BUREAU VERITAS

VIETNAM
NSRP DOCUMENT No.:
DCSM PROJECT 2019 DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHIC D-P5-BV-PD-019

Contractor’s Name : BUREAU VERITAS VIETNAM

Company’s Name : Nghi Son Refinery and Petrochemical LLC.

Plant Location : Nghi Son, Viet Nam

W/ Order No. :
Package No. : 5

Scope of Work : INSPECTION SERVICE FOR DCSM

Discipline : DCSM

NSRP DCSM PROJECT 2019

Discipline
Receiving Date
Reviewed By
Review Date
Review Result code
Document Review codes:
1- Rejected (Revise and resubmit), 2- Comments as Noted (Revise and
resubmit. Work may proceed subject to full compliance with comments),
3- Minor Comments (Acceptable, Works may proceed. Revise &
Resubmit as “Certified Final), 4- No comments (Works may Proceed)
Returned on
Next Submission Due
Date

THIS DOCUMENT IS CONTROLLED BY THE BUREAU VERITAS - VIETNAM AND MAY NOT BE AMENDED, REVISED OR ALTERED IN
ANY OTHER WAY WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THAT COMPANY.

THE SIGNATURES BELOW AUTHORISE ALL PAGES OF THIS PROCEDURE FOR USE FROM THE DATE OF APPROVAL AS SHOWN.

Rev Date Description Prepared By Reviewed by Approved By

.
0 26/09/2019

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Nguyen Gia Dinh Annamalai Natarajan Annamalai Natarajan

REVISION HISTORY

Rev. Date Issued Comments Prepared by Reviewed & Approved by

00 26.Sep.2019 First Issue. Nguyen Gia Dinh Annamalai Natarajan

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INDEX

Section Sub section Description Page

1.0 Scope 4

2.0 Applicable Codes, Standards, Specifications Or Regulations 4

3.0 Personal Qualification 5

4.0 Surface Preparation 6

5.0 Radiation Source 6

6.0 Radiographic Recording Medium 6

7.0 Direct Radiography 7

8.0 Use Of IQI Type and Selection 10

9.0 Contrast and Brightness 14

10.0 Radiographic Examination 15

11.0 Quality of Image Display 19

12.0 Facilities for Viewing of Radiographs 20

13.0 Acceptance Criteria 20

14.0 Procedure Review 20

15.0 Reporting 20

APPENDIX A - Exposure Technique 1 21

APPENDIX B - Exposure Technique 2 22

APPENDIX C - Exposure Technique 3 23

APPENDIX D - Exposure Technique 24

APPENDIX E – Sample Test Report 25

APPENDIX F - Acceptance Criteria for ASME SEC VIII DIV 1 26

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APPENDIX G - Acceptance Criteria for ASME B 31.3 27

DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY TESTING

1.0 SCOPE:

1.1 This procedure has been established for Radiographic Examination on Full Penetration
Butt Welded Joints, Profile radiography to access the corrosion of the material carried
out by BVV.

1.2 This procedure is applicable for Radiographic Examination of Welds in accordance to the
following referenced codes, standards and documents

2.0 APPLICABLE CODES, STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS OR REGULATIONS:

2.1 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERS:
B31.3 Process Piping.
B 31.1 Power Piping.
SEC I Rules for construction of Power Boilers.
SEC V Nondestructive Examination.
SEC VIII D1 Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels.
SEC VIII D2 Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels.
SEC IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications.

2.2 AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE:

650 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage.
1104 Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities

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2.3 ASNT DOCUMENTS:

SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for NDT Personnel Qualification and Certification.

CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of NDT Personnel.

