Shock metamorphic features in mafic and ultramafic inclusions in

the Sudbury Igneous Complex: Implications for their origin and

impact excavation
Yujian Wang, C. Michael Lesher*, Peter C. Lightfoot, Edward F. Pattison, and J. Paul Golightly
Mineral Exploration Research Centre, Harquail School of Earth Sciences, Goodman School of Mines, Laurentian University,
Sudbury P3E 2C6, Canada

ABSTRACT equivalents in the surrounding country rocks

The lowermost, discontinuous parts of the impact-generated Sudbury Igneous Complex (Naldrett et al., 1984). Some olivine melanorite
(Canada), comprising the Sublayer and Offset Dikes, are distinguished from overlying Main inclusions have well-preserved igneous textures
Mass norite rocks by the presence of abundant inclusions and Ni-Cu-PGE (PGE—platinum and are believed to have cognate origins involv-
group element) sulfide mineralization. The majority of the felsic to mafic inclusions appear to ing contributions from (1) unspecified more
be derived from the exposed country rocks, but the volumetrically important olivine-bearing primitive magmas (Corfu and Lightfoot, 1996),
mafic and ultramafic inclusions have only very rare equivalents in the surrounding country (2) mantle-derived magmas (e.g., Lightfoot et al.,
rocks. We record the discovery of abundant shock metamorphic features (e.g., mosaicism 1997), and/or (3) melted mantle-derived mafic
in olivine; strong fracturing and partial isotropization of plagioclase) in the olivine-bearing country rocks (e.g., Prevec et al., 2000); however,
mafic and ultramafic inclusions consistent with a shock pressure of 20–30 GPa. Olivine com- most of the ultramafic inclusions have been pro-
positional data are inconsistent with a local country rock or mantle origin for these inclusions. posed to be exotic (e.g., Pattison, 1979; Golightly,
Abundant plagioclase, the absence of garnet or Mg-spinel, and calculated low pressures (<500 1994). The olivine-bearing mafic and ultramafic
MPa) provide evidence for derivation of the inclusions from unexposed mafic-ultramafic inclusions range in size from centimeters to tens
intrusions in the upper to middle crust that were disrupted during formation of the transient of meters, are typically rounded to subrounded,
crater, incorporated into the impact melt sheet, and preserved because of their relatively and are dominated by cumulate and poikilitic
refractory compositions. These observations support models involving intermediate, rather igneous textures. The lithologies include dunite
than very deep or very shallow, excavation for the Sudbury impact event. and feldspar peridotite, pyroxenite, amphibole
pyroxenite, olivine melanorite, and olivine gab-
INTRODUCTION by, the country rocks. The approach taken here bro, most of which contain 1%–10% phlogopite.
The Sudbury Igneous Complex is located is new. We have studied the shock metamorphic The inclusions can be divided into four litho-
at the boundary between the Archean Superior record in the refractory olivine-bearing mafic and logical, textural, and geochemical groups (see
Province and the Paleoproterozoic Southern ultramafic inclusions from the Sublayer and the Fig. DR1 in the GSA Data Repository1).
Province in northeastern Ontario, Canada. It Offset Dikes, which we argue are direct samples
is one of the world’s oldest, largest, and best- of the target rocks and provide better constraints SHOCK METAMORPHIC FEATURES
exposed meteorite impact structures (e.g., Grieve on the depth of the impact process. Shock metamorphic features are recognized
and Therriault, 2000) and contains some of the in multiple samples in all four groups. Four group
world’s largest magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE (PGE— BACKGROUND I feldspar peridotite inclusions are characterized
platinum group element) sulfide deposits (e.g., The Sublayer occurs discontinuously within by undulose extinction and partial isotropiza-
Lightfoot, 2016). Although there is evidence that embayments and troughs along the basal con- tion of plagioclase. All 14 samples of group II
the country rocks have been deformed by hyper- tact of the Sudbury Igneous Complex and con- wehrlite inclusions are characterized by dynamic
velocity impact (e.g., French, 1967), the proposed tains a similar inclusion population to the Off- recrystallization or shock mosaicism of olivine.
depth of impact has ranged from deep (as much set Dikes, which occur as concentric and radial Three group III olivine- and amphibole-bearing
as 40 km; e.g., Mungall et al., 2004) to shallow dikes that extend as much as 20 km into the orthopyroxenite contain kink-banded phlogopite.
(<12 km; e.g., Darling et al., 2010). A better country rocks (e.g., Pattison, 1979; Lightfoot, Two group IV olivine melanorite inclusions dis-
estimation of excavation depth is important in 2016). The Sublayer and the Offset Dikes host, play mosaicism of olivine and potentially “dec-
establishing the evolution of the Sudbury impact or are directly associated with, most of the con- orated” planar deformation features (PDFs) in
crater, the contributions of different rock units to tact and offset Ni-Cu-PGE ores in the Sudbury orthopyroxene. This paper focuses mainly on
the impact melt sheet, and the sources of metals structure. As a result, they are important not mosaicism of olivine and partial isotropization
in the associated world-class Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide only from a petrogenetic perspective, but also of plagioclase.
deposits. Previous studies focused on geochemi- from an economic perspective.
cal and/or isotopic analyses of the impact melt The Sublayer and the Offset Dikes contain Shock Mosaicism of Olivine
sheet itself (Offset Dike margins, averaged Main abundant inclusions, including felsic to mafic Olivine in heavily shocked rocks (20–30
Mass lithologies, or glass shards contained in the inclusions derived from local country rocks GPa) is commonly characterized by mosaic
overlying Onaping Formation breccias). All of (Huronian metabasalts and metasediments, East
these studies invoke significant degrees of impact Bull Lake mafic to anothositic intrusions, and GSA Data Repository item 2018137, Figure DR1
1 

