S.K.P.

Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM

SKP Engineering College

Tiruvannamalai – 606611

A Course Material
On

Mathematics I

By

B.Kanimozhi
K.Sridevi
Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematics

Mathematics Department -1- Mathematics I

S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM

Quality Certificate

This is to Certify that the Electronic Study Material

Subject Code:MA 6151

Subject Name:Mathematics I
Year/Sem: I / I – Common to all Branches

Being prepared by me and it meets the knowledge requirement of the University

curriculum.

Signature of the Author

Name: B. Kanimozhi
K.Sridevi
Designation: Assistant Professor

This is to certify that the course material being prepared by Mrs. B. Kanimozhi and
Mrs K.Sridevi is of the adequate quality. He has referred more than five books and one
among them is from abroad author.

Signature of HD Signature of the Principal

Name: Mr.K.Srinivasan Name: Dr.V.Subramania Bharathi
Seal: Seal:

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MA6151 MATHEMATICS –I

OBJECTIVES:

• To develop the use of matrix algebra techniques this is needed by engineers for
practical applications.
• To make the student knowledgeable in the area of infinite series and their
convergence so that he/ she will be familiar with limitations of using infinite series
approximations for solutions arising in mathematical modeling.
• To familiarize the student with functions of several variables. This is needed in many
branches of engineering.
• To introduce the concepts of improper integrals, Gamma, Beta and Error
functions which are needed in engineering applications.
• To acquaint the student with mathematical tools needed in evaluating multiple
integrals and their usage.
•

UNIT I MATRICES

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a real matrix – Characteristic equation – Properties of

eigenvalues and eigenvectors – Statement and applications of Cayley-Hamilton Theorem –
Diagonalization of matrices – Reduction of a quadratic form to canonical form by
orthogonal transformation – Nature of quadratic forms.

UNIT II SEQUENCES AND SERIES

Sequences: Definition and examples – Series: Types and Convergence – Series of
positive terms – Tests of convergence: Comparison test, Integral test and D‟Alembert‟s
ratio test – Alternating series – Leibnitz‟s test – Series of positive and negative terms –
Absolute and conditional convergence.

UNIT III APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Curvature in Cartesian co-ordinates – Centre and radius of curvature – Circle of
curvature – Evolutes – Envelopes - Evolute as envelope of normals.

UNIT IV DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

Limits and Continuity – Partial derivatives – Total derivative – Differentiation of
implicit functions – Jacobian and properties – Taylor‟s series for functions of two
variables – Maxima and minima of functions of two variables – Lagrange‟s method
of undetermined multipliers.

UNIT V MULTIPLE INTEGRALS

Double integrals in cartesian and polar coordinates – Change of order of integration –
Area enclosed by plane curves – Change of variables in double integrals – Area of a
curved surface - Triple integrals– Volume of Solids.

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S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM

OUTCOMES:
This course equips students to have basic knowledge and understanding in one fields
of Materials, integral and differential calculus.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Bali N. P and Manish Goyal, “A Text book of Engineering Mathematics”,
Eighth Edition, Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd., 2011.
st Edition, Khanna
2. Grewal. B.S, “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, 41
Publications, Delhi, 2011.

REFERENCES:

1. Dass, H.K., and Er. Rajnish Verma,” Higher Engineering Mathematics”, S.

Chand Private Ltd., 2011.
2. Glyn James, “Advanced Modern Engineering Mathematics”, 3rd Edition,
Pearson Education,2012.
3. Peter V. O‟Neil,” Advanced Engineering Mathematics”, 7th Edition, Cengage
learning, (2012).
4. Ramana B.V, “Higher Engineering Mathematics”, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company, New Delhi, 2008.
5. Sivarama Krishna Das P. and Rukmangadachari E., “Engineering
Mathematics”, Volume I, Second Edition, PEARSON Publishing, 2011.

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CONTENTS

S.No Particulars Page

1 Unit – I 6

2 Unit – II 38

3 Unit – III 50

4 Unit – IV 71

5 Unit – V 91

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UNIT I – MATRICES
PART-A
𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
1. Find the Eigen value of the inverse of the Matrix A = 𝟎 𝟑 𝟒.
𝟎 𝟎 𝟒
[CO1-L1-May/June 2014]
Soln:
Eigen values of A are 2, 3, 4.
[Give Matric is an upper triangular Matrix]
1 1 1
∴ The eigenvalue of are A-1 are 2, 3 , 4

2. If 2,-1,-3 are Eigen value of the Matrix A. then find the Eigen values of the matrix
A2-2I . [CO1-L1-May/June -2014]
Soln:
If 𝜆1 𝜆2 𝜆3 are the Eigen values of A, then the eigen values of A2-2I are K + 𝜆12
,
K+ 𝜆22, K+ 𝜆32 . Here𝜆1=2, 𝜆2=-1, 𝜆3=-3 (∵ 𝐾 = −2 )
∴The Eigen values of A2-2I are -2 + 4, -2 +1, -2 + 9
i.e. 2, -1, 7.
3. If the Eigen values of the Matrix A of order 3×3 are 2,3 and 1, Then find the eigen
values of adjoint of A [CO1-L1-Jan- 2014]
Soln:
|𝐴|
|A|=(2)(3)(1)=6, Eigen values of adj A = 𝜆

Given 𝜆1=2, 𝜆2=3, 𝜆3=1.

6 6 6
∴ 2, 3, 1, ⇒ 3, 2, 6

∴ adj A= 3, 2, 6
4. If 𝝀is the eigen value of the matrix A, then prove that 𝝀2 is the eigen value of A2.
[CO1-H2]
Soln:
Let 𝜆 be an Eigen value of A, then AX= 𝜆X
(∵X is an eigen Vector and x ≠0)
Premultiplying both sides by A, we get
A(AX) = A (𝜆X)
A2X = 𝜆(AX)

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S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
A2X = 𝜆(𝜆X) (∵AX = 𝜆X)
A2X = 𝜆2X
⇒ 𝜆2 is an eigen value of A2.
𝟑 𝟏 𝟒
-1
5. Find the Eigen values of A where A = 𝟎 𝟐 𝟔 [CO1-L1-May/June 2013]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟓
Soln:
1 1 1
Eigen values of A are 3, 2, 5 Eigen values of A-1are , ,
3 2 5

6. Write down the Matrix of the quadratic form 2x 2+8z2+4xy+10xz-2yz

[CO1-H3-May/June 2013]
Soln:
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑧
2 2 2 2 5
1 2 1
Q.F. = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑧 = 2 0 −1
2 2
1 5 −1 8
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑧𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑧𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑧 2
2

7. Find the symmetric matrix A, whose eigen values are 1 and 3 with corresponding
𝟏 𝟏
eigen vectors −𝟏
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟏
. [CO1-H1-May/June 2013]
Soln:
1 1
1 1 2 2
Let P = Normalizing, we have N = −1 1
−1 1
2 2

We have NANT = D i.e. A =NTAN

1 −1 1 1
2 2 1 0 2 2
∴A = 1 1 −1 1
0 3
2 2 2 2

2 −1
=
−1 2
𝟐 𝟎 −𝟐
8. Write down the quadratic form corresponding to the matrix 𝟎 𝟐 𝟏
−𝟐 𝟏 −𝟐
[𝐂𝐎𝟏 − 𝐇𝟑 − 𝐉𝐚𝐧 − 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟑]
Soln:
The quadratic form corresponding to the given matrix is
2x12+2xx2-2x32-4x1x3+ 2x2x3 .

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S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
𝟔 −𝟐 𝟐
9. The product of two eigen values of the Matrix. A = −𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 is 16. Find the
𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
third eigen value of A. [CO1-H1-Jan 2012]

Soln:
Let𝜆1, 𝜆2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜆3 be the eigen values of A.
Given 𝜆1 . 𝜆2 =16
WKT 𝜆1 𝜆2 𝜆3 =|A|

6 −2 2
|A|= −2 3 −1 = 6(9-1)+2(-6+2)+2(2-6) = 6(8) + 2(- 4) + 2(- 4)
2 −1 3
= 48 – 8 – 8 = 48 – 16 = 32
32 32
𝜆3=𝜆1 𝜆2 =16 =2

𝜆3=2

𝟏 𝟎
10. Can A = be diagonalised? Why? [CO1-H2-Jan 2012]
𝟎 𝟏
Soln:
The given Matrix „A‟ is a real symmetric and non-Singular Matrix.
Hence A can be diagonalised.

Note: The given Matrix „A‟ is already in the diagonal form.

Hence further diagonalisation does not arise.

𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
11. If 3 and 6 are two Eigen values of A = 𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 , Write down all the eigen values
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
ofA-1. [CO1-H2-May/June 2012]
Soln:
Let 𝜆1 ,𝜆2 , 𝜆3 be the eigen values of A.
Given: 𝜆1=3,𝜆2=6,𝜆3=?
WKT, sum of the eigen values = sum of the main diagonal elements.
i.e. 𝜆1+𝜆2+𝜆3=1+5+1
3 + 6 + 𝜆3=7
𝜆3=7-9

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S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
𝜆3=-2
∴ 𝜆1=3, 𝜆2=6, 𝜆3=-2
1 1 1
Wkt, The eigen values of A-1are , 𝜆1 , ,
𝜆2 𝜆3
1 1 −1
i.e. .3 , 6 , 2

𝟎 𝟓 −𝟏
12. Write down the Quadratic form corresponding to the matrix 𝟓 𝟏 𝟔
−𝟏 𝟔 𝟐
[CO1-H2-May/June 2012]
Soln
Q.F=a11x12+a22x22+a33x32+2(a12)x1x2+2(a23)x2x3+2(a13)x1x3
Q.F. = x22+2x32+10x1x2+12x2x3-2x1x3
𝟏 𝟐
13. For what values of ‘C’ the eigen values of the Matrix are real and unequal,
𝒄 𝟒
real and equal complex conjugates? [CO1-H2]
Soln:
1 2
Let A =
𝑐 4
The characteristic eqn. is 𝜆2-S1 𝜆+S2=0
S1=1+4=5
S2=4-2C
∴ Equation 𝜆2-5 𝜆+(4-2C)=0
This is Quadratic equation, ax2+bx+c form
Here a = 1, b = - 5, c = 4 – 2c.
Real and unequal when ∆>0 , b2-4ac>0
b2-4ac = (-5)2-4(1)(4-2c)
= 25 – 16 + 8c
= 9 + 8c.
∴ 9+8c ≤ 0, 8c ≤ -9,
c ≤ −9 8
14. If A is an n × n real symmetric matrix, D is an n × n diagonal matrix whose
diagonal elements are the eigen values of the Matrix A and P is an n × n orthogonal
diagonalizing matrix whose columns are the normalized eigen vectors of the Matrix
A, satisfying the similarity transformation D =P-1AP, find the Matrix AK where k is a
positive integer. [CO1-H1]
Soln:

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S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
A be the square Matrix.
Then a non-singular Matrix P can be found such that
D = P-1AP
D2= (P-1AP)( P-1AP)
= P-1A2P
D3=P-1A3P
Similarly
in general Dn=P-1AnP------------(1)
To obtain An, premultiphy (1) by and post multiply by P-1
The PDnP-1=PP-1AnPP-1=An which gives An
𝜆1k 0 0
k k -1 k
Thus A =PD P where D = 0 𝜆2k 0
0 0 𝜆3k
𝒂 𝟒
15. Find the values a and b such that the matrix has 3 and -2 its Eigen values
𝟏 𝒃
[CO1-H1]
Soln:
Sum of the Eigen values of a Matrix = Sum of the elements of the main diagonal
3 + (-2) = a + b
3–2 =a+b
i.e. a + b = 1-------------------(1)
Product of the Eigen values = determinant of the matrix.
𝑎 4
3(-2) =
1 𝑏
- 6 = ab – 4
i.e., ab = - 2 ---------------------(2)
Solving (1) and (2) we get
x2-(a+b)x+ab=0
x2-x-2=0 , (x-2)(x+1)=0
i.e., x=2 ,x=1
∴a=2, b=-1, (or) a=-1, b=2

16. Find the index and signature of the Q.F. x12+2x22-3x32 [CO1-H3]
Soln:
Index (S) = Number of positive square term = 2.
Rank (r) = Number of the non – zero terms in canonical form = 3.

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S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
Signature = 2S – r = 2(2) – 3 = 4 – 3 = 1

−𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
2
17. Given : A = 𝟐 −𝟑 𝟎 . Find the Eigen values of A . [CO1-H1]
𝟏 𝟒 𝟐
Soln:
The given Matrix „A‟ is a lower triangular Matrix
The Eigen values of „A‟ are -1, -3, 2.
The Eigen values of „A2‟ are (-1)2, (-3)2, (2)2
i.e., 1,9,4.
18. If 1 and 2 are the Eigen values of a 2× 2 matrix A, What are the Eigen values of
A2 and A-1? [CO1-H2]
Soln:
WKT, if 𝜆1, 𝜆2, ……𝜆n are the Eigen values of A,
Then 𝜆1m, 𝜆2m,…… 𝜆nm are the Eigen values of Am.
Given 1 and 2 are the Eigen values of A.
∴ 12 and 22 =4 are the Eigen values of
1
A2and 1 and 2are the Eigen values of A-1.

19. State Cayley – Hamilton Theorem. [CO1-L1]

Soln:
Every square Matrix A satisfies its own characteristic equation.

𝟏 −𝟐
20. If -1 is an Eigen value of the Matrix A = then find the Eigen values of A4
−𝟑 𝟐
using properties. [CO1-H2]
Soln:
Given is a 2× 2 Matrix.
∴ Let the Eigen values be 𝜆1, 𝜆2.
Given: 𝜆1=-1, 𝜆2=?
sum of the Eigen values = sum of the main diagonal elements.
𝜆1+ 𝜆2=1+2
-1+ 𝜆2=3
𝜆2=4
∴ 𝜆1=-1, 𝜆2=4

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𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
21. Show that the Matrix P = is orthogonal [CO1-H2]
−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
Soln:
Condition for orthogonal Matrix is

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

P= , P T=
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

PPT= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =

1 0
=I
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 0 1
Similarly PTP=I
∴ Given Matrix is orthogonal.

PART – B

1. Reduce the quadratic form x12+5x22+x32+2x1x2+2x2x3+6x3x1, to the canonical form

through orthogonal transformation and find its nature. CO1-H2-May/June 2015]
Soln:
(i). The Matrix of the Q.F. is
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. x12 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥1𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥1𝑥3
2 2 1 1 3
1 1
A= 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥2𝑥1 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥22 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥2𝑥3 = 1 5 1
2 2
1 1 3 1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥3𝑥1 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥3𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥32
2 2

(ii). To find the characteristic equation of A.

The characteristic equation of A is |A-𝜆I|=0
i.e. 𝜆3+S1𝜆2+S2𝜆-S3=0 . where
S1 = sum of the main diagonal elements.
S1 = 1 + 5 + 1 = 7
S2 = sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements.
5 1 1 3 1 1
S2= + +
1 1 3 1 1 5
= (5 – 1) + (1 – 9) + (5 – 1) = 4 – 8 + 4 = 0
S3 = |A| =|1(5-1)-1(1-3)+3(1-15)=-36
∴ The characteristic equation of A is 𝜆3-7 𝜆 2+0 𝜆 +36=0
(iii). To solve the characteristic equation.
𝜆3-7𝜆2+36=0
If 𝜆=-2 , then 𝜆3-7𝜆2+36=-8-24+36=0

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∴ 𝜆=-2 is a root
By synthetic division
-2 1 -7 0 36
0 -2 18 -36
1 -9 18 0
2
∴ 𝜆 -9 𝜆+18=0
(𝜆-6)( 𝜆-3)=0
i.e., 𝜆=6, 3.
Hence the Eigen values are -2, 3, 6.
(iv). To find the Eigen vector
To get the Eigen vector solve (A- 𝜆I)x=0
1−𝜆 1 3 𝑥1 0
1 5−𝜆 1 𝑥2 = 0
3 1 1 − 𝜆 𝑥3 0

Case (i) when 𝜆=-2 we get

3 1 3 𝑥1 0
1 7 1 𝑥2 = 0
3 1 3 𝑥3 0
3x1+x2+3x3=0 -------------------------(1)
x1+7x2+x3=0 -------------------------(2)
3x1+x2+3x3=0 -------------------------(3)
Solving (1) & (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= 3−3 = 21−1 1 3 3 1
1−21
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= = 20 7 1 1 7
−20 0
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
i.e. = = −1
1 0

1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector X1= 0
−1
Case (ii) when 𝜆=3 we get
−2 1 3 𝑥1 0
1 2 1 𝑥2 = 0
3 1 −2 𝑥3 0
-2x1+x2+3x3=0 -------------------------(4)
x1+2x2+x3=0 -------------------------(5)
3x1+x2-2x3=0 -------------------------(6)

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Solving (4) & (5) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= 3+2 = −4−1 1 3 -2 1
1−6
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= = −5 2 1 1 2
−5 5
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
i.e. = −1 =
1 1

1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector X2= −1
1
Case (iii) when 𝜆=6 we get
−5 1 3 𝑥1 0
1 −1 1 𝑥2 = 0
3 1 −5 𝑥3 0
-5x1+x2+3x3=0 -------------------------(7)
x1-x2+x3=0 -------------------------(8)
3x1+x2-5x3=0 -------------------------(9)
Solving (7) & (8) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= 3+5 = 5−1 1 3 -5 1
1−3
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= = -1 1 1 -1
−4 8 4
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
i.e. = =
1 2 1

1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector X3= 2
1
Eigen vectors
1 1 1
X1= 0 , X2= −1 , X3= 2
−1 1 1

(v). Form Normalised matrix N and find NT

1 1 1 1 −1
0
2 3 6 2 2
−1 2 T 1 −1 1
N= 0 , N=
3 6 3 3 3
−1 1 1 1 2 1
2 3 6 6 6 6

(vi). Find AN

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1 1 1
2 3 6
1 1 3 −1 2
AN = 1 5 1 0 3 6
3 1 1 −1 1 1
2 3 6

1 3 1 1 3 1 2 3
+0− − + + +
2 2 3 3 3 6 6 6
1 1 1 5 1 1 10 1
= +0− − + + +
2 2 3 3 3 6 6 6
3 1 3 1 1 3 2 1
+0− − + + +
2 2 3 3 3 6 6 6
−2 3 6
2 3 6 − 2 3 6
−3 12
= 0 3 6
= 0 − 3 2 6
2 3 6 2 3 6
2 3 6
T
(vii). Calculate D = N AN
1 −1
2
0 2 − 2 3 6
1 −1 1
D = 3 3 3 0 − 3 2 6
1 2 1 2 3 6
6 6 6

− 2 2 3 3 6 6
+0− −0− +0−
2 2 2 2 2 2
− 2 2 3 3 3 6 2 6 6
= −0+ + + − +
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
− 2 2 3 2 3 3 6 4 6 6
+0+ − + + +
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

−2 0 0
= 0 3 0
0 0 6
𝑦1
(viii). Canonical form is (y1 y2 y3) D = 𝑦2
𝑦3
−2 0 0 𝑦1
= (y1 y2 y3) 0 3 0 𝑦2 = -2y12+3y22+6y32
0 0 6 𝑦3
(ix). Nature of the Q.F.
Since C.F contains +ve and –ve terms.
∴ Q.F is said to be indefinite.

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2 2 2
2. Reduce the Quadratic form 6x +3y +3z -4xy-2yz+4xz into a canonical form by an
orthogonal reduction. Hence find its rank and nature. [CO1-H2-May/June
2016,Dec2016]
Soln:
(i). The Matrix of the Q.F. is
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. x 2 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥𝑧
2 2 6 −2 2
1 1
A = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥22 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑦𝑧 = −2 3 −1
2
1 1 2 −1 3
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑦𝑧 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑧 2
2 2

(ii). To find the characteristic equation of A.

