Chapter 1
THE INTEGRAL CONCEPT
BY: JACEL ANGELINE V. LINGCONG
1.1 Definitions
During the previous semester, Differential
Calculus, we learned how to find the derivatives of
given functions. We used the process of finding the
derivatives which we called DIFFERENTIATION. Now,
we learn another process, that of finding the function
when its derivative is given. The new process is called
INTEGRATION or ANTIDIFFERENTIATION.
The following table shows the relationship of the two above mentioned
processes. Observed that the two processes are inverses of each other.
GIVEN PROCESS ANSWER
(Input) (Output)
Function Differentiation Derivative
Derivative Integration Function
The table shows that given a function we use differentiation to find
the derivative. On the other hand, given the derivative, we use
integration to get the unknown function.
Example:
Given the function 𝑦 = 5𝑥 2 + 7
by the process of differentiation we will get the derivative,
𝑦 ′ = 10𝑥
Doing the reverse, if we are given the derivative 𝑦 ′ = 10𝑥
by integeration, we can solve for the function
𝑦 = 5𝑥 2 + 7.
However, the constant 7 will be replaced by a constant C to give a more
general solutions or answer. This is because the derivative 𝑦 ′ = 10𝑥 is
the derivative of a family or class of functions of the form
𝑦 = 5𝑥 2 + 𝑘
where k is an arbitrary constant.
1.2 Symbols and Notations
𝑑
In differentiation, is the operator symbol
𝑑𝑥
which means that we have to differentiate the
expression that follows the symbol. Now, for
integrations the operator will be 𝑑𝑥, read “ the
integral of . . . with respect to x” or simply the
integral of dx”.
Let us study the following integral which identifies
the symbols and notations
10𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥 2 + 𝐶
– the integral sign
10𝑥 – the given derivative of the unknown function which is called the integrand
𝑑𝑥 – the differential of x; this tells what the variable of integration is
5𝑥 2 – the particular integral
𝐶 - the constant of integration
5𝑥 2 + 𝐶 – the unknown functions or the indefinite integral
1.3 Types of Integral
1. Indefinite Integral - integral without limits of integration
Example: 10𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2. Definite Integral – integral with limits of integration and
with a definite value as answer.
2
Example: 1
10𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑥 2 | 21
= 5(2)2 − 5(1)2
2 = 20 − 5
10𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 15
1
Note: In the given example 2, 1 and 2 are called the limits of integration. One
(1) is the lower limit and 2 is the upper limit. The symbol | 21 means we have to
evaluate (or find the value of) the expression before the symbol. To evaluate,
the upper limit is substituted first to the variable or variables in the expression
minus the value obtained when the lower limit is then substituted.
1.4 Basic Formulas and Principles
A. Basic Formulas
𝐹1 : 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶 , 𝑎 is any constant
𝑛+1
𝑥
𝐹2 : 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
Note: To check the validity of the formulas, differentiate the right
sides and see that their respective derivatives are the corresponding
integrands on the left.
Proof:
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
1. 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶 = 𝑎𝑥 + (𝐶)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=𝑎+0
= 𝑎 , the integrand of 𝐹1
This proves that 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶.
Proof:
𝑑 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑑 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑑
2. +𝐶 = + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝑛 + 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 + 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑛+1 −1
(𝑛 + 1)𝑥
= +0
𝑛+1
= 𝑥 𝑛 , the integrand of 𝐹2
𝑥 𝑛+1
This shows that 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
Example for 𝐹1 : 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶 , 𝑎 is any constant
1. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶, here a = 1 which is not written anymore
2. 3𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 𝐶
1 1
3. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 +𝐶
2 2
4. 0.4 𝑑𝑥 = 0.4 𝑥 + 𝐶
5. 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥+𝐶
In these examples, the variables x may be replaced by
other variables like y, z, etc. Using y as the variable,
example 2 and 3 will be as follows:
2’.) 3𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑦 + 𝐶
1 1
3’.) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 +𝐶
2 2
𝑥 𝑛+1
Example for 𝐹2 : 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
2+1 3
𝑥 𝑥
1. 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 = +𝐶
2+1 3
2+1 3
𝑦 𝑦
𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = +𝐶 = +𝐶
2+1 3
2+1 3
𝑡 𝑡
𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = +𝐶 = +𝐶
2+1 3
𝑥 1+1 𝑥2
2. 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = +C= +𝑐
1+1 2
B. Basic Properties
𝑃1 : 𝑐𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑃2 : 𝑓1 𝑥 ± 𝑓2 𝑥 ± . . . ± 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ± 𝑓2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ± … ± 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑷𝟏 and 𝑷𝟐 in words:
𝑃1 or property 1 states that the integral of any constant c
times an expression in x given as f(x), is equal to c times the
integral of f(x).
𝑃2 or property 2 states that the integral of the sum of n
expressions, namely 𝑓1 𝑥 , 𝑓2 𝑥 , … , 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 is equal to the sum of
the integral of each of the n expressions.
Examples:
3
𝑥
1. 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3( ) + 𝐶 = 𝑥 3 + 𝐶
3
2. 2𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥 =2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 5𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
=2 + 𝐶1 + 5𝑥 + 𝐶2
2
= 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2
= 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 𝐶
Exercises:
1. 4𝑝3 𝑑𝑝
2. 7𝑦 2 + 8𝑦 3 − 1 𝑑𝑦
3. 2𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥
Thank you!!!
Activities will be
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