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EASA Part-FCL – PPL(A)

 THE EARTH
• Shape and movement
 THE EARTH
• Equator - Meridians - Parallels
GREAT CIRCLE SMALL CIRCLE

Equator Meridian Parallel

 THE EARTH
• Geographic coordinates REMEMBER :
Circle = 360°
1° = 60’ (minutes)
1’ = 60’’ (seconds)

LATITUDE LONGITUDE
North - South East – West
00°- 90° 000°- 180°
 THE EARTH
• Summary North

Equator
West East

South

• Airfield data:
 THE EARTH
• Distance between 2 points 1° = 60’ (minutes)
• Examples : 1’ = 1 Nautical Mile
1. On a same great circle: on a Great Circle
1. A (N15 24,6) and B (N04 39,2) 1 Nm = 1,852 Km
2. A (N42 38,7) and B (S21 15,0)

1. 2.

2. Calculate the shortest distance between A (50.00N 030.00E) and B

(50.00N 150.00W)
 THE EARTH
• Distance between 2 points
• Examples :
3. Measure the distance between Charleroi and Ostend
 CONVERSION OF UNITS
• Distances
• Kilometer (Km)
• Statute Mile (Stm)
• Nautical Mile (Nm)
• Meter (m)
• Foot (ft)
• Inch (in)

• Speeds
• Km/h
• Mile per Hour (Mph)
• Knot (Kt)
 CONVERSION OF UNITS
• Volumes
• Litre
• US Gallon
1 Qt USG ImpGal
• Imperial Gallon
• ¼ Gallon (Quarts) 1L

• Weights
• Kilogram (Kg)
• Pound (lbs) Kg
lbs
 CONVERSION OF UNITS
• Weight of a volume
• Density

Water AVGAS Oil JET A1

d=1 d = 0,72 d = 0,9 d = 0,8

Weight (Kg) = Volume (L) x Density

1 USG =
Volume (L) = Weight (kg) : Density 6 lbs
AVGAS
ONLY
 CONVERSION OF UNITS
• Temperature
 CONVERSION OF UNITS
• Rate of climb / descent
• ft/min
• m/s

• Example :

Convert a rate of climb of 500ft/min in m/s

 CONVERSION OF UNITS
• Practice
55 Nm = ……… Km 87 L (d=0,72) = ……… Kg
38 Stm = ……… Km
157 Km = ……… Stm 48 IMPG (d=0,80) = ……… Kg
520 Km = ……… Nm
25 Nm = ……… Stm 185 Kg (d=0,90) = ……… USG
652 Kg = ……… Lbs
10650 Ft = ……… m 160 Kg (d=0,72) = ……… Lbs
2,55 m = ……… Inches
720 USG = ……… Litres 458 Kg (d=0,75) = ……… USG
2150 Litres = ……… USG
560 USG = ……… IMPG 28 USG (d=0,68) = ……… Lbs
2838 Lbs = ……… Kg
3125 m = ……… Ft 85 Kg (d=0,75) = ……… Litres
5 Ft = ……… Inches
1 Nm = ……… Ft 1445 Lbs (d=0,80) = …… IMPG
55°F = ……… °C
15°C = ………°F 850 Litres (d=0,75) = ……… IMPG
32°F = ……… °C
2,8 Litres (d=0,72) = ……… gr
 CHARTS
• Definition Mercator
• Characteristics :
• Region
• Projection

Lambert

Stereographic

• Scale
 CHARTS
• Scale

Chart Distance
Scale =
Real Distance

• Aeronautical charts :
• 1/250.000
• 1/500.000
 CHARTS
• Practice
Chart Distance
Scale =
Real Distance

Chart Distance Scale Real Distance

28 cm 1/250.000
150 cm 1/1.000
58 cm 1/500.000
1/20 260 m
1/250.000 320 km
1/500.000 78 km
28 cm 56 km
82 cm 410 km
 USEFUL CALCULATIONS
• Flight time