2.4 ASTM STANDARDS:

SE-94 Standard Guide for Radiographic Testing.
Test Method for determining the relative image quality response of industrial
E-746
radiographic film.
Standard Test Method for Controlling Quality of Radiographic Exam Using Wire
E-747
Penetrameter.
E-999 Guide for controlling quality of industrial radiographic film processing.
E-1030 Test method for radiographic examination of metallic castings.
E-1032 Test method for radiographic examination of weldment.
E-1079 Practice for calibration of transmission densitometers.
E-1254 Guide for storage of radiographs and unexposed industrial radiographic films.
E-1316 Terminology for Nondestructive testing.
E-1390 Guide for illuminators used for viewing industrial radiographs.
E-1742 Practice for radiographic examination.

2.5 AUSTRALIAN STANDARD:

AS 2177.1-
Non Radiography of welded butt joints in metal - Methods of test.
1994
AS2885.2-
Pipelines-Gas and liquid petroleum Part 2 Welding
2007.

3.0 PERSONAL QUALIFICATION:

3.1 Personnel performing radiographic examination under this procedure shall be

qualified to at least NDT Level II and certified in accordance with BVV Written
Practice prepared as per the guidelines of SNT-TC-1A, Recommended Practice for
Non-Destructive Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification - 2016 edition.

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4.0 SURFACE PREPARATION:

4.1 The weld ripples or the weld surface irregularities on both the inside (where
accessible) and outside shall be removed by any suitable process to such a degree
that the resulting radiographic image due to any surface irregularities cannot mask
or be confused with the image of any discontinuity.

4.2 The finished surface of all butt welded joints may be flushed with the base material
or may have reasonably uniform crowns with reinforcement not exceeding that
specified in the referencing code section.

5.0 RADIATION SOURCE:

5.1 Radiographic examination shall be performed with the INC 100 Gamma Ray
Projector using IR –192 source operated by cranking unit (wind out), or with the
Andrex CMA 306 (300 KV) X-Ray machine.

5.2 The Radiation source size for Radiography with Gamma rays using Iridium 192
Isotope shall be determined with SE-1114, Standard Test Method for Determining
the Focal Size of Iridium-192 Industrial Radiographic Source.

5.3 The Radiation source size for Radiography with X-rays using machine operated at
500kV and less, the spot size may be determined by pinhole method or in
accordance with SE-1165, Standard Test Method for measurement of Focal.

6.0 RADIOGRAPHIC RECORDING MEDIUM:

6.1 DXR 250P Direct Radiography Panel (Detector) and its characteristics are as follows:

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Detector Specifications

Flat Panel Type Amorphous Silicon

Scintillator Material Csl

Active Area (Approximately) 410x410mm (16 x 16in)

Image format 2048 x 2048

Pixel Pitch 200µm

A/D Conversion 14 bits

Min Exposure Time 130ms

Interface Gigabit Ethernet

Dynamic Range 10,000:1

Dimensions 585 x 465 x 27mm

Weight 6kg (13lb)

Operating Temperature 10° to 35° C (50° to 95° F)

Operating Humidity 10-90% non-condensing

Power Supply

Voltage 100-240v, 50-60Hz

UT Output Connector 163 x 287 x 56mm (6x11x2in)

Weight 3 Kg (7 lb)

7.0 DIRECT RADIOGRAPHY:

7.1 Digital radiography is also known as direct radiography, for short DR, with DR-
technology; there is an immediate conversion of radiation intensity into digital image

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information.

7.2 Exposure and image formation happen simultaneously, allowing near real-time image
capture, with the image / radiograph available for review only seconds after the
exposure.

7.3 This almost instant image formation is the reason that DR is considered the only genuine
method of digital radiography.

7.4 Some of the Devices even provide a true real-time mode with display rates upto 30
images per seconds.

7.5 For DR, Flat panel detectors in a variety of sizes are used that convert incident radiation
intensity into proportional and digitized electronic signals.

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7.6 These digital signals can, by means of a computer and screen (workstation), without
intermediate steps, be presented as a coherent radiographic image.

7.7 A cable typically links the detector to this workstation from which the panel is controlled
as well.

7.8 There are different types and suppliers of DR-flat panel systems.

7.9 A variety of flat panel systems exist with a wide range of pixel sizes and resolutions.

7.10 The more and smaller the pixels the higher the potential resolution of the system.

7.11 A sensor materials amorphous silicon and amorphous selenium are in use.

7.12 As sensors CCD’s (charge couples devices) and CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide
semiconductor) are applied.

