PLUMBING

MATERIALS
AR. JOHN OMBINA, uap,rmp, reb
DRAINAGE PIPES

conveys waste from TYPES OF DRAINAGE PIPES

the building to an
approved point of Waste Pipe - carries liquid waste free of human
disposal excrement or fecal matter
Soil Pipe - carries liquid waste that contains
human excrements
Vent Pipe - pipe connected to the drainage system
that conveys air to and from the system
Storm pipe - conveys rainwater from the roof gutter
and downspout to the building storm
drain
DRAINAGE PIPES

conveys waste from CRITERIA FOR PIPING MATERIAL/S SELECTION

the building to an OF THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
approved point of
disposal ▪ Pressure
▪ Velocity
▪ Temperature
▪ Corrosiveness
▪ Initial Cost
▪ Installation Cost
▪ Operating Problem
COMMON PLUMBING
PIPES & FITTINGS
AR. JOHN OMBINA, uap,rmp, reb
DRAINAGE PIPES

conveys waste from COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS

MATERIALS USED
the building to an
approved point of ▪ Asbestos Cement Pipe (ACP)*
disposal ▪ Cast Iron Soil Pipe (CISP)
▪ Concrete Pipe
▪ Vitrified Clay Pipe
▪ Plastic Pipe
Polyethylene (PE)
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS)
▪ Iron Pipe Size (IPS) – Iron, Steel, Brass
▪ Lead Pipes*
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS MATERIALS USED

Asbestos Cement Pipe ▪ also known as TRANSITE PIPES

(ACP) ▪ remarkably suited for embedment in concrete structures
▪ highly resistant to corrosion and produces smooth pipe
surfaces
▪ was widely used in drainage systems and gas lines
▪ asbestos cement is a mixture of chrysotile fiber (white
asbestos and cement
▪ exposure to asbestos have several health impacts
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS MATERIALS USED

ASBESTOS CEMENT TYPES OF ASBESTOS PIPES

PIPE (ACP) Pressure A.C. Pipe. Normally used for sewer mains,
Properties: industrial effluent and process piping, working pressure
Diameter: 75mm-900mm ranges at 100,150 and 200psi.
Length : 3m-4m Non-Pressure A.C. Pipe. Used for sewer casings for electric
Joints : rubber gasket cables and as storm drains.
cement joints
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS MATERIALS USED

ASBESTOS CEMENT
PIPE (ACP)
Properties:
Diameter: 75mm-900mm
Length : 3m-4m
Joints : rubber gasket
cement joints
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS MATERIALS USED

CAST IRON SOIL • made from an alloy of iron, carbon and silicon, with the
PIPE (CISP) controlled amounts of manganese, sulfur and
phosphorous
• can be identified by its dark color, rough surface, large
size, heavy and difficult to cut and fit
• primarily used for sanitary drains, waste and storm
systems
• cast iron pipes are also cheap and economical. These
pipes can be joined easily and can be cut and bored easily
too
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS USED

CAST IRON SOIL Types of Cast Iron Soil Pipe

PIPE (CISP) SINGLE HUB. Equipped with one hub and one spigot end and
HUB– portion of the pipe used in the installation of plumbing in its full length
which, for a short distance,
is sufficiently enlarged to DOUBLE HUB. Constructed with a hub on each end so it may
received the end of the be cut into two pieces when a short piece of pipe is needed
another pipe of the same
HUBLESS.There is no hub on either ends of the pipe, it is used
diameter for the purpose of
in lieu of single hub caulking of the pipe is difficult
making a joint. A.K.A. Bell
SPIGOT – the end of the
pipe that fits into a bell or
spigot
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS USED
CAST IRON SOIL TYPES OF JOINT
PIPE (CISP) 1. Lead and Oakum (Caulk Joint)
2. Neoprene Compression Gasket
3. Stainless Steel Couplings (for Hubless pipe)

Caulking – plugging an opening with oakum

and lead that are pounded into place
Oakum – a hemp treated with pitch to make it
moisture proof and resistant to the elements
contained in the waste
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS MATERIALS USED

CAST IRON SOIL Classification

PIPE (CISP) Class A (extra heavy – XH). Often used for underground
applications within buildings under two-stories in height
Class B (service weight– SV). Used for general building
installations for buildings more than two stories in height
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS USED
CAST IRON SOIL FITTINGS
PIPE
Properties
Diameter (Nominal ID)
2”, 3”, 5”, 6”, 8”, 10”,
12”, 15”
Length
5’ and 10 ‘
Hydrostatic Test
50 psi - SV
100 psi - XH
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS USED

CONCRETE PIPE • cast in metal molds and compacted by tamping or spinning the
molds
• for underground sanitary and storm drainage lines
• joints are made with sleeve couplings and sealed with rubber
rings
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS USED

