ELECTRO-MECHANICAL ELEMENTS OF LIFT TECHNOLOGY

1. ALTERNATE CURRENT

1.1.Three phase analysis

Three-phase generators

Generators at power stations supply three-phase electricity. This is a way to supply three times as
much electricity along three wires as can be supplied through two, without having to increase the
thickness of the wires

It is this more consistent electrical power that allows machines to run more efficiently and last
many years longer than their relative machines running on the other phases. Three-phase
generators are ideal for heavy duty industrial, agricultural, commercial, and professional
applications that require intensive, constant power.

Image 1. Three-phase AC generator

Split-phase and three-phase “Y”

Split-phase or single-phase three-wire system is a type of single-phase electric power distribution.

It is the AC equivalent of the original Edison three-wire direct-current system. This is the most
common residential service in North America. Line 1 to neutral and Line 2 to neutral are used to
power 120 volt lighting and plug loads. Line 1 to Line 2 is used to power 240 volt single phase loads
such as a water heater, electric range, or air conditioner.

Image 2. Volt split phase wring supply

Three Phase Four Wire Wye is the most common commercial building electric service in North
America. Wye systems utilize a star configuration, with all three hot wires connected at a single
neutral point. One neutral wire and one ground wire make for a total of five wires in 3-phase Wye
systems. 120/208 volt wye is used to power 120 volt plug loads, lighting, and smaller HVAC
systems. Neutral wire in Wye system’s is what allows two different voltages and powers both 3-
phase and single-phase devices in the data center.

The Three Phase Delta configuration has the three phases connected like a triangle. Delta systems
have four wires total: three hot wires and one ground wire. Used primarily in industrial facilities to
provide power for three-phase motor loads, and in utility power distribution applications.

Image 3. Comparing three-phase wye versus delta configuration

1.2.Power and energy

Reactance and current phase

Reactance is the opposition of a circuit element to a change in current or voltage, due to that
element's inductance or capacitance. The notion of reactance is similar to electric resistance, but it
differs in several respects:

 While they both are properties of an electrical circuit that opposes current, resistance
opposes a flow of current and reactance opposes a change in current.
 Resistance is the opposition to current flow due to the fact that it is not an ideal electrical
conductor. Reactance is opposition to current flow due to electric or magnetic fields being
set up inside or around the device.

The symbol for Reactance is X and it is measured in ohms (Ω). There are two types of reactance:
capacitive reactance (XC) and inductive reactance (XL). The total reactance (X) is the difference
between the two: X = XL – XC
 Image 4. Capacitive reactance (XC) and inductive reactance (XL)

Active power, apparent power and power factor

Active power (P) also called true power is the actual amount of power being used, or dissipated,
in a circuit. It is measured in watts (W).

Reactive power (Q) is the imaginary inductive and capacitive power consumption in circuit.
Inductors and capacitors dissipate zero power, yet the fact that they drop voltage and draw
current gives the deceptive impression that they actually do dissipate power. Reactive power is
measured in volt-ampere reactive (var).

Apparent Power (S) is the power required and supplied to the electric circuit to cover the real and
reactive power consumption in the loads. It is a complex value and the vector sum of the active
and reactive power. It can be expressed in a Pythagorean triangle relationship as indicated in the
figure below. Apparent power is measured in volt-amperes (VA) and can be calculated as S = (Q2 +
P2)1/2

Image 5. Apparent power as the vector sum of the active and reactive power

Power factor is a measure of how effectively incoming power is used in your electrical system and
it’s defined as the ratio of the real power absorbed by the load to the apparent power flowing in
the circuit, and is a dimensionless number in the closed interval of −1 to 1.

 A power factor of less than one indicates the voltage and current are not in phase,
reducing the instantaneous product of the two.
 When all the power is reactive power with no real power (usually inductive load) - the
power factor is 0.
 When all the power is real power with no reactive power (resistive load) - the power
factor is 1.

The power factor is equal to the real or true power P in watts divided by the absolute value of
apparent power in volt-ampere: PF=P(W )/¿ S (VA )∨¿
For sinusoidal current, the power factor PF is equal to the absolute value of the cosine of the
apparent power phase angle φ (which is also is impedance phase angle): PF=¿ cos φ∨¿

Image 6. Power factor calculation

Economics of power factor

Improving power factor may be the most economical way to reduce current and eliminate the
overload condition, which permits additional loads to be added and served by the existing system.
Capacitors are an effective, proven, and efficient means of improving power factor. They supply
the magnetizing current required by motors at or near the motor site, instead of from the utility.
This frees up utility capacity to provide more real power.