(trace element patterns of four groups), and Table

homogenization of, and post-impact modification Nipissing mafic intrusions), and also abundant DR1 (results of avP calculations), is available online
olivine-bearing mafic and ultramafic inclu- at http://www.geosociety.org/datarepository/2018/ or
*E-mail: [email protected] sions with only rare, poorly described potential on request from [email protected].

GEOLOGY, May 2018; v. 46; no. 5; p. 1–4  |  GSA Data Repository item 2018137  | https://doi.org/10.1130/G39913.1  |  Published online XX Month 2018
GEOLOGY 
© |  VolumeGold
2018 The Authors. 46  |Open
  Number 5  | www.gsapubs.org
Access: This paper is published under the terms of the CC-BY license. 1
texture, where olivine grains have been deformed
into aggregates of small domains having 1°–5°
A B
(sometimes up to 20°) disorientations (Carter et
al., 1968). The precise mechanism of mosaicism
has not been established, but may be a result of Ol Ol
intense fracturing and plastic flow on the scale
Pl Pl
of the crystal structure (Carter et al., 1968). The
subequant to irregular domains of impact mosa-
icism differ from plastic polygonization, which is Opx Opx
characterized by slip bands, deformation lamel-
lae, and kink bands (e.g., Raleigh, 1968); from
dynamic recrystallization, which is characterized
500 μm 500 μm
by subgrain rotation and dislocation glide (e.g.,
Falus et al., 2011); and from static recrystalliza-
tion, which is characterized by more uniform C D
grain sizes with 120° angles (e.g., Ragan, 1969). Phl
Mosaicism is present in olivine in group II
and IV inclusions. Sample 373555, a group IV Ol Ol
inclusion from the Foy Offset, is a representa-
tive example where olivine occurs as 1–2 mm
elliptical aggregates that exhibit smooth mar- Pl
Extinction
gins against the surrounding recrystallized Pl Pl
plagioclase groundmass (Figs. 1A and 1B).
The absence of any preferred orientation of
the recrystallized olivine grains, or evidence
of boundary migration of the elliptical oliv- Opx Opx
200 μm 200 μm
ine assemblages, precludes a strain-dependent
(dynamic) recrystallization process. Although a Figure 1. Figure 1. Photomicrographs of the shock metamorphic features of the olivine-bearing
few olivine subgrains exhibit 120° triple junc- mafic and ultramafic inclusions in the Sublayer and the Offset Dikes of Sudbury Igneous
tions, the wide range in sizes (10–200 μm) Complex (Canada). A: Shocked mosaic olivine preserves original euhedral shape, but now
and wide variety of irregular grain shapes and comprises small subgrains (plane-polarized light) (sample 373555). B: Same field of view as
in A showing olivine subgrains with distinct interference colors (cross-polarized light). C:
contacts are unlikely to have been generated Shocked plagioclase shows pervasive, multi-oriented fractures (plane-polarized light) (sample
solely by static recrystallization. As a result, 373582). D: Same field of view as in C showing partial isotropization (cross-polarized light).
we suggest that primary olivine underwent Ol—olivine; Opx—orthopyroxene; Pl—plagioclase; Phl—phlogopite.
shock mosaicism, which gave rise to variably
small distortions of the crystal lattice, and was
then thermally recrystallized during post-shock (Czech Republic) and Peace River meteorite 405 cm–1 band displays pronounced shoulders
