagnetic
w�O�UMG�ËdNJ�« nOD�« electromagnetic waves
the entire frequency range of
spectrum
electromagnetic wave of radiation from the electromagnetic
WO�O�UMG�ËdN� W�u�
wave spectrum
electromotive
WO�dNJ�« WF�«b�« …uI�«
a difference in potential that tends to give
force rise to an electric current.
a stable negatively charged subatomic
particle with a mass 1,836 times less than
electron ÊË��ÚJ��≈ that of the proton, found in all atoms and
acting as the primary carrier of electricity in
solids.
ŸUH��—«
height above a given level, especially sea
elevation level.
eliminate s� hK��� Æ q�e� completely remove or get rid of.

emissivity WO�UF��ô« ability to emit

emit ·cI� Ë√ oKD�� send forth or give out; discharge.

enclose f�� Æ Z�O��� Æ ‚�uD� surround or close off on all sides.

endothermic
…—«d�K� ’U� q�UH�
a chemical reaction accompanied by the
reaction absorption of heat

W�U�
the property of matter and radiation which
energy is manifest as a capacity to perform work.
„�d�
a machine with moving parts that converts
engine power into motion.
ensure qHJ� Æ sLC� make certain that (something) will occur or be so.

�Í�—«dÓ(« È�u���Ô*«
a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the
enthalpy total heat content of a system.
a thermodynamic quantity representing the
unavailability of a system's thermal energy
entropy UO�Ë��≈ Æ WOz«uAF�« for conversion into mechanical work, often
interpreted as the degree of disorder or
randomness in the system.
jO� Æ W�O�
the surroundings or conditions in which a
environment person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
a statement that the values of two
equation W�œUF� mathematical expressions are equal
(indicated by the sign =).

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equi- ¢ÍËU���¢ vMF0 WzœU� equal; equally: equidistant

equilibrium Ê«e��« Ë√ Ê�“«u� the state of being physically balanced

b�NÔ'« Í�ËU�����
(of a surface or line) composed of points
equipotential all at the same potential.
error QD� a mistake.

establish s�OF� Æ b=��u� Æ X����� set up on a firm or permanent basis

®ÂuM� wzU�eO� qzU�© ��_«

a substance formerly postulated to
ether permeate all space and to transmit light.
—�bÓI� Æ r�OI�� Æ s�L���
form an idea of the amount, number, or
evaluate value of; assess.
evolve —�uD� Æ Ãd���� Æ oKD�� develop gradually.
exothermic
…—«d�K� œ—U� q�UH�
a chemical reaction accompanied by the
reaction evolution of heat

expansion œ�b9 the action or an instance of expanding

a scientific procedure undertaken to make
experiment W�d& a discovery, test a hypothesis, or
demonstrate a known fact.
Í�� —«bI� Æ ��F�
a collection of symbols that jointly express
expression a quantity.
extensive A property that changes when the amount of matter in a sample
property changes. Examples are mass, volume, length, and charge.

extent ‚UD� Æ Èb� scope, range; size, measure

the angle between a side of a rectilinear
exterior angle W�O�
 �—U�� ÏW��Ë«�“ figure and an adjacent side extended
outward.
extraordinary lz«— Æ �wzUM���« very unusual or remarkable.

one of two or more numbers or quantities

factor q�U� that can be multiplied together to give a
particular number or quantity
using or measured on a temperature scale on
Fahrenheit ���UN�d�NÓ� Æ ���UN�—U� which water freezes at 32° and boils at 212°
under normal atmospheric conditions.
failure qA� Æ ‚UH�≈ lack of success

feature WOU� Æ …“—U� …eO� a distinctive attribute or aspect.

wzUOLO� Ë√ wFO�� œUL�� soil to increase its fertility.

a chemical or natural substance added to
fertilizer

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the region in which a force such as gravity
‰U� Æ qI�
or magnetism is effective, regardless of the
field presence or absence of a material
medium.
figure v�O{u� r�— a diagram or picture illustrating textual material