• Travelled distance

• Speed
 USEFUL CALCULATIONS
• Fuel consumption

• Fuel flow

• Flight time remaining according to fuel flow

 USEFUL CALCULATIONS
• Practice
Flight Fuel Trip fuel
Flight Distance Aircraft GS
time flow
Charleroi – Piper
280 Nm 105 Kts 9 GPH
St-Malo Warrior
Charleroi – Piper
90 Kts 2h24 6 GPH
Lausanne Tomahawk
Charleroi – Piper
480 Nm 2h54 17 GPH
Nice Saratoga
Charleroi – Piper
175 Nm 34 GPH 27 USG
Biggin Hill Meridian
Charleroi – Cessna 13,5
415 Nm 145 Kts
Copenhague 182 GPH
Charleroi - Mooney
520 Nm 192 Kts 18 GPH
Bratislava M20
 ORIENTATION
• Compass Rose
 ORIENTATION
• North …

Compass :

• The Earth Magnetic Field

 ORIENTATION
• True North ↔ Magnetic North
Nt
Nm

• Magnetic Variation
• Varies with time and place
• See isogonals
 ORIENTATION
• Compass Deviation

• Causes :
• Aircraft’s own magnetic field
• Metal pieces
• Electric equipment
• Result :
• Compass North ≠ Magnetic North
 ORIENTATION
• Summary

True North (Nt)

= Geographic North Magnetic
Variation (V)
Magnetic North (Nm) :
moves
Deviation (d)
Compass North (Nc) :
random
 NAVIGATION : Practice
• Influence of wind on navigation : DRIFT
 NAVIGATION : Practice
• Track – Heading – Drift
 NAVIGATION : Practice
• Which heading keeps you on track ?

You must know :

V d
• Track (Tt) Tt Tm Tc
• Variation (V)
D
• Deviation (d)
• Drift (D) Ht Hm Hc

! Signs are important !

W E L R
Variation - + Drift - +
Deviation - +
 NAVIGATION : Practice
• Example
V d
Tt Tm Tc
D
Ht Hm Hc

W E
Variation - +
Deviation - +
L R
Drift - +
 NAVIGATION : Practice
• Exercise
V d
True track : 320° Tt Tm Tc
D
Drift : 8° Starboard
Deviation : 3° West
Variation : 5° East Ht Hm Hc
Compass heading ?
W E
Variation - +
Deviation - +
L R
Drift - +
 NAVIGATION : Practice
• Practice
Tt 112° D 8°L d 2°E V 6°E Hc
Ht 010° D 10°L d 2°E V 5°E Tc
Tc 353° d 10°W V 10°E D 10°L Tt
Hc 020° d 2°E V 7°W D 20°L Tt
Hc 200° d 6°E V 7°W D 15°R Tt
Tt 200° Hc 190° V 2°E D 15°L d
Tt 003° Hc 015° V 2°E d 3°W D
Tt 102° Hm 115° d 6°W D 2°L V
Hc 000° Tt 000° Tm 010° d 6°E D V
Tt 060° Hc 054° d 6°E V 9°W D
 NAVIGATION : Practice
• Heading On – Heading back
 NAVIGATION : Practice
• Practice

Track On 010° Heading On 015° Heading Back

Track On 013° Heading On 023° Heading Back
Track On 217° Heading On 240° Heading Back
Track On 120° Heading Back 310° Heading On
Track Back 026° Heading On 200° Heading Back
 NAVIGATION : Practice
• Influence of wind on speed
No wind :
Ground Speed (GS) = True
Airspeed (TAS)
Tailwind :
GS = TAS + Wind

Headwind :
GS = TAS - Wind

Crosswind :
GS ≠ TAS  Flight time ?
Drift  Heading ?
 NAVIGATION : Practice
• The speed triangle
Example :
Nt Nt
True track = 090° GS = ?
W/v = 130°/30kts Drift = ?
Heading = ?
TAS = 100kts
 NAVIGATION : Practice
• The speed triangle : computer
Example :
True track = 090° GS = ?
W/v = 130°/30kts Drift = ?
Heading = ?
TAS = 100kts
 NAVIGATION : Practice
• Practice
Tt W/v TAS Ht GS
050° 360/20 100 Kts
270° 270/10 210 Kts
310° 160/25 130 Mph
112° 200/25 150 Km/h
225° 020/18 80 Kts