7.13 The most common high resolution flat panels use amorphous silicon technology.

7.14 This material converts incident radiation into light.

7.15 The conversion is proportional to the radiation dose.

7.16 This light is turn is converted from into a proportional electric signal by a scintillator made
of eg. Structured Cesium Iodide (CsI) photodiodes and integrated thin film transistors
(TFT’s).

7.17 Each picture element (pixel) contributes to the radiographic image formed on the screen
of the workstation.

7.18 Each element is square in effective area, with pixel typically ranging from 50 to 400
micron.

7.19 The smaller the pixels the better the resolution.

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8.0 USE OF IQI TYPE AND SELECTION:

8.1 IQIs shall be selected from either the same alloy material group or grade as identified in
SE-747or from the alloy material group or grade with less radiation absorption than the
material being radiographed.

8.2 Placement of IQI.

8.2.1 Source Side IQI(s). The IQI(s) shall be placed on the source side of the part
being examined.

8.2.2 There is no restriction on the placing the IQI(s) on a separate blocks when, due
to part or weld configuration or size, is not practical to be placed, provided the
IQI(s) /area-of interest density tolerance requirement are met.

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8.2.3 The IQI(s) on the source side of the separate block shall be placed no closer to
the film than the source side of the part being radiographed.

8.2.4 The block dimensions shall exceed the IQI(s) dimensions such that the outline of
at least three sides of the IQI(s) image shall be visible on the radiograph.

8.2.5 Film side IQI could be placed when inaccessibility prevents hand placing the
IQI9s) on the source side. A lead letter F shall be placed on the IQI(s) or
adjacent but shall not mask the essential wire or hole.

8.3 IQI Location for welds:

8.3.1 Wire IQI: The IQI shall be placed on the weld so that the length of the wires is
perpendicular to the length of the weld.

8.3.2 The identification numbers and when in used the lead letter ‘F’ shall not be in the
area of interest, except when geometric configuration makes it impractical.

8.4 IQI Location for Material Other than Welds:

8.4.1 The IQI with IQI identification number(s), and, when used, the lead letter “F’ may
be placed in the area of interest.

8.5 If using more than one IQI, one shall be representative of the lightest area of interest: the
intervening densities on the radiograph shall be considered as having acceptable density

8.6 The IQI shall be selected from Table T-276 of ASME Section V Article 2.

8.7 Other equivalent IQI (DIN, EN or BS) may be used documented comparison is made for
the respective ASTM and approved by NDT Level III.

8.8 The document shall be maintained on file.

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Table – 1

Material Thickness Range plus estimated reinforcement (not exceeding maximum permitted by referencing code
section) actual measurement not required. Back rings or strips shall not be considered as part of the thickness in IQI
selection.

9.0 CONTRAST AND BRIGHTNESS:

9.1 The image brightness through the body of the hole-type IQI or adjacent to the
designated wire of the wire-type IQI, shall be judged to be equal to or greater than the
image brightness in the area of interest for a negative image format.

9.2 This image brightness requirement is reversed for a positive image format.

9.3 The contrast and brightness range that demonstrates the required sensitivity shall be
considered valid contrast and brightness values for interpretation.

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9.4 When multiple IQIs are utilized to cover different thickness ranges:

9.4.1 The contrast and brightness range that demonstrates the required IQI image of
each IQI shall be determined.

9.4.2 Intervening thicknesses may be interpreted using the overlapping portions of the
determined contrast and brightness ranges.

9.4.3 When there is no overlap, an additional IQI(s) shall be used.

10.0 RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION:

10.1 RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE

10.1.1 Single Wall Single Image (S.W.S.I):

10.1.1.1 In the single wall technique, the radiation passes through only one
wall of the weld material.

10.1.1.2 This technique is used for plates and for the pipe it shall be used as
panoramic technique with diameter greater than or equal to 20”.