The characteristic equation of A is |A-𝜆I| =0
i.e. 𝜆3-S1𝜆2+S2𝜆-S3=0 . Where
S1=Sum of the main diagonal elements.
= 6 + 3 + 3 = 12
S2= sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements.
3 −1 6 2 6 −2
= + +
−1 3 2 3 −2 3
= (9 – 1) + (18 – 4) + (18 – 4) = 8 + 14 +14 = 36
6 −2 2
S3=|A|= −2 3 −1
2 −1 3
= 6(9 - 1) + 2(- 6 +2) + 2 (2 – 6)
= 6 (8) + 2 (- 4) + 2 (- 4) = 48 – 8 – 8 = 32
∴ The Characteristic equation is 𝜆3-12𝜆2+36𝜆-32=0
(iii). To solve the characteristic equation
𝜆3-12𝜆2+36𝜆-32=0
If𝜆=1 , then 𝜆3-12𝜆2+36𝜆-32=1-12+36-32≠0
If𝜆=-1, then 𝜆3-12𝜆2+36𝜆-32=-1-12-36-32≠0
If𝜆=2 , then 𝜆3-12𝜆2+36𝜆-32=8-42+72-32≠0
𝜆=2 is a root.
By synthetic division
2 1 - 12 36 -32
0 2 -20 32
1 -10 -16 0
Other roots are given by 𝜆2-10𝜆+16=0
(𝜆-8) (𝜆-2)=0

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i.e. 𝜆=8 , 2
Hence the Eigen values are 2, 2, 8
(iv). To find the Eigen vectors:
To get the Eigen vector solve (A- 𝜆I)x=0
6−𝜆 −2 2 𝑥1 0
−2 3−𝜆 −1 𝑥2 = 0 ------------(A)
2 −1 3 − 𝜆 𝑥3 0

Case (i) when 𝜆=8 we get

−2 −2 2 𝑥1 0
−2 −5 −1 𝑥2 = 0
2 −1 −5 𝑥3 0
-2x1-2x2+2x3=0 -------------------------(1)
-2x1-5x-x3=0 -------------------------(2)
2x1-x2-5x3=0 -------------------------(3)
Solving (1) & (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= −4−2 = 10−4 -2 2 -2 -2
2+10
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= −6 = -5 -1 -2 -5
12 6
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
i.e. = −1 =
2 1
2
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector x1= −1
1
Case (ii) when 𝜆=2 then the equation A becomes
4 −2 2 𝑥1 0
−2 1 −1 𝑥2 = 0
2 −1 1 𝑥3 0

4x1-2x2+2x3=0 -------------------------(4)
2x1+x2-x3=0 -------------------------(5)
2x1-x2+x3=0 -------------------------(6)
Equation (4), (5) & (6) are same as
If x1=0 we get,-x2+x3=0, -x2 =-x3
x2 x3
x2=x3, i.e =
1 1

0
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is x2= 1
1

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To find the third Eigen vector orthogonal to x1x2 since the Matrix A is
symmetric
𝑙
Let x3= 𝑚 as x3 is orthogonal to x1& x2.
𝑛
x1T x3=0 ⇒ 2l-m+n=0 -------------(7)
x2T x3=0 ⇒ 0l+m+n=0 -------------(8)
Solving (7) & (8) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
= −4−2 = 10−4 l m n
−1−1
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
= −2 = -1 1 2 -1
−2 2
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
i.e. = = −1 1 1 0 1
1 1
1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is x3= 1
−1
2 0 1
The Eigen vectors are −1 , 1 , 1
1 1 −1
(v). Form Normalised Matrix N and find NT
2 1 2 −1 1
0
6 3 6 6 6
−1 1 1 T 1 1
N= , N = 0
6 2 3 2 2
−1 1 −1 1 1 −1
6 2 3 3 3 3

(vi). Find AN
2 −1 1
6 6 6
6 −2 2 1 1
AN = −2 3 −1 0 2 2
2 −1 3 1 1 −1
3 3 3

12+2+2 0−2+2 6−2−2 16 2

0
6 2 3 6 3
−4−3−1 0+3−1 −2+3+1 −8 2 2
= 6 2 3
= 6 2 3
4+1+3 0−1+3 2−1−3 8 2 −2
6 2 3 6 2 3

(vii). Find NTAN

2 −1 1 16 2
0
6 6 6 6 3
T 1 1 −8 2 2
D = N AN= 0 2 2 6 2 3
1 1 −1 8 2 −2
3 3 3 6 2 3

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32+8+8 0−2+2 4−2−2
6 12 18
0−8+8 0+2+2 0+2−2
8 0 0
= 12 2 6
= 0 2 0
16−8−8 0−2+2 2+2+2 0 0 2
18 6 3

(viii). Canonical form

8 0 0 𝑦1
= (y1 y2 y3) 0 2 0 𝑦2 = 8y12+2y22+2y32
0 0 2 𝑦3
C.F = 8y12+2y22+2y32
The quadratic form is positive definite in nature, since canonical form contains only
positive terms.
∴ Rank of the quadratic form = 3
Index of the quadratic form = 3
Signature of the quadratic form = 3.

3. Reduce the quadratic form 2x1x2+2x2x3+2x3x1 into canonical form [CO1-H2-Jan

2013]
Soln:
i). The Matrix of the Q.F. is
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. x12 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥1𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥1𝑥3
2 2 0 1 1
1 1
A= 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥2𝑥1 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥22 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥2𝑥3 = 1 0 1
2 2
1 1 1 1 0
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥3𝑥1 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥3𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥32
2 2

ii). To find the characteristic equation

The characteristic equation of the given Matrix is |A-𝜆I|=0
i.e. 𝜆3-S1𝜆2+S2𝜆-S3=0 . where
S1 = sum of the main diagonal elements.
=0+0+0 =0
S2 = sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements.
0 1 0 1 0 1
= + +
1 0 1 0 1 0
= (0-1) + (0-1) + (0-1) = - 3
0 1 1
S3 =|A| = 1 0 1
1 1 0
= 0 (0-1) – 1(0-1) + 1 (1 – 0) = 0 + 1 + 1 = 2

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∴ The characteristic equation is 𝜆3-0𝜆2-3𝜆-2=0 .
i.e. 𝜆3-3𝜆-2=0 .

(iii). To solve the characteristic equation

𝜆3-3𝜆-2=0
If 𝜆=1, then 𝜆3-3𝜆-2=1-3-2≠0
If 𝜆=-1, then 𝜆3-3𝜆-2=-1+3-2=0
∴ 𝜆=-1 is a root.
By synthetic division
-1 1 0 -3 -2
0 -1 2 2
1 -1 -2 0
Other roots are given by 𝜆2-𝜆-2=0
(𝜆+1)( 𝜆-2)=0

𝜆=-1, 2
Hence the Eigen values are -1, -1, 2.
(iv). To Find the Eigen vectors
To find the Eigen vectors solve (A- 𝜆I)x=0
−𝜆 1 1 𝑥1 0
1 −𝜆 1 𝑥2 = 0 ------------------(A)
1 1 −𝜆 𝑥3 0
Case (i) If 𝜆=2 then the equation (A) becomes
−2 1 1 𝑥1 0
1 −2 1 𝑥2 = 0
1 1 −2 𝑥3 0

-2x1+x2+x3=0 -------------------------(1)
x1-2x2+x3=0 -------------------------(2)
x1+x2-2x3=0 ------------------------(3)
Solving (1) & (2) by rule of cross multiplication, We get
x1 x2 x3
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= 1+3 = 4−1 1 3 -2 1
1+2
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= = -2 1 1 -2
3 3 3
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
i.e. = =
1 1 1

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1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector x1= 1
1
Case (ii) when 𝜆=-1then the equation A becomes

1 1 1 𝑥1 0
1 1 1 𝑥2 = 0
1 1 1 𝑥3 0
x1+x2+x3=0 -------------------------(4)
x1+x2+x3=0 -------------------------(5)
x1+x2+x3=0 -------------------------(6)
Solving (4) ,(5)&(6) are same equation
x1+x2+x3=0
put x1=0 we get x2+x3=0, x2=-x3
𝑥2 𝑥3
i.e. = −1
1

0
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is x2= 1
−1
𝑙
Let x3= 𝑚 as x3 is orthogonal to x1& x2.
𝑛
Since the given matrix is symmetric
𝑙
[1 1 1] 𝑚 =0 ⇒ l+m+n =0 -----------(7)
𝑛
𝑙
[0 1 -1] 𝑚 =0 ⇒ 0l+m+n=0 ----------(8)
𝑛
Solving (7) & (8) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
= 0+2 = 1−0 l m n
−1−1
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
= = 1 1 1 1
−2 1 1
𝑙 𝑚 𝑛
i.e. = −1 = −1 1 -1 0 1
2
2
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is x3= −1
−1
1 0 2
∴ The eigen vectors are X1= 1 , x2= 1 , x3= −1
1 −1 −1

(v). Form normalized Matrix N and find NT

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1 2 1 1 1
0
3 6 3 3 3
1 1 −1 T 1 −1
N= , N = 0 ,
3 2 6 2 2
1 −1 −1 2 −1 −1
3 2 6 6 6 6
1 2
0
3 6
0 1 1 1 1 −1
(vi). Find AN AN = 1 0 1 3 2 6
1 1 0 1 −1 −1
3 2 6

0+1+1 0+1−1 2 2 −2
0
3 2 6 3 6
1+0+1 0+0−1 2+0−1 2 −1 1
= 3 2 6
= 3 2 6
1+1+0 0+1+0 2−1+0 2 1 1
3 2 6 3 2 6

(vii). Calculate D =NTAN

1 1 1 2 −2
0
3 3 3 3 6
1 −1 2 −1 1
D= 0 2 2 3 2 6
2 −1 −1 2 1 1
6 6 6 3 2 6

2 0 0
= 0 −1 0
0 0 −1

𝑦1
(viii). Canonical form is (y1 y2 y3) D = 𝑦2
𝑦3
−2 0 0 𝑦1
= (y1 y2 y3) 0 3 0 𝑦2 = -2y12+3y22+6y32
0 0 6 𝑦3

4. Reduce the quadratic form 8x12+7x22+3x32-12x1x2-8x2x3+4x3x1, to the canonical

form through an orthogonal transformation and hence show that it is positive semi-
destinite. [CO1-H2]
Soln:
(i). The Matrix of the Q.F. is
1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. x12 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥1𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥1𝑥3
2 2 8 −6 2
1 2 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥2𝑥1 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥2𝑥3 = −6 7 −4
2 2
1 1 2 −4 3
𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥3𝑥1 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥3𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓. 𝑥32
2 2

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(ii). To find the characteristic equation of A.
The characteristic equation of A is |A-𝜆I|=0
i.e. 𝜆3-S1𝜆2+S2𝜆-S3=0 . where
S1 = sum of the main diagonal elements.
= 8 + 7 + 3 = 18
S2 = sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements.
7 −4 8 2
= +
−4 3 2 3
8 −6
+
−6 7
= (21 - 16) + (24 - 4) + (56 - 36)
= (5) + 20 + 20 = 45
8 −6 2
S3=|A|= −6 7 −4
2 −4 3
= 8 (21 - 16) –+6(-18+8) + 2 (24-14)
= 8(5) + 6(-10) + 2(10)
= 40- 60 + 20 = 0
∴The characteristic equation is 𝜆3-18 𝜆 2+45 𝜆 =0
(iii). To find the Eigen values
𝜆3-18 𝜆 2+45 𝜆 =0
𝜆(𝜆2-18 𝜆+45 ) =0
∴ 𝜆=0, (𝜆2-18 𝜆+45 ) =0
(𝜆-3) (𝜆 − 15) = 0
𝜆= 3, 15
Hence the Eigen values are 0,3,15.
(iv). To Find the Eigen vectors
To find the Eigen vectors solve (A- 𝜆I)x =0
8−𝜆 −6 2 𝑥1 0
−6 7−𝜆 −4 𝑥2 = 0 ----------------(A)
2 −4 3 − 𝜆 𝑥3 0
Case (i) If𝜆=0 then the equation (A) becomes
8 −6 2 𝑥1 0
−6 7 −4 𝑥2 = 0
2 −4 3 𝑥3 0
8x1-6x2+2x3=0 -------------------------(1)
-6x1+7x2-4x3=0 -------------------------(2)
2x1-4x2+3x3=0 ---------------------(3)

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Solving (2) & (3) by rule of cross multiplication, We get
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= −8+18 = 24−14 x1 x2 x3
21−16
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= 10 = 10 7 -4 -6 7
−5
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
i.e. = = -4 3 2 -4
1 2 2
1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector x1= 2
2
Case (ii) If 𝜆=3 then the equation (A) becomes
5 −6 2 𝑥1 0
−6 4 −4 𝑥2 = 0
2 −4 0 𝑥3 0

5x1-6x2+2x3=0 -------------------------(4)
-6x1+4x2-4x3=0 -------------------------(5)
2x1-4x2+0x3=0 -------------------------(6)
Solving (5) & (6) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= −8−0 = 24−8 4 -4 -6 4
0−16
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= −8 = 16 -4 0 2 -4
−16
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
i.e. = = −2
2 1

2
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector x2= 1
2
Case (iii) If 𝜆=15 then the equation (A) becomes
−7 −6 2 𝑥1 0
−6 −8 −4 𝑥2 = 0
2 −4 −12 𝑥3 0
-7x1-6x2+2x3=0 -------------------------(7)
-6x1-8x2-4x3=0 -------------------------(8)
2x1-4x2-12x3=0 -------------------------(9)
Solving (8) & (9) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= −80 = 40 -8 -4 -6 -8
80
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
i.e. = −2 = -4 -12 2 -4
2 1

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2
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector x3= −2
1

(v). Form normalized Matrix N and find NT

1 2 2 1 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 1 −2 T 2 1 −2
N= 3 3 3
, N = 3 3 3
,
2 −2 1 2 −2 1
3 3 3 3 3 3

(vi). Find AN
1 2 2
8 −6 2 3 3 3
2 1 −2
AN = −6 7 −4 3 3 3
2 −4 3 2 −2 1
3 3 3
8−12+4 16−6−4 16+12+2
3 3 3 0 2 10
−6+14−8 −12+7+8 −12−14−4
= 3 3 3
= 0 1 −10
2−8+6 4−4−6 4+8+3 0 −2 5
3 3 3
T
(vii). Calculate D=N AN
1 2 2
3 3 3 0 2 10
2 1 −2
D = 3 3 3
0 1 −10
2 −2 1 0 −2 5
3 3 3
2+2−4 10−20+10
0+0+0 3 3
4+1+4 20−10−10
= 0+0+0 3 3
4−2−2 20+20+5
0+0+0 3 3
0
0 0
= 0
3 0
0
0 15
𝑦1
(viii). Canonical form is (y1 y2 y3) D 𝑦2
𝑦3
0 0 0 𝑦1
C.F. = (y1 y2 y3) 0 3 0 𝑦2
0 0 15 𝑦3
= 0y12+3y22+15y32
(ix). Nature of the Q.F.
Since C.F contains two terms positive and one term is zero.
So, the Q.F is positive semi – definite.

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−𝟐 𝟐 −𝟑
5. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟔
−𝟏 −𝟐 𝟎
[CO1-H2-May/June 2014]
Soln:
−2 2 −3
Let A = 2 1 −6
−1 −2 0
1. To find to characteristic equation
The characteristic equation of A is |A-𝜆I| =0
i.e. 𝜆3-S1𝜆2+S2𝜆-S3=0 , where
S1= Sum of the main diagonal elements.
= - 2 + 1 + 0 = -1
S2 = sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements.
1 −6 −2 −3 −2 2
= + +
−2 0 −1 0 2 1
= (0-12) + (0-3) + (-2-4) = -12-3-6 = -21
−2 2 −3
S3= 2 1 −6
−1 −2 0
= - 2(0 - 12) -2 (0 - 6) + (-3)
= 24+ 12 + 9 = 45
∴ The characteristic equation is 𝜆3+2𝜆 2-21 𝜆-45=0
2. To find the Eigen values
𝜆3+2𝜆 2-21 𝜆-45=0
If 𝜆=1, Then 𝜆3+2𝜆 2-21 𝜆-45=1+1-21-45≠0
If 𝜆=-1 Then 𝜆3+2𝜆 2-21 𝜆-45=-1+1+21-45≠0
If 𝜆=2 Then 𝜆3+2𝜆 2-21 𝜆-45= 8 + 4 − 42 − 45 ≠0
If 𝜆=-2 Then 𝜆3+2𝜆 2-21 𝜆-45=-8+4+42-45 ≠0
If 𝜆=3 Then 𝜆3+2𝜆 2-21 𝜆-45=27+9-63-45≠0
If 𝜆=-3 Then 𝜆3+2𝜆 2-21 𝜆-45=-27+9+63-45=0
Hence 𝜆=-3 is a root
By synthetic division
-3 1 1 -21 -45
0 -3 6 45
1 -2 -15 0

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2
Other roots are given by, 𝜆 -2 𝜆-15=0
𝜆 2-2 𝜆-15=0
(𝜆 − 5)(𝜆 + 3)=0
i.e. 𝜆=-3 , 𝜆=5 , -3
∴ The Eigen values are – 3, -3, 5.
3. To Find the Eigen vectors:
To find the Eigen vectors, solve (A- 𝜆I)x=0
−2 − 𝜆 2 −3 𝑥1 0
2 1−𝜆 −6 𝑥2 = 0 ------------------(A)
−1 −2 0 − 𝜆 𝑥3 0
Case(i)If 𝜆=5,thentheequation(A)becomes
−7 2 −3 𝑥1 0
2 −4 −6 𝑥2 = 0
−1 −2 −5 𝑥3 0
7x1+2x2-3x3=0 -------------------------(1)
2x1-47x2-6x3=0 -------------------------(2)
-1x1-2x2-5x3=0 -------------------------(3)
Solving (1) & (2) by rules of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= −6−42 = 28−4 2 -3 -7 2
−12−12
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= −48 = 24 -4 -6 2 -4
−24
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
i.e. = = −1
1 2

1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector x1= 2
−1
Case (ii) If 𝜆=-3 Then the equation (A) becomes
1 2 −3 𝑥1 0
2 4 −6 𝑥2 = 0
−1 −2 3 𝑥3 0
x1+2x2-3x3=0 -------------------------(4)
2x1+4x2-6x3=0 -------------------------(5)
-x1-2x2+3x3=0 -------------------------(6)
Hence (4), (5) & (6) are same equation
x1+2x2-3x3=0
Put x1=0 we get 2x2-3x3=0
2x2=3x3

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𝑥2 𝑥3
=
3 2

0
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is x2= 3
2
Next Take x2=0 we get x1-3x3=0
x1=3x3
𝑥1 𝑥3
=
3 1
3
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is x3= 0
1
[ ∴The Matrix is non-symmetric the corresponding Eigen vectors x2and x3
must be linearly independent]
∴ The Eigen values are -3, -3, 5.
1 0 3
∴ The Eigen vectors are x1= 2 , x2= 3 , x3= 0
−1 2 1

𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
6. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 [CO1-H2-Jan-2014]
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
Soln:
2 2 1
Let A= 1 3 1
1 2 2
1. To find the characteristic equation
The characteristic equation of the given Matrix is |A-𝜆I|=0
i.e. 𝜆3+S1𝜆2+S2𝜆-S3=0 . where
S1 = sum of the main diagonal elements.
= 2 +3 + 2 = 7
S2 = sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements.
3 2 2 1 2 2
= + +
2 2 1 2 1 3
= (6-2) + (4-1) + (6-2) = 4+3+4 =11
2 2 1
S3=|A|= 1 3 1
1 2 2
= 2(6-2) -2 (2-1) + 1(2-3)
= 2(4) - 2(1) + 1(-1) = 8 – 2 – 1 = 5
∴ The characteristic equation is 𝜆3-7 𝜆 2+11 𝜆 -5=0

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i.e., 𝜆3-7 𝜆 2+11 𝜆 -5=0
2. To solve the characteristic equation
𝜆3-7 𝜆 2+11 𝜆 -5=0
If 𝜆=1 ,then 𝜆3-7 𝜆 2+11 𝜆 -5=1-7+11-5=0
∴ 𝜆=1 is a root.
By synthetic division
1 1 -7 11 -5
0 1 -6 5
1 -6 5 0
2
Other roots are given by (𝜆 -6 𝜆 +5) =0
𝜆 2-6 𝜆 +5=0
(𝜆-1)(𝜆 -5)=0
𝜆=1, 5
i.e. 𝜆=1, 1, 5
Hence the Eigen values are 1, 1, 5.
3. To find the Eigen vectors:
To find the Eigen vectors solve (A- 𝜆I)x=0
2−𝜆 2 1 𝑥1 0
1 3−𝜆 1 𝑥2 = 0 -----------(A)
1 2 2 − 𝜆 𝑥3 0

Case (i). If𝜆=5 then the equation (A) becomes

−3 2 1 𝑥1 0
1 −2 1 𝑥2 = 0
1 2 −3 𝑥3 0
-3x1+2x2+x3=0 -------------------------(1)
x1-7x2+x3=0 -------------------------(2)
x1+2x2-3x3=0 -------------------------(3)
Solving (1) & (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= −3−1 = 6−2 2 1 -3 2
2+2
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
= −4 = -2 1 1 2
4 4
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
i.e. = =
1 −1 1
1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector x1= −1
1

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Case (ii) If Then the equation (A) becomes

1 2 1 𝑥1 0
1 2 1 𝑥2 = 0
1 2 1 𝑥3 0
x1+2x2+x3=0 -------------------------(1)
x1+2x2+x3=0 -------------------------(2)
x1+2x2+x3=0 -------------------------(3)
Hence (4), (5) & (6) are same equation
x1+2x2+x3=0
Put x1=0 we get 2x2+x3=0
2x2=-x3
𝑥2 𝑥3
= −2
1

0
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is x2= 1
−2
Next Take x2=0 we get x1+x3=0
x1=-x3
𝑥1 𝑥3
= −1
1

1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is x3= 0
−1
[ ∴The Matrix is non-symmetric the corresponding Eigen vectors x2 and x3
must be linearly independent]
∴ The Eigen values are -3, -3, 5.
1 0 1
∴The Eigen vectors are x1= −1 , x2= 1 , x3= 0
1 −2 −1

7. If for (I = 1,2, . . . n) are the non-zero Eigen values of A, then prove that
1
(i)K 𝜆I are the Eigen values of KA, where K being a non-zero scalar,(ii) are the
𝜆i

Eigen values of A-1 [CO1-L2-May/June 2012]

Soln:
(i) Let 𝜆i be an Eigen values of A and Xi the corresponding Eigen vector.
AXi= 𝜆iXi -------------(1) by definition.
(1)x K ⇒ (KA)Xi=(K 𝜆i)X -------- (2)

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⇒ K 𝜆I is an Eigen values of KA and the Eigen vector Xi is the same as
that of 𝜆i,
(ii) (1) ⇒ AXi= 𝜆iXi
A-1 (AXi )=A-1( 𝜆iXi)
(A-1A)Xi = 𝜆i(A-1Xi)
Xi = 𝜆i(A-1Xi)
1
∴A-1Xi =𝜆i Xi------------------(3)
1
⇒ 𝜆i is an Eigen values of A-1 with the corresponding

Eigen vector equal to Xi which is the same for 𝜆i .