fine oO�œ very thin

Z��u� Æ V�NÓ�
a hot glowing body of ignited gas that is
flame generated by something on fire.
…�—Ë�—U�
a narrow-necked conical or spherical glass
flask container.
fluctuation V^KI� Æ »�c� �c� a wave motion
a substance that has no fixed shape and
fluid lzU� yields easily to external pressure; a gas or
(especially) a liquid.
o^�b�
the rate of flow of energy or particles
flux across a given surface
W�O�bF� W�U��—
metal hammered or rolled into a thin
foil flexible sheet.
form W�O� Æ qJ� visible shape or configuration.
a natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed
fossil fuel �Í�dÚ���« œu�u�« in the geological past from the remains of
living organisms.
fractional ��d��� relating to or expressed as a fraction.
the rate per second of a vibration
frequency œ�œ�d‰«
� constituting a wave, e.g. sound, light, or
radio waves.
„UÓJ���«
the resistance that one surface or object
friction encounters when moving over another.
frictionless „UJ��« ÊËb� without friction
a band of contrasting brightness or
fringe W��b�� darkness produced by diffraction or
interference of light.
œu�Ë
material such as coal, gas, or oil that is
fuel burned to produce heat or power
W]�«œ
a relation or expression involving one or
function more variables
W]�«œ
a relation or expression involving one or
function more variables.
�w�Oz— Æ �w�U�√
of or serving as a foundation or core; of
fundamental central importance.

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�d�
an enclosed chamber in which material
furnace can be heated to very high temperatures.
furthermore p�– vK� Î…Ëö� in addition; besides.

fusion —UNB�« Æ d�N� the process or result of fusing.

gap …dG�� Æ …�u��Ó� a break or hole in an object or between two objects.

gas “U� substance that is neither liquid nor solid

gauge —UOF� Æ ”UOI� standard of measure

jGC�« ”UOI�
the amount by which the pressure measured in
gauge pressure a fluid exceeds that of the atmosphere.
general q�U� Æ �ÂU� inclusive, of all things

generate Z�M�� Æ b=�u� cause to arise or come about.

a dynamo or similar machine for converting
generator b=�u*« mechanical energy into electricity.

geometrical �w�bM� relating to geometry.

the branch of mathematics concerned with
geometry WO{U�— W�bM� the properties and relations of points, lines,
surfaces, solids, and higher dimensional
analogues.
gradient —«b�ô« W��� Æ qO� the degree of steepness of a graph.

gravitation WO�–U'« …u� the force responsible for this; gravity.

WO�–U'« ‰U�
a field of force surrounding a body of finite
gravitational field mass
the force that attracts a body towards the
gravity ÷—_« W�O�–U� Æ qI��« centre of the earth, or towards any other
physical body having mass.
ground ÷—_« `ÚD� Æ ŸU� the solid surface of the earth

WOI�«u� Æ wI�«u�
a harmonic component of a complex
harmonic oscillation or wave.
passage of energy between things or
heat transfer …—«d(« ‰UI��« areas due to differences in temperature

�uK� Æ ŸUH�—«
the measurement of someone or something
height from head to foot or from base to top.
a three-dimensional image formed by the
hologram «d�u�u� interference of light beams from a laser or
other coherent light source.

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homogeneous f�U��� consisting of parts all of the same kind.

a law stating that the strain in a solid is
hooke’s law „u� Êu�U� proportional to the applied stress, within
the elastic limit of that solid.
horizontal wIÔ�Ô√ parallel to the plane of the horizon.

p�– l�Ë Æ ULN�

used to introduce a statement contrasting
however with a previous one.
�wJO�˗bO�
denoting or relating to a liquid moving in a
hydraulic confined space under pressure.
¡U*U� qOK%
the chemical breakdown of a compound
hydrolysis due to reaction with water.
Í√— Æ W�O�MÒE�« Æ W�O{�dÓH�« a supposition or proposed explanation
hypothesis made on the basis of limited evidence as a
bF� �X��� � �wLK� starting point for further investigation.

ice ZK� water frozen in the solid state

ideal �w�U�� most suitable; perfect.

a hypothetical gas whose molecules
w�U�*« “UG�«
occupy negligible space and have no
ideal gas interactions, and which consequently
obeys the gas laws exactly.
ignore q�U��� disregard intentionally

illustrates `�{u� make clear by using examples, charts, etc.

immerse dL�G� dip or submerge in a liquid.

implicit �wM�L{ with only dependent variables

impossible —�cF�� Æ qO���� not able to occur, exist, or be done.

s��% Æ 5�%
an instance of improving or being
improvement improved.
—b�M� Æ —�b��� Æ ��M� direction, especially the vertical or horizontal.
lean or turn away from a given plane or
incline

incompressible ◊UGC� ö� �q�U� �d�OÓ� not able to be compressed.

b�e�
make or become greater in size, amount,
increase or degree.
describes a system of equations in which
independent �qI��� no single equation is necessarily solved
using a solution to the others

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indicator d��R*« a thing that indicates a state or level.

industry W��U�M manufacturing, trade

d�GB
� �« w�UM��
an indefinitely small quantity; a value
infinitesimal approaching zero.
electromagnetic radiation having a
¡«dL(« �X��� WF�_«
wavelength just greater than that of red
infrared light but less than that of microwaves,
emitted particularly by heated objects.
initially U�Oz�b� �� existing or occurring at the beginning.

inside q�«œ the inner side or surface of something.