recovery and/or during incorporation into the (Alberta, Canada) (Chen and Gorsey, 2000). The on both sides. The medium-frequency bands
Sublayer magma. inhomogeneity on a micron scale, where glass (450–520 cm–1) exhibit decreasing width around
In addition, orthopyroxene also contains and crystalline materials both occur, is common 480 cm–1 (FWHM = 20.8 cm–1 in 373582-1,
potential PDFs, which occur as pervasive paral- in shocked terrestrial rocks and meteorites (e.g., and 10.5 cm–1 in 373582-2) and merge into the
lel fractures (1–2 μm wide, 3–5 μm spaced) that Kitamura et al., 1977). major band at 506.3 cm–1 (373582-1) or 504.4
are partially decorated by aligned fluid inclu- We investigated unshocked and shocked pla- cm–1 (373582-2). This phenomenon has been
sions (Wang et al., 2016). gioclase in a representative ultramafic inclusion recorded in the Raman spectra of plagioclase
Shock mosaicism and PDFs usually form at (sample 373582) using micro-Raman spectros- in Martian meteorites (Fritz et al., 2005). Bands
a pressure of 20–30 GPa (Stöffler et al., 1991). copy. The analyses were performed using a in the 450–520 cm–1 range are attributed to the
Renishaw inVia Reflex Raman spectrometer at motion of bridging oxygens atoms in the “ring-
Shock Metamorphism of Plagioclase Surface Science Western in London, Ontario breathing” modes of symmetric stretching in
Plagioclase is a common intercumulus phase (Canada) using analytical procedures described T-O-T linkages (T = Si4+, Al3+) (e.g., Matson
in most ultramafic inclusions. Plagioclase in by Fritz et al. (2005). Unshocked plagioclase et al., 1986; Freeman et al., 2008). Therefore,
group I inclusions displays undulose extinction, (An50) in a reference quartz gabbro sample from variations in T-O-T bond angles (i.e., disorder
pervasive fractures, and partial isotropization the Main Mass of the Sudbury Igneous Complex of TO4 tetrahedra) will affect the positions of
(Figs. 1C and 1D). The fractures are narrow (typ- exhibits characteristic Raman bands at 188.9, medium-range bands. The observed variations
ically <3 μm wide), but variably spaced (typi- 480.0, and 508.3 cm–1, and a minor band at 797.0 in short and intermediate frequencies cannot be
cally 5–30 μm), occur in multiple orientations, cm–1. Full widths at half maximum (FWHM) of regarded as diagnostic of shock metamorphism
and generally cut through plagioclase grains. the key 480.0 and 508.3 cm–1 bands are 25.5 and because variations in composition and crystal
Most are filled with unidentified Mg- and Fe- 19.0 cm–1, respectively (Fig. 2). orientation may also cause artificial variations in
rich phases. Although different from the closed Shocked plagioclase is stoichiometric An35–53 band properties (i.e., band broadening or reduced
planar fractures and PDFs in typical shocked with no obvious zoning, and is characterized by intensities). However, a longer-frequency band
plagioclase (e.g., Chao 1967), the complex and pronounced short-frequency (<450 cm–1) Raman around 580 cm –1 (580.8 cm –1 in 373582-1,
open fracture networks observed in the plagio- bands peaking at 182.9 and 281.7 cm–1 (spec- 584.4 cm–1 in 373582-2) emerges as a shoul-
clase in Sublayer inclusions have been reported trum 373582-1 in Fig. 2) and 186.6, 282.3, and der on the band near 500 cm–1. This shoulder is
in shocked plagioclase in the Stannern meteorite 405 cm–1 (spectrum 373582-2 in Fig. 2). The assigned to symmetric stretching vibrations of