8.Prove that the Eigen values of a real symmetric Matrix are real.
[CO1-L2-May/June 2014]
Soln:
Let 𝜆 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛 eigenvalues (may be complex) of the real symmetric matrix A.
Let the corresponding Eigen vector be X. Let A denote the transpose of A.
We have AX =𝜆X
Multiplying this equation by 1xn matrix 𝑋 ′ , where the bar denotes that all elements of 𝑋 ′
are the complex conjugate of those of x‟ we get
𝑋 ′ AX=𝜆𝑋 ′ X------------------(1)
Taking the conjugate complex of this X‟𝐴𝑋=𝜆X‟𝑋 or X‟A𝑋=𝜆X‟𝑋
∵ 𝐴=Afor A is real
Taking the transpose on both sides.
i.e. (X‟A𝑋)‟=(𝜆X‟𝑋 ′ )‟
i.e. 𝑋 ′ A‟ X = 𝜆 𝑋 ′ X
𝑋 ′ AX = 𝑋 ′ X
since A‟ = A for A is symmetric.
But from (1) 𝑋 ′ AX = 𝜆𝑋 ′ X. Hence (𝜆𝑋 ′ X) = (𝜆𝑋 ′ X)
Since 𝑋 ′ X is an |X| matrix whose only elements is a positive value 𝜆=𝜆
i.e. 𝜆 is real.
9. The Eigen vectors of a 3 real symmetric Matrix A corresponding to the Eigen
values 2,3,6 are [1,0,1]T, [1,1,1]T and [-1,2,-1]T respectively, find the Matrix A. [CO1-
H2]
Soln:

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To form a real symmetric Matrix
Given: Eigen values are 2,3,6
1 1 −1
Eigen vectors are 0 , 1 , 2
−1 1 −1
The Normalised Matrix

1 1 −1 1 −1
0
2 3 6 2 2
1 2 T 1 1 1
N= 0 , N =
3 6 3 3 3
−1 1 −1 −1 2 −1
2 3 6 6 6 6

WKT, D = NTAN
ND = NNTAN
NDNT=NNTANNT------------------ (1)
N is an orthogonal Matrix
∴ NNT=NTN=1
A = ND NT
1 1 −1 1 −1
0
2 3 6 2 2
1 2
2 0 0 1 1 1
A= 0 0 3 0
3 6 3 3 3
−1 1 −1 0 0 6 −1 2 −1
2 3 6 6 6 6

1 1 −1
2 3 6 2 0 − 2
1 2
A= 0 3 6 3 3 3
−1 1 −1 − 6 2 6 − 6
2 3 6

1 + 1 + 1 0 + 1 − 2 −1 + 1 + 1
= 0+1−2 0+1+4 0+1−2
−1 + 1 + 1 0 + 1 − 2 1 + 1 + 1
3 −1 1
= −1 5 −1
1 −1 3
Verification:
Sum of the Eigen values = sum of the main diagonal elements
2+3+6 = 3+5+3
i.e. 11 = 11
3 −1 1
Product of the Eigen values = |A|= −1 5 −1
1 −1 3

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(2)(3)(6) = 3(15-1)+1(-3+1)+1(1-5)
36 = 3(14)+1(-2)+1(-4)
i.e., 36=42-2-4=36
2 −1 2
10. Verify Cayley – Hamilton theorem find A4and A-1 When A = −1 2 −1 .
1 −1 2
[CO1-L3-May/June -2013,Nov/Dec-2014]
Soln:
The characteristic equation of A is|A-𝜆I| =0
i.e. 𝜆3-S1𝜆2+S2𝜆-S3=0 .
S1= Sum of the main diagonal element
= 2 +2 + 2 = 6
S2 =Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements.
2 −1 2 2 2 −1
= + +
−1 2 1 2 −1 2
= (4-1) + (4-2) + (4-1) = 3+2+3 = 8
2 −1 2
S3 =|A|= −1 2 −1
1 −1 2
= 2(4-1) +1 (-2+1) + 2
= 2(3) - 1(-1) + 2(-1) = 6 – 1 – 2 = 3
∴ The characteristic equation of A is 𝜆3-6𝜆 2+8 𝜆 -3=0
By Cayley Hamilton theorem
[ Every square Matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation]
i.e. A3-6𝐴 2+8𝐴 -3I=0 ------------(1)

Verification:
2 −1 2 2 −1 2
2
A =AxA = −1 2 −1 −1 2 −1
1 −1 2 1 −1 2
7 −6 9
= −5 6 −6
5 −5 7
2 −1 2 7 −6 9
A3=AxA2= −1 2 −1 −5 6 −6
1 −1 2 5 −5 7
29 −28 38
= −22 23 −28
22 −22 29
∴A3-6A2+8A-3I

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29 −28 38 7 −6 9 2 −1 2 1 0 0
= −22 23 −28 – 6 −5 6 −6 + 8 −1 2 −1 -3 0 1 0
22 −22 29 5 −5 7 1 −1 2 0 0 1

29 −28 38 42 −36 54 16 −8 16 3 0 0
= −22 23 −28 – −30 36 −36 + −8 16 −8 - 0 3 0
22 −22 29 30 −30 42 8 −8 16 0 0 3

0 0 0
= 0 0 0 =0
0 0 0
To Find A4
(1) ⇒ A3=6𝐴 2-8𝐴 +3I-----------------(2)
(2)xA ⇒ A4=6𝐴3-8𝐴2 +3A
=6(6𝐴 2-8𝐴 +3I)-8A2+3A
= 36A2-48A+18I-8A2+3A
A4=28A2-45A=18I-------------(3)
7 −6 9 2 −1 2 1 0 0
=28 −5 6 −6 -45 −1 2 −1 +18 0 1 0
5 −5 7 1 −1 2 0 0 1

196 −168 252 90 −45 90 18 0 0

= −140 168 −168 − −45 90 −45 + 0 18 0
140 −140 196 45 −45 90 0 0 18

124 −123 162

= −95 96 −123
95 −95 1244
To find A-1
(1)xA-1 A2-6A+8I-3A-1=0
3A-1=A2-6A+8I
7 −6 9 2 −1 2 1 0 0
3A-1= −5 6 −6 -6 −1 2 −1 +8 0 1 0
5 −5 7 1 −1 2 0 0 1

7 − 12 + 8 −6 + 6 + 0 9 − 12 + 0
= −5 + 6 + 0 6 − 12 + 8 −6 + 6 + 0
5−6+0 −5 + 6 + 0 7 − 12 + 8

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3 0 −3
= 1 2 0
−1 1 3

3 0 −3
A-1 = 1/3 1 2 0
−1 1 3

11.Use cayley-Hamilton theorem to find the value of the Matrix given A8-5A7+7A6-
2 1 1
3A5+8A4-5A3+8A2 -2A+I by if the Matrix A = 0 1 0 [CO1-L3]
1 1 2
Soln:

The characteristic equation of A is |A-𝜆I|=0

i.e. 𝜆3+S1𝜆2+S2𝜆-S3=0 . where
S1 = sum of the main diagonal elements.
= 2 +1 + 2 = 5
S2 = sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements.
1 0 2 1 2 1
= + +
1 2 1 2 0 1
= (2-0) + (4-1) + (2-1) = 2+3+2 = 7
2 1 1
S3= 0 1 0
1 1 2
= 2(2-0) -1 (0 - 0) + 1(0-1)=4-1=3
∴ The characteristic equation of is 𝜆3-5 𝜆 2+7 𝜆 -3=0
By Cayley -Hamilton theorem we get
A3-5𝐴 2+7𝐴 -3I=0 ------------(1)
Let f(A) = A8-5A7+7A6-3A5+8A4-5A3+8A2 -2A+I
A5+8A+35
____________________________
3 2
A -5A +7A -3I A8-5A7+7A6-3A5+8A4-5A3+8A2 -2A+I
(- ) A8-5A7+7A6-3A5___________
8A4-5A3+8A2-2A
(- ) 8A4-40A3+56A2-24A

35A3-48A2+22A+I
(-) 35A3-175A2+245A-105 I

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f(A)=(A3-5A2+7A-3I) (A5+8A+35)+127A2-223A+106 I
=0+127A2-223A+106 I
=127A2-223A+106 I------------------(2)

2 1 1 2 1 1 5 4 4
2
A=0 1 0 x0 1 0 =0 1 0
1 1 2 1 1 2 4 4 5

5 4 4 2 1 1 1 0 0
(2)=> f(A)=127 0 1 0 -223 0 1 0 +106 0 1 0
4 4 5 1 1 2 0 0 1

635 − 446 + 106 508 − 223 + 0 508 − 223 + 0

= 0−0+0 127 − 223 + 106 0−0+0
508 − 223 + 0 508 − 223 + 0 635 − 446 + 106

295 285 285

f(A) = 0 10 0
285 285 295

𝟏 𝟎 𝟑
-1
12. Verify cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix 𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏 𝒉ence find t’s A .
𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏
[CO1-L3]

Soln:
The characteristics equation of A is |A-𝜆I|=0
i.e. 𝜆3-S1𝜆2+S2𝜆-S3=0 . where
S1 = sum of the main diagonal elements.
S1 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
S2 = sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements.
1 −1 1 3 1 0
S2 = + +
−1 1 1 1 2 1
= (1 – 1) + (1 – 3) + (1 – 0) = 0-2+1=-1
1 0 3
S3 = |A| = 2 1 −1
1 −1 1
=1(1-1)-0(2+1)+3(-2-1)
=0-0+3(-3)=-9
∴ The characteristic equation of A is 𝜆3-3 𝜆 2- 𝜆 +9=0

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By C-H Theorem, [every square matrix statistics its own characteristics equation]
i.e, A3-3𝐴 2-𝐴 +9I=0 ------------(1)
verification:

1 0 3 1 0 3
A2=AxA= 2 1 −1 2 1 −1
1 −1 1 1 −1 1
4 −3 6
=3 2 4
0 −2 5
1 0 3 4 −3 6 4 −9 21
A3=AxA2 = 2 1 −1 3 2 4 = 11 −2 11
1 −1 1 0 −2 5 1 −7 7

4 −9 21 4 −3 6 1 0 3 1 0 0
A3-3𝐴 2-𝐴 +9I = 11 −2 11 - 3 3 2 4 - 2 1 −1 +9 0 1 0
1 −7 7 0 −2 5 1 −1 1 0 0 1

4 −9 21 12 −9 18 1 0 3 9 0 0
= 11 −2 11 - 9 6 12 - 2 1 −1 + 0 9 0
1 −7 7 0 −6 15 1 −1 1 0 0 9

4 − 12 − 1 + 9 −9 + 9 − 0 = 0 21 − 18 − 3 + 0
= 11 − 9 − 2 + 0 −2 − 6 − 1 + 9 11 − 12 + 1 + 0
1 − 0 − 1 + 0 −7 + 6 + 1 + 0 7 − 15 − 1 + 9
0 0 0
= 0 0 0 =0
0 0 0
A3-3𝐴 2-𝐴 +9I=0 ------------(1)
(1)xA-1 ⇒ A2-3𝐴-I +9A-1=0
A2-3𝐴-I =-9A-1
-9A-1=A2-3𝐴–I
A-1=-1/9(A2-3𝐴–I)
4 −3 6 1 0 3 1 0 0
-9A-1= 3 2 4 -3 2 1 −1 – 0 1 0
0 −2 5 1 −1 1 0 0 1

4 −3 6 −3 0 −9 1 0 0
= 3 2 4 + −6 −3 3 - 0 1 0
0 −2 5 −3 3 −3 0 0 1
0 −3 −3
A-1=-1/9 −3 −2 7
−3 1 1

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UNIT – II SEQUENCES AND SERIES

PART – A

𝟏 −𝟐 𝟑 −𝟒
1.Write the general term of the sequence 𝟑 , 𝟑𝟐 , 𝟑𝟑 , 𝟑𝟒 ,………… [CO2-L2]

Soln:
𝒏
The general term is an=(-1)n+1.𝟑𝒏

𝒏𝟐 −𝒏
2.Prove that the sequence an=𝟐𝒏𝟐 +𝒏is convergent? [CO2-H2]

Soln:
𝒏𝟐 −𝒏
Given an=𝟐𝒏𝟐 +𝒏

𝟏 𝟏
𝒏𝟐 (𝟏− ) (𝟏− )
𝒏 𝒏
= 𝟏 = 𝟏
𝒏𝟐 (𝟐+ ) (𝟐+ )
𝒏 𝒏

𝟏
(𝟏− )
𝒏
∴ lim𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 = lim𝑛 →∞ 𝟏 = 1/2
(𝟐+ )
𝒏

Hence the given sequence is convergent.

3.Examine the nature of the series 1+3+5+7+………..∞ [CO2-H1]
Soln:
1+3+5+7+……….. is a A.P
With a=1 and d=2
𝑛
∴ Sn = 2 [2a+(n-1)d]
𝑛
= 2 [2(1)+(n-1)2]
𝑛 𝑛
= 2 [2+2n-2] = [2a] = n2
2

∴ Sn= n2
lim𝑛 →∞ 𝑆𝑛 =lim𝑛 →∞ 𝑛2 = ∞
Hence the series is divergent.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
4.Examine the convergence of the series 1+𝟑 + 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟑𝟑 +………….. [CO2-H1]

Soln:
1 1 1
1+3 + 32 + 33 +………….. is a G.P with a=1 and r=1/3
𝑎(1−𝑟 𝑛 )
Sn = 1−𝑟

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1
1 1− 𝑛 3 1
3
= 1 = 2 1 − 3𝑛
1−
3

3 1
∴ lim𝑛→∞ 𝑆𝑛 = lim𝑛→∞ 2 1 − 3𝑛 = 3/2 Which is finite

Hence the given sequence is convergent.

5.Examine the convergence of the series 6-10+4+6-10+4+6-10+4+…………….. [CO2-
H1]

Soln:
Sn = (6-10+4)+(6-10+4)+(6-10+4)+……………..
=0 or 6 0r -4
Hence Sn does not tend to a unique limit.
∴ The series is oscillatory.

6.State limit comparison theorem . [CO2-L1]

Soln:
If two positive term series 𝑢𝑛 and 𝑣𝑛 be such that
𝑢
lim𝑛→∞ 𝑣 𝑛 = finite(≠0), then 𝑢𝑛 and 𝑣𝑛 converge or diverge together.
𝑛

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
7.Test for convergence of the series 𝟏.𝟐+𝟐.𝟑+𝟑.𝟒+…………. [CO2-H1-Nov/Dec-2014]

Soln:
1
Hereun= 𝑛(𝑛+1)
1
To findvn , vn = 𝑛 𝑝 −𝑞 ,

Where p = 2( highest power of n in denominator)

q = 0 (highest power of n in numerator)
1 1
∴vn = 𝑛 2−0 = 𝑛 2
1
𝑢𝑛 𝑛 (𝑛 +1) 𝑛2
lim𝑛→∞ = lim𝑛→∞ 1 = lim𝑛→∞ 𝑛 2 +𝑛
𝑣𝑛
𝑛2

1
= lim𝑛 →∞ 1 =1(finite)
1+
𝑛𝑛

1
But 𝑣𝑛 = is convergent.
𝑛2

∴ 𝑢𝑛 is also convergent.
∞ 𝟏
8.Test for convergence : 𝒏=𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡
( 𝒏) [CO2-H2-May/June -2016]

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Soln:
1 1
Let un = sin⁡
(𝑛 ) and vn= 𝑛
1
𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 sin 𝑡
𝑛
lim𝑛→∞ =lim𝑛→∞ 1 = lim𝑛 →∞
𝑣𝑛 𝑡
𝑛

[put t=1/n , ∴ n → ∞ ⇒ 𝑡 → ∞]
𝑢𝑛
∴ lim𝑛→∞ = 1(finite)
𝑣𝑛
1
But 𝑣𝑛 = is divergent.
𝑛

∴ 𝑢𝑛 is also divergent.

9.State cauchy’s integral test. [CO2-L1-May/June-2014]

Soln:
If 𝑢𝑛 is a series of positive terms and if ux = f(x) be such that
(i) f(x) is continuous in 1<x<∞
(ii) f(x) decrease as x increases
∞
then the series is convergent or divenrgent according as the integral 1
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is finite or
infinite.

∞ 𝟏
10.Using integral test show that 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏 diverges. [CO2-H2-May/June-2014]

Soln:
∞ ∞ 𝟏
Given: 𝒏=𝟏 𝒖𝒏 = 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏

1 1
Here 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑛 ⇒ 𝑢𝑥 = 𝑥

Clearly f(x) is non – negative and decreasing function.

∞ ∞1
∴ 1
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 =[log 𝑥]1∞

= log ∞ -log 1
= ∞ - 0 =∞
∴ 𝑢𝑛 is diverges

∞ 𝟏
11.Test for convergence of the series 𝒏=𝟏 𝟑 [CO2-H2]
𝒏𝟐

Soln:
∞ ∞ 1
Given: 𝑛=1 𝑢𝑛 = 𝑛=1 3
𝑛2

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1
∴ 𝑢𝑥 = 3 = f(x).
𝑥2

Clearly f(x) is non-negative and decreasing function

−1
−3
∞ ∞ 𝑥2
∴ 1
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =[ −1 ]1∞
2

−2
= [ 𝑥 ]1∞ =2 (finite)

∴ 𝑢𝑛 is divergent.

12. State D ‘ Alembert’s ratio test. [CO2-L1]

Soln:
𝑢 𝑛 +1
The series 𝑢𝑛 of positive terms is convergent if lim𝑛→∞ <1 and is
𝑢𝑛
𝑢 𝑛 +1
devergent if lim𝑛→∞ >1
𝑢𝑛
𝑢 𝑛 +1
Also if lim𝑛→∞ = 1 , then the ratio test fails.
𝑢𝑛

𝟐𝒑 𝟑𝒑 𝟒𝒑
13.Test the convergence of the series 1+ 𝟐! + + +…… [CO2-H2-May/June-2014]
𝟑! 𝟒!

Soln:
𝑛𝑝 (n+1)p
Here 𝑢𝑛 = and𝑢𝑛 +1 =
𝑛! (n+1)!

𝑢 𝑛 +1 (n+1)p 𝑛!
∴ lim𝑛→∞ = lim𝑛→∞ x
𝑢𝑛 (n+1)! 𝑛𝑝
1
(1+ )p 1
n
= lim𝑛→∞ =∞=0
(n+1)
𝑢 𝑛 +1
∴ lim𝑛→∞ =0 < 1
𝑢𝑛

Hence by ratio test , 𝑢𝑛 is convergent.

14.State Leibnitz’s rule. [CO2-L1]

Soln:
An alternating series u1-u2+u3-u4+……………Convergens if
(i) un – un-1 < 0
(ii) lim𝑛 →∞ 𝑢𝑛 = 0
by considering the numerical values of un and un-1

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
15.Discuss the convergence of the series 1- 𝟐+ 𝟑- 𝟒+………… [CO2-H1]

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Soln:
𝟏 𝟏
𝑢𝑛 = and 𝑢𝑛−1 =
𝒏 𝒏−𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
(i)𝑢𝑛 - 𝑢𝑛−1 = - <0
𝒏 𝒏−𝟏
𝟏
(ii) lim𝑛 →∞ 𝑢𝑛 = lim𝑛 →∞ =0
𝒏

Hence by Leibnitz‟s rule the series is convergent.

16. Define absolute convergent and conditional convergence. [CO2-L1]

Soln:
If the series of arbitrary terms 𝑢1 +𝑢2 + 𝑢3 +𝑢4 +………… be such that |𝑢1 |+|𝑢2 | + |𝑢3 |
+|𝑢4 |+…………| 𝑢𝑛 |+…… is convergent , then the series 𝑢𝑛 is said to be absolutely
convergent.
Eg:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1-𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟒𝟐 …………..

If |𝑢𝑛 | is divergenct but 𝑢𝑛 is convergent, then 𝑢𝑛 is conditionally convergent.

Eg:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟐+ 𝟑 - 𝟒 +……………

17 Test the series for absolute and conditional convergence of

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ - +……….. [CO2-H2-May/June-2014]
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟒 𝟒

Soln:
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Given: 𝑢𝑛 = 1- 𝟐 𝟐+𝟑 𝟑-𝟒 𝟒+……….
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
|𝑢𝑛 |= 1+𝟐 𝟐+𝟑 𝟑+𝟒 𝟒+……….
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟑
𝒏 𝒏
𝒏𝟐

|𝑢𝑛 | is convergent.
Hence 𝑢𝑛 is absolute convergent.

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PART – B

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1. Test the convergence of the series 𝟏.𝟐.𝟑+𝟐.𝟑.𝟒+𝟑.𝟒.𝟓+………….∞

Soln: [CO2-H1-May/June-2016]
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Given: 𝑢𝑛 = 𝟏.𝟐.𝟑+𝟐.𝟑.𝟒+𝟑.𝟒.𝟓+………….

Step:1 To find 𝑢𝑛
The terms in the numerator is 1,3,5,….
Which is in A.P with a=1, d=2.
∴ tn=a+(n-1)d =1+(n-1)2 =2n-1
In the denominator
First factor : 1,2,3,4,…..= tn = n
Second factor : 2,3,4,5…..= tn = n+1
Third factor : 3,4,5,6,7…..= tn = n+2
𝟐𝒏−𝟏
∴ 𝑢𝑛 = 𝒏 𝒏+𝟏 (𝒏+𝟐)

To find 𝑣𝑛
highest power of n in Nr of u n
vn = highest power of n in Dr of u n
𝑛 1
= = 𝑛2
𝑛3
𝑢𝑛
Step: 2 To find lim𝑛→∞ 𝑣𝑛
𝟐𝒏−𝟏 1
𝒏 𝒏+𝟏 (𝒏+𝟐) 𝟏 2−
𝑛
lim 𝟏 = lim𝑛 →∞ 𝒏𝟐 [ 1 2
𝑛→∞ 1+ (1+ )
𝒏𝟐 𝑛 𝑛

𝟐−𝟎
= 𝟏+𝟎 (𝟏+𝟎) =2 (finite)

Hence by comparison test 𝑢𝑛 and 𝑣𝑛 are both convergent (or) divergent

1
∴ 𝑣𝑛 = 𝑛2
1
[which is of the form 𝑛 𝑝 and is convergent for p>1].

∴ 𝑣𝑛 is convergent .
Hence 𝑢𝑛 is also convergent.

𝟏 𝟒 𝟗 𝟏𝟔
2.Test the convergence of the series + + + 𝟏𝟑.𝟏𝟔.𝟏𝟗+…………
𝟒.𝟕.𝟏𝟎 𝟕.𝟏𝟎.𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟎.𝟏𝟑.𝟏𝟔

[CO2-H1-May/June-2014]

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Soln:
Step: 1 To find 𝑢𝑛 :
The terms in the Numerator are 1,4,9,16,……….=> 12 ,22 ,32 ,42 ,……..
Its general term tn=𝑛2
In the denominator,
The first factor are 4, 7, 10,13,…..
∴tn = 4+ (n-1)3 =3n+1
The second factors are 7, 10,13,16…..
∴ tn = 7+ (n-1)3 =3n+4
The third factor are 10,13,16,19…..
∴ tn = 10+ (n-1)3 =3n+7
𝒏𝟐
∴ 𝑢𝑛 =(𝟑𝒏+𝟏) 𝟑𝒏+𝟒 (𝟑𝒏+𝟕)
𝑛2
Hence 𝑣𝑛 =𝑛 3 =1/n
𝑢
Step: 2 To find lim𝑛→∞ 𝑣 𝑛
𝑛

𝒏𝟐
𝑢𝑛 (𝟑𝒏+𝟏) 𝟑𝒏+𝟒 (𝟑𝒏+𝟕)
lim𝑛→∞ = lim𝑛 →∞
𝑣𝑛 1/n
1
= lim𝑛→∞ (𝟑+1/n) 𝟑+4/n (𝟑+7/n)

=1/27 (finite)
Hence by comparison test 𝑢𝑛 and 𝑣𝑛 are both converge(or) diverg together
1
But 𝑣𝑛 = is divergent.
𝑛

𝑢𝑛 is also divergent.

