NAME : SOON ZHI YANG

MATRIX NUMBER : BS08110273

Introduction:
A microscope is an instrument for viewing objects that are too small to be seen by the naked
eyes or unaided eyes. Microscopes are invented in 1590 and refined during the 1600s. The
microscopes first used by the Ranaissance scientists are the light microscopes. Now, the
microscopes can largely be divided into three classes, which is light microscopes(LM), scanning
electron microscopes(SEM) and transmission electron microscopes(TEM).
In a light microscope, visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass
lenses. The lenses refract the light so the image of the specimen is magnified as it is projected into
the eyes. So, the light microscope is useful upon enlarging a specimen but not too detail.
There are ocular lenses for light microscope, which these lenses is nearer to the viewer eyes
and it holds a magnification of 10X. Besides of having ocular lenses, light microscope also contains
of objective lenses, which contain magnification of 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X. These are all the lower
lenses. For all the observation, they must start with the lowest objective lens, which is with the
magnification of 4X.

Objective:

The objective of this experiment is to identify and understand the name and function of each
part of the microscope. Moreover, we need to know the way to use it as well.

Materials : A light microscope, two prepared slides which each contains a letter 'G' and
threads.

Methods:
We started our experiment by placing a slide containing letter 'G' on the stage and stabalized
it with the clips. The letter 'G' must be centered on the stage. The microscope must be turned on and
the slide is observed. The ocular adjuster is adjusted until the object is clearly seen. After the slide is
observed with the lowest power, the power is turned to a higher power, which is 10X and 40X of
the objective lens. The observation is drew down. After the observation is finished, the nosepiece is
rotated until the lowest power objective clicks into place, and then the slide is removed.

After that, the slide is changed to a prepared threads slide and this slide is observed by using
the 5X and 10X of the objective lens. By following the same procedures as the letter 'G' is observed,
the position of each threads is identified and the observation is drew down. After the observation is
finished, the nosepiece is rotated until the lowest power objective clicks into place, and then the
slide is removed.
Results:

i. Letter 'G'

Magnification : 10X10

Magnification : 10X40
ii. Threads

Magnification : 10X5

Magnification : 10X10
Discussion:

Part A:
There are a few parts in the microscope which we need to understand the functions and the
names of it. The table below shows the name and function of every part of the microscope.

NAME FUNCTION
TUBE Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses
NOSEPIECE Revolving device that holds objectives
5X OBJECTIVE This is the shortest of the objective lenses and is used to scan the whole slide
LENS
10X This lens is longer than the 5X objective lens and is used to view objects in
OBJECTIVE greater detail
LENS
40X This lens is used to view an object in even greater detail
OBJECTIVE
LENS
STAGE CLIPS Hold slides in place of the stage
CONDENSER Focus the light onto the specimen
LENS
ILLUMINATOR A steady light source
OCULAR This lens at the top that you look through. They are usually 10X magnification.
LENS
ARM Supports the tube and connects it to the base
STAGE The flat platform where you place your slides
COARSE- Knob used to bring object into approximate focus; used only with low power
ADJUSTMENT objective
KNOB
FINE- Knob used to bring object into final focus
ADJUSTMENT
KNOB
BASE The bottom of the microscope, used for support
Table 1
Part B:

i. The image which appears seem to be bigger and clearer if compared with that seen with the
naked eyes.
ii. As the slide moves to the right, the image will move to the left.
iii. When the slide moves to the left, the image will move to the right.
iv. The image which appears in the observation of the objective lens 10X is less detailed
compared with the objective lens 40X, because the objective lens 40X is more focused on
the image.
v. After changing to the slide of thread,we observed that the yellow thread in on top followed
down by the red thread, while the green thread is right at the bottom.

Conclusion:

From the prepared slide of the letter ‘G’, we observed that by using objective lens 10X, we
can see the whole slide of the letter ‘G’ , while we change to use objective lens 40X, it showed
greater detail of the letter ‘G’ but just a small part of letter G. As a conclusion, we decide that
objective lens 10X is suitable if we want to see the whole image, while objective lens 40X is more
suitable if we want to see more detail of the image.
On the other hand, we observed the slide of threads by using objecive lens 5X and we see
that the threads are clearer but when using objective lens 10X we can see that the threads are bigger.
So, we conclude that objective lens 5X is more suitable for us to see the threads clearly while
objective lens 10X allows us to see the threads with a larger image.

References:

1) Neil A.Campbell, Jane B.Reece et al., 2008, Biology 8th edition, Pearson Benjamin
Cummings.
2) Sylria S. Mader, 2002, Laboratory Manual 10th edition, Mc Graw Hill.
3) Http://www.wikipedia.org/
Matthew Distefano, 2004,Biology, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cecie Starr,1994,Biology : A human emphasis 2nd edition, international Thomson publishing
NAME : CHEONG POW LING
MATRIX NUMBER : BS08110257
TITLE : MICROSCOPE
DEMO : Ms. ASILAH AL-HAS AND Mr.
KHAIRUL
LECTURER : DR. KARTINI SAIBEH
DATE/DAY : 14th JULY 2008
SUBJECT : BASIC BIOLOGY(ST00402)
COURSE : ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
SCHOOL : SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
TIME : 2.00pm – 5.00pm
NAME : THAM MUN HOU
MATRIX NUMBER : BS08110286
TITLE : MICROSCOPE
DEMO : Ms. ASILAH AL-HAS AND Mr.
KHAIRUL
LECTURER : DR. KARTINI SAIBEH
DATE/DAY : 14th JULY 2008
SUBJECT : BASIC BIOLOGY(ST00402)
COURSE : ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
SCHOOL : SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
TIME : 2.00pm – 5.00pm
NAME : SAI PING HENG
MATRIX NUMBER : BS08110265
TITLE : MICROSCOPE
DEMO : Ms. ASILAH AL-HAS AND Mr.
KHAIRUL
LECTURER : DR. KARTINI SAIBEH
DATE/DAY : 14th JULY 2008
SUBJECT : BASIC BIOLOGY(ST00402)
COURSE : ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
SCHOOL : SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
TIME : 2.00pm – 5.00pm
NAME : LILIAN CHONG ZEE WEAN
MATRIX NUMBER : BS08110020
TITLE : MICROSCOPE
DEMO : Ms. ASILAH AL-HAS AND Mr.
KHAIRUL
LECTURER : DR. KARTINI SAIBEH
DATE/DAY : 14th JULY 2008
SUBJECT : BASIC BIOLOGY(ST00402)
COURSE : ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
SCHOOL : SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
TIME : 2.00pm – 5.00pm
GROUP MEMBERS : THAM MUN HOU
(BS08110286)
LILIAN CHONG ZEE WEAN
(BS08110020)
SAI PING HENG
(BS08110265)
SOON ZHI YANG
(BS08110273)
CHEONG POW LING
(BSO8110257)
DUAN ZHENG
(BS07170532)
ZHANG YU PENG
(BS07270007)
TITLE : CELL AND TISSUE
DEMO : Ms. ASILAH AL-HAS AND Mr.
KHAIRUL
LECTURER : DR. KARTINI SAIBEH
DATE/DAY : 21st JULY 2008
SUBJECT : BASIC BIOLOGY (ST00402)
COURSE : ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
SCHOOL : SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
TIME : 2.00pm – 5.00pm