Power factor correction capacitors in new construction or facility expansions can theoretically lead
to economic benefits for end-users that may include reduced energy bills, lower cable and
transformer losses, and improved voltage conditions.

Image 7. Beer analogy for power factor

1.3.Motors and power factor

Power factors play a major role in machines by reducing the voltage drop and thus improving the
voltage at the equipment. It causes low current to flow and hence saving electricity bills and
increased load carrying capability.

The higher the power factor is, the lower is reactive power consumption. This means the motor is
performing better and is capable of creating the required flux for operation with lower reactive
power.
Induction motors require both real and reactive power to operate. The real power (kW) produces
work and heat. The reactive power (kVAR) establishes the magnetic field in the motor that enables
it to operate.

Since reactive power does not perform any work, PF indicates the percentage of useful energy
from the total energy (and is best when it’s as close to unity as possible). Low PF can contribute to
low efficiency, higher losses, and unnecessary electric utility charges.

The PF of a motor is lower when the motor is under-loaded and is significantly reduced when the
motor load is less than 70%. Closely matching the motor to the load is the best way to keep the PF
close to the motor design rating, which is typically 80% to 85% PF.

Image 8. Power factor correction – induction motor

1.4.Power factor correction

Power Factor Correction (PFC) is the process of improving a low power factor present on a power
system by installing Power Factor Correction capacitors, thus increasing the ratio of active power
to apparent power. It may be required when a system has a power factor lower than 90% (or 0.9).
A poor power factor can contribute to equipment instability and failure, as well as significantly
higher energy as more current is required to perform the same amount of work. Some of the
benefits of Power Factor Correction (PFC) are:

 Improvement of power quality

 Reduction of the load on the electricity distribution system
 Reduction in apparent power (also known as maximum demand)
 Lower electricity bills
 Increased system capacity (free up capacity on your supply transformer)
 Reduced voltage drop on the supply transformer and supply cables
 Reduced transmission losses
 Reduced carbon footprint
 Image 9. Power factor correction calculation

2. ELECTRICAL COMMERCIAL INSTALLATION

2.1.Relevant standards

 BIS is the Bureau of Indian Standards of The National Standard Body of India, an
organization for the harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking
and quality certification of goods and for matters connected therewith or incidental
thereto. ETD 25 (Lift And Escalators) is the designated committee to prepare standards
and codes of practice for electrically operated lifts and escalators, including equipment
and components. They have published 12 standards regarding product specifications,
codes of practices and methods of tests.
 Imported equipment normally must adhere to EN 81/EN 115, which is the European
standards for the design and manufacture of lifts regulated by the European Committee
for Standardisation (CEN). These standards aim to improve accessibility, safety and
comfort, lift passengers and those required to service installations. The standards also
make stipulations in terms of building design and interface.

2.2.Transformer types for commercial distribution

The three phase transformer consists three transformers either separate or combined with one
core. There are four possible connections for a 3-phase transformer bank:

Δ – Δ (Delta – Delta) Connection: often used to supply loads that are primarily three phase but
may have a small single-phase component. The three-phase load is typically motor load while the
single-phase component is often lighting and low voltage power. This type of connection offer
several advantages, such as:

 It is satisfactory for a balanced and unbalanced load.

 If one transformer fails, the remaining two transformers will continue to supply the three-
phase power (open delta connection).
 If third harmonics present, then it circulates in a closed path and therefore does not
appear in the output voltage wave.
 This is useful when neither primary nor secondary requires a neutral and the voltage are
low and moderate.
Its only disadvantage of this connection is that there is no neutral.

Image 10. Delta-Delta Transformer Connections

Υ – Υ (Star – Star) Connection: they can serve both three-phase and single-phase loads. This
configuration connect three identical single phase transformer on each of the primary and
secondary of the transformer. The single-phase load should be distributed as evenly as possible
between each of the three phases and neutral. This type of connection has some very serious
problems:

 If the neutral is not provided, then the phase voltages become severely unbalance when
the load is unbalanced.
 The propagation of third-harmonic currents and voltages. These harmonics can cause
interference in nearby communication circuits as well as other assorted power quality
problems.
 The possibility for resonance to occur between the shunt capacitance of the circuits
connected to the transformer and the magnetizing susceptance of the transformer,
especially if the circuits include insulated cable.