10.1.1.3 In this technique, the source is kept at the center of the pipe and the
films are kept on the external side covering the circumference of the
weld (Refer to Appendix A).

10.1.2 Double Wall Single Image (D.W.S.I):

10.1.2.1 In this technique the radiation passes through two walls and only the
weld (material) on the film side-wall is viewed for acceptance on the
radiograph.

10.1.2.2 When complete coverage is required for circumferential welds

(materials), a minimum of 3 exposures taken at 120º to each other
shall be made.

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10.1.2.3 This technique should be used for pipe diameter greater than or equal
to 3” (Refer to Appendix B).

10.1.3 Double Wall Double Image (D.W.D.I):

10.1.3.1 When it is not practical to use a single-walls technique, one of the

following techniques shall be used.

10.1.3.2 In this technique, the radiation passes through two walls and both
walls are viewed for acceptance on the radiograph.

10.1.3.3 This technique should be used for pipe diameter less than or equal to
3”.

10.1.3.4 Only a source side IQI shall be used. (See IQI selection in this
procedure.)

10.1.3.5 Double Wall Double Image may be performed where the source is
offset to the weld (Elliptical technique), or where the source is at right
angles to the weld (material) and the image of both walls are
superimposed (Superimposed technique).

10.1.3.6 The elliptical technique requires at least 2 exposures 90º to each

other for each joint radiographed. (Refer to Appendix C)

10.1.3.7 The superimposed technique minimally requires three (3) exposures

taken either 60º or 120º to each other for each joint radiographed.
(Refer to Appendix D).

10.1.3.8 Care should be exercise to ensure that the required geometric

unsharpness is not exceeding.

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10.2 RADIATION ENERGY:

10.2.1 The radiation energy used for any radiographic technique shall achieve the
density and IQI image requirements stated section 8.0 above.

10.3 DIRECTION OF RADIATION:

10.3.1 The direction of central beam of radiation shall be centered on the area of
interest whenever practical.

10.4 GEOMENTRIC UNSHARPNESS

10.4.1 The source to object distance, object to film distance shall be selected in such a
manner that for given source size, the radiograph shall achieve geometric
unsharpness not exceed the values given below for the specified thickness
ranges

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10.5 LOCATION MARKERS:

10.5.1 Source Side Markers shall be placed when radiographing:

10.5.1.1 flat components or longitudinal joints in cylindrical or conical

components (film side marker allowed if radiograph shows coverage
beyond the location markers to the extent shown as below:

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10.5.1.2 Curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the

source and when the source to material distance is less than the
inside radius of component.

10.5.1.3 Curved or spherical components whose convex is towards the source.

10.5.2 Film side markers shall be placed on the film when radiographing curved or
spherical components whose concave side is toward the source and when the
source to material distance is greater than the inside radius.

10.5.3 Either side (source or film side) marker may be placed when radiographing either
curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the source and
source to material distance equals the inside radius of component.

10.5.4 The location markers used shall be made of lead and shall be placed on part (not
on exposure holder/cassette) and their locations marked on the part surface
(permanently, when permitted) being radiographed to help in mapping of
defective area, traceability and identification of part with respect to radiograph.

11.0 QUALITY OF IMAGE DISPLAY:

11.1 Nonfunctional Pixel Display:

11.1.1 A nonfunctional pixel display shall be generated in accordance with the

manufacturer’s instructions and recommended frequency as a system check.

11.2 System-induced artifacts:

11.2.1 The relevance of nonfunctional pixels shall be evaluated.

11.2.2 The digital image shall be free of system-induced artifacts, such as nonfunctional
pixels in the detector in the area of interest that could mask or be confused with
the image of any discontinuity.

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12.0 FACILITIES FOR VIEWING OF RADIOGRAPHS:

12.1 Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will not
interfere with the Image viewing and interpretation.