𝟏 𝟏+𝟐 𝟏+𝟐+𝟑
3.Find the nature of the series 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 +𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐 +𝟐𝟐 +𝟑𝟐 + ………………. [CO2-H2]

Soln:
𝟏+𝟐+𝟑+⋯+𝒏
Here 𝑢𝑛 =𝟏𝟐 +𝟐𝟐 +𝟑𝟐 +⋯𝒏𝟐

𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
𝑛 𝟐
= =
𝑛2 n n+1 (2n+1)/6

= 3/2n+1
𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜𝑣𝑛 =1/n
𝟑
𝑢
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 lim𝑛→∞ 𝑣 𝑛 = lim𝑛 →∞ 𝟐𝒏+𝟏
𝑛 1/n

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𝟑
= lim𝑛 →∞ 𝟐𝒏+𝟏 = 3/2 (finite).

Hence 𝑢𝑛 and 𝑣𝑛 are both converge(or) diverge together

1
But 𝑣𝑛 = is divergent. 𝑢𝑛 is also divergent.
𝑛

∞ 𝟏
4.Find the nature of the series 𝟐 𝒏(𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒏)−𝒑 [CO2-H2-May/June-2014]

Soln:
1
Here 𝑢𝑛 =𝑛(log 𝑛 )−𝑝 , we use integral test.
1 1
∴ f(x) =ux =𝑥(log 𝑥)−𝑝 =𝑥 (log 𝑥)−𝑝

clearly f(x) is non – negative and decreasing function.

∞ ∞1
∴ 2
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑥
(log 𝑥)−𝑝 𝑑𝑥
1
Let t =logx => dt = 𝑥 dx

When x =2 , t = log 2 , and

When x = ∞, t = log ∞ = ∞
∞ ∞
∴ 2
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
𝑡 −𝑝 𝑑𝑡

Case i: when p=1

∞ ∞ 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
𝑡 −𝑝 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 =[log 𝑡]∞
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2

=∞
∴ 𝑢𝑛 is divergent if p = 1.
Case ii : when p<1
∞ 𝑡 −𝑝 +1
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
𝑡 −𝑝 𝑑𝑡 = [ −𝑝+1 ]∞
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 = ∞

∴ 𝑢𝑛 is divergent if p < 1.
Case iii : when p>1
∞ 𝑡 −𝑝 +1
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
𝑡 −𝑝 𝑑𝑡 = [ −𝑝+1 ]∞
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2

P >1 => 1- p < 0 Let 1- p = -k

∞ 𝑡 −𝑘 −1
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
𝑡 −𝑝 𝑑𝑡 = [ −𝑘 ]∞ ∞
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 = [𝑘𝑡 𝑘 ]𝑙𝑜𝑔 2

1
= 0+𝑘 (log 2)𝑘 = finite

𝑢𝑛 is converges if p > 1.

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𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
5.Use integral test to discuss the nature of convergence of 𝟏.𝟐+𝟐.𝟑+𝟑.𝟒+𝟒.𝟓…………

[CO2-L3-Nov/Dec-2014]
Soln :
𝟏
Here 𝑢𝑛 = 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
𝟏
∴ f(x) = 𝑢𝑛 = 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)

Clearly f(x) is non-negative and decreasing function.

∞ ∞ 1
Consider 1
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 𝑥(𝑥+1)
𝑑𝑥

(by partial fraction)

∞1 1
= 1 𝑥
− (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥

(𝑥 + 1)]1∞
=[log 𝑥 − log⁡
𝑥 1
= [log 𝑥+1]1∞ =log [ 1 ]1∞
1+
𝑥

1 1
= log 1 – log 2 = -log 2 (finite)

∴ 𝑢𝑛 is convergent.

𝟏! 𝟐 𝟐! 𝟒 𝟑! 𝟖 𝟒! 𝟏𝟔
6.Test the convergence of the series + + + + ………… [CO2-H1]
𝟏 𝟒 𝟐𝟕 𝟐𝟓𝟔

Soln:
(𝒏!)𝟐𝒏
Here 𝑢𝑛 = 𝒏𝒏
(𝒏+𝟏)!𝟐𝒏+𝟏 𝟐(𝒏!)𝟐𝒏
And 𝑢𝑛 +1 = =
(𝒏+𝟏)𝒏+𝟏 (𝒏+𝟏)𝒏
𝟐(𝒏!)𝟐𝒏
𝑢 𝑛 +1 (𝒏+𝟏)𝒏
∴ lim𝑛→∞ = lim𝑛→∞ (𝒏!)𝟐𝒏
𝑢𝑛
𝒏𝒏

𝑢 𝑛 +1 𝟐𝒏𝒏 𝟐
i.e, lim𝑛 →∞ = (𝒏+𝟏)𝒏 =(𝟏+1/n)𝒏 =(2/e)<1
𝑢𝑛

[∴ lim (𝟏 + 1/n)𝒏 = e ]
𝑛→∞

Hence by the ratio test, 𝑢𝑛 is convergent.

𝟐𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝟑𝟑 𝒙𝟑 𝟒𝟒 𝒙𝟒
7.Discuss the convergence of the series x+ + + +……………
𝟐! 𝟑! 𝟒!

[CO2-H1-May/June-2016]
Soln:
𝒏 𝒏 𝒙𝒏
Here 𝑢𝑛 = 𝒏!

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𝒏𝒏+𝟏 𝒙𝒏+𝟏
And 𝑢𝑛 +1 = (𝒏+𝟏)!

𝒏𝒏+𝟏 𝒙𝒏+𝟏
𝑢 𝑛 +1 (𝒏+𝟏)!
= 𝒏𝒏 𝒙𝒏
𝑢𝑛
𝒏!

𝑥(𝑛 +1)𝑛
= = 𝑥(1 + 1/𝑛)𝑛
𝑛𝑛
𝑢 𝑛 +1
∴ lim𝑛→∞ = lim𝑛→∞ 𝑥(1 + 1/𝑛)𝑛
𝑢𝑛

= x.e
Conclusion:
If ex < 1, then 𝑢𝑛 is convergent.
If ex > 1, then 𝑢𝑛 is divergent.
If ex < 1, then the ratio test fails.
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑
8.Test the convergence of the series 1+𝟐 + +𝟏𝟎 + ⋯ … … … … … 𝒙 > 0 [CO2-H2]
𝟓

Soln:
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑
Omiting the first term, the given series is 𝟏𝟏 +𝟏 + 𝟐𝟐 +𝟏 +𝟑𝟐 +𝟏 + ⋯ … … …
𝐱𝐧 𝐱 𝐧+𝟏
∴ un = 𝐧𝟐 +𝟏&un+1 = (𝐧+𝟏)𝟐 +𝟏
𝐱𝐧+𝟏
𝑢 𝑛 +1 (𝐧+𝟏)𝟐 +𝟏
∴ lim𝑛→∞ = 𝐱𝐧
𝑢𝑛
𝐧𝟐 +𝟏
𝟏
𝒙𝒏𝟐 𝟏+ 𝟐
𝒏
= 𝟏
𝒏+𝟏 𝟐 𝟏+
𝒏+𝟏 𝟐

𝟏
𝒙 𝟏+ 𝟐
𝒏
= 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏+ 𝟐 𝟏+
𝒏 𝒏+𝟏 𝟐

𝑢 𝑛 +1 𝒙
∴ lim𝑛→∞ = lim𝑛 →∞ 𝟏
=x
𝑢𝑛 𝟏+
𝒏+𝟏 𝟐

If x >1 , then 𝑢𝑛 is convergent.

If x > 1, then 𝑢𝑛 is divergent.
If x < 1, then the ratio test fails.
𝟏
At x = 1, 𝑢𝑛 = is of 1/n2
𝒏+𝟏 𝟐

∴ 𝑢𝑛 is convergent at x =1.
𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑
9.Discuss the convergence of the series 𝟏+𝒙 - 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 +𝟏+𝒙𝟑 −…… [CO2-H2-Jan-2014]

Soln:

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The terms in the given series are alternately positive and negative
Hence we use leibnitz‟s test.
𝐱𝐧 𝐱 𝐧−𝟏
Here un = 𝟏+𝐱𝐧Andun−1 = 𝟏+𝐱𝐧−𝟏
𝐱𝐧 𝐱 𝐧−𝟏
un − un−1 = − 𝟏+𝐱𝐧−𝟏 < 0…………..(1)
𝟏+𝐱 𝐧
𝐱𝐧
Also lim𝑛 →∞ un = lim𝑛 →∞ 𝟏+𝐱𝐧 = 0…………….(2)

Hence (1) and (2) by leibnitz‟s rule , the given series is convergent.

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
10.Discuss the convergence of the series + 𝟏+𝟐 + (𝟏 + 𝟐 + 𝟑)+…………..
𝟐𝟑 𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟑

[CO2-H2-Jan-2014]

Soln:
𝟏
Here 𝑢𝑛 = (𝒏+𝟏)𝟑(1+2+3+….n)
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)/𝟐 𝒏
= = 𝟐(𝒏+𝟏)𝟐
(𝒏+𝟏)𝟑
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
And 𝑢𝑛−1 = 𝟐(𝒏−𝟏+𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟐𝒏𝟐
𝒏 𝒏−𝟏
𝑢𝑛 - 𝑢𝑛−1 = 𝟐(𝒏+𝟏)𝟐 - <0………….(1)
𝟐𝒏𝟐
𝒏
Consider lim𝑛→∞ un = lim𝑛 →∞ 𝟐(𝒏+𝟏)𝟐
𝟏
= lim𝑛→∞ 𝟐𝒏(𝟏+𝟏/𝒏)𝟐 = 0……….(2)

From (1) and (2) by leibnitz‟s test, the given series is convergent.

𝒏−𝟏
∞ (−𝟏)
11.Test the series 𝒏=𝟏 𝟐𝒏−𝟏 for convergence, conditional convergence and

absolute convergence . [CO2-H1]

Soln:
𝑛 −1
∞ (−1) 1 1 1
un = 𝑛=1 2𝑛 −1 = 1-3 + 5 - 7 +…………….
1 1 1 1
|un | = = 1+3 + 5 + 7 +……………
2𝑛 −1
1
(i)To find |un | is convergent or divergent |un | is of order which is divergent
𝑛

(ii)To find un is convergent or divergent, we apply leibnitz‟s test.

𝟏 𝟏
Here un = 𝟐𝐧−𝟏 and un−1 = 𝟐 𝐧−𝟏 −𝟏

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𝟏
= 𝟐𝐧−𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝑢𝑛 - 𝑢𝑛−1 = 𝟐𝐧−𝟏 - 𝟐𝐧−𝟑 <0………….(1)
𝟏
Consider lim𝑛 →∞ un = lim𝑛 →∞ 𝟐𝐧−𝟏 = 0………….(2)

From (1) and (2) the given series is convergent.

∴ un is conditionally convergent.
12. Test for conditional convergence of the following series.

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
-𝟑𝟑 𝟏 + 𝟐 + 𝟒𝟑 (𝟏 + 𝟐 + 𝟑)-𝟓𝟑 (𝟏 + 𝟐 + 𝟑 + 𝟒)………….. [CO2-H2-Jan-2015]
𝟐𝟑

Soln:
𝟏
un = 𝟏 + 𝟐 + ⋯ . 𝒏 (−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏
𝒏+𝟏 𝟑

−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
= 𝟐 𝒏+𝟏 𝟑

−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏 𝒏
= 𝟐 𝒏+𝟏 𝟐
𝒏
|un | = 𝟐 𝒏+𝟏 𝟐

(i)To find |un | is convergent or divergent.

𝟏 𝒏
un = .
𝟐 𝒏+𝟏 𝟐
𝟏
By order test un = 𝒏𝒌 , where k = p – q

p −> highest power of n in Dr = 2.

q −> highest power of n in Nr = 1.
∴ k = 2- 1 =1.
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 un = 1/𝑛 which is divergent.
(ii)To find un is convergent or divergent. We apply liebnitz‟s test.
𝒏 𝒏−𝟏
un = 𝟐 𝒏+𝟏 𝟐 and un−1 = 𝟐 𝒏−𝟏+𝟏 𝟐
𝒏−𝟏
=𝟐𝒏 𝟐

∴ 𝑢𝑛 - 𝑢𝑛−1 <0………….(1)
𝒏
also lim𝑛→∞ un = lim𝑛→∞ 𝟐 𝒏+𝟏 𝟐
𝟏
= lim𝑛→∞ = 0………….(2)
𝟐𝒏 𝟏+𝟏/𝒏 𝟐

From (1) and (2) the given series is convergent.

∴ un is conditionally convergent.

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S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM

UNIT III
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
PART – A

1.Find the radius of curvature of the curve y=𝒆𝒙 at (0 , 1). (or) find the radius of
curvature for y=𝒆𝒙 at the point where it cuts the y-axis .(or) find the radius of
curvature for y=𝒆𝒙 at x=0 [CO3-H1-May/June-2013]
Soln:
y=𝑒 𝑥 at (0,1)
y1=𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 0 =1
y2=𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 0 =1
3
(1+y12 ) 2 3
𝜌= = (1 + 12 ) 2 =2 2
𝑦2

2.Find the radius of curvature at the point (1/4,1/4)on the curve 𝒙 + 𝒚 =1

[CO3-H1-Jan-2016]
Soln:
Given: 𝒙 + 𝒚 =1

𝒚 =1- 𝒙
Squaring on both sides, we get
y = (1- 𝒙)2
= 1+x-2 𝒙

y = 1+x-2 𝒙 at (1/4,1/4)
1 1
y1=1-2(2 𝒙) =1- = 1-2
𝟏/𝟒

= 1-1/ 𝒙 = -1
1 1 1
y2 =2 𝑥 −3/2 = 2 (4)−3/2 = 8/2

=4
3 3
(1+y12 ) 2 (1+12 ) 2
𝜌= = =1/ 2
𝑦2 4

3.Show that the radius of curvature at any point of the catenary

y = c cosh(x/c) is y2/c. find curvature also find 𝝆 at (0, c). [CO3-L3]

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S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
Soln:
Given: y = c cosh(𝑥/𝑐) …………….(1)
y1= c (sinh(𝑥/𝑐)).(1/c) =sinh(x/c)
1
y2 = cosh(𝑥/𝑐)(1/c) = 𝑐 cosh(𝑥/𝑐)
3
(1+y12 ) 2
∴𝜌= 𝑦2
𝑥 3 𝑥 3
(1+sinh 2 ( )) 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑕 2 ( )) 2
𝑐 𝑐
= 1 =𝑐
cosh (𝑥/𝑐) cosh (𝑥/𝑐)
𝑐
𝑥 3
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑕 3 ( )) 2 𝑥 𝑦2
=𝑐 𝑐
=𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕2 ( ) =c …………(2)
cosh (𝑥/𝑐) 𝑐 𝑐2

𝑦2
𝜌= 𝑐
1 𝑐
Curvature =1/e = 𝑦 2 = 𝑦2
𝑐

𝑐2
𝜌(0, c) = =c
𝑐

4.Find the radius of curvature at the point (c, c) on the curve xy =c 2.

[CO3-H2-Dec-2016]
Soln:
xy = c2
y= c2/x at (c,c)
𝑦1 =-c2/x 𝑦1 =-c2/c2 =-1
𝑦2 =2c2/x3 𝑦2 =2c2/c3
3 3
(1+y12 ) 2 (1+(−1)2 ) 2
∴𝜌= =
𝑦2 2/c
3
𝑐(2 2 ) 𝑐2 2
= = =c 2
2 2

∴𝜌=c 2

5.Find the radius of the curvature at (a,0) of the curve xy2 = a3-x3
[CO3-H2-Nov/Dec-2014]
Soln:

Let f(x,y) =xy2-a3+x3 at (a,0)

fx =y2+3x2 fx = 02+3a2 = 3a2
fy =2xy fy =2(a)(0) =0

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S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
fxx =6x fxx=6a
fyy =2x fyy =2a
fxy =2y fxy =0
3
𝑓𝑥 2 +𝑓𝑦 2 ) 2
radius of curvature 𝜌 =𝑓𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑦 2 −2𝑓𝑥𝑦𝑓𝑥𝑓𝑦 +𝑓𝑦𝑦 𝑓𝑥 2
2 3
3(𝑎 2) +0) 2
= 2
6𝑎) 0 −2 0 3𝑎 2 +2𝑎+ 3𝑎 2)

3𝑎 2
= = 3a/2
2𝑎

6.Find the curvature and radius of curvature of 2x2+2y2+5x-2y+1 =0 at any point.

[CO3-H2]
Soln:
Given: 2x2+2y2+5x-2y+1 =0
x2+y2+5x/2-y+1/2 =0
This equation is of the form
x2+y2+2gx+2fy+c =0, it represent a circle .
r = 𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐
Here, g =5/4, f =-1/2 , c =1/2
25 1 1
∴r= +4−2
16

25+4−8
𝑟= 16

21
= 4
21
∴ radius of curvature 𝜌 = 4
1 4
=> 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = =
𝜌 21
𝟕. Find the centre of curvature of y = x2 at the orgin. [CO3-H2-May/June-2014]
𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒏:
𝑦1 1+𝑦12
formula ∶ 𝑥 = x- 𝑦2 1 + 𝑦12 ; 𝑦=y+ 𝑦2
2
y =x at (0,0)
𝑦1 =2x 𝑦1 =0
𝑦2 =2 𝑦2 =2
0
∴ 𝑥 = 0- 2 1 + 02 = 0

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S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
1+02
𝑦 = 0+ =½
2

8. Define Involutes and Evolutes. [CO3-L1-May/June-2014]

Soln :
The locus of the centre of curvature of the given curve is called the evolute of the curve.
The given curve is called the involute of its evolute.

9. Find the envelope of y =mx +1/m where m is the parameter. [CO3-H2-Dec-2014]

Soln:
Given : y =mx +1/m
my=m2x+1
m2x-my+1 =0, which is a quadratic equation in the parameter m .
so the envelope is B2-4AC =0……………..(1)
Here A =x, B=y, C=1
∴ (-y)2-4x=0
i. e y2=4x

10. Find the envelope of the family of lines y =mx +a/m where ‘a’ is a constant [CO3-
H2-Dec-2016]
Soln
Given : y =mx + a/m
=> ym = m2x+a
m2x-ym+a =0 which is a quadratic equation in +ve parameter „m‟
So the envelope is B2-4AC =0………..(1)
Here A =x, B =-y , C= a
(1) => y2-4ax =0
i.e, y2= 4ax.
11. Find the envelope of y=mx+ 𝒂𝟐 𝒎𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 where m is a parameter. [CO3-H2-Jan-
2016]
Soln:
y= mx+ 𝑎2 𝑚2 + 𝑏 2
(y-mx)2=a2m2+b2
y2+m2x2-2mxy =a2m2+b2
m2(x2-a2)-2mxy+y2-b2=0, which is a quadratic equation in the parameter „m‟.

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S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
So, the envelope is B2-4AC =0………..(1)
Here A =x2-a2 , B =-2xy, C =y2-b2.
(1)=> 4x2y2 =4(x2-a2)(y2-b2)=0,
x2y2 -(x2-a2)(y2-b2)=0
x2y2 – [(x2y2-b2x2- y2a2+a2 b2)]=0
=> b2x2+ y2a2 = a2 b2 ÷ a2 b2
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

12.What is the curvature of the circle (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟐)𝟐 = 16 at any point on it ?

[CO3-H1]
Soln:
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 16 is a circle with centre (1,-2) & r=14
Radius of curvature =𝜌 =4
∴ curvature = 1/ 𝜌 =1/4.
13.Find the envelope of the lines xcosec𝜽-ycot𝜽 =a, 𝜽 being the parameter. [CO3-
H2-Jan-2013]
Soln:
xcosec𝜃 - ycot𝜃 =a
using 1+cot2𝜃 =1+cosec2𝜃 𝑤𝑒 have
Given: xcosec𝜃 =a+ycot𝜃
a+ycot 𝜃
Cosec𝜃 = 𝑥
a+ycot 𝜃 2
cosec2𝜃 = ( )
𝑥
1
1+cot2 𝜃 = 𝑥 2 (𝑎2+y2cot2 𝜃+2aycot 𝜃)

x2+cot2 𝜃 -𝑎2-y2cot2 𝜃-2aycot 𝜃=0

(x2-y2)cot2 𝜃 -2aycot 𝜃+(x2-a2)=0
b2-4ac =0 = 4a2y2-4(x2-y2)(x2-a2)
∴x2-y2 = a2.
𝟏𝟒 . Find the envelope of the lines x/t+yt =2c, ‘t’ being a parameter. [CO3-H2-
May/June-2013]
Soln:
x/t+yt =2c …………(1)
Diff . w.r.to t
−𝑥
+y =0 => t2= x/y
𝑡2

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S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
𝑥
t= 𝑦

𝑥 𝑥
put in (1) => 𝑥
+y =2c => 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 =2c
𝑦
𝑦

2 𝑥𝑦 =2c
∴ xy =c2 (eliminate t).
15.Find the envelope of the family of (x-∝)2 + y2 =2∝ where ∝ is a parameter.
[CO3-H2]
Soln:
(x-∝)2 + y2 =2∝……………(1)
Diff w.r.to ∝,
-2(x- ∝)=2
x-∝ =-1
∝ =x+1
Put in (1) => 1+y2= 2(x+1)
Envelope is y2 =2x +1
16. What is the radius of curvature of the curve 𝒙𝟒 + 𝒚𝟒 = 𝟐 at the point (1,1)
[CO3-H2-May/June-2014]
Soln:
𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 = 2, point (1,1)
2 2 2
Radius of curvature = 𝜌 = = . (numerically)
6 3

17.Define the circle of curvature at a point p 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟏 on the curve y=f(x) [CO3-L1]

Soln:
The circle ofcurvature for a point p 𝑥, 𝑦 on the curve y= (𝑥) is
the circle whose center is at the point c 𝑥, 𝑦 and whose radius is
e .the equation of the circle of curvature is
2
𝑥1 − 𝑥 + 𝑦1 − 𝑦 2 =𝜌2
18. Define the curvature of the plane curve and what is the
curvature of a Straight line. [CO3-L1]
Soln:
𝑑𝜓
The curvature of a plane curve at P= 𝑑𝑠

The curvature of a straight line is zero.