Because of these problems, wye–wye transformers must be specified and implemented carefully.

Image 11. Star-Star Transformer Connections

Δ – Υ (Delta – Star) Connection: it is the most commonly used three-phase transformer
connection. When circumstances permit, most industry professionals prefer to use the Delta input
Wye output connection for connecting a 3-phase transformer connection in power distribution
application. This type of connection is used to create a common output neutral, when no such
neutral exists in the line. It also suppresses noise from the line to the secondary.

The wye-connected secondary allows single-phase load to be distributed among the three phases
to neutral instead of being placed all on one winding as with a four-wire delta secondary.

Image 12. Delta-Star Transformer Connections

Υ – Δ (Star – Delta) Connection: it is sometimes used to provide a neutral on a three-wire system

but also can serve load from its secondary. The primary wye windings are typically grounded. If the
secondary is a four-wire delta, the fourth wire originating at a center tap on one of the legs of the
delta is grounded.

Image 13. Star-Delta Transformer Connections

2.3.Advanced grounding techniques

Under abnormal conditions; such as a power fault, lightning, or electrostatic discharge, a

grounding conductor might carry a significant amount of current for a short time. Safety grounding
requires properly sized and located conductors to reduce voltage differences during such
conditions.

Lightning is an unpredictable phenomenon. A single direct strike can result in physical damage to
buildings and catastrophic failure of sensitive electronic equipment. It can start fires, cause major
breakdowns to electrical, telephone and computer installations. Lightning protection is highly
desirable in:

 High rise buildings - commercial and apartment complexes

 Power stations
 Sub-stations and transformer stations
 Oil and gas storage and refinery
 Drilling rigs
 Grain storage
 Explosives, flammable liquid, chemical textile, rubber, sugar, glass, paint factories and
storage areas
 Mining areas
 Television, radio and telecommunications stations
 Hospitals
 Transport - airports, shipping, rail etc.
 Universities, education facilities
 Historic structures
 Churches, Mosques, etc.
 Military installations
 Golf courses, race courses, sports stadiums, etc.
 Farms and food storage areas
 Buildings containing computers and electronics

Lightning protection components include: coaxial lightning protectors, coax shield grounding kits,
copper grounding straps, grounding plates and clamps, tinned copper braid, strap-to-tower leg
grounding clamps, wire-to-ground rod clamps, and more.

2.4.Load balancing

Balancing electrical loads is an important part of laying out the circuits in a wiring system. It is
usually done by electricians when installing a new service panel (breaker box), rewiring a house, or
adding multiple circuits during a remodel. In simple terms, an electrical service panel has two
sides, and balancing the load is a matter of dividing the circuits evenly between the two sides so
that the load, or power draw, is roughly the same on both sides.

It is just as important to balance single phase loads as it is three phase loads. The grounded circuit
conductor (neutral) carries all unbalanced current. If the imbalance is great than the neutral could
become overloaded, heat up and start a fire. There is no over-current protective device for this
conductor.

In three phase systems there are three “hot” conductors. Any single phase loads connected to
such a system should be distributed across the three phases, to keep the currents in these “hot”
connections as equal as possible. Unequal currents mean unequal voltage drops in the supply
impedance of each phase. This unbalances the voltages supplied to any parallel three phase
equipment. Unbalanced voltages are detrimental to many three phase loads, in particular motors,
where they cause additional losses and temperature rise, which shortens insulation life.

Image 14. Automatic Phase Balancing in AC Electrical Networks

3. CONTROL BASIC ELEMENTS

3.1.Relays

A relay is an electromagnetic switch. Its basic function is to allow a low power control voltage
operate a high power switch. The control and the switch are electrically isolated from each other
and they have their own voltage and current ratings/requirements.

Image 15. Relay structure

It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or multiple control signals, and a set of operating
contact terminals. They control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in another
circuit.

Relays are used wherever it is necessary to control a high power or high voltage circuit with a low
power circuit, especially when galvanic isolation is desirable. They were used to control automated
systems for machine tools and production lines.