Tt W/v TAS V d Hc GS
330° 150/10 180 Kts 4°W 2°E
105° 220/35 95 Kts 1°W 3°W
350° 270/20 160 Kts 18°E 1°W
184° 160/30 260 Km/h 4°E 2°W
 NAVIGATION : Practice
• Determining your track from your heading
True Index Eyelet Wind Sign
Track GS Normal Drift Correct°
Heading TAS ± 180° Drift
• Practice
Ht W/v TAS Tt GS
075° 125/20 130 Kts
145° 090/10 145 Mph
235° 270/15 84 Kts
005° 060/20 115 Kts
• Determining the wind from heading and track
Ht W/v TAS Tt GS
150° 150 Kts 135° 160 Kts
345° 90 Kts 357° 78 Kts
 NAVIGATION : Practice
• How far can you fly ?

• Range

• Endurance

• Keep the wind in mind…

 NAVIGATION : Practice
• The Point of No-Return (PNR)

E x GSback
TNR =
• No wind GSon + GSback

PNR = TNR x GSon

• Tailwind

• Headwind
 NAVIGATION : Practice
• The Equal-Time Point (ETP)

Flt time AB x GSback

Time to ETP =
• No wind GSon + GSback

ETP = Time to ETP x GSon

• Tailwind

• Headwind
 NAVIGATION : Practice
• PNR and ETP: Exercise
You have decided to fly from Belgium to New York City. This 4000 Nm flight trip will take
several days with your Piper Warrior flying at a TAS of 105 Kts. The longest flight over water
is a 386 Nm leg between Keflavik (Iceland) and Kulusuk (Greenland). True track is 307°and
the wind is steady at 260/25 along the way. With all your survival equipment on board, you can
only afford to carry 30 USG of fuel with a Fuel Flow of 5,4 GPH. Calculate the PNR and ETP
to see if this is realistic…
 THE MAGNETIC COMPASS
• How it works

S
The wind rose is
inverted because

W
E
it is the airplane
that turns around N
the compass !
 THE MAGNETIC COMPASS
• Limits of use

This counterweight causes

errors in indication during
accelerations and turns !
 THE MAGNETIC COMPASS
• Compass errors
1. Accelerations
 THE MAGNETIC COMPASS
• Compass errors
2. Turns

« NEVER SEE THE NORTH »

« ALWAYS PASS THE SOUTH »

 WIND & RUNWAY IN USE
• Runway orientation
Nm Examples :

QFU = orientation of the

runway in tens of
degrees magnetic

• Choice of the runway in use

 WIND & RUNWAY IN USE
• Headwind / Crosswind components

Example :
RWY 36
W/v 330/30
QFU W/v Headwind Crosswind
Headwind = ?
25 240/15
Crosswind = ?
20 180/25

07 090/15

31 220/12

22 110/10
 RADIONAVIGATION
• Introduction

• Beacon :
• Type
• Location
• Frequency
• Name

• Example :
• VOR in EBCI : GSY / 115,7 Mhz / --. … -.--
 RADIONAVIGATION
• The Homer (or VDF)
 RADIONAVIGATION
• The ADF

Bearing (G)

QDM

QDM = G + Hdg
 RADIONAVIGATION
• How the ADF works
 RADIONAVIGATION
• Limits of use of the ADF

– Thunderstorms

– Night effect

– Coast effect

– Mountain effect
 RADIONAVIGATION
• The VOR
 RADIONAVIGATION
• How the VOR works
 RADIONAVIGATION
• Limits of use of the VOR

• Range

• Cone of silence
 RADIONAVIGATION
• The DME
 RADIONAVIGATION
• The ILS
• Localizer

• Glide Slope

• Markers
 RADIONAVIGATION
• The GPS