|  Volume 46  |  Number 5  |  GEOLOGY

2 www.gsapubs.org 
 504.4 generate systematic trends, suggesting that the
olivine-bearing mafic and ultramafic inclusions
are derived from multiple crustal target sources
with different compositions.
282.3
186.6
GEOBAROMETRY
405.0 993.6 The absence of garnet or Mg-spinel and the
#373582-2 Figure 2. Raman spectra
Intensity

584.4
of shocked plagioclase universal presence of plagioclase in the inclu-
182.9 (Pl) in ultramafic inclu- sion assemblages imply a depth <30 km (Green
506.3 sion (sample 373582) and and Hibberson 1970). In order to more precisely
unshocked plagioclase in estimate the depth of derivation, we selected
281.7 quartz gabbro from main
580.8 999.6 #373582-1 several olivine-bearing mafic and ultramafic
mass of Sudbury Igneous
Complex (Canada). inclusions from multiple localities that exhibited
508.3 textural and mineral-chemical evidence of being
480.0 in chemical equilibrium, and applied the olivine-
Unshocked Pl clinopyroxene-plagioclase (Ol-Cpx-Pl) barom-
188.9
eter of Ziberna et al. (2017) (see Table DR1 in
the Data Repository). The results suggest that all
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 of the inclusions equilibrated between 210 ± 112
Wave number (cm-1) MPa and 410 ± 157 MPa at depths between 7.7
± 4.1 km and 14.9 ± 5.7 km, assuming a geo-
three-membered Al-O ring structure, indicating commonly form clusters defined by individual barometric gradient of 27.5 MPa km–1 (equiva-
the increased portion of this ring structure in samples and/or samples from the same locations, lent to an average crustal density of 2800 kg m–3,
pressure-induced amorphous CaAl2Si2O8 (Dan- but vary greatly between different samples and consistent with the abundance of mafic intrusive
iel et al., 1997). This band appeared in synthetic locations (Fig. 3). The variations in olivine rocks in the Huronian and Archean sequences).
anorthite after being experimentally shocked compositions are not consistent with fractional Given the widely accepted crustal thickness
to 30 GPa (Velder et al., 1989). Additionally, crystallization or magma mixing, which would of 37–38 km in the Sudbury region (Winardhi
both shocked plagioclases analyzed in this study
exhibit a pronounced broad band at 999.6 cm–1
Phl LHZT, Levack EB, Group I Ol NORT, Whistle EB, Group I
(373582-1) or 993.6 cm–1 (373582-2), which has
Pl LHZT, Trill EB, Group I Recry-WHTE, Levack EB, Group II
been observed in shocked anorthite (An96) in
lunar meteorite NWA773 (Freeman et al., 2008). 7000 Ol GBBR, Trill EB, Group I Group III, Footwall of Levack EB
Pyroxenite
source
The occurrence of this broad, medium-intensity Phl LHZT, Bowell EB, Group I Group III, Footwall of Levack EB
band around 1000 cm–1 in the spectra is diagnos- 6000 Phl LHZT, Dowling EB, Group I Ol NORT, Foy OD, Group IV
tic of the presence of CaAl2Si2O8 glass (Daniel
Phl LHZT, Onaping EB, Group I CMVB
et al., 1995, 1997). Thus, the Raman spectra 20%
indicate shock-induced partial isotropization of 5000 LHZT, Foy OD, Group I
plagioclase at a pressure of 26–29 GPa (Stöffler Fractional crystallization 10%
Ni (ppm)