3.2.Timers

Electromechanical timers are used to start or stop a machine or other device at preset or delayed
intervals. They consist of both electrical and mechanical components, and often feature an electric
motor that drives one or more gears. They typically accept electric or electronic inputs to operate
a mechanical output such as rotating wheels or knobs.

Some electromechanical timers rely upon the thermal expansion of metal fingers. When electric
current flows through and heats these bimetallic fingers, one side expands and moves away from
the switch contact. In most industrial and factory applications, however, electromechanical timers
are driven by a synchronous motor that turns the cam through the switch contacts. Often, there is
a friction-clutch between the cam and the gear train.

Typically, electromechanical timers are used in factories and other industrial settings. For example,
they may cause a valve to open and remain open for a specified period of time, or cause a mixer to
turn-on and remain running upon receiving a signal meaning that more mix has been added.

Image 16. Electromechanical timer

4. SINGLE PHASE MOTORS

4.1.Single phase motor types

Single phase power system is widely used for domestic purpose as it is more economical and the
power requirement in most of the houses, shops, offices are small, which can be easily met by
single phase system. The single phase AC motors are further classified as:

 Single phase induction motors or asynchronous motors.

 Single phase synchronous motors.
  Commutator motors.

A single phase I.M. is not self-starting and requires some particular starting means. Two theories
have been suggested to find the performance of a single phase induction motor. The first and
most known one, Double Field Revolving Theory states that a revolving field is required to make
the motor rotate. But a single phase supply produces flux which is alternating and not revolving.
Thus, no net torque is produced and motor remains at standstill.

According to this theory, the flux vector (from single phase excitation) we can resolve any
alternating quantity into two components which produce equal amount of torque in opposite
directions. Thus, the rotor does not rotate. If a slight push is provided to the rotor, toque in that
direction overcomes the opposing torque thus motor starts to rotate.

Image 17. Double Field Revolving Theory for starting single phase induction motor

4.2.Single phase motor control

Changing the motor from a higher voltage to start it to a lower voltage to operate is the main
function of a motor control circuit. There are mainly there are three types of motor control
circuits:

 Direct Online Starter (DOL) are used in small motors with has lower power under 10kW.
They are commonly used in overcurrent protection circuits, fuses and circuit breakers.
 Star Delta Starter. When the motor is started in the star connection, the phase voltage of
the motor is reduced by a factor of √3. The starting line current of the motor will be
reduced to a 1/3 value of DOL Delta starting. They are used in motors designed for delta
connection in normal running conditions.
 Auto Transformer starter. The motor, which can be connected permanently in delta or in
a star, is switched first on a reduced voltage from a 3-phase tapped autotransformer and
when it has accelerated sufficiently, it is switched to the running (full voltage) position.
Used for motors above 80kW.
 Image 18. Motor control circuits: DOL, Star Delta and Auto Transformer

5. THREE PHASE MOTORS

5.1.Three phase motors

Three phase motors converts three phase electric power to the rotational mechanical energy of
the motor shaft that is connected to some kind of mechanical load by means of electromagnetic
interactions. They are commonly used in industry, since their power is over 150% greater than that
of a single-phase motor, and a three-phase rotating magnetic field is generated. Three phase
motors are usually classified in two groups:

 Synchronous motors operate at synchronous speed, that is, the speed of the rotor is equal
to the stator speed of the motor. They are not self-starting, they require an additional DC
power source to initially rotate the rotor near to the synchronous speed. They have great
efficiency and consequently a higher cost. Synchronous motors are commonly used in
power stations, manufacturing industries, but also used as voltage controller.

Image 19. Three phase synchronous motors

 Induction motors or asynchronous motors, as they runs at a speed other than the
synchronous speed. They are AC electric motors in which the electric current in the rotor
needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic
field of the stator winding. Therefore they can be made without electrical connections to
the rotor. Induction motors are widely used as industrial drives because they are self-
starting, reliable and economical.
 Image 20. Construction of three phase induction motor

5.2.Star-Delta Control

Star/Delta starters are probably the most common reduced voltage starters. They are used in an
attempt to reduce the start current applied to the motor during start as a means of reducing the
disturbances and interference on the electrical supply. Their characteristics and advantages
include:

 Available starting current: 33% Full Load Current.