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S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
PART-B

𝒂𝒙
1. If 𝝆 is the radius of curvature of any point (x,y) on the curve y= 𝒂+𝒙 Show that
𝟐𝒍 𝟐 𝒙 𝒚
(𝒂) 𝟑 = (𝒚)𝟐 + (𝒙)𝟐 [CO3-H2-Jan-2014]

Soln:
𝑎𝑥
Given : y= 𝑎+𝑥
1
y= 𝑎𝑥(𝑎+𝑥 )………………(1)
−1 1
𝑦1 = ax( ) + a
𝑎+𝑥 2 𝑎+𝑥
𝑎 −𝑥
= (𝑎+𝑥 )(𝑎+𝑥 +1)
𝑎 −𝑥+𝑎+𝑥 𝑎2
= (𝑎+𝑥 )( ) = (𝑎+𝑥)2 ……………………..(2)
𝑎+𝑥
−2
𝑦2 = a2 ( 𝑎+𝑥 3 )
−2𝑎 2
= ((𝑎+𝑥)3 )………………….(3)

(1) => a+x = ax/y

𝑎2 𝑦
(2) => 𝑦1 = (ax /y)2 =(𝑥 )2

−2𝑎 2 −2𝑦 3 −2 𝑦
(3) => 𝑦2 = ((ax /y)3 ) = = 𝑎 (𝑥 )3
𝑎𝑥 3

3 𝑦 2 3
(1+𝑦 1 2 ) 2 (1+( )2 ) 2
𝑥
𝜌= = −2 𝑦 3
𝑦2 ( )
𝑎 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
(1+( )4 )3 22 (1+( )4 )3
𝜌2 = 𝑥
22 𝑦 3 2
= 𝜌2(𝑎 2 ) = 𝑦
𝑥
2
( ) ( )3
𝑎2 𝑥 𝑥

𝑦 𝑦 4
2 2
2 (1+( )4 )3 (1+ )
𝜌 ( 2) = 𝑦
𝑥
3 ={ 𝑥
𝑦 2 }3
𝑎 ( )2 ( )
𝑥 𝑥

𝜌2 2 1 𝑦
[ ] 3= 2
𝑦
+ ( 𝑥 )2
𝑎
𝑥

𝜌2 2 𝑥 2 𝑦
[ ] 3 =[ ] + (𝑥 )2
𝑎 𝑦

2.Prove that the radius of curvature at any points of the cycloid x =a(𝜽 +sin𝜽), y=a(1-
cos𝜽) is 4a cos 𝜽/2 [CO3-H2-Jan- 2013,2014]
Soln:
Given :
x = a(𝜃 +sin𝜃) y= a(1-cos𝜃)

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S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑦
x1 = 𝑑𝜃 = a(1+cos 𝜃) y =𝑑𝜃 = a[0+sin 𝜃]

= a sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑦 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝑑𝑦 asin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 2sin cos sin
𝑑𝜃 2 2 2
= 𝑑𝑥 = a(1+cos 𝜃) = (1+cos 𝜃) = 𝜃 = 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 2cos 2 cos
𝑑𝜃 2 2

𝑑𝑦 𝜃
= tan 2
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝜃
d2y 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
(𝑡𝑎𝑛 )
2
= = 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜃
1 𝜃 1 𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 1
2 2 2 2
= = 𝜃 = 𝜃
𝑎(1+cos 𝜃 ) 𝑎2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑎4𝑐𝑜𝑠 4
2 2

3 𝜃 3
(1+y12 ) 2 (1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 ) 2 𝜃 3 𝜃
𝜌= = 1
2
= (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2 ) 2 𝑎4𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 2
𝑦2
𝜃
𝑎 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 4
2

𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
=𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 2 4a 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 2 = 4a𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 2
𝜃
𝜌 = 4a cos 2 .

3. Find the radius of curvature at the point t on the curve x =e t cost, y =et sint.
[CO3-H2-May/June-2014,2016]
Soln:
Given: x =et cost y=etsint
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
x1= 𝑑𝑡 = et(-sint) + et cost y1 = 𝑑𝑡 = etcost + et sint

x1= et (cost – sint) y1 = et (cost + sint)

x11= et (-sint-cost)+et(cost-sint) y11=et (-sint+cost)+et(cost+sint)
= -etsint-etcost+etcost-etsint = -etsint+etcost+etcost+etsint
x11 = -2etsint y11= 2etcost.

3
(𝑥 1 )2 +(𝑦 1 )2 ) 2
𝜌 = 𝑥 1 𝑦 11 −𝑦 1 𝑥 11
3
(e 2t (cost − sint )2 +e 2t (cost + sint )2 ) 2
= e t (cost − sint )(2e t cost )−[e t (cost + sint )(−2e t sint )]
3
e 2t [cos 2 t+sin 2 t−2sintcost +cos 2 t+sin 2 t+2sintcost ] 2
=
2e 2t [cos 2 t−sint .cost +sintcost +sin 2 t]
3
[e 2t (1+1)] 2
= 2e 2t [1]

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S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
2 2𝑒 3𝑡
= 2𝑒 2𝑡

𝜌 = 2𝑒 𝑡

4. Find the radius of curvature of the curve x=a(cost+tsint); y=a(sint –tcost) at t.

[CO3-H2-May/June-2013]
Soln:
Given: x=a(cost+tsint) y=a(sint –tcost)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
x1= = a[-sint +(sint+tcost)] y1= 𝑑𝑡 = a[cost-(cost-tsint)]
𝑑𝑡

= atcost = atsint.
𝑑𝑦 𝑦1 𝑎𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
y1= = = 𝑎𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = tant
𝑑𝑥 𝑥1
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑡
𝑦2 = 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑑𝑥 ( ) = 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦1) = 𝑑𝑡 (𝑦1)( 𝑑𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑡
= (tan 𝑡). = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑡

∴ The radius of curvature at t is

3 3
(1+y12 ) 2 (1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑡) 2
𝜌= = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑡
𝑦2
𝑎𝑡
3
(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑡) 2
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑡
𝑎𝑡

𝑎𝑡
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑡. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑡

∴ 𝜌 = at

𝒂𝒂
5. Find the circle of curvature of the curve 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒂 at the point (𝟒,𝟒)

[CO3-H2-May/June-2014,2015]
Soln:
The given curve is not a circle .
∴ The equation of the circle of curvature is
(𝑥 − 𝑥)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑦)2 =𝜌2
𝑦1 1
Where, 𝑥 = x - (1+𝑦12 ), 𝑦=y- (1+𝑦12 )
𝑦2 𝑦2
3
(1+y12 ) 2
𝜌= 𝑦2

Given: 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎

=> 𝑦= 𝑎- 𝑥

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𝑎 𝑎
𝑦= 𝑎- 𝑥 at (4 ,4 )

1 1 𝒂
𝑦1 =0-2 y1=-1 [x=y=𝟒]
2 𝑦 𝑥

− 𝒚
y1 = 𝒙
1 1 1 1
𝑥 𝑦1− 𝑦 (−1)−
2 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 2
𝑦2 =- 2 𝑦2 =- [ 2 ]
𝑥 𝑎/4

−1
= -[𝑎/4]
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣𝑢 1 −𝑢𝑣 1
[ 𝑑𝑥 ( 𝑣 ) = ]
𝑣2

1+y12=1+(-1)2 =1+1=2………….(1)
1 1 𝑎
= 4 = 4 ………………………(2)
𝑦2
𝑎

𝑦1 −1 −𝑎
= 4 = …………………....(3)
𝑦2 4
𝑎
3
(1+y12 ) 2 1 3 3
𝜌= = (𝑦 ) (1 + y12 ) 2 = (a/4)(2) 2
𝑦2 2

= (a/4)(2 2)= a/ 2by (1) & (2)

𝑦1 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎 3𝑎
𝑥 = x - 𝑦 (1+𝑦12 ) = (4 ) − (− 4 )2 = + ( 4 )= ( 4 ) by (1) &(3)
2 4
1 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎 3𝑎
𝑦 = y- (1+𝑦12 )= + (4 )2 = + ( 4 ) =( 4 ) by (1)&(2)
𝑦2 4 4

Hence the equation of the circle of curvature is

(𝑥 − 𝑥)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑦)2 =𝜌2
3𝑎 2 3𝑎 2
=> (𝑥 − ) + (𝑦 − ) =(a/ 2)2
4 4

6. Find the equation of circle of curvature of the rectangular hyperbola xy=12 at the
point (3,4) [CO3-H2]
Soln:
The equation of the circle of curvature is
(𝑥 − 𝑥)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑦)2 =𝜌2
𝑦1
Where, 𝑥 = x - 𝑦 (1+𝑦12 ),
2

1
𝑦 = y-𝑦 (1+𝑦12 )
2
3
(1+y12 ) 2
𝜌= 𝑦2

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Given: xy =12
=> y=12/x
y=12/x At (3,4)
−12 −12
y1= y1= = -12/9
𝑥2 32

=-4/3
24 24
𝑦2 = 𝑥 3 𝑦2 = 33 =24/27

= 8/9
1+y12= 1+ (-4/3)2 =1+16/9= 25/9………….(1)
1 1 9
= 8 = 8 ………………………(2)
𝑦2
9

𝑦1 −4/3 −3
= = …………………....(3)
𝑦2 8/9 2

3
(1+y12 ) 2 3 25 25
𝜌= =(8/9) (25/9) 2 =(9/8)
𝑦2 9 9
25(5)
= (9/8) 9(3) =125/24 by (1) & (2)
𝑦1 −3 25
𝑥 = x- 𝑦2 (1+𝑦12 ) =3-( 2 )( 9 )
25 43
= 3 + ( 6 )= ( 6 ) by (1) &(3)
1 9 25
𝑦 = y- 𝑦2(1+𝑦12 )=4+ (9)
8
25 57
=4 + ( 8 ) =( 8 ) by (1)&(2)

Hence the equation of the circle of curvature is

(𝑥 − 𝑥)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑦)2 =𝜌2
43 2 57 2
=> (𝑥 − ) + (𝑦 − ) =(125/24 )2
6 8

7. Find the equation of the evolute of the parabola y2 =4ax

[CO3-H2-May/June-2015,2016]
Soln:

Given : y2=4ax
The parametric equation are x =at2, y =2at.
x =at2 y =2at
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 2at =2a
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

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𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 2𝑎
y1= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 =2𝑎𝑡 =1/t
𝑑𝑡

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝑦2 =𝑑𝑥 2 =𝑑𝑥 ( )=𝑑𝑡 ( )( 𝑑𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 −1 1 1
=𝑑𝑥 (1/t).2𝑎𝑡 = = - 2𝑎𝑡 3
𝑡 2 2𝑎𝑡
1 1
= -2at3 , 1+y12=1+𝑡 2
𝑦2
1 1
(1+y12) =-2at3(1+𝑡 2 ) =-2at3-2at………………..(1)
𝑦2
𝑦1
(1+y12) = (1/t)(-2at3-2at)=-2at2-2a ………………..(2)
𝑦2

If (X, Y) is the centre of curvature at „t‟ then

𝑦1 1
𝑋 = x - 𝑦 (1+𝑦12 ) Y = y+ 𝑦 (1+𝑦12 )
2 2

=at2+2at2+2a by(2) =2at-2at3-2at by (1)

X = 3at2+2a …………(3) Y= -2at3……………….(4)
Eliminate „t‟ between (3) &(4)
(3)=> 3at2+2a = X (4)=> -2at3 = Y
𝑋−2𝑎 𝑌
t2= t3= −2𝑎
3𝑎
𝑋−2𝑎 3 𝑌
(𝑡 2 )3 =( ) (𝑡 3 )2 =(−2𝑎 )2
3𝑎
(𝑋−2𝑎)3 (𝑌)2
t6 = …………..(5) t6 = …………..(6)
27𝑎 3 4𝑎 2

From (5) &(6) we get

(𝑋−2𝑎)3 (𝑌)2
=
27𝑎 3 4𝑎 2

=> 4(𝑋 − 2𝑎)3 =27aY2

Locus of (X, Y) is 4(𝑋 − 2𝑎)3 =27aY2
Which is equation of evolute of the given curve.
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
8. Find the evolute of the hyperbola 𝒂𝟐 - =1 [CO3-H2-Nov/Dec-2012]
𝒃𝟐

Soln:
𝑥2 𝑦2
Given : - =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

The parametric equation are x=a sec𝜃, y= btan 𝜃

x= a sec𝜃 y= btan 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= a sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 = b𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃 𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 b
y1= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = asec = sin 𝜃
𝜃 tan 𝜃
𝑑𝜃

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𝑑 b
d2y 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃 (
𝑑𝜃 sin 𝜃
)
𝑦2 = 𝑑 2 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜃
0−b (acos 𝜃 )
a 2 sin 2 𝜃 −b(cos 𝜃) −𝑏
= = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑎 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 3 𝜃
a sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
1 −𝑎 2 𝑏 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃, 1+y12=1+
𝑦2 𝑏 a 2 tan 2 𝜃

1 −𝑎 2 𝑏 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
(1+y12) = ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃) (1+ a 2 tan 2 𝜃 )
𝑦2 𝑏

−𝑎 2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃 - 𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃………………..(1)
𝑏
𝑦1 𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 −𝑎 2
(1+y12) = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 ( 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃 - 𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 )
𝑦2 𝑏

𝑏2
=-a sec 𝜃 tan2 𝜃- 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃………………..(2)
𝑎

If (X,Y) is the centre of curvature at „𝜃‟ then

𝑦1
𝑋 = x- (1+𝑦12 )
𝑦2

𝑏2
= a sec𝜃+a sec 𝜃 tan2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃 by(2)
𝑎
𝑏2
=a sec 𝜃(1 + tan2 𝜃) + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃
𝑎
𝑏2
=a sec 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃
𝑎
𝑏2
=a sec 3 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃
𝑎
𝑎 2 +𝑏 2
X= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃 …………(3)
𝑎
1
Y = y+ 𝑦 (1+𝑦12 )
2

𝑎2
= btan 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃 - 𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 by (1)
𝑏
𝑎2
= -btan 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃
𝑏
𝑎2
= -btan 𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃
𝑏
−𝑎 2 −𝑏 2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃
𝑏
𝑎 2 +𝑏 2
Y= -( )𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃……………….(4)
𝑏

Eliminate𝜃 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 (3) &(4)

𝑋𝑎
(3)=> 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃 = 𝑎 2 +𝑏 2
2
3 2 (𝑎𝑥) 3
(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃) 3 = 2
(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) 3
2
(𝑎𝑥 ) 3
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 2 …………..(5)
(𝑎 2 +𝑏 2 ) 3

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S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
−𝑏𝑌
(4)=> 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃 = 𝑎 2 +𝑏 2
2
3 2 (−𝑏𝑌) 3
(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃) 3 = 2
(𝑎 2 +𝑏 2 ) 3
2
(𝑏𝑌) 3
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 2 …………..(6)
(𝑎 2 +𝑏 2 ) 3

From (5) &(6) we get

2 2
(𝑎𝑥 ) 3 (𝑏𝑌 ) 3
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 2 - 2
(𝑎 2 +𝑏 2 ) 3 (𝑎 2 +𝑏 2 ) 3
2 2
(𝑎𝑥 ) 3 −(𝑏𝑌) 3
1 = 2 [∴ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 =1]
(𝑎 2 +𝑏 2 ) 3
2 2 2
=> (𝑎𝑋) 3 − (𝑏𝑌) 3 =(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) 3

2 2 2
Locus of (X,Y) is (𝑎𝑥) 3 − (𝑏𝑦) 3 = (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) 3

Which is equation of evolute of the given curve.

9. Show that the evolute of the curve x=a(cos𝜽+𝜽 sin𝜽),y=a(sin𝜽 -𝜽 cos𝜽)is a circle.
[CO3-L3-Jan-2014]
Soln:
Given:
x= a (cos𝜃+ 𝜃 sin𝜃) y= a(sin θ – θ cos θ)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= a (- sin 𝜃 + 𝜃 cos𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) = a[cos θ-( -θ sin𝜃+𝜃 cos𝜃)]
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= aθcosθ = a θsin θ
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃 aθsin θ
y1= 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = aθcos θ = tan θ
𝑑𝜃
𝑑
d2y 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
(tan θ)
𝑦2 = = = 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜃

1 1
=𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃. a cos 𝜃 = 𝑎θ𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃

1 1
= 𝑎θ𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃, 1+y12=1+tan2 𝜃= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑦2
1 1
(1+y12) = 𝑎θ𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 ) =a θcosθ ………………..(1)
𝑦2
𝑦1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
(1+y12) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 (𝑎θ𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃) =a θsinθ ………………..(2)
𝑦2

If (X, Y) is the centre of curvature at „𝜃‟ then

𝑦1
𝑋 = x- 𝑦2 (1+𝑦12 )

=a cos𝜃 +a θsinθ-a θsinθ by (2)

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X = acos θ
𝑋 2 =𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 θ…………(3)
1
Y = y+ 𝑦 (1+𝑦12 )
2

= asinθ −a θcos𝜃 +a θcosθ by (1)

Y= asinθ
𝑌 2 = 𝑎2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 θ …………….(4)
Eliminate𝜃 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 (3) &(4) we get
𝑋 2 + 𝑌 2 = 𝑎2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 θ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 θ) = 𝑎2
Locus of (X,Y) is 𝑋 2 + 𝑌 2 = 𝑎2 (circle)
Which is equation of evolute of the given curve.

10. Find the evolute of the parabola x2 =4ay [CO3-H2-May/June-2013]

Soln:
The equation of the given curve is x2 =4ay………..(1)
The parametric from of (1) is y =at2, x =2at.
x =2at. y =at2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= 2a =2at
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 2𝑎𝑡
y1= = 𝑑𝑥 = =t
𝑑𝑥 2𝑎
𝑑𝑡

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝑦2 =𝑑𝑥 2 =𝑑𝑥 ( )=𝑑𝑡 ( )( 𝑑𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑𝑡 1
=𝑑𝑥 (t).2𝑎 [∵ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 ]
1
=
2𝑎

The coordinates of the centre of curvature is (𝑥- 𝑦)

𝑦1
𝑥 = x - 𝑦2 (1+𝑦12 ),
𝑡
= 2at - 1 (1 + 𝑡 2 )
2𝑎

=2at – 2𝑎𝑡 (1 + 𝑡 2 )
𝑥 =-2at3 ……………..(2)
1
𝑦 = y-𝑦2(1+𝑦12 )
1
= at2 - 1 (1+𝑡 2 )
2𝑎

= at2 – 2𝑎(1+𝑡 2 )

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S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
𝑦 = 3at2 –2𝑎…………..(3)
Now eliminating „t‟ from (2) & (3) we get
(2)=> 𝑥 = -2at3
−𝑥
t3= ………… ……(4)
2𝑎
−𝑥
(𝑡 3 )2 =( 2𝑎 )2
𝑥2
t6 = 4𝑎 2 …………..(5)

(3)=> 3at2 = 𝑦 - 2a
𝑦 − 2a
t2= …………(6)
3𝑎
𝑦 − 2a 3
(𝑡 2 )3 =( )
3𝑎
(𝑦 − 2a)3
t6 = …………..(7)
27𝑎 3

From (6) &(7) we get

𝑥2 (𝑦 − 2a)3
=
4𝑎 2 27𝑎 3
𝑥2 (𝑦 − 2a)3
=
4 27𝑎

∴ 27a𝑥 2 = 4(𝑦 − 2a)3

Since the evolute is the locus of centre of curvature
∴ Locus of (X,Y) is (𝑥, 𝑦)obtained by replacing 𝑥by x & 𝑦 by y we get.
27a𝑥 2 = 4(𝑦 − 2a)3 is the envelope of the parabola x2 =4ay.

11. Show that the envelope of the following of circles described on the double
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
ordinates of the ellipse 𝒂𝟐 + =1 as diameters, is the ellipse 𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 + =1
𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟐

[CO3-H2-Jan-2013]
Soln:
𝑥2 𝑦2
The double ordinates on the envelope +𝑏 2 =1 are (acos t, bsin t) and
𝑎2

(acos t, -bsin t) with „t‟ as the parameter.

We know that, the diameter form of the equation of a circle is
(x-x1)(x-x2) + (y-y1)(y-y2)=0
∴ (x-acost)(x-acost)+(y-bsint(y+sint) = 0
i.e, (𝑥 − 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑏 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 =0
(or) (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 - 2xa cost + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑏 2 ) = 0
Which is a quadratic in the parameter 𝜆 =cost
∴ so, the envelope is 𝐵 2 - 4AC =0 …………(1)

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(1) => (−2𝑎𝑥)2 -4(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑏 2 ) = 0
4𝑎2 𝑥 2 −4(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑏 2 ) = 0 ÷ 4
𝑎2 𝑥 2 −(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑏 2 ) = 0
𝑎2 𝑥 2 =(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑦 2 − (𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )𝑏 2
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑏 2
𝑏 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑏 2 ÷ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑏 2
𝑥2 𝑦2
=> 𝑎 2 +𝑏 2 +𝑏 2 =1.

𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔∝ 𝒚𝒔𝒊𝒏∝
12. Find the envelope of the family of curves + =1 where ∝ being the
𝒂 𝒃

parameter and a,b constants. [CO3-H2-Jan-2014]

Soln:
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝
+ =1 ……………..(1)
𝑎 𝑏

Differentiate partially with respect to ∝ we get

−𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝
+ =0 ………………(2)
𝑎 𝑏

(1)2 + (2)2 =>

𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ 𝟐 −𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝ 𝟐
( + ) +( + ) = 12 + 02
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
x 2 cos 2 ∝ 𝑦 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ∝ 2𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 ∝ 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∝ 2𝑥𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝
+ + + + - =1
a2 𝑏2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎𝑏
x2 y2
(cos2 ∝ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ∝ ) +b 2 (cos2 ∝ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 ∝ ) = 1
a2
𝑥2 𝑦2
∴ 𝑎 2 +𝑏 2 =1.

Which represents an ellipse.

Thus , the envelope of the given family of curves is an ellipse.

13. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y =mx-2am-am3, where m is the
parameter [CO3-H2-May/June-2016]
Soln:
Given: y =mx-2am-am3 ………..(1)
Differentiate partially w.r.to „m‟, we get
0=x-2a-3am2
3am2= x-2a3am2
𝑥−2𝑎
m2= …………………………(2)
3𝑎

Eliminate „m‟ from (1) &(2), we get

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S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
(1) => y= m[x-2a-3am2]
𝑥−2𝑎
y= m[x-2a-a( )] by (2)
3𝑎
𝑥−2𝑎
y= m [(x-2a)-( )]
3
2
y= m [3(x-2a)]

squaring on both sides, we get

4
y2= m2 [9(x-2a)2]
4
= 9m2 (x-2a)2
4 𝑥−2𝑎
y2 = 9( ) (x-2a)2 by (2)
3𝑎
4
= 27 (x-2a)3

∴27ay2 =4 (x-2a)3

𝒙 𝒚
14.Find the envelope of + 𝒃 = 𝟏 subject to an +bn =cn given c is a known constant.
𝒂

[CO3-H2-May/June-2014]
Soln:
𝑥 𝑦
+ 𝑏 = 1 …………..(1)
𝑎

Taking differential we get

−𝑥 𝑦
2
𝑑𝑎 − 2 𝑑𝑏 = 0
𝑎 𝑏
−𝑥 −𝑦
𝑑𝑎 = 𝑑𝑏 …………….(2)
𝑎2 𝑏2

an +bn =cn……………….(3)
Taking differential we get.
nan-1da+nbn-1db =0
nan-1da=-nbn-1db ………….(4)
𝑥 𝑦
(2) 2 2
=> [ 𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑏𝑛 −1 ]
(4) 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑏
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
+ 1
=> [ 𝑎𝑏𝑛 = 𝑏
] = 𝑎 𝑛𝑎 +𝑏𝑏 𝑛 =𝑐 𝑛 by (1) & (3)
𝑏𝑛
𝑥 𝑦 1
i.e, 𝑎 𝑛 +1 =𝑏 𝑛 +1 =𝑐 𝑛
𝑥 1 𝑦 1
= 𝑐𝑛 = 𝑐𝑛
𝑎 𝑛 +1 𝑏 𝑛 +1

𝑎𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑐 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛+1 = 𝑦 𝑐 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
(𝑎𝑛+1 )𝑛 +1 =𝑥 𝑛 +1 [𝑐 𝑛 ]𝑛 +1 (𝑏 𝑛+1 )𝑛 +1 =𝑦 𝑛 +1 [𝑐 𝑛 ]𝑛 +1

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𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
an=𝑥 𝑛 +1 [𝑐 𝑛 ] 𝑛 +1 bn=𝑦 𝑛 +1 [𝑐 𝑛 ]𝑛 +1

(3) =>an +bn =cn

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑥 𝑛 +1 [𝑐 𝑛 ]𝑛 +1 +𝑦 𝑛 +1 [𝑐 𝑛 ]𝑛 +1 =cn
𝑛 𝑛 −𝑛
𝑥 𝑛+1 + 𝑦 𝑛+1 = [𝑐 𝑛 ][𝑐 𝑛 ]𝑛 +1
𝑛 𝑛 1
𝑥 𝑛 +1 + 𝑦 𝑛 +1 = [𝑐 𝑛 ]𝑛 +1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑥 𝑛+1 + 𝑦 𝑛+1 = [𝑐 𝑛+1 ]

𝒙 𝒚
15. Find the envelope of + = 𝟏 where a &b are connected by a2+b2=c2 c being a
𝒂 𝒃

constant. [CO3-H2-May/June-2015]
Soln:
𝑥 𝑦
+ 𝑏 = 1 …………(1)
𝑎

Taking differential we get.

−𝑥 𝑦
2
𝑑𝑎 − 2 𝑑𝑏 = 0
𝑎 𝑏
−𝑥 −𝑦
𝑑𝑎 = 𝑑𝑏 …………….(2)
𝑎2 𝑏2

a2+b2=c2……………….(3)
Taking differential we get.
2ada+2bdb =0
ada=-bdb ………….(4)
𝑥 𝑦
(2) 𝑎 2 𝑏 2
=> [ = ]
(4) 𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
+
𝑏 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
=> [ = ]=
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎 2 +𝑏 2
1
=𝑐 2 by (1) &(3)
𝑥 𝑦 1
i.e, 𝑎 3 = 𝑏 3 = 𝑐 2
𝑥 1 𝑦 1
i.e, = 𝑐2 = 𝑐2
𝑎3 𝑏3

𝑎3 = 𝑥𝑐 2 𝑏3 = 𝑦 𝑐 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
(𝑎3 )3 =𝑥 3 [𝑐 2 ]3 (𝑏 3 )3 =𝑦 3 [𝑐 2 ]3
2 2 2 2
a2=𝑥 3 [𝑐 2 ]3 b2=𝑦 3 [𝑐 2 ]3
(3) =>a2+b2=c2
2 2 2 2
𝑥 3 [𝑐 2 ]3 +𝑦 3 [𝑐 2 ]3 =c2

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2 2 −2
𝑥3 + 𝑦3 = [𝑐 2 ][𝑐 2 ] 3
2 2 2
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = [𝑐 2 ]3
2 2 2
𝑥3 + 𝑦3 = 𝑐3

𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
16. Find the envelope of + =1subject to an +bn =cn given c is a known constant.
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

[CO3-H2-May/June-2014]
Soln:
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ =1……………..(1)
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

Taking differential we get.

−2𝒙𝟐 2𝒚𝟐
𝑑𝑎 − 𝑑𝑏 = 0
𝑎3 𝑏3
2𝒙𝟐 2𝒚𝟐
𝑑𝑎 = 𝑑𝑏 …………….(2)
𝑎3 𝑏3

an +bn =cn……………….(3)
Taking differential we get.
nan-1da+nbn-1db =0
nan-1da=-nbn-1db ………….(4)
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
(2) 3 3
=> [ 𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑏𝑛 −1 ]
(4) 𝑛𝑎 𝑛𝑏
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2
=> [ = ]=
𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 𝑎 +𝑏 𝑛
𝑛

1
=𝑐 𝑛 by (1) & (3)
𝒙𝟐 1 𝑦 1
i.e, = =
𝑎 𝑛 +2 𝑐 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 +1 𝑐𝑛

𝑎𝑛+2 = 𝒙𝟐 𝑐 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛+1 = y 𝟐 𝑐 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
(𝑎𝑛+2 )𝑛 +2 =[𝒙𝟐 𝑐 𝑛 ]𝑛 +1 (𝑏 𝑛+2 )𝑛 +2 =𝑦 2 [𝑐 𝑛 ]𝑛 +2
2𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛 𝑛
an=𝑥 𝑛 +2 [𝑐 𝑛 ]𝑛 +2 bn=𝑦 𝑛 +2 [𝑐 𝑛 ]𝑛 +2
(3) =>an +bn =cn
2𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛 𝑛
𝑥 𝑛 +2 [𝑐 𝑛 ]𝑛 +2 +𝑦 𝑛 +2 [𝑐 𝑛 ]𝑛 +2 =cn
𝑛 𝑛 −𝑛
𝑥 𝑛+2 + 𝑦 𝑛+2 = [𝑐 𝑛 ][𝑐 𝑛 ]𝑛 +2
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 2
𝑥 𝑛 +2 + 𝑦 𝑛 +2 = [𝑐 𝑛 ]1−𝑛 +2 = [𝑐 𝑛 ]𝑛 +2
𝑛 𝑛 2𝑛
𝑥 𝑛+1 + 𝑦 𝑛+1 = 𝑐 𝑛+2

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𝒙 𝒚
17. Find the envelope of the straight line + 𝒃 = 𝟏, where a and b are connected by a
𝒂

relation ab =c2 is a constant. [CO3-H2]

Soln:
𝑥 𝑦
+ 𝑏 = 1 …………(1)
𝑎

Taking differential we get.

−𝑥 𝑦
2
𝑑𝑎 − 2 𝑑𝑏 = 0
𝑎 𝑏
−𝑥 −𝑦
𝑑𝑎 = 𝑑𝑏 …………….(2)
𝑎2 𝑏2

ab =c2……………….(3)
Taking differential we get.
adb+bda =0
bda=-adb ………….(4)
𝑥 𝑦
(2) 𝑎2 𝑏2
=> [ 𝑏 = ]
(4) 𝑎
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
+ 1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
=> [ 𝑎𝑏 = ] = 1+1 = 2 by (1)
𝑎𝑏
𝑥 1 𝑦 1
i.e, =2 =2
𝑎 𝑏

𝑎 = 2𝑥 𝑏 = 2𝑦
(3) => ab=c2
(2x)(2y)=c2
4xy = c2.

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UNIT – IV
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULAS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES
PART –A
𝒙𝒚+𝟓
1. Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒙−>∞ 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 [CO4-H2-May/June 2014]
𝒚−>∞

Soln:
𝑥𝑦 +5 𝑥𝑦 +5
lim𝑥−>∞ 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 = lim𝑥−>∞ { lim𝑦 −>∞ 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 }
𝑦 −>∞
2𝑥+5
= lim𝑥−>∞ 𝑥 2 +8
𝑥 2+5/𝑥
= lim𝑥−>∞ 𝑥 2 { }
1+8/𝑥 2
5
1 2+
∞
=∞{ 8 } =0
1+ 2
∞

𝒅𝒚
2. If x2 + y2 = 1, then find . [CO4-H1-May/June 2014]
𝒅𝒙

Soln:
Given x2+y2 = 1
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 = -2x
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
= −
𝑑𝑥 𝑦

𝒅𝒚
3. If 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒙 = 𝟏, then find . [CO4-H1-May/June 2013]
𝒅𝒙

Soln:
Let 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑥 − 1
𝑓𝑥 = 𝑦𝑥 𝑦 −1 + 𝑦 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑦
𝒅 𝒙
∵ 𝒂 = 𝒂𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂
𝒅𝒙

𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑦 log 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑥−1
𝑑𝑦 𝑓𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 −1 + 𝑦 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = =
𝑓𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 +𝑥𝑦 𝑥 −1

𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒚
4. Find 𝝏𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 if u=yX [CO4-H1-May/June 2013]
𝝏𝒙

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Soln:
Given : u=yX
𝜕𝑢
= yx logy
𝜕𝑥
∂y
= x yx-1
∂x

5. Find the stationary points of the function f(x,y) =x3 +y3 -12xy [CO4-H1-May/June
2013]
Soln:
Given: f(x,y) =x3 +y3 -12xy
fx = 3x2 -12y
fy =3y2-12x
To find stationary pt. put fx =0, fy =0
∴ fx =0 => 3x2 -12y =0 fy = 0 =>3y2-12x =0
x2-4y =0 y2-4x =0
𝑦2 𝑦2
∴ 16 - 4y =0 x= 4
3
y -64=0
y3 = 43 => y = 4
∴ x=4
∴ The pt is (4,4).

𝛛(𝐫,𝛉)
6. If x=rcos𝛉, y= rsin 𝛉, 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐝 [CO4-H2-Dec 2016]
𝛛 𝐱,𝐲

(or) Find the Jacobian of the transformation 𝐱 = 𝐫𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉, 𝐲 = 𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉.

Soln:
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
∂(r,θ) 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 1
= 𝜕θ 𝜕θ
= ∂(x ,y )
∂ x,y
∂ r ,θ
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙
∂(x,y) 𝝏𝒓 𝝏θ 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
= 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚
=
∂ r,θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
𝝏𝒓 𝝏θ

= r𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 θ + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛2 θ = r
∂(r,θ) 1 𝟏
= ∂(x ,y ) =𝐫.
∂ x,y
∂ r ,θ

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𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
7. If u =f(y-z, z-x, x-y) find 𝝏𝒙 + 𝝏𝒚 + 𝝏𝒛 [CO4-H2-Jan 2013]

Soln:
Let l =x-z, m= z-x, n =x-y
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑛
= . 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑚 . 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑛 . 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑙
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= . 1 + 𝜕𝑚 0 + 𝜕𝑛 . (−1)
𝜕𝑙
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= − 𝜕𝑛 ……………………………..(1)
𝜕𝑙
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑛
= . 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑚 . 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑛 . 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑙
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= . −1 + 𝜕𝑚 1 + 𝜕𝑛 . (0)
𝜕𝑙
−𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= + 𝜕𝑚 ……………………………..(2)
𝜕𝑙
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑙 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑚 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑛
= . 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑚 . 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑛 . 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑙
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= . 0 + 𝜕𝑚 −1 + 𝜕𝑛 . (1)
𝜕𝑙
−𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= + 𝜕𝑛 ………………………………..(3)
𝜕𝑚

(1) + (2) + (3) =>

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
+ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑥

𝒚𝒛 𝒚𝒛 𝒚𝒛 𝝏(𝒓,𝒔,𝒕)
8. If r = ,s= ,t= find 𝝏(𝒙,𝒚,𝒛) [CO4-H1-Jan 2013]
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙

Soln:
𝜕𝑟 −𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝑠 𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝑦
= =𝑦 =
𝜕𝑥 𝑥2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑧
𝜕𝑟 𝑧 𝜕𝑠 −𝑧𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝑥
=𝑥 = 𝑦2 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑧
𝜕𝑟 𝑦 𝜕𝑠 𝑥 𝜕𝑡 −𝑥𝑦
=𝑥 =𝑦 =
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑧2

𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕(𝑟,𝑠,𝑡) 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠
∴ 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)= 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
−𝑦𝑧 𝑧 𝑦
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑧 −𝑧𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦
𝑦 𝑥 −𝑥𝑦
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧2

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−𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑧 𝑥𝑦
1
=𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑧𝑦 −𝑧𝑥 𝑥𝑦
𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑧 −𝑥𝑦

−1 1 1
𝑦𝑧 𝑥𝑧 (𝑥𝑦 )
= 𝑥2𝑦 2𝑧2
1 −1 1
1 1 −1
= -1(1-1)-1(-1-1) +(1+1) = 4
𝒙 𝒚 𝒛 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
9. If u= 𝒚 + 𝒛 + 𝒙 , show that x + 𝒚 𝝏𝒚 + 𝒛 𝝏𝒛 = 𝟎 [CO4-L3-May/June 2012]
𝝏𝒙

Soln:
𝜕𝑢 1 𝑧 𝜕𝑢 𝑥 𝑧
= 𝑦 - 𝑥2 = 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑦 - 𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 −𝑥 1 𝜕𝑢 −𝑥 𝑦
= +𝑧 => 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = +𝑧
𝜕𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦
𝜕𝑢 −𝑦 1 𝜕𝑢 −𝑦 𝑧
= +𝑥 => 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 = +𝑥
𝜕𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
∴ x 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 = 0

𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 𝝏(𝒖,𝒗)
10. If u = 𝟐𝒙 , v = , find [CO4-H1-Jan 2012]
𝟐𝒙 𝝏(𝒙,𝒚)

Soln:
𝜕𝑢 𝑦2 −1 𝜕𝑣 2𝑥 2𝑥 − (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )(2)
= .( 𝑥 2 ) =
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 (2𝑥)2

−𝑦 2 4𝑥 2 −2𝑥 2 −2𝑦 2
= =
2𝑥 2 4𝑥 2
𝜕𝑢 2𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑣 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
= 2𝑥 = 𝑥 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2𝑥 2
𝜕𝑣 1
= 2𝑥 (2y) =y/x
𝜕𝑦

−𝑦 2
𝜕(𝑢 ,𝑣)
y/x
2𝑥 2
∴ 𝜕(𝑥,𝑦 ) = 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
𝑦/𝑥
2𝑥 2

−𝑦 3 𝑦(𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 ) −𝑦 3 −𝑦𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 −𝑦
= − = =
2𝑥 3 2𝑥 3 2𝑥 3 2𝑥

𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
11. If u= xy , Show that = 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙 [CO4-L3-Jan 2012]
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚

Soln:

Given: u= xy

= eylogx

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𝜕𝑢
= eylogx logx
𝜕𝑦

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
= 𝜕𝑥 (𝜕𝑦 )
𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

= eylogx (1/x) + eylogx (y/x) logx

𝑥𝑦 𝑦 𝑥𝑦
uxy = + 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 = (1+ylogx)
𝑥 𝑥

= xy-1{1+ylog x} ……………..(1)

𝜕𝑢
= eylogx (y/x)
𝜕𝑥

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 𝜕𝑢
uyx =𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 = 𝜕𝑦 (𝜕𝑥 ) = eylogx (y/x) + eylogx (y/x) logx

eylogx
= (1+ylogx)
𝑥

𝑥𝑦
= (1+ylogx)
𝑥

= xy-1{1+ylog x} ……………..(2)

From (1) & (2)

uxy=uyx

12. If x=u2 – v2 and y=2uv, find the jacobian of x and y with respect to u and v. [CO4-
H1]

Soln:

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
= 2u; = -2v ; =2v ; = 2u
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝑥,𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝑢 ,𝑣
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

2𝑢 −2𝑣
= = 4(u2 +v2)
2𝑣 2𝑢

𝝏𝒖
13. Find if u= x/y where x=et, y=logt [CO4-H1]
𝝏𝒕

Soln:

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𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥 ( 𝜕𝑡 ) +𝜕𝑦 ( 𝜕𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡

1 −𝑥 1 1 𝑥
= 𝑦 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑦 2 𝑡 = 𝑦 {𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑦 𝑡 }

𝒚
14. Given u(x,y) = x2𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 find the value of x2uxx+2xy uxy + y2 uyy [CO4-L1]

Soln:
𝑦
u(x,y) = x2tan−1 𝑥
𝑡𝑦
u(tx,ty) = (tx)2tan−1 𝑡𝑥
𝑡𝑦
= t2 x2tan−1 𝑡𝑥

= t2u(x,y)
=> u is a homogeneous function of degree 2 and it is partially twice
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
x2𝜕𝑥 2 + 2xy 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 + 𝑦2𝜕𝑦 2 =2(2-1) =2

15. Write the sufficient condition for f(x,y) to have a maximum value at (a,b) [CO4-L1]
Soln:
If f(x,y) has a maximum or minimum value at (a,b) , then its partial derivatives
vanish.
fx(a,b) = 0 , fy(a,b) = 0
,fxx<0 and fxxfyy - f2xy >0 at (a, b) => maximum
fxx>0 and fxxfyy - f2xy >0 at (a, b) => minimum

𝒅𝒖
16. Find if u = sin (x/y), where x = et , y=t2 [CO4-H1]
𝒅𝒕

Soln:
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥 ( 𝜕𝑡 ) +𝜕𝑦 ( 𝜕𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡
−𝑥
= (1/y) cos(x/y)et + 𝑦 2 cos (x/y) 2t
𝑥
= (1/y) cos(x/y)et – 2t𝑦 2 cos (x/y)
𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑡
= 𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 2 -2t 𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 2
𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑡 2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 2 (1- 𝑡 )
𝑡2

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𝒅𝒖
17. Find the value of 𝒅𝒕 given u = y2 - 4ac, where x = at2, y=2at [CO4-H1]

Soln:
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑥 ( 𝜕𝑡 ) +𝜕𝑦 ( 𝜕𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡

Given: u = y2 - 4ac
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= -4a = 2y =2(2at) 4at
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

x = at2 y =2at
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=2at =2a
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
∴ = (-4a)(2at)+(4at)(2a)
𝑑𝑡

= -8a2t +8a2t
=0
𝒅𝒖
18. If u = x3y2+x2y3 where x =at2 and y = 2at then find . [CO4-H1]
𝒅𝒕

Soln:
u = x3y2+x2y3
𝜕𝑢
= 3x2y2 +2xy3
𝜕𝑥

= xy2 [3x+2y]
= (at2) (2at)2{3at2+4at}
= 4a4t5 {3t+4}
𝜕𝑢
= 2x3y +3x2y2 = x2y [2x+3y]
𝜕𝑦

= (at2)2(2at) {2at2+6at}
= 4a4t6 {t+3}
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦
∴ = 𝜕𝑥 ( 𝜕𝑡 ) +𝜕𝑦 ( 𝜕𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡

= 4a4t5 {3t + 4} (2at) + 4a4t6 {t+3}(2a)

= 8a5t6 {3t+4} + 8a5t6(t+3)
= 8a5t6 (4t+7)

𝝏(𝒖,𝒗)
19. If u =2xy , v=x2-y2 and x=rcos 𝛉, y = rsin 𝛉 evaluate [CO4-H2]
𝝏(𝒓,𝛉)

Soln:
u =2xy v=x2-y2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
=2y = 2x
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
= 2x =-2y
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

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x=rcos θ y = rsin θ
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= cos θ =sinθ
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= -rsin θ =rcos θ
𝜕θ 𝜕θ
𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 𝜕 𝑢 ,𝑣 𝜕 𝑥,𝑦
=𝜕 +𝜕
𝜕(𝑟,θ) 𝑥,𝑦 𝑟,θ
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝜕θ
= 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑟 𝜕θ

𝜕(𝑢,𝑣) 2𝑦 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛θ

=
𝜕(𝑟,θ) 2𝑥 −2𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
= (-4y2-4x2) r(cos2 θ+sin2 θ)
= -4(x2+y2)r
= -4r3 [∴ x2+y2 = (rcos θ)2+(rsin θ)2= r2]

20. A flat circular plate is heated so that the temperature at any point (x,y) is
u(x,y) =x2 +2y2-x. find the coldest point on the plate. [CO4-H1]
Soln:
u(x,y) =x2 +2y2-x
ux =2x-1 uy = 4y
=> ux = 0 => uy = 0
2x-1=0 4y =0
∴x=½ y =0
𝐴 = uxx =2
𝐶 = uyy =4 => AC – B2 > 0
𝐵 = uxy = 0
u is minimum at (1/2,0) and its minimum value is (-1/4)
1 1
u = (2)2 2(0)2 - 2

= (1/4) – (1/2)
1−2
= =-(1/4)
4

21. State Euler’s theorem on homogenous functions. [CO4-L1]

Soln:
If u be a homogenous function of degree is in x and y then
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
x 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 =nu

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𝒙+𝒚 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒖
22. If u =cos-1{ } P.T x 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚 𝝏𝒚 = (-1/2) cot u[CO4-L3]
𝒙+ 𝒚

Soln:
Given:
𝑥+𝑦
f(x,y) =cos u = 𝑥+ 𝑦

This is a homogenous function in x and y of degree ½.