‰�“UF�«
a substance which does not readily allow
insulator the passage of heat, sound, or electricity.
integration q�UJ� the finding of an integral or integrals.

intensity W�U�� the measurable amount of a property.

intensive A property that does not change when the amount of sample
property changes. Examples are density, pressure, temperature, color.

interaction q��UH� reciprocal action or influence.

the combination of two or more waveforms
q�«b�
to form a resultant wave in which the
interference displacement is either reinforced or
cancelled.
interior angle W�OK�«�œ ÏW��Ë«�“ angles within a geometrical figure

internal �wK�«œ of or situated on the inside.

internal �wK�«b�« „�d;« an engine in which power is generated by
combustion the expansion of hot gases from the
engine ‚«��ô« burning of fuel with air inside the engine.

interval WKU� …�� Æ qU� an intervening time or space.

introduction bON9 Æ W��bI� the action of introducing or being introduced

ion Êu�_« A particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative)

ionization s�Q� process of separating or changing into ions

w�«—Ëœ ô
not rotatory; passing from one point to
irrotational another by a movement other than rotation

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isobaric j�G�C�« Í�ËU��

 � having the same atmospheric pressure.

isochoric r��« Í�ËU��

 � Having constant volume.

isothermal …�—«dÓ(« Í�ËU����� having the same temperature.

qzU� w�U�� ·d�

of the sloping kind of typeface used especially
italic for emphasis and in foreign words.

joints WKË Æ qBÚH�� junction by which parts or objects are joined together

the SI base unit of thermodynamic

kelvin sHKJ�« temperature, equal in magnitude to the
degree Celsius.
a unit of energy of one thousand calories
kilocalorie (kcal) (equal to one large calorie)
W�O��d(« W�UD�«
energy which a body possesses by virtue
kinetic energy of being in motion.
j�)«
the sound of knocking (as on a door or in
knocking an engine or bearing)

wI�� Æ wIzU�—
denoting flow that takes place along
laminar constant streamlines, without turbulence.
an acronym for light amplification by
—eO�
stimulated emission of radiation; an optical
laser device that produces an intense
monochromatic beam of coherent light
latent s�U� existing but not yet developed, manifest, or active
the heat required to convert a solid into a
latent heat WM�UJ�« …—«d(« liquid or vapour, or a liquid into a vapour,
without change of temperature.
a statement of fact, deduced from
Êu�U�
observation, to the effect that a particular
law natural or scientific phenomenon always
occurs if certain conditions are present.
WI��
a sheet or thickness of material, typically one of
layer several, covering a surface or body.
a digital display that uses liquid crystal
qzU��« ‰U���dJ�« W�U� electric field; used for portable computer
cells that change reflectivity in an applied
LCD
displays and watches etc.
W�U�� Ë√ ‰u�
the measurement or extent of something
length from end to end
¡UD�
a removable or hinged cover for the top of
lid a container.

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 17
the natural agent that stimulates sight and
¡u{‰«
makes things visible; electromagnetic
light radiation from about 390 to 740 nm in
wavelength.
the mathematical value toward which a
limit W�UN� function goes as the independent variable
approaches infinity
�wÒD��
able to be represented by a straight line on
linear a graph.
l�O�L�
the conversion of a solid or a gas into a
liquefaction liquid
a substance that flows freely but is of
liquid qzU� constant volume, having a consistency like
that of water or oil.
q�L�
a heavy or bulky thing that is being carried
load or is about to be carried.
loosen ÒpH� Æ �q� make or become loose.

a piece of iron or other material which has

fODMG�
the property of attracting iron-containing
magnet objects or aligning itself in an external
magnetic field.
a physical phenomenon produced by the
W�O�ODMG*«
motion of electric charge, which results in
magnetism attractive and repulsive forces between
objects.
magnitude —«bI� great size, extent, or importance.

WK�Ô�
the quantity of matter which a body
mass contains
…�œU�
the matter from which a thing is or can be
material made.
a rectangular array of quantities or
W�uHB�
expressions in rows and columns that is
matrix treated as a single entity and manipulated
according to particular rules.
vK�_« �b(«
the greatest amount, extent, or intensity
maximum possible or recorded.
Mechanical
WOJO�UJO*« W�UD�«
Sum of a system's kinetic energy (KE)
energy and potential energy (PE).

mention d��c� refer to briefly.

the chemical element of atomic number
mercury o�z“ 80, a heavy silvery-white liquid metal used
in some thermometers and barometers.