 Peak starting current: 1.3 to 2.6 Full Load Current.
 Peak starting torque: 33% Full Load Torque.
 For low- to high-power three-phase motors.
 Reduced starting current
 Six connection cables
 Reduced starting torque
 Current peak on changeover from star to delta
 Mechanical load on changeover from star to delta

Image 21. Star-delta starting method for induction motors

The star-delta method is usually only applied to low to medium voltage and light starting Torque
motors. This starting method only works when the application is light loaded during the start. If
the motor is too heavily loaded, there will not be enough torque to accelerate the motor up to
speed before switching over to the delta position.

5.3.Start-stop and spin inversion

The windings in a 3 phase motor, when activated by a 3 phase supply produce a rotating magnetic
field in the rotor area of the motor. It is necessary only to change the phase sequence in order to
change the direction of rotation of the magnetic field. For a three-phase supply, this can be done
by interchanging any two of the three lines.

Let the phase sequence of the three-phase voltage applied to the stator winding is X-Y-Z. If this
sequence is changed to X-Z-Y, it is observed that direction of rotation of the field is reversed i.e.,
the field rotates counterclockwise rather than clockwise. However, the number of poles and the
speed at which the magnetic field rotates remain unchanged.

This is what it looks like. The black arrow is the flux produced by the three phase windings. Clearly,
if yellow phase were swapped with blue phase the rotation would be opposite.

Image 22. Sequence of the rotating magnetic field

5.4.Two speed motor control

Two speed motors allow adjustment of the power consumed according to the needs of the
application. If an induction motor is operated on a fixed frequency circuit, its synchronous speed
can be changed only by changing the number of poles in the stator winding. This can be done by
using two or more separate stator windings each connected for a different number of poles, or by
using a single winding. Two speed electric motors are usually divided into two main groups:

 Two separate winding motors. It is a two speed motor with two different windings,
usually this kind of configuration was made when the speed ratio is not 2. They have many
desired different polarities which offers the possibility of different speed ratios.
 Image 23. Two separate windings – Connection Y/Y (above) and Connection ∆/∆ (below)

 Dahlander winding motors. Used when the speed ratio is 2 you could use the Dahlander
connection, this one is very useful when you need two speeds with only one winding. With
these motors it is only possible to reach a pole number ratio of for example 2:4, 4:8 or
6:12. Winding according to Dahlander scheme can be designed for switching ∆/YY or Y/YY.
This assures different powers and starting torque ratios at the two different rotation
speeds.

Image 24. Dahlander winding– Connection ∆/YY (above) and Connection Y/YY (below)

6. ELECTRONIC CONTROLLERS

6.1.Rectifiers

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts (straightens the direction of) alternating current
(AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one
direction. A diode is an electrical device allowing current to move through it in one direction with
far greater ease than in the other. They can be compared to check valves using an analog to
understand that, just like those valves, diodes are essentially “pressure” operated (voltage-
operated) devices.

A widely used application of this feature and diodes in general is in the conversion of an
alternating voltage (AC) into a continuous voltage (DC). In other words, Rectification. Small signal
diodes can also be used as rectifiers in low-power, low current (less than 1-amp) rectifiers or
applications. Where larger forward bias currents or higher reverse bias blocking voltages are
involved, larger more robust power Diodes are used instead, in this case being called “rectifiers”.
 Image 25. Diode used as rectifier (right)

6.2.Relay outputs

One of the most common types of outputs available is the relay output. A relay can be used with
both AC and DC loads. In relay DO, output is taken from COM, NO and NC contact, and relay coil is
driven by internal circuitry. So isolation and output load capability is high. Relay outputs can
generally carry more output current (both DC and AC) than their transistor equivalent, but have a
more limited lifespan due to mechanical considerations and are generally slower in response time.

Relay modules offer no source power but provide NO/NC contacts that switch user-supplied
power on and off internally, allowing for higher current loads. Relay outputs are used in
application where we have to pick up contactor or want to switch high voltage.

Image 26. Relay output module real image (left) and circuit plane (right)

6.3.Transistor outputs

A transistor is a miniature electronic component, a semiconductor device used to amplify or

switch electronic signals and electrical power. A transistor can amplify a signal. They usually can do
two different jobs because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling
(input) power. So, they can be used as:

 Amplifiers: When it works as an amplifier, it takes in a tiny electric current at one end (an
input current) and produces a much bigger electric current (an output current) at the
other. Reason why one of the first things people used transistors for is hearing aids.
 Switches. Transistors can also work as switches. The small current switches on the larger
one. This is essentially how all computer chips work.
 Image 27. Transistor as output

6.4.Optical inputs

Every piece of energy-consuming equipment has some form of control system associated with it.
An electronic control system comprises a sensor, controller and final control element. Sensors are
used in electronic control systems to provide a controller with information concerning changing
conditions. An optocoupler or opto-isolator is a combination of a light source and a photosensitive
detector.