CONCRETE PIPE TYPES OF CONCRETE PIPE

Non-reinforced concrete pipe - used for drainage, sewer lines and
Properties for gravity flow water supply lines if the joints are carefully made.
Non-reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete pipe - made by addition of steel wire or steel
pipe (4” – 36”) bars. Primarily used for sewage and storm drainage.
Reinforced concrete pipe
(12” – 144”)
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS USED

VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE • extruded from a suitable grade of

shale or clay and fired in kilns
producing an extremely hard and
Properties: dense corrosion resistant material
Diameter: 4”-4 2” • generally used for underground
Length : 750mm-3000mm public sewers, house sewers,
Joints : cement joint, drainage (sanitary and storm) and
for industrial wastes such as acids.
prefabricated
compression seals • most suitable for most gravity-flow
systems and is not intended for
Grades : standard pressure service.
extra strength • brittle and cracks when laid on
perforated unstable ground or base.
• not often used as pressure pipe, but
is widely used in sewerage and
drainage for flow at partial depth.
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS USED

PLASTIC PIPES • available in compositions designed for various applications

including drain, waste and vent (DWV)
• very low heat conductivity and high coefficient of expansion
• does not rust or rot resistant to corrosion
• does not scale or collect sediment
• can be easily cut with knife or handsaw
• less crush resistance and withstands less internal pressure

BASIC TYPES
Thermoset Plastic has the property of being permanently rigid.
Thermoplastics have the property of softening when heated and
hardening when cooled.
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS USED

PLASTIC PIPES CLASSIFICATIONS

A.) RIGID (10ft & 20ft)
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
• Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (cPVC)
• Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC)
• Polypropylene (PP)
• Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
B.) FLEXIBLE (100 to 500ft)
• Polyethylene (PE)
• Polybutylene (PB)
• Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX)
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS USED

Plastic Pipes RIGID PLASTIC PIPES

rigid pressure piping system renowned for
its high impact strength and durability
which combine to give exceptional
toughness.
pipe systems are lightweight, rigid, and
easy to install
joints are made using solvent cement,
which requires no special tools.
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS USED

PLASTIC PIPES COMMON RIGID PLASTIC PIPES FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
• gained popularity because it was lighter and easier to work
with
• PVC pipes are designed for above and underground sanitary
piping system
• inexpensive and can be used for long runs such as for
irrigation
• Advantages are; (1) high impact resistance, (2)non-corrosive,
(3) lightweight, (4) high chemical resistance, (5) smooth
internal pipe surface, (6) economical
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS USED

PLASTIC PIPES COMMON RIGID PLASTIC PIPES FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS)
• mainly used as a vent and drain line, good for underground
exterior use
• looks very much like PVC pipe, except that it is black and
slightly softer but stronger than PVC pipes
• works well in cold temperatures. Like PVC pipes warps and
deforms at certain temperatures
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS USED

PLASTIC PIPES COMMON RIGID PLASTIC PIPES FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Unplasticised Polyvinyl Pipes (uPVC)
• primarily used in ventilation pipework, rainwater applications
and waste water discharge system used only to supply water
• Resistant to weather conditions, tearing and pressure
• Non-toxic in nature.
• Classified into three density type applications; LDPE, MDPE,
HDPE.
• High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) material is used for
making pipes for municipal and industrial water discharge
systems
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS USED

PLASTIC PIPES COMMON RIGID PLASTIC PIPES FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Polypropylene Pipes (PPR)
• manufactured with polypropylene ‘random copolymer’
• primarily used for carrying hot water and cold water supply
and distribution systems
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS USED

PLASTIC PIPES FLEXIBLE PIPES

1. POLYETHYLENE PIPES
Common Flexible Pipes used for underground cold water lines
Polyethylene (PE)
Polyethylene (PE) very inexpensive, commonly used for automatic lawnsprinkler
systems and for extending cold water supply to utility sinks in
PEX
detached garages and sheds.
2. POLYBUTYLENE PIPES
almost similar to polyethylene pipes, inexpensive replacement for
copper, easy to work with and install, however these pipes are
prone to leaks.
Flexible, highly resistant to corrosion and possesses a long life
span. Can be used for a wide variety of plumbing applications.
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS USED

PLASTIC PIPES 3. Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX)

• one of the newest and most popular pipes to hit the plumbing
market
• used only to supply water
• rigid enough to withstand the pressures of water supply but
flexible enough to weave throughout walls, ceilings,
basements, and crawlspaces
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS USED

LEAD PIPE • The oldest pipe used for plumbing systems

• Highly resistant to acid
• Poisonous and injurious, is therefore not
recommended to convey water for human
consumption
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS USED