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 18
a solid material which is typically hard,
Êb�F��
shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with
metal good electrical and thermal conductivity,
e.g. iron, copper, and silver.
WI�d�
a particular procedure for accomplishing or
method approaching something.
an electromagnetic wave with a
ÈdG Ë√ WIO�œ W�u�
wavelength in the range 0.001–0.3 m,
Microwave shorter than that of a normal radio wave
but longer than those of infrared radiation.
v�œ_« �b(«
the least or smallest amount, extent, or
minimum intensity possible or recorded.
jOK�� Æ Z�e��
a substance consisting of two or more
mixture substances mixed together.
moderate j�u�� Æ ‰b�F� average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree.
a coefficient that expresses how much of a
modulus q�UF� specified property is possessed by a
specified substance
moisture W��uÔ��— wetness caused by water

W�z«c�«  ôË�« �œ�b��© W�O�ôuÔ*« (of a solution) containing one mole of

Molality
®V�cÔ*« s� «d�uKO� � solute per kilogram of solvent.

—ôu�
(of a solution) containing one mole of
molar solute per litre of solvent.
W�z«c�«  ôu� œb�© W�O�u*« (of a solution) containing one mole of
Molarity
®‰uK;« s� �� � solute per litre of solvent.

w��e'« Ê“u�« the SI unit of amount of substance, equal

to the quantity containing as many
Mole
‰u*« Æ Í«d'« elementary units as there are atoms in
0.012 kg of carbon-12.
Molecular ∆e� Æ �w���e�� relating to or consisting of molecules.
a turning effect produced by a force on an
…uI�« Âe�
object, expressed as the product of the
Moment force and the distance from its line of
action to a given point.
WF�«b�« …�uI�«
the quantity of motion of a moving body, equal
Momentum to the product of its mass and velocity.
Êu]K�« �ÍœU�√Ô
(of light or other radiation) of a single
monochromatic wavelength or frequency.
W�d�
the action or process of moving or being
motion moved.

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 19
obtain from (a number) another which
multiply d�¬ � Ϋœb� »�d�C� contains the first number a specified
number of times.
mutually �w��œU��� Æ ‰œU���U� in a mutual or shared manner

�Í—Ëd{
required to be done, achieved, or present;
necessary needed.
negative V�U�� having fewer protons than electrons

‰UL�ùU� d�b�
so small or unimportant as to be not worth
negligible considering; insignificant.
neutral ‰œUF�� Æ b�U� electrically neither positive nor negative.
a subatomic particle of about the same
ÊËd�uO�
mass as a proton but without an electric
neutron charge, present in all atomic nuclei except
those of ordinary hydrogen.
…bI�
a point at which the amplitude of vibration
node in a standing wave system is zero.
qu� �� Æ ‰“U�
a substance that does not conduct heat or
non-conducting electricity.
non-viscous Ãe� �� having no or negligible viscosity.

ÍœuL�
a line at right angles to a given line or
normal surface.
…«u�
the positively charged central core of an
nucleus atom, containing nearly all its mass.
angle that is more than 90 degrees but
obtuse angle W���dÓH�M�� ÏW��Ë«�“ less than 180 degrees

operation WOKL� the action or process of operating.

wzu{ d�Ëb�
the property of rotating the plane of
optical activity polarization of plane-polarized light.
a thin glass fibre through which light can
optical fiber WOzu{ WHO� be transmitted.

 U�d�B��«
the branch of science concerned with
Optics vision and the behaviour of light.
ordinary �͜U� with no distinctive features; normal or usual.

q√
the point where something begins or
origin arises.
oscillation W�c�– move or vary with periodic regularity.

overcome vK� VÒKG�� succeed in dealing with (a problem).

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 20

oxidation …�b��Ú�√ the process or result of oxidizing or being oxidized.

(of lines, planes, or surfaces) side by side

parallel �“«u�� and having the same distance
continuously between them.
Ÿö{_« Í“«u��
a four-sided plane rectilinear figure with
parallelogram opposite sides parallel.
�G�� q�U�
a quantity which is fixed for the case in
parameter question but may vary in other cases.
partial �wze� existing only in part; incomplete.
a subatomic constituent of the physical
particle …�—– Æ r�O���� world, e.g. an electron, proton, neutrino, or
photon.
�wuB� Æ œdH�
denoting an individual member of a
particular specified group or class.
qJ� Æ Ã–u/
an arrangement or sequence regularly
pattern found in comparable objects or events.
a point in a curve or on a graph, or a value
peak WL� of a physical quantity, which is higher than
those around it.
a weight hung from a fixed point so that it
‰ËbM��«
can swing freely, especially a rod with a
pendulum weighted end that regulates the
mechanism of a clock.
period s�“ Æ …�� a length or portion of time.