12.2 Masks shall be provided for the viewing equipment such that light from around the outer
edge of the film being viewed or from low-density areas of the film will not interfere with
interpretation.

13.0 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA:

13.1 Acceptance criteria shall be done in accordance with the criteria given in the referencing
code specified on the contractual documents or engineering drawings or customer
issued work order/purchase order.

14.0 PROCEDURE REVIEW:

14.1 This procedure shall be reviewed annually from the date of revision. As a minimum, the
following shall be considered while reviewing:

14.1.1 Any revision to the reference documents and its impact on this procedure.

14.1.2 Changes in the industry practice.

14.2 Any other additional information that is deemed necessary for the intent of this
procedure.

15.0 REPORTING:

15.1 All the radiographic test results shall be recorded in the TEST REPORT (Please see the
Appendix E).

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APPENDIX A

EXPOSURE TECHNIQUE 1

FILM

SOURCE

Single Wall Single Image (SWSI)

Panoramic exposure for use in Cylindrical vessel or
Pipe diameter greater than or equal 20

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APPENDIX B
EXPOSURE TECHNIQUE 2

SOURCE

FILM

Double Wall Single Image (DWSI)

For use in pipe diameter greater than or equal 3”

Minimum 3 exposures are required

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APPENDIX C

EXPOSURE TECHNIQUE 3

SOURCE

FILM

Double Wall Double Image (DWDI)

Elliptical exposure for use in pipe diameter less than or equal 3”

Minimum 2 exposures are required

Minimum SFD shall be 8 times nominal pipe size

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APPENDIX D

EXPOSURE TECHNIQUE

SOURCE

FILM

Double Wall Double Image (DWDI)

Superimposed exposure for use in pipe diameter less than or equal 3”

Minimum 3 exposures are required

Minimum SFD shall be 8 times nominal pipe size

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APPENDIX E

SAMPLE TEST REPORT

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APPENDIX F

ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR ASME SEC VIII DIV 1 UW 51(b), API 650, ASME SEC I,
ASME B 31.1 AND ASME SEC IX

TYPE OF ASME SEC VIII / API 650 / ASME SEC IX

IMPERFECTION ASME SEC I / B31.1
Crack None acceptable None acceptable
Lack of penetration None acceptable None acceptable
Lack of Fusion None Acceptable None Acceptable
Elongated Indication Unacceptable if greater than Unacceptable if greater than
> 6 mm for t up to 19mm > 3 mm for t ≤ 10 mm
> (1/3)t for 19mm ≤ t ≤ 57 mm > (1/3) t for 10 mm < t ≤ 57 mm
> 19 mm for t > 57 mm > 19 mm for t > 57 mm
Aligned Indication (or Unacceptable if Aggregate length > t in weld length of 12 t and distance between successive
Acceptable Elongated imperfection < 6 L (L being length of longest indication) EXCEPT when distance between
indication per above) successive imperfection > 6 L (L being length of longest indication)

Rounded Indications Max. Size of Rounded Indication unacceptable Max. Size of Rounded Indication
if unacceptable if
a) ¼ t or 4mm (whichever is smaller) if distance a) > 0.2 t or 3 mm (whichever is
between isolated indication separated by < 25 smaller) [for all weld thickness]
mm. b) > 12 no. of rounded indication {for
b) (1/3) t or 6 mm (whichever is smaller) if those acceptable per a)} per 150 mm
distance between isolated indication separated weld length. For weld length less
by > 25 mm than 150 mm proportionately fewer
c) 10 mm for t > 50 mm are allowed. [weld thickness < 3
mm]
c) Greater than shown in Appendix I
ASME SEC IX [for weld thickness
> 3 mm]
Aligned Rounded Indications Unacceptable if
a) Summation of diameters > t in a length of 12 t
b) Maximum group length of aligned indications
L= 6 mm for t <19 mm
L= 1/3 t for 19 mm < t < 57 mm
L = 19 mm for t > 57 mm
c) Maximum allowable spacing between groups of aligned indication = 3L (where L is the
longest indication)
Rounded Indication / Cluster of rounded Indications
a) Refer to Appendix 4, ASME SEC VIII, Div I for pressure vessels, tanks for oil
storage.
b) Refer to appendix A-250, ASME SEC I for power boilers and power piping.