of olivine (10% increments)

et al., 1986).
#373577
4000
Peridotite
MINERAL COMPOSITIONS
source
Olivine is commonly the first silicate min-
eral to crystallize from mafic-ultramafic mag- 3000
20%
ing

mas and therefore provides insights into deci- 10%

mix

phering the early crystallization history of the

2000
magmas and the characteristics of the magma
source. Wavelength-dispersive X-ray emission
spectrometric analyses of olivine in 56 olivine- 1000
bearing mafic and ultramafic inclusions (using
an electron probe microanalyzer) reveals that
the olivines display a wide range of composi- 0
tion (i.e., Fo86–68 and 3992–621 ppm Ni). This 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94
is distinctly different from olivine in residual Fo mole%
mantle peridotite (Fo93–89 and 3000–1500 ppm
Ni; Pearson et al., 2004). Notably, some indi- Figure 3. Plot of forsterite (Fo) content (mol%) versus Ni concentration (ppm) of olivine in oliv-
ine-bearing mafic and ultramafic inclusions in Sublayer and Offset Dikes of Sudbury Igneous
vidual samples contain olivine that is charac-
Complex (Canada). Light-green and beige fields indicate serial melting up to 20% of peridotite
terized by very high Ni contents (3992–3010 and pyroxenite mantle sources, respectively. Lines of olivine fractionation in equilibrium with
ppm), up to 1500 ppm higher than the dominant either peridotite- or pyroxenite-derived melts are referred to by Straub et al. (2008). Stars and
olivines with similar Fo contents (Fig. 3), and circles on fractionation lines represent every 10% fractionation. Sample 373577 has higher Fo
similar to the high values in olivine in basalts and Ni contents compared to the other samples. CMVB—olivines from central Mexican volcanic
belt formed by mixing between peridotite- and pyroxenite-derived melts in subduction envi-
derived from pyroxenitic sources (e.g., Ni-rich ronment (Straub et al., 2008); Ol—olivine; Pl—plagioclase; Phl—phlogopite; EB—embayment;
olivines from the central Mexican volcanic OD—Offset Dike. Lithology abbreviations: LHZT—lherzolite; GBBR—gabbro; NORT—norite;
belt [CMVB] in Fig. 3). The dominant olivines Recry-WHTE—recrystallized wehrlite–olivine clinopyroxenite.

GEOLOGY  |  Volume 46  |  Number 5  | www.gsapubs.org 3

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Lightfoot, P.C., and Naldrett, A.J., eds., Proceed- metamorphism of ordinary chondrites: Geochi-
We thank K. Schulz, J. Mungall, and J. Darling for very ings of the Sudbury-Norl’sk Symposium: Ontario mica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 3845–3867,
constructive and helpful reviews, and J.B. Murphy Geological Survey Special Volume 5, p. 105–117. https://​doi​.org​/10​.1016​/0016​-7037​(91)90078​-J.
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library. We thank A. McDonald, W. Zhe, J. Petrus, M. Lithos, v. 3, p. 209–221, https://​doi​.org​/10​.1016​ Ni olivines for a hybridized peridotite/pyroxenite
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|  Volume 46  |  Number 5  |  GEOLOGY

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