periodic �Í�—�Ë�œ happening or recurring at regular intervals

`L�� Æ h��d�
give permission to (someone) or for
permit (something); allow.
perpendicular b�UF�� Æ �ÍœuL� at an angle of 90° to a given line, plane, or surface.
a measure of hydrogen ion concentration
ph �O�Ë—bO�« ”_« r�— in a solution, related to the molarity of H+
by pH = - log [H+]
the relationship in time between the cycles
phase —�uÓ� of an oscillating or repeating system and a
fixed reference point or a different system.
a fact or situation that is observed to exist
phenomenon …d�U� or happen, especially one whose cause is
in question.
pendulum consisting of an actual object allowed to
Physical pendulum rotate freely around a horizontal axis
»u��√
a tube used to convey water, gas, oil, or
pipe other fluids.

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 21

f��ÚJ*«
moving cylinder used to compress gas
piston fluid or air
a thin, flat sheet or strip of metal or other
plate Õu� Æ W�U�— material, typically one used to join or
strengthen or forming part of a machine.
an idealized model of a particle which has
WODI� WM��
an electric charge. A point charge is an
point charge electric charge at a mathematical
point with no dimensions.
the phenomenon in which waves of light or
Polarization »UDI��ô« other radiation are restricted in direction of
vibration.
a device that converts an unpolarized or
mixed-polarization beam
Polarizer »UÓDÚI� of electromagnetic waves (e.g., light) into a
beam with a single polarization state
(usually, a single linear polarization).
occurs when a system (such as a group
population
”uJF*« ÊUJ�ù«
of atoms or molecules) exists in state with
inversion more members in an excited state than in
lower energy states.
portion ¡e� a part or share.

positive V��u�� having a positive electric charge

q�L�� Æ sJ2
capable of existing, happening, or being
possible achieved.
t� r]K��� �d�√
proposition that is accepted as true in order to
postulate provide a basis for logical reasoning
the quantity determining the energy of
potential b�NÔ'« mass in a gravitational field or of charge in
an electric field.
l{u�« W�U�
energy possessed by a body by virtue of
Potential energy its position or state
…u�
the rate of doing work, measured in watts
power or horse power.
V��d� Æ VO�d� insoluble form by chemical or physical means.
the conversion of a dissolved substance into
precipitation

œ«bF��« Æ œ«b�≈
something done to get ready for an event
preparation or undertaking.
pressure j�G�{ Force per unit area.

primary w�U�√ Æ �w��Ë√ Æ �wz«b��« of chief importance; principal.

…b�U� Æ √b��
a fundamental truth or proposition serving
principle as the foundation for belief or action.

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 22
a transparent object in this form, especially
prism —uA�M�� one with triangular ends used to separate
white light into a spectrum of colours.
W�OK�L��
a series of actions or steps towards
process achieving a particular end.
propagation —UA��« the movement of a wave through a medium

���UM� Æ V�UM��
(of a variable quantity) having a constant
proportional ratio to another quantity.
…dÓJ�
a wheel with a grooved rim around which a
pulley cord passes, used to raise heavy weights.

quantity W�OL� a certain amount or number.

W�F�√ Æ ŸUF�
energy emitted as electromagnetic waves
radiation or subatomic particles.
dDI�« nB�
the length of a line segment between the center
radius and circumference of a circle or sphere
raise l��d� lift or move to a higher position or level.

range Èœ�« the set of all output values of a function.

rate ‰�bF� the speed with which something moves or happens.

the quantitative relation between two amounts
ratio W����� showing the number of times one value contains or
is contained within the other.
q�UH��
a chemical substance that is present at the
reactant start of a chemical reaction
reaction qF� �œ— a force exerted in opposition to an applied force.

reduction ÷UH�« Æ ’UI��≈ the action of reducing.

reflection ”UJF� « the fact or phenomenon of light, heat,

sound, etc. being reflected.
®¡�u�C�«© �—U�J� «
the fact or phenomenon of light, radio
refraction waves, etc., being refracted.
—U�J�ô« q�UF�
the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum
refractive index to that in a medium
W�Òö��«
an appliance or compartment which is artificially
refrigerator kept cool and used to store food and drink.
regardless of s� dEM�« ·dB� Æ s� r�d�« vK� about.
without regard for, without thinking

region r�� Æ WIDM� the extended spatial location of something

W�ö�
the way in which two or more people or things
relationship are connected, or the state of being connected.

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release oKÚD� set free ; allow to move or flow freely.

vI���
be left over after others or other parts have
remain been used, completed, or dealt with.
replace ‰b���� Æ l�d�� Æ bOF� take the place of ; provide a substitute for.