Optocouplers are available in four general type: Photo-transistor, Photo-darlington, Photo-SCR

and Photo-triac as shown below. Their common applications include: microprocessor input/output
switching, DC and AC power control, PC communications, signal isolation and power supply
regulation which suffer from current ground loops, etc. In communications, high-speed
optoisolators are used in power supplies for servers and telecom applications.

Image 28. Optocoupler types

6.5.Motor control with VVVF

Motor control circuits are an effective way to reduce cost by using smaller wire and reduced-
amperage devices to control a motor. A motor control circuit is simply a switch (or group of
switches) and a motor.

An induction motor can run only at its rated speed when directly connected to the main supply.
However many application need variable speed operations. With variable voltage variable
frequency drives (VVVF), the use of an induction motor has increased as it provides a simple and
cost efficient method for open-loop speed control of three phase induction motor. This technique
is popularly known as V/f control.

Most modern VVVF drives operation requires the three basic sections: rectifier, dc bus, and
inverter. Converting a three-phase voltage source to DC using rectifier. After the power flows
through the rectifiers it is stored on a dc bus. The dc bus contains capacitors to accept power from
the rectifier, stores it, and later deliver that power through the inverter section. The inverter
contains transistors that deliver power to the motor. The “Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor”
(IGBT) is a common choice in modern V/f drives. The IGBT can switch on and off several thousand
times per second and precisely control the power delivered to the motor. The IGBT uses “pulse
width modulation” (PWM) technique to simulate a sine wave current at the desired frequency to
the motor.

Image 29. Block Diagram of VVVF Open Loop Control System

6.6.Door Control with VVVF

Access Control Door opening/closing System is a compact, low cost, standalone. It is ready to use,
easy to install device. Any electrician can install it with electromagnetic lock with simple
instructions provided. Door access control system includes a door controller plus a door reader.

Access control system is one of the most common used system in electronic door control. It is
connected to the network. You can select between IP readers that work with RFID credentials,
bluetooth connected mobile credentials, or even biometric readers. Door access control has
become very flexible and reliable.  Features include:

 It uses Power over Ethernet (PoE)

 A very flexible controller that can mount on top of the door and evenprovide a built-in
motion detection function.
 Operative as long as the controller has power).
 The controller may provide connections with power for the electric lock, connections to
exit buttons, door sensors, automatic door openers, and the electric lock control.
 Optional built-in motion detector that can provide the Request to Exit (REX) function.
 May include integration with Video Surveillance Systems, elevator control, and fire alarm
systems.
 Image 30. Architecture of Access Control System (left). Real elements for Door Access Control System (right).

7. LIFT WIRING

7.1.Motor accessory connections

Brakes

Brakes are safety devices. The brake manual handle just can be used in escapes person in
emergency states and be operating by professional. The manual brake release of the gearless
traction machine divides two types: with and without machine room

 In the case of with machine room, the traction machine will be configured the manual
brake release. Remove the manual brake release lever when the traction machine is in
normal using conditions, proper arrangements to prepare for emergency use.

Image 31. Manual brake release

 In the case of without machine room, the traction machine will be configured the remote
manual brake release. Brake line bending radius must be greater than 250 millimeters. For
equipped with remote loose brake device, using loose brake, after the host opened before
the next boot operation need to confirm whether the brake completely reset. In use if
found loose brake line due to rust turbidity jam or reply slowly, must replace the brake
line.
 Image 32. Remote manual brake release

Thermal protection resistor

In order to control the motor temperature rise and avoid the motor temperature became too
high. Gearless PMS elevator traction machine install a motor thermal protection resistance to
connect the “R1, R2”terminal to their control system.

The safety of the motor under variable speed conditions must be ensured. To avoid the risk of
physical injury, do not exceed the maximum specified speed of the motor. Low speeds may cause
the motor to overheat because the cooling fan becomes less effective, causing a fire hazard. The
motor should be installed with a protection thermistor. If necessary, an electric forced vent fan
should be used. The values of the motor parameters set in the drive affect the protection of the
motor.