BITUMINOUS FIBER • Cheapest of all type pipes

SEWER PIPE • Light in weight, slightly flexible and can take slight soil
a.k.a ORANGEBURG movement without danger of cracking or pulling out of its joints.
• Suitable for house sewer and septic tank installations
• may be softened/damaged by excessive hot water or chemical
flow
• It has a typical lifespan of about 50 years. Prone to delamination
and collapse
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS USED

GALVANIZED STEEL • Made out of mild steel and

expected to last 15 to 25
PIPE years
• Steel pipes that have been
dipped in a protective zinc
coating to prevent corrosion
and rust.
• Resists corrosion from
exposure to water or the
elements.
• It has been used for water-
supply pipes or as a strong
tubing for outdoor
applications.
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS USED

COPPER PIPE • Durable and extremely

corrosive resistant
• Easy to install
• Smooth interior surface

CLASSIFICATION
• K TYPE - heaviest; recommended for underground installations
• L TYPE - lighter; available in both rigid and flexible form;
recommended for residential water supply line and radiant
heating installations
• M TYPE - thinnest; available only in rigid form; for small water
supply lines and radiant heating installations
COMMON DRAINAGE PIPES AND FITTINGS USED

BRASS PIPE
• Most expensive
• Made of an alloy or zinc (15%) and copper (85%)
• Resistant to acids and has a smooth interior surface
• Corrosion resistant from water, heat, saltwater, acids,
minerals, and soils.
• Suitable for air, water, oil, natural gas, and steam applications
COMMON PIPE
FITTINGS
AR. JOHN OMBINA, uap,rmp, reb
PIPE COLOR CODE
AR. JOHN OMBINA, uap,rmp, reb
IDENTIFICATION OF PIPE BY COLOR
COLOR MATERIAL PIPED PIPE
IDENTIFICATION
RED Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide YELLOW Acid Acid
Water (Fire Service) Fire Service Water Air-High Pressure H.P. Air
Ammonia Ammonia
Steam-High Pressure H.P. Steam
ORANGE Acetylene Acetylene
Steam-Low Pressure L.P. Steam
Blast Furnace Gas B.F. Gas
Water-Boiler Feed Boiler Feed Water
Gasoline Gasoline Water-Hot Hot Water
Grease Grease Water-High Pressure H.P. Water
Hydrogen Hydrogen GREEN Air-Low Pressure L.P. Air
Oxygen Oxygen Argon-Low Pressure L.P. Argon
Oil Oil Helium-Low Pressure L.P. Helium
Tar Tar Nitrogen-Low Pressure L.P. Nitrogen
Water-Cold Cold Water
Producer Gas Producer Gas
Water-Distilled Distilled Water
Liquid Petroleum Gas LPG
Water-Low Pressure L.P. Water
Oil and Water Oil and Water Water-Treated Treated Water
Vacuum-High High Vacuum Oil and Water Oil and Water
COLOR CODING OF PIPING
DIVISION DESIGNATION COLOR
Steam High Pressure WHITE
Exhaust System BUFF
Water H.P. & L.P. Fresh Water BLUE
Salt Water GREEN
Oil Delivery BRASS BRONZE
Discharge YELLOW
Pneumatic All Piping GRAY
Gas All Piping BLACK
Fuel Oil All Piping BLACK
Refrigeration Pipes and Fittings BLACK
BASIC PLUMBING
TOOLS
AR. JOHN OMBINA, uap,rmp, reb
BASIC PLUMBING TOOLS
COMMON PLUMBING TOOLS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM

1. Hacksaw 9. Cold Chisel

2. Closet Auger 10. Caulking Irons
3. Rule 11. Soldering Copper
4. Blow Torch 12. Tin Snip
5. Lead Pot 13. Plumb Bob
6. Pouring ladle 14. Plumb Level
7. Joint Runner 15. File
8. Ball Peen Hammer
BASIC PLUMBING
TOOLS
AR. JOHN OMBINA, uap,rmp, reb
BASIC PLUMBING
TOOLS
AR. JOHN OMBINA, uap,rmp, reb
BASIC PLUMBING
TOOLS
AR. JOHN OMBINA, uap,rmp, reb
AR. JOHN OMBINA, uap,rmp, reb
JOINTS AND
CONNECTIONS
AR. JOHN OMBINA, uap,rmp, reb
TYPE OF JOINTS

CEMENT MORTAR
JOINTS
• Prohibited on new
building sewers.
TYPE OF JOINTS

ASBESTOS CEMENT
SEWER PIPE JOINTS
• Shall be a sleeve
coupling of the same
composition as the
pipe or of other
approved materials,
and sealed with
neoprene rubber
rings or joined by
anapproved type
compression
coupling
TYPE OF JOINTS