`O{u�
the action or an instance of representing or
representation being represented.
a force under the influence of which
d�UM�
objects tend to move away from each
repulsion other, e.g. through having the same
magnetic polarity or electric charge.
require VÒKD�� need or depend on.

÷u� Æ Ê«�e�
a large natural or artificial lake used as a
reservoir source of water supply.
resistance W�ËUÓI�� the action of resisting

w�«u��« vK�
separately or individually and in the order
respectively already mentioned.
WO�U�—ù« …uI�«
a variable force that gives rise to
restoring force an equilibrium in a physical system
resultant (net) force that makes up the vector total of
WKB;« …uI�«
force each force acting on a body

retain ?� kH�� continue to have; keep possession of.

(of the effects of a process or condition)
reversible œdK� q�U� ¨ ”UJF�ö� q�U� capable of being reversed so that the
previous state is restored.
right angle W�Lz UÓ� ÏW��Ë«�“ 90 degree angle

rigid VK unable to bend or be forced out of shape.

UB� Ë√ VOC�
thin straight bar, especially of wood or
rod metal.
® UO{U�—© —–��«
a number that when multiplied by itself some
root number of times equals a given number
Òp� Æ „dH�
apply firm pressure to the surface of, using
rub a repeated back and forth motion.
…b�U� Æ Êu�U�
a regulation or principle governing conduct or
rule procedure within a particular area of activity

®WN��� ��© WO�UO� WOL� a speed of 40 km/h.

a variable that only has magnitude, e.g.
scalar

r�d�« ”UOI�
the ratio between the size of something
scale and a representation of it

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—UA��« ¨ XO�A� Æ …—U���« radiation or particles).

deflect or diffuse (electromagnetic
scatter

wDOD�
(of a diagram or representation) symbolic
schematic and simplified.
ÂUE� Æ WÒD�
a particular ordered system or
scheme arrangement
W�U� Æ e�U�
a white or silvered surface where pictures
screen can be projected for viewing
�Íu�U�
coming after, less important than, or
secondary resulting from something primary.
a solid, e.g. silicon, whose conductivity is
semiconductor qu� t�� between that of an insulator and a conductive
metal and increases with temperature.
”U ���
quick to detect, respond to, or be affected
sensitive by slight changes, signals, or influences.
WK�K�
a number of similar or related things
series coming one after another.
�h�
break off or cause to break off, owing to a
shear structural strain.
�hI�« ‰UFH�«
a strain that acts parallel to the face of a
shear strain material that it is acting on.
�hI�« œUN�≈
a stress state where the stress is parallel
shear stress or tangential to a face of the material
shell …dA� hard outer covering

si units  «b�uK� w�Ëœ ÂUE� The International System of Units

sign d�R� Æ W�ö� mark, symbol; signal, indication; hint

simple harmonic WOI�«u��« W�d(« oscillatory motion under a retarding force

proportional to the amount of displacement
motion (SHM) WDO���« from an equilibrium position.

jO���« ‰ËbM��«
a hypothetical pendulum suspended by a
simple pendulum weightless frictionless thread of constant length
single œ�dÚH�� Æ œdHM� only one; not one of several.

sinusoidal �O� (Mathematics) pertaining to a sine curve

W�U�
the general state of things; the combination of
situation circumstances at a given time
W�d�
a large, thick, flat piece of stone or
slab concrete.
slit �o� a long, narrow cut or opening.

smooth r�U� Æ fÓK�√ having an even and regular surface; free

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from projections or indentations.
solid VÚK� Ë√ X�L�B�� firm and stable in shape; not liquid or fluid

solidification V^KB� Æ b�L��� process of becoming hard or solid

WO�U�Ëc�« Æ ÊU��Ëc�« W�OK�U�

The relative capacity of a substance to
solubility serve as a solute.
»«�c��
A substance dissolved in a solvent to
solute make a solution .
solvent V�c�� The most abundant component in a solution .

—b�B�� Æ q√
a place, person, or thing from which
source something originates
specific œb� Æ e�O2 clearly defined or identified.
relative weight of matter in contrast to the
specific gravity �w�u�M�« qI���« weight of the water in the volume
Specific heat the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a
capacity given substance by a given amount (usually one degree).

�ÍË�dÔ� �r�� Æ …�dÔ�

a round solid figure, with every point on its
sphere surface equidistant from its centre.
spherical ���d� shaped like a sphere

�wzUIK�
happening or arising without apparent
spontaneous external cause
an elastic device, typically a helical metal
spring „�d�� �“ coil, that can be pressed or pulled but
returns to its former shape when released.
state W�U� the condition of someone or something.