Image 33. Elevator drive within a DCP Lift system – Connection diagram. (Motor thermistor)
7.2.Operator panels

The Car Operating Panel (COP) is the control panel inside the elevator that houses the floor
buttons, the light switch, the alarm button, the emergency stop switch and optional key lock.

Image 34. Car operating panel

7.3.Safety loop and safeguards

Safety lift loop makes communication between the emergency helpdesk and the hard of hearing
passenger possible. The elevator induction loop creates a magnetic field in the elevator car. The
hearing-aid wearer only has to switch the hearing aid to the Telecoil setting to receive the signal.

Advantages elevator Loop

 Only system to have passed testing for use in elevators to date

 Universal operation- designed for use in all elevators with any manufacturer of emergency
phone and floor announcer
 DC supply- can be powered by existing supply or mains
 Plug and Play, internal loop and microphone for very simple installation
 Options for external loop and line level inputs ensure optimal flexibilitty
 Twin inputs, one unit for both emergency phone and floor announcer
 Can be installed behind COP or on car roof, less risk of vandalism

7.4.Control box

An Elevator controller is a system to control the elevators, either manual or automatic. The
controller usually tune down the voltage between 12V to 24V to the controlling system, only the
motor needs 3-phase power supply. The low voltage power supply is for the controlling
component and the fixtures to control the elevator (except the items mentioned above, they use
the single phase power supply). You may find:

 Manually-controlled elevator
 Dual operation elevator
 Preregister operation elevator
 Signal operation elevator
 Automatic-controlled elevator

Image 35. MR Lift Control Panel-operates with synchronous and induction motors

7.5.Shaft cable

The most popular elevator design is the roped elevator. In roped elevators, the car is raised and
lowered by traction steel ropes rather than pushed from below. The ropes are attached to the
elevator car, and looped around a sheave. The sheave is connected to an electric motor. When the
motor turns one way, the sheave raises the elevator; when the motor turns the other way, the
sheave lowers the elevator.

7.6.Travelling cable

Traveling cable (either flat type or circular-liked type) is a cable that is used for power transmission
to the elevator car, and communication between the controller, and the elevator car. The cable is
usually if not always black, and hangs from the elevator car. In conventional elevators, all power
and signal information is transmitted through the traveling cable. It is a specialized multi-
conductor cable continually in motion with a life span of about 20 years - or 3,000,000 flex cycles.

A typical cable will have 14 AWG conductors for current circuits, 18 AWG conductors for signaling
circuits, 20 AWG conductors with shielding for telecommunications circuits and data circuits, and
perhaps a coaxial cable for closed-circuit television. In order to minimize electrical and
electromagnetic interferences, optical fiber can be used to ensure a better performance.

7.7.Car wirings
Wiring for elevators includes a requirement that some of the electrical equipment associated with
the elevator have separate branch circuits. These include a separate branch circuit for each of the
following,

1. Car lighting, receptacles and ventilation

2. Car air-conditioning and heating units
3. Machine room/control space lighting and receptacles
4. Hoistway pit lighting and receptacles
5. Any other utilization equipment associated with the elevator

The separate branch circuit allows the isolation of circuits during the maintenance process. The
wiring method used for the elevator, hoistway and these rooms or spaces must be on this list.

 Rigid Metal Conduit

 Intermediate Metal Conduit
 Electrical Metallic Tubing
 Rigid Nonmetallic Conduit
 Wireways
 Metal-Clad Cable
 Mineral-Insulated Cable
 Armored Cable

The elevator car must be wired with the same options listed above. Generally, conductors and
cables in or on an elevator or in the hoistway (other than traveling cables) must be installed in
rigid metal conduit, intermediate metal conduit, electrical metallic tubing, rigid nonmetallic
conduit, or wireways, or shall be Type MC, MI, or AC cable.

A new exception was added in the 2014 NEC to allow cords and cables of listed cord- and plug-
connected equipment to be installed without a raceway. This new exception makes way for
monitors, displays and other new technology that is listed for cord and plug connection. Without
the exception, the only way to comply is to cut the cord end off in order to install the flexible cord
inside the raceway.

8. LIFT ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE

8.1.Maintenance procedure
 Image 36. Routine elevator maintenance procedure

Maintenance providers of elevators and escalators are responsible for providing a level of service
that ensures the equipment is reliable and performs as designed. 