CAULKED JOINTS
For bell-and-spigot cast
iron soil pipe & other
similar joints

Face to face
distance

engagement length
TYPE OF JOINTS

THREADED JOINTS • For iron pipe size (IPS), pipe and fittings shall be standard
taper pipe threads
• Threads on plastic pipe shall be factory cut or molded
• Lubricate clean-out plugs & caps with water-soluble, non-
hardening material
TYPE OF JOINTS
• For joints in copper tubing
SOLDER AND
• During soldering, flux or metal joining material is used to prevent
SWEAT JOINTS oxidation due to the flame.
• Solders and fluxes with lead content which exceeds 0.002 are
prohibited in piping systems used to convey potable water
• Soldered joints are suitable for low temperature areas and have
low mechanical strength
TYPE OF JOINTS

GROOVE JOINTS • When two pipes are joined together by making

grooves (narrow cuts or depression) at the end of pipes
with the help of sockets or couplings
• Due to the ease of assembly of the grooved joints, the
labour cost is less.
• The piping system can be easily uninstalled and
reinstalled frequently for maintenance
• These are mostly used for fire protection.
TYPE OF JOINTS

FLANGE JOINTS • Commonly used for joining pipes in pumping stations,

filter plants, hydraulic laboratories and boiler houses.
• These joints are preferred due to easy process of
assembly and disassembly, however these
connections .
TYPE OF JOINTS

COMPRESSION • Applied to join the pipe without any preparations

JOINTS • The cost of installation of these joints is very
economical.
• These fittings are manufactured from different types
of material.
TYPE OF JOINTS

WELDED JOINTS
BUTT WELDED JOINTS
• It is one of the most common methods of joining pipes
used in large infrastructure like commercial, institutional
and industrial systems.
• Cost of material are low, but the labor costs are more
due to the non-availability of trained welders and fitters.
SOCKET WELDED JOINTS
• These are used when there is a high chance of leakage in
the joints.
• Pipes are joined as putting one into other and welded
around the joint.
• Pipes having different diameters are suitable for this
type of a joint.
TYPE OF JOINTS

WIPED JOINTS • Joints in lead pipe or fittings; between lead pipe or

fittings & brass or copper pipe, ferrules, solder nipples
or traps
• Joints between lead pipe & cast iron, steel or wrought
iron pipe shall be made by means of a caulking ferrule
or soldering nipple
TYPE OF JOINTS

BRAZED JOINTS • When pipes are joined with the help of molten filler material at
above 840°C, it is called brazing.
• Brazing is done for connecting copper pipes or copper alloy
pipes.
• It is important to note that the melting point of the parent
material (pipe material) should be higher than the filler
material.
• Brazed joints have less mechanical strength, and are preferred
in case of moderate temperatures
TYPE OF JOINTS

FLARED JOINTS
• For soft copper, water tubing shall be expanded with a
proper flaring tool
TYPE OF JOINTS

SOLVENT CEMENT
PLASTIC PIPE JOINTS
• Shall comply with
appropriate IAPMO
installation standard
TYPE OF JOINTS

COPPER TUBING TO
SCREW PIPE JOINTS
• Joints shall be made
by use of brass
adaptor fittings
• Joints shall be
properly sweated or
soldered
TYPE OF JOINTS

SLIP JOINTS

• Used in fixture traps

(exposed for
maintenance) and
drains
TYPE OF JOINTS

EXPANSION JOINTS

• Used in soil & waste

stack joints shall be
free & accessible
HANGERS AND
SUPPORTS
AR. JOHN OMBINA, uap,rmp, reb
HANGERS & SUPPORTS

CAST IRON PIPE

• Supports shall be
placed at every joint
on horizontal runs
unless distance
between joints is less
than 4 ft.
• Use strap iron or
special pipe hangers
for this purpose
HANGERS & SUPPORTS

CAST IRON PIPE

• Vertical runs of cast-
iron pipe can be
attached to the
building structure with
wire staples, vertical
pipe brackets or pie
straps
• Friction clamps should
support the weight of
cast-iron pipe at each
floor level
HANGERS & SUPPORTS

MASONRY
ANCHORS/
FASTENERS
• Lag shields (made
from lead) are
commonly used to
attach pipe hangers or
fixtures to concrete or
masonry
HANGERS & SUPPORTS

CAULKING
ANCHORS

• provide a fastener
which is permanently
attached to the
concrete or masonry;
it is internally
threaded to accept
machine screws and
bolts
HANGERS & SUPPORTS

TOGGLE BOLTS
• are used when
attaching pipes to
hollow masonry units;
with spring-operated
wings
HANGERS & SUPPORTS

PLASTIC ANCHORS
• are used when
attaching pipes to
hollow masonry units;
with spring-operated
wings