�dI��� Æ s�U� Æ �w�uJ� equilibrium. Often contrasted with dynamic.

concerned with bodies at rest or forces in
static
steadily ÂUE�� U� firmly fixed, supported, or balanced
the hot vapour into which water is converted
steam —U��� when heated, which condenses in the air into a
mist of minute water droplets.
VK�B�«
hard and strong metal alloy made up of
steel iron and carbon
stem VOC� Æ ‚U� a rod or cylinder in a mechanism

r�I�� Æ “�dG��
insert, thrust, or push (an object or its
stick point) into or through something.
the relationship between the relative quantities of substances
stoichiometric taking part in a reaction or forming a compound, typically a ratio
of whole integers.

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straight angle W�—œ Êu�U�Ë WzU� ÏW��Ë«�“ angle of one hundred and eighty degrees
the magnitude of a deformation, equal to the
strain ‰UFH�« change in the dimension of a deformed object
divided by its original dimension.
� �UO��« �d2 Ë√ j�
w
A line that is parallel to the direction of flow
streamline of a fluid at a given instant
strength …�u� the quality or state of being strong.

œUN�≈
the magnitude of this measured in units of
stress force per unit area.
(of something soft or elastic) be made or
stretch �b�A� Æ Òj�1 Æ œ�b1 be able to be made longer or wider without
tearing or breaking.
W�d�
steel or other metal in the form of narrow
strip flat bars.
VO�d� Æ W�O�M� Æ bOOA�
the arrangement of and relations between
structure the parts of something complex.
submerge dLG� Æ ¡U*« � f=DG� cause to be under water
a character or symbol set or printed or
subscript ·d� qH�√ V�J� r�— written beneath or slightly below and to the
side of another character
substitute iOF��� Æ ‰b���� put in the place of another

‰«b���« Æ W{UF��«
the act of putting one thing or person in the
substitution place of another:
successive l�U��� Æ �‰«u�� Æ V�UF�� following one another or following others.
the production of a partial vacuum by the
suction �h� removal of air in order to force fluid into a
vacant space or procure adhesion
W�OK� W�O�� Æ ŸuL�
amount that is determined by adding two
sum or more numbers
superposition V�«d� the placement of one thing on top of another

supplementary �wKOLJ� Ë√ ��U{≈ completing or enhancing something.

surface `ÚD�� the outside part or uppermost layer of something.

surroundings W�O� Æ jO� the conditions or area around a person or thing.

q��U9 Æ `��—Q� someone can sit and swing back and forth.
a seat suspended by ropes or chains, on which
swing

d�U�M��� ª q�U�L���
having similarity in size, shape, and
symmetric relative position of corresponding parts

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ÂUE�
In thermodynamics, the system is the part
system of the universe that is of interest.
a straight line or plane that touches a
tangent ”UL*« curve or curved surface at a point, but if
extended does not cross it at that point.
W�U2 …u�
a force which acts on a moving body in the
tangential force direction of a tangent to the path of the body
temperature …—«d(« W�—œ degree of hotness or coldness

qO� ¨ ÁU&«
an inclination towards a particular
tendency characteristic or type of behaviour.
tensile Íd�u� Æ �œU� Æ Í�b� of or relating to tension; "tensile stress"
a supposition or a system of ideas
W���dÓE�
intended to explain something, especially
theory one based on general principles
independent of the thing to be explained.
therefore Ê–≈ Æ tOK� �¡UM� Æ p�c� for that reason; consequently.

thermal �Í�—«�d�� referring to heat

thermal thermal conductivity, k, is the property of a

W�—«d(« W�OK��uÔ*« material that indicates its ability to
conductivity conduct heat.
W�—«d(« W�UD�«
the energy portion of a system that increases
thermal energy with its temperature
thermal
Í—«d(« Ê«e�ô«
a state in which all parts of a system are at the
equilibrium same temperature
Increase in volume of a material as its
thermal
Í—«d(« œbL��«
temperature is increased, usually expressed
expansion as a fractional change in dimensions per unit
temperature change.
a device for measuring or sensing a
temperature difference, consisting of two wires
thermocouple W�—«d(« W�Ëœe*« of different metals connected at two points,
between which a voltage is developed in
proportion to any temperature difference.
the branch of science concerned with the
W��—«d(« UJO�UM�b�«
relations between heat and other forms of
Thermodynamics energy involved in physical and chemical
processes.
an instrument for measuring and indicating
d���u���d� ª d���u���d�
temperature, typically consisting of a
Thermometer graduated glass tube containing mercury or
alcohol which expands when heated.

