Extraction metals
of
t
minerals :
compound of metal
in earth 's crust
present
metal
: minerals from which
economically
can be extracted
Ganges impurities present
:
si③
Ores
/ →
nedores
•
combi
elemental ore
Au
,Ag,Pt ← t.lu halide
Oxidized
ores
sulphide
Pbs Galena
← →
Nau rock
-
salt
Agathon .
Hgs > Cinnabar silver
✓ Means
.
Bauxite
blende
oxide ores +
Oxysaltores ,Fe<Q,Fes0y,AkQ
zno
Zincite Haematite
-210
%Fepnates-Fvitro.to
Magnetite
Phosphates
Carbonates
Caco , GYPSOM KNO}
Indian
limestone Casoy -2110 saltpeter
Nang
> 110
Mglos Mgsoy .
Chile
Epsom salt salt
magnesite peter
involved in extra tion
steps
✓ 1) Concentration of ore
A) conversioÉd ore into a
suitable form for reduction
③ Reduction
metal
4) Purification of
5) Process to control pollution
Concentration
← → chemical
Physical separation separation
Gravity separation leaching
Magnetic
is
froth flirtation based on
dents
1)
Gravity separation ty difference
wa¥¥÷É÷÷÷÷j"a"wi table
¥→ lighterparticles
¥ w
Generally used for oxide ores.
crushed
separation t.jp
2)
Magnetic magnet ore
5h02 '
I ÷ .
FetMWy ! "
"
1 magnetic
'
i.
to : ,
impurities
impurities p
magnetic concentrated
ore
one should
posses magnetic properties
3) froth flirtation 0 0
÷j÷i÷÷÷7
welting
Property
Should
be
different
÷÷÷÷ concentrated
-
ore
oil to
sulphide - oil →
pine
froth
generate
.
ores
-
stabilize the froth → stabilizers
cresol
aniline or
- collector → sodium
ethyl xanthate
cus -
cha -
O - C"{ so ,va⑦
e-
hydrophobic ¥phic part
§Ijf
hydrophobic
i
1- shydrophi
Activator 9 the wetting property .
2ns + aesoy
→ n§É¥
Depressant . +
T
"
significant
↳
bring to -
surface
Nae N
→ ✗
+
ur "
[ 2n CCN )y ]
Na CN →
Ipkf
2ns +
TY
depressant soluble in
water
Chemical Method :
Leaching
A- Los impurities Feds
silk
Ti 02
f. Uil .
NaOH
-
Ako, -1
NaOH → (Alcotely ] Nat
~
run
I
soluble
-
(
Ag Cenk]
A- Na en →
gas +
step
I] concentrated
conversion
of
ore :
← →
Calcination Roasting
strong heating in →
strong heating in
-
→
air
absence of air
excess
of .
metal
→ Metal carbonates
→ sulphide ,
→ metal oxide
→ Metal oxide -1102T + sat
hydrated
→ is
→ ores converts
into anhydrous
Fe 203.31%0 Feds -131-120
→
impurities are removed →
impurities
are removed as
in elemental vapors oxides
S ,
Sb, As coz ,
S 02 , Assis
¥ → 17
→
product is
always
porous ,
→ lower oxidation
state oxides convert
oxidation
into
oxides
higher
2 Fe 0 + 102 → Fea 03
2
Steps : Reduction
Carbon Reduction
Roasted / Calcined ore -1 coke powder -1
⑧ →
molten metal +sl⑨
4
( smelting :
added to remove the impurity
external
impurity present
+
gangue
→
slag
¥
Cao siozacidic
Feo basic
sick
Fe Sn ,2n,Pb
oxides of ,
LOT
}
Fe
FSO, + I → +
Direct
reduction
Fet ( 0<9
CO →
Fg Oz -1
]
2h0 2" indirect
zng →
direction
2h0 Is 2h
Zncoz →
Pbs On -1C → Pb } -1 COP
__ €#
COT
{
Pbo -1C → Pb -1
Direct
Pbo -1 CO → Pb c- co , y
self reduction Cho requirement
of
external
Cigs ,
Pbs
,
Hgs reducing agent
Pbs + 02 → Pbo 502
→ Pb + 502
Pbs -1 Pbo
Pbs -1 Pbsou → Pb c- SO ,
Thermite Reduction
Fea Ozcs) + Alcs ) → Fell) + ALGID
→
Tota eommtercial method .←
Tig G) + Alls) → Till ) -1 Alibis)
Metal
replacement "
Guccini
-
[ ]
AGCCNL
zn →
+
+
Agt ,
[ ZNKN )yJ
-
( CNL ) + 2n →
+ Aut
reduction
Electrolytic elements
used for strong electropositive
Na
K, Ca , Mg , Al ,
moltenval
cathode →
Nat + e- → Na
Ck + e-
Anode a-
g-
→ →
not
aqueous
Why
Nattgo →
NaOH
+2-114
Thermal reduction
¥ ¥0s
Hgo Hgt +
unstable
Steph :
Purification
and
oxidation poling
by
air
1)
g-suitoi:i i :*
- to -i.ae
'
.
prevent oxidation
2) fractional distillation
2h → Cd, Fe , Pb
D.
based on
difference
in
p
i :* "
"É#¥÷÷
metals
have
7-
eow
melting
-
+ air
points.
metal
impurities
should be
content
high
n÷g⇐⇐¥
refining
a) zone
fractional
furnace
Tation
→
impunust pure metal
solidifies
preferstostayir
Liquid /metal
I
Pu
melalfq•→wtoff
15J Vapor phase refining
Nics +
cocg ) → ÑÑyeg ,
volatile unstable
impure
,
t.
Nics /
-1410cg)
pure .
6) Electro
refining -0
anodem.gg/g~,-
metal
pure
M
mi
M
'
anode mud .