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APPENDIX G

ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR ASME B 31.3

TYPE OF ASME B31.3
IMPERFECT NORMAL AND CATEGORY M FLUID SEVERE CYCLIC CATEGORY D FLUID
ION SERVICES
Crack None acceptable (All Weld Types)
Lack of None Acceptable (All Weld types) 1. For weld Type 2 & 4:
Fusion LOF None acceptable
Lack of 1. None acceptable (Weld Type – 2) 1. None Acceptable (All 2. For Weld Type 1, LOF
penetration 2. Unacceptable if depth > 1mm or o.2 t Weld Types) is unacceptable if:
whichever is smaller (Weld Type - 1) 2. N/A for Fillet Welds a) depth > 0.2 T
3. Unacceptable if cumulative length > b) Cumulative length > 38
38 mm in 150 mm weld length (Weld mm in any 150 mm weld
Type -1) length
3. For Weld Type 2: LOP
None acceptable
4. For Weld Type 1 & 4:
LOP is unacceptable if
a) depth > 1 mm
b) Cumulative length > 38
mm in any 150 mm
welds length.
5. N/A For Fillet Welds
Internal 1. For Weld Type - 1 & 2 with thickness 1. For Weld Type - 1 & 2: N/A
Porosity ≤ 6 mm: unacceptable if Size and unacceptable if Size and
Distribution exceed rounded indication Distribution exceed
criteria in Appendix F rounded indication
2. For Weld Type - 1 & 2 with thickness criteria in Appendix F.
> 6 mm: unacceptable if Size and 2. N/A for Fillet welds
Distribution exceed 1.5 times rounded
indication criteria in Appendix F
3. N/A for Fillet Welds
Internal Slag, 1. For Weld Type -1 & 2: Unacceptable 1. For Weld Type -1 & 2: N/A
Tungsten if Unacceptable if
Inclusion or a. Individual Length > 2 times thickness a. Individual Length > T/3
Elongated b. Individual width > 3 mm or T/2 which b. Individual width > 2.5
Indication ever is smaller mm or T/3 which ever is
c. Cumulative length > 4T in 150 mm smaller
weld length c. Cumulative length > T
2. N/A for Fillet Welds in 12T weld length
2. N/A for Fillet Welds

Concave root 1. For Weld Type 1 & 2: Unacceptable if Depth of Root surface concavity is < Total joint thickness
Surface (Suck inclusive of weld reinforcement
Up) 2. N/A for Fillet Welds.

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TYPE OF ASME B31.3

IMPERFECT
Undercutting 1. For Weld Type – 2: None None Acceptable (All 1. For Weld Type 2: None
ION Acceptable Weld types) Acceptable
2. For Weld Type 1 & 3: 2. For Weld Type 3 & 4:
Unacceptable if depth > 1 mm or unacceptable if depth >
T/4 whichever is smaller 1 mm or T/4 whichever
is smaller
3. For weld type 1:
Unacceptable if 1.5 mm
or T/4 (or 1 mm)
whichever is smaller.
Weld Radiography is not the suggested method of inspection for this kind of imperfections. Code
Reinforcement Recommends Visual Inspection.
or Internal
Protrusion

Note:
1) Weld Type 1: Girth & Miter Groove
2) Weld Type 2: Longitudinal Groove (includes Straight and Spiral Seam)
3) Weld Type 3: Fillet Welds (includes socket and seal welds, and attachment welds for slip-on flanges, branch
reinforcement, and supports)
4) Weld Type 4: Branch Connection (Includes Pressure containing welds in branches and fabricated laps)
5) “N/A” indicates Code does not establish acceptance criteria or does not require evaluation for this kind of
imperfection for this type of weld

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