∴ By Euler‟s theorem,
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
x 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = nf
𝜕 𝜕
x 𝜕𝑥 (cos 𝑢) + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢) =(1/2) cos u
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
-sin u x 𝜕𝑥 − sin 𝑢 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = (1/2) cos u
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
u-sin u (x 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 )=(1/2)cos u
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 −1 cos 𝑢
x 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑢

= (-1/2) cot u

𝒅𝒖
23. If 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒕𝟐 , 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒂𝒕, then find . [CO4-H1]
𝒅𝒕

Soln:
𝒖 = 𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= 2𝑥 , 𝜕𝑦 = 2𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑦
∴ = 𝜕𝑥 +𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

= 2𝑥 2𝑎𝑡 +2𝑦 2𝑎
= 2(𝑎𝑡 2 ) 2𝑎𝑡 +2(2𝑎𝑡) 2𝑎
= 4𝑎2 𝑡 3 +8𝑎2 𝑡 2

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PART – B

1. If u is a homogenous function of degree u in x and y show that

𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖 𝝏𝟐 𝒖
x2𝝏𝒙𝟐 + 2xy 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 + 𝒚2𝝏𝒚𝟐 = n(n-1)u [CO4-L1]

soln:
By Eulers theorem
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
x 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = nu ……………(1)

Differentiate w.r.to x
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢
x 𝜕𝑥 2 +𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 = n𝜕𝑥
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢
x + 𝑦 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 = (n−1) 𝜕𝑥 ……………(1)
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
x 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = nu ……………(2)

Differentiate w.r.to y
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢
x 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 +𝜕𝑦 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 2 = n𝜕𝑦
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢
x +𝑦 = (n−1) ……………(3)
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦

(1) x x+(3) x y =>

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
x2𝜕𝑥 2 + xy 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 + 𝑦2𝜕𝑦 2 + xy 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 = (n−1)𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + (n−1)𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
= (n−1){𝑥 𝜕𝑥 +𝑦 𝜕𝑦 }
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
∵ 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 because u is a homogenous function
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
=> x2𝜕𝑥 2 + 2xy 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 + 𝑦2𝜕𝑦 2 = n(n-1)u

𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝝏𝒛
2.If u =sin-1( )prove x 𝝏𝒙 + 𝒚 𝝏𝒚= tan u [CO4-L3]
𝒙+𝒚

Soln:
Given:
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
u =sin-1( )
𝑥+𝑦

𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
f(x,y)= sinu = 𝑥+𝑦

𝑡 2 𝑥 2 +𝑡 2 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
f(tx,ty) = =t( )
𝑡𝑥 +𝑡𝑦 𝑥+𝑦

= t f(x,y)

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∴ f(x,y) is a homogenous function of degree 1.
By Euler theorem,
𝜕 𝜕
x 𝜕𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 sin 𝑢= (1) sin u
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
x cosu 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 cos 𝑢 𝜕𝑦 = sin u
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
x 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = tan u

3. If g(x,y) = 𝝍(u,v) where u = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 and v =2xy prove that [CO4-H1-May/June 2016]

𝝏𝟐 𝒈 𝝏𝟐 𝒈 𝝏𝟐 𝝍 𝝏𝟐 𝝍
+ =4(x2 +y2) { 𝝏𝒖𝟐 + }
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒗𝟐

Soln:
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝑣
= . 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑣 . 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
= (2x) + 𝜕𝑣 (2𝑦)……………(1)
𝜕𝑢
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 2𝑥 𝜕𝑢 +2y 𝜕𝑣 ………………(2)
𝜕𝑥
𝝏𝟐 𝒈 𝜕 𝜕𝑔
= 𝜕𝑥 (𝜕𝑥 )
𝝏𝒙𝟐
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
= (2x𝜕𝑢 + 2y 𝜕𝑣 )( 2x + 2𝑦)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕2𝜓 𝜕2𝜓 𝜕2𝜓 𝜕2𝜓
=4x2 𝜕𝑢 2 + 4xy 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 + 4xy 𝜕𝑣𝜕𝑢 + 4𝑦 2 …………..(3)
𝜕𝑣 2

Now
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝑣
= . 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑣 . 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
= (-2y) + 𝜕𝑣 (2𝑥)
𝜕𝑢
𝝏𝟐 𝒈 𝜕 𝜕𝑔
= 𝜕𝑦 (𝜕𝑦 )
𝝏𝒚𝟐
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝜓 𝜕𝜓
= ((-2y)𝜕𝑢 + 2x 𝜕𝑣 )( (-2y) + 2𝑥)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕2𝜓 𝜕2𝜓 𝜕2𝜓 𝜕2𝜓
=4y2 𝜕𝑢 2 − 4xy 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 − 4𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑣𝜕𝑢 + 4𝑥 2 …………..(4)
𝜕𝑣 2

From (3) + (4) =>

𝜕2𝑔 𝜕2𝑔 𝜕2𝜓 𝜕2𝜓 𝜕2𝜓 𝜕2𝜓
+ = 4x2 { 𝜕𝑢 2 + } + 4y2 { 𝜕𝑢 2 + }
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕𝑣 2

𝜕2𝜓 𝜕2𝜓
=4(x2 +y2) { 𝜕𝑢 2 + } Hence it is proved.
𝜕𝑣 2

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x x
4. Given the transformations u=e cosy and v= e sin y and that 𝝋 is a function of u
𝝏𝟐 𝝋 𝝏𝟐 𝝋 𝝏𝟐 𝝋 𝝏𝟐 𝝋
and v and also of x and y ,P.T + =(u2 +v2) { 𝝏𝒖𝟐 + } [CO4-H1-Jan 2013]
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒗𝟐

Soln:
Given:
u=excosy v= ex sin y
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝑣
= . 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑣 . 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
= (ex cosy) +ex sin y
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
=u +v ……………(1)
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑢 𝜕𝑢 +v 𝜕𝑣 ………………(2)
𝜕𝑥
𝝏𝟐 𝜑 𝜕 𝜕𝜑
= 𝜕𝑥 ( 𝜕𝑥 )
𝝏𝒙𝟐
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
= (u𝜕𝑢 + v ) (u + 𝑣 𝜕𝑣 )
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
𝜕2𝜑 𝜕2𝜑 𝜕2𝜑 𝜕2𝜑
=u2 𝜕𝑢 2 + uv 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 + uv 𝜕𝑣𝜕𝑢 + 𝑣 2 𝜕𝑣 2 …………..(3)

Now
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝑣
= . 𝜕𝑦 + 𝜕𝑣 . 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑
= (-v) 𝜕𝑢 +u 𝜕𝑣
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (-v)𝜕𝑢 +u 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑥
𝝏𝟐 𝜑 𝜕 𝜕𝜑
= 𝜕𝑦 ( 𝜕𝑦 )
𝝏𝒚𝟐

𝜕2𝜑 𝜕2𝜑 𝜕2𝜑 𝜕2𝜑

=v2 𝜕𝑢 2 − uv 𝜕𝑢𝜕𝑣 − 𝑢𝑣 𝜕𝑣𝜕𝑢 + 𝑢2 𝜕𝑣 2 …………..(4)

From (3) + (4) =>

𝜕2𝜑 𝜕2𝜑 𝜕2𝜑 𝜕2𝜑 𝜕2𝜑 𝜕2𝜑
+ = u2 {𝜕𝑢 2 + } + v2{ 𝜕𝑢 2 + }
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕𝑣 2

𝜕2𝜑 𝜕2𝜑
=(u2 +v2) { 𝜕𝑢 2 + }
𝜕𝑣 2

Hence it is proved.

𝝏(𝒙,𝒚,𝒛)
5. If x= rsin 𝛉cos 𝝋 , y = r sin 𝛉 sin 𝝋 ,z = r cos 𝛉 find [CO4-H1-May/June
𝝏(𝒓,𝛉,𝛗)

2016]

Soln:
x= rsin θcos y = r sin θ sin 𝜑 , z = r cos θ

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𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= sin θcos 𝜑 = sinθ sin 𝜑 = cosθ
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= r cosθcos 𝜑 = rcos θ sin 𝜑 = -rs𝑖𝑛θ
𝜕θ 𝜕θ 𝜕θ
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= -rsin sin 𝜑 = rsinθcos 𝜑 =0
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝜑

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑟 𝜕θ 𝜕𝜑
𝜕 𝑥 ,𝑦,𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑟 𝜕θ 𝜕𝜑
𝜕 𝑟,θ,𝜑
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑟 𝜕θ 𝜕𝜑

sin θcos 𝜑 r cosθcos 𝜑 −rsin sin 𝜑

J = sinθ sin 𝜑 rcos θ sin 𝜑 rsinθcos 𝜑
cosθ −r s𝑖𝑛θ 0

𝑐𝑜𝑠θ −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 0
= sinθ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛θ cos𝜑
𝑠𝑖𝑛θcos𝜑 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠θcos𝜑 −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛θsin𝜑

= cos θ [-rcos θsinθsin2 𝜑–r2 sin θcos θcos2 𝜑]+

rsin θ[−rsin2 θsin2 𝜑 -rsin2 θcos2 𝜑]
= -r2cos2θsinθ(sin2 𝜑+cos2 𝜑)-r2sin3θ[sin2 𝜑 +cos2 𝜑]
= -r2sinθ[cos2θ+sin2θ]
= -r2sinθ

6. Expand x2y+3y-2 in power of (x-1) and (y+2) up to the third degree terms. [CO4-
L2-May/June 2012]
soln:
Function value at (1,-2)
f(x,y)= x2y+3y-2 f(1,-2) =-10
fx =2xy fx(1,-2) =-4
fy =x2+3 fy(1,-2) =4
fxx = 2y fxx(1,-2) =-4
fxy =2x fxy(1,-2) =2
fyy = 0 fyy(1,-2) =0
fxxx = 0 fxxx(1,-2) =0
fxxy =2 fxxy(1,-2) =2

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fxyy = 0 fxyy(1,-2) =0
fyyy =0 fyyy(1,-2) =0

f(x,y)=x2y+3y-2
1
=f(a,b)+1!{(x-a)fx(a,b)+(y-b)fy(a,b)}
1
+2!{(x-a)2fxx(a,b)+2(x-a)(y-b)fyx(a,b)+(y-b)2fyy(a,b)}
1
+3!{(x-a)3fxxx(a,b)+3(x-a)2(y-b)fyxx(a,b)+3(x-a)(y-b)2fyxy(a,b)+(y-

b)3fyyy(a,b)}
=-10+{(x-1)(-4)+4(y+2)} + (1/2){(x-1)2(-4)+2(x-1)(y+2)(2)+0}
+(1/6){3(x-1)2(y+2)(2)}
= -10-4(x-1)+4(y+2)-2(x-1)2+2(x-1)(y+2)+(x-1)2(y+2)

7. Expand ex sin y in power of x and y as for as terms of the third degree. [CO4-L3-
May/June 2013,Dec 2016]
Soln:
i.e, Finding Taylor‟s series for ex sin y at (0,0)
By Taylors series,
Function value at (0,0)
x
f(x,y)= e sin y f(0,0) =0
fx =ex sin y fx(0,0) =0
fy =ex cos y fy(0,0) =1
fxx = ex sin y fxx(0,0) =0
fxy =ex cos y fxy(0,0) =1
fyy = - ex sin y fyy(0,0) =0
x
fxxx = e sin y fxxx(0,0) =0
fxxy =ex cos y fxxy(0,0) =1
fxyy = - ex sin y fxyy(0,0) =0
fyyy =- ex cos y fyyy(0,0) =-1

By Taylors series,
f(x,y)=ex sin y
1
=f(a,b)+{hfx(a,b)+kfy(a,b)} +2!{h2fxx(a,b)+2hkfyx(a,b)+k2fyy(a,b)}
1
+3!{h3fxxx(a,b)+3h2kfyxx(a,b)+3hk2fyxy(a,b)+k3fyyy(a,b)}

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2 2 3 2 3
=0+{(x(0)+y(1)} + (1/2){x (0)+2xy+y (0)} +(1/6){x (0)+ 3x y+y (-1)}
= y+(1/2)(2xy)+(1/6){3x2y – y3}
= y + xy +(1/2)x2y-(1/6)y3

8. Find the extreme values of f(x,y) = x3y2(1-x-y) [CO4-H1-Jan 2014]

Soln:
Given:
f(x,y) = x3y2(1-x-y)
=x3y2-x4y2-x3y3
fx =3x2y2 - 4x3y2-3x2y2
fy =2x3y–2x4y -3x3y2
A =fxx =6xy2 -12x2y2-6xy3
B = fxy =6x2y – 8x3y –9x2y2
C= fyy =2x3 -2x4-6x3y
To find the stationary points
fx =0
fx =3x2y2 - 4x3y2-3x2y2 =0
x2y2 {3- 4x-3y} =0
=> x=0 ,y=0 ,4x+3y=3……………...(1)
fy= 0
fy =2x3y–2x4y -3x3y2 =0
x3y{2–2x -3y}= 0
=> x=0 ,y=0 , 2x+3y=2…………..(2)
From (1)&(2),
` x=1/2 , y =1/3
1 1
∴ The stationary pts are (0,0), (2 , 3)

Put x=0 in equ (1) ∴ The Pt is (0,1)

2
Put y=0 in equ (1) ∴ The pt is (0,3)
3
Put x=0 in equ (2) ∴ The Pt is (4,0)

Put y=0 in equ (2) ∴ The pt is (1,0)

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1 1 2 3
(0,0) (2 , 3) (0,1) (0,3) (4,0) (1,0)

0 −1 0 0 0 0
<0
9
A
0 −1 0 0 0 0
B 12

0 −1 0 0 27/128 0
C 8

AC- 0 1 0 0 0 0
>0
B2 144
1 1
Thus (2 , 3) is a maximum point,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
∴Maximum value f(x,y)f (2 , 3)= (2)3 (3)2 {1 − 2 − 3} = 432

9. Examine f(x,y) =x3+y3-12x-3y+20 for its extreme values. [CO4-H1-May/June

2013]
Soln:
Given:
f(x,y) =x3+y3-12x-3y+20
fx= 3x2-12 fy =3y2-3
fxx=6x fyy=6y
fxy=0
The stationary pts are , fx =0 & fy =0
3x2-12 =0 3y2-3 =0
x2-4 =0 y2-1 =0
x=± 2 y =±1
∴ stationary pts are ,(2,1), (2,-1), (-2,-1) & (-2,1)
point A=fxx B=fxy C=fyy AC-B2 Nature Extreme
values
(2,1) 12>0 0 6 72>0 Minimum fmin =2
(2,-1) 12 0 -6 -72<0 Saddle pt -
(-2,-1) -12<0 0 -6 72>0 Maximum fmax =38
(-2,1) -12 0 6 -72<0 Saddle pt -

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10. A rectangular box open at the top is to have a volume of 32cc. Find the
dimensions of the box, that requires a least material for its construction. [CO4-H3-
May/June 2016] Soln:
Let x,y,z be the length , breadth and height of the box.
Surface area =xy+2yz+2zx
Volume =xyz-32
Let the auxiliary function F be ,
F(x,y,z) =(xy+2yz+2zx)+𝜆 (xyz-32)………………(1)
where𝜆 𝑖𝑠 lagrange multiplier
𝜕𝐹
Fx = 𝜕𝑥 = y+2z+ 𝜆yz
𝜕𝐹
Fy = 𝜕𝑦 = x+2z+ 𝜆zx
𝜕𝐹
Fz = = 2x+2y+ 𝜆𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑧

When F is extremum,
1 2
Fx= 0 => y+2z+ 𝜆yz= 0 => 𝑧 + 𝑦 = −𝜆……………….(2)
1 2
Fy= 0 => x+2z+ 𝜆xz= 0 => 𝑧 + 𝑥 = −𝜆……………….(3)
2 2
Fz= 0 => 2y+2x+ 𝜆yx= 0 => 𝑦 + 𝑥 = −𝜆………………..(4)

From (2) &(3)

1 2 1 2
+ 𝑦 = −𝜆 =𝑧 + 𝑥
𝑧
2 2
=> 𝑦 = 𝑥

∴x=y
From (3) &(4)
1 2 2 2
+ 𝑥 = −𝜆 = +𝑥
𝑧 𝑦
1 2
=> 𝑧 = 𝑦

y =2z
∴ x=y =2z
Now volume xyz =32
(2z)(2z)z =32, 4z3 =32, Z3 = 8
Z =2
=>x = 4, y = 4, & z = 2
Thus the dimension of the box are 4,4,2.

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𝝏𝒁 𝝏𝒁 𝝏𝒁
11. If 𝒁 = 𝒇 𝒚 − 𝒛, 𝒛 − 𝒙, 𝒙 − 𝒚 , then show that 𝝏𝒙 + 𝝏𝒚 + 𝝏𝒛 = 𝟎. [CO4-L3-May/June 2016]

Solution:
Let 𝒖 = 𝒚 − 𝒛, 𝒗 = 𝒛 − 𝒙, 𝒘 = 𝒙 − 𝒚
𝒁 = 𝒇(𝒖, 𝒗, 𝒘)
𝝏𝒁 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒘
= 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒙 + 𝝏𝒗 𝝏𝒙 + 𝝏𝒘 𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
= 𝝏𝒖 (𝟎) + 𝝏𝒗 (−𝟏) + 𝝏𝒘 (𝟏) = − 𝝏𝒗 + 𝝏𝒘

𝝏𝒁 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
Similarly, = −
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒖 𝝏𝒘
𝝏𝒁 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
= − 𝝏𝒖 + 𝝏𝒗
𝝏𝒛
𝝏𝒁 𝝏𝒁 𝝏𝒁
Adding, 𝝏𝒙 + 𝝏𝒚 + 𝝏𝒛 = 𝟎.

𝝏(𝒙,𝒚,𝒛)
12.If x= 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜭𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝓, 𝒚 = 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜭𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝓, 𝒛 = 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜭 then find [CO4-H1-May/June
𝝏(𝒓,𝜭,𝝓)

2016]
Solution:
𝜕(𝑥,𝑦,𝑧)
The Jacobian 𝐽 = 𝜕(𝑟,𝛳,𝜙)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝛳 𝜕𝜙
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
= 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝛳 𝜕𝜙
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝛳 𝜕𝜙

x= 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 = −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳
𝜕𝛳 𝜕𝛳 𝜕𝛳
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 =0
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙

𝐽 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳 −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳 0

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Expand using third row,

𝐽 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳[𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 + 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛳𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜙]
+𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳[𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛳𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛳𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜙]
= 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳[𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛳(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜙)]
+𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳[𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛳(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜙)]
= 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳[𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛳 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛳]
= 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛳.

13.Expand 𝒆𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟏 + 𝒚) in powers of 𝒙 and 𝒚 upto the third degree terms using
Taylor’s theorem. [CO4-L3-May/June 2016]
Solution:

Function Value at (0,0)

𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟏 + 𝒚) 𝒇=𝟎
𝒇𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟏 + 𝒚) 𝒇𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒇𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒚)−𝟏 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟏
𝒇𝒙𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟏 + 𝒚) 𝒇𝒙𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒇𝒙𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒚)−𝟏 𝒇𝒙𝒚 = 𝟏
𝒇𝒚𝒚 = −𝒆𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒚)−𝟐 𝒇𝒚𝒚 = −𝟏

𝒇𝒙𝒙𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟏 + 𝒚) 𝒇𝒙𝒙𝒙 = 𝟎

𝒇𝒙𝒙𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒚 −𝟏 𝒇𝒙𝒙𝒚 = 𝟏
𝒇𝒙𝒚𝒚 = −𝒆𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒚)−𝟐 𝒇𝒙𝒚𝒚 = −𝟏

𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚 = 𝟐𝒆𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒚)−𝟑 𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚 = 𝟐

By Taylor‟s expansion,

𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒂, 𝒃 + 𝒉𝒇𝒙 𝒂, 𝒃 + 𝒌𝒇𝒚 𝒂, 𝒃
𝟏 𝟐
+ 𝒉 𝒇𝒙𝒙 𝒂, 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒉𝒌𝒇𝒙𝒚 𝒂, 𝒃 + 𝒌𝟐 𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝒂, 𝒃
𝟐!
𝟏
+ 𝟑! 𝒉𝟑 𝒇𝒙𝒙𝒙 𝒂, 𝒃 + +𝟑𝒉𝟐 𝒌𝒇𝒙𝒙𝒚 𝒂, 𝒃 + 𝟑𝒉𝒌𝟐 𝒇𝒙𝒚𝒚 𝒂, 𝒃 + 𝒌𝟑 𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝒂, 𝒃 + ⋯

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𝒉 = 𝒙 − 𝒂 = 𝒙 − 𝟎 = 𝒙, 𝒌 = 𝒚 − 𝒃 = 𝒚 − 𝟎 = 𝒚

𝒙
𝒙 𝟎 + 𝒚(𝟏) 𝒙𝟐 𝟎 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 (−𝟏)
𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝟏 + 𝒚 = 𝟎 + +
𝟏! 𝟐!
𝒙𝟑 𝟎 +𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝟏 +𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 −𝟏 +𝒚𝟑 (𝟐)
+ +⋯
𝟑!
𝒚 𝟐𝒙𝒚−𝒚𝟐 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚−𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 +𝟐𝒚𝟑
= 𝟏! + + +. ..
𝟐! 𝟑!