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 28

qO�u�d� ¨ …—«d(« œuL� measuring small quantities of radiant heat.

set of thermocouples arranged for
Thermopile

W�U� Æ W�U��
the distance through an object, as distinct
thickness from width or height.
jO�
a long, thin strand of cotton, nylon, or other
thread fibres used in sewing or weaving.
throughout ÊUJ� q� � Æ �‰«�uÓ� all the way through.

thus w�U��U�Ë [«–≈ [r� s� as a result or consequence of this; therefore.

torque UJO�UJO*« � d�Ëb��« Â�e�� a force that tends to cause rotation.

torsional pendulum a pendulum that rotates rather than swings.

transfer ‰UI��« Æ qÚI� move from one place to another

transform ‰�u��� Æ ‰�u� subject to or undergo transformation

transit qI� Æ ‰UI��« Æ —u�� an act of passing through or across a place.

·UÒH�
allowing light to pass through so that
transparent objects behind can be distinctly seen.
W{dF��� W�u�
a wave vibrating at right angles to the
transverse wave direction of propagation.
 «d� Àö� �n�UC� —«bI� Æ �w�ö�
having three times the usual size, quality,
triple or strength.
trivial WOL�_« r�b� Æ l{«u�� of little value or importance.
vK� b�«Ë— W�uL� Ë√ ÊuK� a framework of rafters, posts, and struts
truss which supports a roof, bridge, or other
d�� Ë√ nI� rO�b�� YÒK�� …—u structure.

»u��√
a long, hollow cylinder used for conveying
tube or holding liquids or gases.
»dDC�
(of a liquid) agitated vigorously; in a state
turbulent of turbulence

Ì…�b�«Ë Ì…����Ë vK� Æ ÂUE�� U�

the same in all cases and at all times; not
uniformly varying
relating to or done by all people or things
universal q�U� Æ �ÂU� in the world or in a particular group;
applicable to all cases.
ÊuJ�«
(the universe) all existing matter and space
universe considered as a whole; the cosmos.

vacuum ¡UC� ¨⁄«d� a space entirely devoid of matter.

—U�
a gaseous substance that can be liquefied
vapor by pressure alone.

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 29
The change of a substance from a liquid or
vaporization d���� Æ ���� solid state to the gaseous state.

d�OG��
(of a quantity) able to assume different
variable numerical values.
d�OG�‰«
a change or slight difference in condition,
variation amount, or level.
 ËUH�� Æ nK�� Æ d�OG��
differ in size, degree, or nature from
vary something else of the same general class
vector t��� a quantity characterized by magnitude and direction.

W�d��
Quantity that designates the speed and
velocity direction in which a body moves.
�w�√— Æ �ÍœuL�
at right angles to a horizontal plane; having
vertical the top directly above the bottom.
vessel ¡U�Ë Æ ¡U�≈ a tube in which a body fluid circulates
an oscillation of the parts of a fluid or an
vibration “«e��« elastic solid whose equilibrium has been
disturbed or of an electromagnetic wave.
vice versa fJF�U� fJF�«Ë the opposite, the relation being reversed

viscosity W�Ëe� A measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow

r����
the amount of space occupied by a
volume substance or object

e�U� Æ —«b� Æ jzU�

continuous vertical brick or stone structure that
wall encloses or divides an area of land.
a periodic disturbance of the particles of a
W�u�
substance which may be propagated without
wave net movement of the particles, as in the
passage of undulating motion or sound
the distance between successive crests of
wavelength �w��uÓ*« ‰uD�« a wave, especially as a distinctive feature
of sound, light, radio waves, etc.
the measurement or extent of something
width ÷�d�� from side to side; the lesser of two or the
least of three dimensions of a body.
ÕUM�
a modified forelimb or other appendage enabling a
wing bird, bat, insect, or other creature to fly.
wire pÚK� metal drawn out into a thin flexible thread or rod

with respect to ?� W��M�U� ¨ oKF�� ULO� concerning, with regards to, regarding

without ÊËb� Æ «c� ×U� outside, in the absence of ..

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 30

withstand �ÂU�√ bL�B� Æ ÂËUI� remain undamaged or unaffected by.

qGA�«
the exertion of force overcoming resistance or
work producing molecular change.
?� d�b� Æ o����
equivalent in value to the sum or item
worth specified.
j���— ÕU�H�
an adjustable tool like a spanner, used for
wrench gripping and turning nuts or bolts.

yield Z�U� Æ WKOB� an amount or result yielded.

a measure of elasticity, equal to the ratio of
Young’s modulus ZM� q�UF� the stress acting on a substance to the
strain produced.

Prepared By::
 Khalid Essam Mahmud Muhammad 
 [email protected] 
If you have any comments or suggestions, please let me know .

Future Engineer Team

http://www.fut-eng.co.cc
U U

http://futureengineerteam.blogspot.com/
U U

 Delta Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology.

Khalid Essam Future Engineer Team 2008