Routine Elevator Maintenance Checklist

Inside the Car:

 Examine the interior of the elevator car for damage to the walls, ceiling, and handrails.
 Examine the position indicator lights and replace any burned out lights.
 Operate the elevator going up and down and check the leveling accuracy, acceleration,
and deceleration. Make any adjustments deemed necessary.
 Check to make sure that the door moves smoothly and does not slam or bounce.
 Make sure the door restrictor operates properly and make any necessary repairs.

Outside the Car:

 Check the hall stations and lights and replace any burned out lights.
 Inspect the door panel and clearances.
 Test the Phase 1 firefighters’ service.

Machine Room:

 Make sure the machine room does not contain any material unrelated to the elevator.
 Check components for leaks, unusual vibration, or wear.
 Inspect electrical components for evidence of overheating or failure.
 Lubricate components, if necessary.
 Check the oil level.
 Make any necessary adjustments or schedule follow-up service.

Top of Car:

 Check that the stop switch and inspection station function properly.
 Remove any debris from the top of the car.
  Inspect any visible components, including rollers, guide rails, and leveling devices.
 Check the traveling cables for wear and inspect connections.
 Inspect the door operator and its components.
 Check the hoistway for evidence of rodents, fire safety, and vandalism.

Pit:

 Make sure that the stop switch, lights, and GFI outlet function properly.
 Clean the pit and check for signs of leaks.
 Inspect the spring buffers for signs of corrosion, alignment, and secure attachment.
 Inspect all visible components, including rollers, guide rails, safeties, and switches.
 Check the travel cable for wear, pinches, and snags.
 Make sure the sump pump is clean and operating correctly.

Elevator system review:

 Safety features: Are the emergency alarm bell and intercom or telephone operating? If
there is an emergency lighting system, does it operate during a simulated shutdown?
 Fixtures: Are hall and elevator call lights and floor indicators working correctly? Are
overhead lights and ventilation systems operating?
 Doors: At stops, do the doors operate noisily? Are passengers bumped by the doors?
 Starting and stopping: Do elevators hesitate at floors too long after buttons are pressed?
Do they start and stop abruptly or uncomfortably?
 Leveling: Does the car level with the floor at each stop so passengers will not trip?
 Ride: Do you hear squeaks and scrapes or feel vibrations when the elevators are running?
Do they feel unbalanced?
 Run times: Do elevators grouped in the same bank appear to operate at different speeds
during comparable runs?

Maintenance and Examination Escalator Lift

Inspecting, cleaning, oiling, and adjusting Monthly Monthly

Periodic examination Half-yearly Yearly
Periodic testing of safety equipment Yearly Yearly
Full load safety test, overload device and brake tests - 5-Yearly
 ACTIVITIES

1. A motor control circuit, for the most part, is simply a _____ and a motor.
a) motor
b) switch
c) feeder
d) magnet
2. The transformer which is more feasible to use in the distribution ends should be:
a) star-delta
b) delta-star
c) scott
d) delta-delta
3. While using three phase transformers, it is taken care about the third harmonics current in the
system. This is present when transformer set is delta on either side.
a) True
b) False
4. Three units of single phase transformers and one single three-phase transformer rating
a) will be same for one rating
b) can never be made same
c) may be same
d) none of the mentioned
5. Which of the following can switch the current by a make or break contact?
a) Transistor
b) Relay
c) Buffer
d) Fet
6. Which of the following is used to avoid the back EMF in the relay?
a) Resistor
b) Capacitor
c) Inductor
d) Diode
7. During maintenance procedures, you must check if the car is leveled with the floor at each
stop so passengers will not trip.
a) True
b) False
8. In a three-phase system, each phase is separated by
a) 360°
b) 180°
c) 120°
d) 90°
9. Efficiency and power factor of single phase motors is better than three phase motors?
a) True
b) False
10. In star connected system, line voltages are equal to phase voltages
 a) True
b) False
11. Three phase induction motors are self-started
a) True
b) False
12. In order to change the direction of rotation of the magnetic field of a three-phase supply,
which of the following shall be done?
a) Reverse the polarity of all three lines
b) Reverse the polarity of any two lines.
c) Remove one of the phases
d) None of the above

Answers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
b a a a b d a c b b a b