14. Expand 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚 in powers of 𝒙 and 𝒚 upto the third degree terms using Taylor’s
theorem. [CO4-L3-2016]
Solution:

By Taylor‟s expansion,
𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒇 𝒂, 𝒃 + 𝒉𝒇𝒙 𝒂, 𝒃 + 𝒌𝒇𝒚 𝒂, 𝒃
𝟏 𝟐
+ 𝒉 𝒇𝒙𝒙 𝒂, 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒉𝒌𝒇𝒙𝒚 𝒂, 𝒃 + 𝒌𝟐 𝒇𝒚𝒚 𝒂, 𝒃
𝟐!
𝟏
+ 𝟑! 𝒉𝟑 𝒇𝒙𝒙𝒙 𝒂, 𝒃 + +𝟑𝒉𝟐 𝒌𝒇𝒙𝒙𝒚 𝒂, 𝒃 + 𝟑𝒉𝒌𝟐 𝒇𝒙𝒚𝒚 𝒂, 𝒃 + 𝒌𝟑 𝒇𝒚𝒚𝒚 𝒂, 𝒃 + ⋯

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UNIT-V
MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
PART-A

𝟓 𝟐 𝟐
1. Evaluate 𝟎 𝟎
(𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 [CO5-H1-May/June 2014]
Soln:
5 2 2
Let I = 0 0
(𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2
5 𝑥3
= 0
+ 𝑦2𝑥 𝑑𝑦
3 0
5 23
= 0 3
+ 𝑦 2 2 − 0 𝑑𝑦
5 8
= 0 3
+ 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
5
8 2𝑦 3
= 𝑦+
3 3 0
8 2 5 3
=3 5 + 3
40 250
= +
3 3
290
= 3

𝝅
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
2. Evaluate 𝟎
𝟐
𝟎
𝒓𝒅𝜽𝒅𝒓 [CO5-H1-May/June 2012]
Soln:
Correct form is ,
𝜋
sin 𝜃
I= 0
2
0
𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑟
𝜋 2 sin 𝜃
∴ I= 2 𝑥 𝑑𝜃
0 2 0

1 𝜋
=2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 θ dθ
0
1 𝜋
=2 2 1−cos 2𝜃 dθ
0 2
1 𝜋
=4 2 1 − cos 2𝜃 dθ
0
𝜋
1 sin 2𝜃 2
=4 𝜃 − 2 0
𝜋
1 𝜋 sin 2 1 𝜋 𝜋
2
=4 − =4 =8
2 2 2

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3. Find the area bounded by the lines x=0,y=1 and y=x using double integration
[CO5-H1-Jan 2014]
Soln:
1 𝑦
I= 0 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1 𝑦
= 0
𝑥 0 dy
1
= 0
𝑦𝑑𝑦
1
𝑦2
= 2 0

=½

𝝅 𝒂
4. Evaluate 𝟎 𝟎
𝒓𝒅𝒓𝒅𝜽 [CO5-H1-Jan 2014]
Soln:
𝜋 𝑎
I= 0 0
𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑎
𝜋 𝑟2
= 0 2 0
𝑑𝜃
1 𝜋
=2 0
𝑎2 𝑑𝜃
𝑎2 𝜋
= 0
𝑑𝜃
2
𝑎2𝜋
= 2

𝒃 𝒂 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
5. Evaluate 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙𝒚
[CO5-H1-May/June 2013]

Soln:
𝑏 𝑎 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Let I = 1 1 𝑥𝑦

𝑏1 𝑎
= 1 𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 1 𝑑𝑦
𝑏1
= 1 𝑦
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 𝑑𝑦
𝑏1
= log a 1 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑏
= log a log 𝑦 1

=log a log b
𝒂 𝒚
6. Change the order of integration in 𝟎 𝟎
𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 [CO5-L2-May/June 2013]
Soln:

x limit 0 to y

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S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
y limit 0 to a

Y limit x to a
X limit 0 to a
𝑎 𝑎
∴ 0 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

7. Plot the region of integration to evaluate the integral 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 where D is the
region bounded bu the lines y =x-1 and the parabola y2= 2x+6 [CO5-L2-May/June
2013]
Soln:
Given line y =x-1
y2 =(x-1)2………………(1)
Given parabola y2 =2x +6 ……………..(2)
Comparing ,(x-1)2= 2x+6
x2-2x+1 =2x+6
x2-4x-5 =0
sub in (1) x=5, x=-1
y=x-1 y= -1-1
y=5-1 y=-2
y=4
∴ the point of inter section are (5,4), (-1.-2)

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Hence the region of integration is,

𝟐 𝝅
8. Evaluate 𝟎 𝟎
𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽𝒅𝜽𝒅𝒓 [CO5-H2-Jan 2013]
Soln:
2 𝜋
Let I = 0
𝑟𝑑𝑟 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2
𝑟2 𝜋 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜽
= 0
𝑑𝜃
2 0 2
1 𝜋
=4 (22 − 0) 0
(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 𝜋
= 4 x4 𝜃 − 2 0

= 𝜋- 0
=𝜋
𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝟐
9. Evaluate 𝟎 𝟎
(𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 [CO5-H2-May/June 2012]
Soln:
1 𝑥2 2
Let I = 0 0
(𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑥2
1 2 𝑦3
= 0
𝑥 𝑦− 𝑑𝑥
3 0

1 𝑥6
= 0
𝑥4 − 𝑑𝑥
3
1
𝑥5 𝑥7
= − 21
5 0
1 1
= +
5 21
26
= 105

𝒂 𝒂
10. Change the order of integration 𝟎 𝒙
𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙 [CO5-L2-May/June 2012]

Soln:
𝑎 𝑦
∴I = 0 0
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

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∞ ∞
11. Express 𝟎 𝟎
𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙 𝒊𝒏 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒄𝒐-ordinates [CO5-H3-Jan 2012]
Soln:
𝜋 ∞
2 𝑔 𝑟, 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑 𝜃
0 𝑜

𝟏 𝒚 𝒙+𝒚
12. Evaluate 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝒅𝒛𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙 [CO5-H2]
Soln:
Correct form,
1 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
I = 0 0 0
𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
1 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
= 0 0
𝑧 0 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
1 𝑦
= 0 0
(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑦
1 𝑥2
= 0 2
+ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0
1 𝑦2
= (
0 2
+ 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
1
𝑦3 𝑦3
= +
6 3 0
1
𝑦 3 +2𝑦 3
= 6 0
1
3𝑦 3
= =1/2
6 0

13. Find using a double integral the area of the cardiod r = a (1+cos 𝜽) [CO5-H2]
Soln:
Here r varies from 0 to r = a (1+cos 𝜃) and 𝜃 varies from 0 to 𝜋 .

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Since the curve r symmetrical about the initial line,

𝜋 𝑎(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 )
I=2 𝜃=0 𝑟=0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝑎(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ)
𝜋 𝑟2
=2 0 2 0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑑θ
𝜋
= 0
𝑎2 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ)2 𝑑θ
𝜋
=a2 0
(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ2 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠θ) 𝑑θ
𝜋 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2θ
= a2 0
(1 + + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠θ) 𝑑θ
2
𝜋 3 1
=a2 (
0 2
+ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2θ + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠θ) 𝑑θ
3 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2θ 𝜋
= a2 2 + 2 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2θ
2 𝑜
3𝜋
=a2 [ 2 ]
3
=2 𝜋a2

14 . What is the formula to find the volume V of a three dimensional region interms of
triple integration? [CO5-L1]
Soln:

v= 𝑅
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑧

(or) v = 𝑅
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧

15. Evaluate 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 taken over the positive quadrat of the circle x2+y2=a2
[CO5-H2]
Soln:
Considering vertical strip,

y = 0, to y = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2

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x=0 to x =a
𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
∴I= 0 0
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
𝑎 𝑦2
= 0 2 0
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑎
=2 0
𝑥(𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
1 𝑥2𝑎2 𝑥4
=2 −
2 4 0
𝑎
1 𝑎4 𝑎4
=2 −
2 4 0

𝑎4
=8
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
16. Find the area enclosed by the ellipse 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 =1 [CO5-H1]

Soln:
Area of an ellipse = 4 x Area enclosed by the 1st quadrant
Considering the horizontal strip.

𝑎
X limit x=0 to x=𝑏 𝑏 2 − 𝑦 2

y limit y =0 to y = b
𝑎
b 𝑏 2 −𝑦 2
∴I=4 0 0
𝑏 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 2 −𝑦 2
𝑏
=4 0
𝑥 0 𝑑𝑦
𝑏𝑎
=4 0 𝑏
𝑏 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑏
=4𝑏 0
𝑏 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑏
𝑏2 𝑦 𝑦
=4 sin−1 𝑏 − 2 𝑏 2 − 𝑦 2
2 0
𝑎 𝑏2 𝜋
= 4𝑏 . 2 2

= 𝜋ab sq. units.

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17. Evaluate 𝑹
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 Where R is the shaded region in the figure [CO5-L3]
Soln:

∵ It is a circle x2 + y2 =4 => x = 4 − 𝑦 2
2 4−𝑦 2
𝑅
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 − 4−𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

2 4−𝑦 2
= 0
𝑥 𝑑𝑦
− 4−𝑦 2

2 𝑦 4 𝑦 2
=2 0
4 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 2 4 − 𝑦 2 + 2 sin−1 2 =2𝜋
2 0
𝟏 𝒙
18. Change the order of integration for the double integral 𝟎 𝟎
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
[CO5-H3]
Soln:
Correct form
1 𝑥
I= 0 0
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Consider horizontal strip,
1 1
I= 0 𝑦
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

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𝝅 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
19. Evaluate 𝟎 𝟎
𝒓𝒅𝒓𝒅𝜽 [CO5-H2]
Soln:
𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
I= 0 0
𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜋 𝑥2
= 0 2 0
𝑑𝜃
1 𝜋
=2 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑎2 𝜋
= 0
(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
2
1 𝜋
= 4𝜋 =4

𝟏 𝟐−𝒙
20. Change the order of integration in I = 𝟎 𝒙𝟐
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 [CO5-L3]
Soln:

1 𝑥
I= 0 𝒙𝟐
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
1 1 1 2−𝑥
= 0 𝒙𝟐
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 0 𝟏
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
y = 𝑥 2 , y= 2-x
x=0 , x=1
considering horizontal strip
1 𝑦 2 2−𝑦
I= 0 𝟎
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 1 𝟎
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

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PART - B
𝒂 𝒂 𝒙
1. Change of the order of 𝑰 = 𝟎 𝒚 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 and evaluate. [CO5-H2-May/June 2013]

Soln:
x varies from x =y to x=a
y varies from y =0 to y= a

Considering vertical strip

y varies from y =0 to y= x
x varies from x =0 to x=a
𝑎 𝑎
𝑥
𝐼= 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 𝒚 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑎 1 𝑦 𝑥
= 0
𝑥 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑎
= 0
tan−1 (1) − tan−1 (0) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝜋
= (
0 4
− 0) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑎
=4 𝑥 0
𝑎𝜋
= 4

∞ ∞ 𝒆−𝒚
2. Change the order of integration 𝟎 𝒙 𝒚
𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 and hence evaluate it. [CO5-H2-

May/June 2012]
Soln:
y varies from y =x to y= ∞
x varies from x =0 to x=∞
∞ ∞ 𝑒 −𝑦
∴I = 0 𝒙 𝑦
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

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∞ ∞ 𝑒 −𝑦
= 0 𝒙 𝑦
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∞ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑦
= 0 𝑦
𝑥 0 𝑑𝑦
∞
= 0
𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑒 −∞ −𝑒 −0
= −1
0−1
= −1

=1.
𝒂 𝟐𝒂−𝒙
3. Change the order of integration in 𝟐
𝟎 𝒙 𝒂
𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 and hence evaluate [CO5-H2-

May/June 2014]
Soln:
2
y varies from y =𝑥 𝑎 to y= 2𝑎 − 𝑥

x varies from x =0 to x=∞

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎−𝑥
∴I= 2
0 𝑥 𝑎
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 0 𝑎
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑦𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎−𝑦
I= 0 0
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑎 0
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Mathematics Department - 101 - Mathematics I

S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
I = I1 + I 2
Now ,
𝑦𝑎
𝑎 𝑥2
I1 = 0
𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 0

𝑎 𝑦𝑎2
= 0
( 𝑎 − 0) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑎
=2 0
𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑎 𝑎3 𝑎4
=2 =
3 6

2𝑎 2𝑎−𝑦
I2 = 𝑎 0
𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2𝑎−𝑦
2𝑎 𝑥 3
= 0
𝑦 dy
2 0
2𝑎 𝑦(2𝑎−𝑦)2
= 0
{ 2 − 0 } dy
2𝑎
=(½) 0
(4𝑎2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑎𝑦 )𝑦 dy
2𝑎
=(½) 0
(4𝑎2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 − 4𝑎𝑦 2 )𝑦 dy
2𝑎
1 𝑦2 𝑦3 4𝑎𝑦 3
= (4𝑎2 + − )
2 2 4 3 0
16𝑎 4 4 𝑎4 4𝑎 4
= (½) 8𝑎4 + − 3 8𝑎4 − 2𝑎4 + −
4 4 3
32 𝑎4 4𝑎 4
= (½) 8𝑎4 + 4𝑎4 − 𝑎4 − 2𝑎4 + −
3 4 3
5
=(1/2)12 𝑎4
5
I2 =24 𝑎4
𝑎4 5
∴ I = I 1 + I2 = + 𝑎4
6 24
3𝑎 4
= 8

4. By changing into polar co-ordinates show that

∞ ∞ −(𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 ) ∞ −𝒕 𝟐
𝟎 𝒙
𝒆 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚= 𝝅/𝟒 hence evaluate 𝟎
𝒆 𝒅𝒕 [CO5-H1-Dec2016]
soln:
Given :
∞ ∞ 2 +𝑦 2 )
I= 0 𝑥
𝑒 −(𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Mathematics Department - 102 - Mathematics I

S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM

y varies from y =0 to y= ∞
x varies from x =0 to x=∞
By transforming carterian form in to polar consider
x = rcos θ y = rsin θ dxdy =rdrd θ
θ varies from θ =0 to θ= 𝜋/2
𝑟 varies from r =0 to r=∞
𝜋/2 ∞
I= 0 0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
Put t= r2
dt = 2rdr r =0 => t=0
dt/2 =dr r= ∞ => t=∞
𝜋/2 ∞ 𝑑𝑡
I= 0 0
𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝜃
2
1 𝜋/2 ∞
=2 0 0
𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝜃
∞
1 𝜋/2 𝑒 −𝑡
=2 0
𝑑𝜃
−1 0

1 𝜋/2 𝑒 −𝑡 −𝑒 −0
=2 0
𝑑𝜃
−1
1 𝜋/2
= 𝑑𝜃
2 0
𝜋/2
= (1/2) 𝜃 0

= 𝜋/4 …………………..(1)
∞ 2
To find 0
𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∞ ∞ 2 +𝑦 2 )
I = 0 𝑥
𝑒 −(𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
∞ ∞
= 0
𝑒 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 0
𝑒 −𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 ∵ x & y are dummy.
∞ 2 2
= 0
𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡

from (1)

Mathematics Department - 103 - Mathematics I

S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
∞ −𝑡 2 2 𝜋
0
𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 4
∞ 2 𝜋
0
𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2

𝟏𝟔
5. Show that the area between the parabolas y2 = 4ax and x2 =4ay is 𝒂𝟐 [CO5-L2-
𝟑

May/June 2013]
Soln:
Considering vertical strip

x varies from 0 to 4a
𝑥2
y varies from y= 4𝑎 to y = 2 𝑎𝑥

since to find the pt of intersection,

2
x =4ay
𝑦2
sub x = 4𝑎 ∴x2 =4ay
𝑦4
= 4𝑎𝑦 x2 =4a(4a)
16𝑎 2

y3= 64𝑎3 x2 =(4a)2

y3 = (4a) x=4a
y = 4a
∴ the point of intersection in (4a,4a)
4𝑎 2 𝑥𝑎
∴I= 0 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
4𝑎

4𝑎 2 𝑥𝑎
= 0
𝑦 𝑥2
dx
4𝑎

4𝑎 𝑥2
= 0
( 2 𝑥𝑎 − 4𝑎 ) 𝑑𝑥
4𝑎 1
= 0
( 2 𝑎 𝑥1/2 − 4𝑎 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
4𝑎
𝑥 3/2 1 𝑥3
=2 𝑎 − 4𝑎
3/2 3 0

Mathematics Department - 104 - Mathematics I

S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
4 𝑎 1
= (4𝑎)3/2 − (4𝑎)3
3 12𝑎
4 𝑎 4𝑎 4𝑎 64
= − 12 𝑎2
3
32𝑎 2 16𝑎 2
= −
3 3
16𝑎 2
= 3
16
Hence area between the parabolas y2 = 4ax and x2 =4ay is 𝑎2
3

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 𝒙+𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒚 𝒙+𝒚+𝒛

6. Evaluate I = 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝒆 𝒅𝒛𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙 [CO5-H2-May/June 2013]
Soln:
log 2 𝑥 𝑥+log 𝑦
I= 0 0 0
𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
log 2 𝑥 𝑥+log 𝑦
= 0 0
𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑦 𝑒 𝑧 0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
log 2 𝑥
= 0 0
𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 [𝑒 𝑥+log 𝑦 − 𝑒 0 ]𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
log 2 𝑥
= 0 0
𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
log 2 𝑥
= 0 0
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 2𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 0
𝑒 ( 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑦 0 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒𝑦 0 )dx
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 2𝑥
= 0
𝑒 [𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 0 − 1 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 0 } 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 3𝑥
= 0
{𝑒 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 } 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 3𝑥
= 0
{𝑒 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 } 𝑑𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒𝑥
I= 𝑥−1 − (1) +
3 9 1 0

𝑒 3𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 𝑒 3𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 −1 1

={[(log2-1) − (1) + ] - [3 − + 1]}
3 9 1 9
8 8 1 1
I=(log2-1) − + 2 + + − 1
3 9 3 9
8 19
=3 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 9

𝟏 𝟏−𝒙𝟐 𝟏−𝒙𝟐− 𝒚𝟐 𝟏
7. Evaluate 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝒅𝒛𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙 [CO5-H2-May/June 2015]
𝟏−𝒙𝟐− 𝒚𝟐 −𝒛𝟐

Soln:
Formulas
𝑑𝑥
=sin-1(x/a)
𝑎 2 +𝑥 2
𝑎2 𝑥 𝑥
𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 dx = 2 sin−1 𝑎 + 2 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2

Mathematics Department - 105 - Mathematics I

S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
Given:
1 1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2− 𝑦 2 1
I= 0 0 0
𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
( 1−𝑥 2− 𝑦 2 ) 2 −𝑧 2

1−𝑥 2− 𝑦 2
1 1−𝑥 2 𝑧
= 0 0
sin−1 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
1−𝑥 2− 𝑦 2 0

1 1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2− 𝑦 2 0
= 0 0
{sin−1 − sin−1 } 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
1−𝑥 2− 𝑦 2 1−𝑥 2− 𝑦 2

1 1−𝑥 2
= 0 0
{sin−1 1 − 0} 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
1 1−𝑥 2
=(𝜋/2) 0
𝑦 0 𝑑𝑥
1
=(𝜋/2) 0
1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 1
=(𝜋/2) sin−1 𝑥 + 2 1 − 𝑥 2
2 0
1𝜋
= (𝜋/2){2 2 − 0}
𝜋2
=8

8.Find the volume of the sphere x2+y2+z2=a2 with out transformation. [CO5-H1-
May/June 2012]
Soln:
Volume of the sphere = 8 x volume is an octant
Here
z varies from z = 0 to z = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2

y varies from y=0 to y = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2

x varies from x=0 to x = a
𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
I = v=8 0 0 0
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
=8 0 0
𝑧 0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
=8 0 0
𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
=8 0 0
( 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 )2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 −1 𝑦 𝑦
=8 sin +2 𝑎2 − 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥
0 2 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 0
𝑎 𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
=8 0
sin−1 (1) + 0 − 0 𝑑𝑥
2
8𝜋 𝑎
=22 0
𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Mathematics Department - 106 - Mathematics I

S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
𝑎
𝑥3
= 2𝜋 𝑎2 𝑥 − 3 0

𝑎3
= 2 𝜋(𝑎3 − )
3
4
=3 𝜋𝑎3
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
9. Find the volume of that portion of the ellipsoid + 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐=1which lies in the first
𝒂𝟐

octant using triple integration. [CO5-H2-May/June 2012]

Soln:
To find x limit put y= 0 & z =0
𝑥2
=1
𝑎2

x2 = a2
x =a
∴ x varies between 0 to a
To find y limit put z =0
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ 𝑏2 = 1
𝑎2
𝑦2 𝑥2
= 1-𝑎 2
𝑏2

𝑥2
y =± 𝑏 1 − 𝑎2

To find z limit
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
+ 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 =1
𝑎2
𝑧2 𝑥2 𝑦2
= 1 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏2
𝑐2

𝑥2 𝑦2
z =± 𝑐 1 − − 𝑏2
𝑎2

𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑎 𝑏 1− 𝑎 2 𝑐 1− 𝑎 2 −𝑏 2
∴ I =v = 0 0 0
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑎 𝑏 1− 𝑎 2 𝑐 1− 2 − 2
𝑎 𝑏
= 0 0
𝑧 0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑎 𝑏 1− 𝑎 2 𝑥2 𝑦2
=c 𝑐 1− − 𝑏 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0 0 𝑎2

𝑥2
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 1− 𝑎 2 𝑥2 2
= (𝑏 1 − ) − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑏 0 0 𝑎2

Mathematics Department - 107 - Mathematics I

S.K.P. Engineering, Tiruvannamalai I SEM
𝑥2
𝑏 1− 2
𝑥2 𝑎
𝑐 𝑎 𝑦 𝑥2 𝑏 1− 2 𝑦
=𝑏 0 2
𝑏2 1 − 𝑎 2 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑎
sin−1 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥2
𝑏 1− 2
𝑎
0

2 𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑎 𝑏 1−𝑎 2 −1
𝑏 1− 2
𝑎
= c/b 0
sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥2
𝑏 1− 2
𝑎

𝑏𝑐 𝜋 𝑎 𝑥2
= 1− 𝑑𝑥
2 2 0 𝑎2

𝑎
𝜋𝑏𝑐 𝑥3
= 𝑥 − 3𝑎 2
4 0
𝜋𝑏𝑐𝑎 2
= (3 )
4
𝜋𝑎𝑏𝑐
= 6

Mathematics Department - 108 - Mathematics I