7. a) i) 2 ft. 6 in. ii) 3 yd.

Chapter 1 Measurement, page 2 iii) 6 mi.

8. 100.6 m by 54.9 m
1.1 Imperial Measures of Length, page 11 9. Tennessee River
10. The odometer is accurate; 142 km is close to 87 mi.
3. Answers may vary. For example:
11. a) The warehouse
a) Foot b) Inch
12. a) Michael
c) Foot d) Inch
13. a) CN Tower: approximately 1815 ft.;
e) Mile
Willis Tower: approximately 442.3 m
4. a) Inch
b) CN Tower c) 111 m; 364 ft.
5. Answers may vary. For example:
14. 144 sections of casing
a) Foot
15. 28 in.
7. a) 36 in. b) 189 ft.
16. Yes; approximately 8 cm
c) 4 ft.
17. 7 homes
8. a) 10 560 ft. b) 15 yd. 2 ft. 10 in.
18. a) Approximately 65 hectares
c) 1 mi. 703 yd. 1 ft.
b) Approximately 259 hectares
9. 165 in. = 4 yd. 1 ft. 9 in.
10. a) 52 ft. = 17 yd. 1 ft. b) $197.82
Chapter 1: Checkpoint 1, page 25
11. a) 24 mats
12. No; 21 ft. 9 in. = 7 yd. 9 in. 3. a) 26 yd. 2 ft. b) 5280 yd.
13. 10 in. c) 84 in.
14. a) 39 ft. 2 in. b) 4 rolls 4. Sidney
c) $49.96 7. Answers will vary depending on the conversion ratios
15. a) $119.99 b) $18.59 used.
16. 1062 ft. a) 14 yd. 1 ft. b) 122 cm
17. 62 mi. c) 1 mi. 427 yd. d) 273 yd. 1 ft. 3 in.
18. 28 tulip bulbs e) 330.2 m f) 5 ft. 9 in.
19. 2 mi. 80 yd. 8. 10 ft. of laminate
20. 1:2 349 000
21. a) $351 000 1.4 Surface Areas of Right Pyramids and Right
22. $158 400 000 Cones, page 34
4. a) 132 in.2 b) 220 cm2
1.2 Math Lab: Measuring Length and Distance, page 5. a) 168 in.2 b) 294 cm2
15 6. a) 101 in.2 b) 1649 cm2
3. Calipers require a steady hand to ensure an accurate 7. a) 151 in.2 b) 2356 cm2
reading. Calipers cannot be used for large measures. 8. a) 896 cm2 b) 628 yd.2
9. a)
1.3 Relating SI and Imperial Units, page 22
Answers will vary depending on the conversion ratios used.
4. a) 40.6 cm b) 1.2 m
c) 4.6 m d) 1.5 km
e) 9.7 km f) 50.8 mm
5. a) 1 in. b) 8 ft.
c) 11 yd. d) 93 mi.
6. a) 55.9 cm b) 256.5 cm
b) 7008 ft.2
c) 9.6 m

462 ANSWERS
 2 3
10. 923 285 ft. 7. a) 524 cm
2
11. a) 2261.9 cm
b) $11.94
2
12. 1520 cm
2
13. a) 87 m
2
b) 176 ft.
2
14. 2.0 m ; I assumed the hides had equal areas.
2
15. 188 ft.
16. a) 69.0 mm 3
b) 268 m
b) 7.6 m
17. a) Right square pyramid and right cone
b) Right rectangular prism
18. The Louvre
2
19. a) 193.7 cm
2 3 3
b) 34.9 m 8. a) 18 m b) 168 yd.
2 3 3
20. 61 ft. 9. a) 37.7 m b) 2948.9 cm
21. 16.0 cm 10. a)

1.5 Volumes of Right Pyramids and Right Cones,

page 42
3
4. a) 288 yd.
3
b) 1920 ft.
3
5. a) 96 yd.

3
b) 231.2 m
11. a)

3
b) 640 ft.

3
b) 50 yd.
3
12. 0.3 m
3
13. b) 441.2 cm
3
14. a) 5 in.
6. a) 1571 cm
3 b) $3.33
3
b) 804 m
3 c) Approximately 7 in.

ANSWERS 463
15. a) 21. a) Approximately 69%
b) Assumptions: Ball is created from one solid piece and
has greatest possible diameter.
1
22. SA = πd2; V = πd3
6
23. Approximately 5 in.
24. a) Inflated balloon's circumference is 3 times as great
b) Inflated balloon's surface area is 9 times as great
c) Inflated balloon's volume is 27 times as great
b) 3.8 m c) 15.3 m3
3
16. 401 ft. Chapter 1: Checkpoint 2, page 54
17. a) 15 cm2 b) 23 cm3
1. a) 80 ft.2 b) 21 m2
c) No, there is also some air inside the tea bag. 2
c) 1127 m
18. a) 4.7 cm b) 10.5 m
2. 425 m2
c) 3.3 m d) 7.4 cm
3. 183 in.2
19. b) 8.0 cm
4. a) 41 ft.3 b) 6 m3
20. a) 22.9 kL b) Approximately 8.3 kL 3
c) 1947 m
21. 10 yd.
5. a) 9.5 cm b) 2.7 m
22. 49.6 m3
c) 17.4 cm
6. a) 973.1 km2, 2854.5 km3
1.6 Surface Area and Volume of a Sphere, page 51
b) 109.0 cm2, 82.3 cm3
3. a) 314 cm2 b) 32 m2 7. 7946 cm2
2
c) 201 ft. d) 99 cm2
3
4. a) 524 cm b) 17 m3 1.7 Solving Problems Involving Objects, page 59
3
c) 268 ft. d) 92 cm3
2 3
3. a) 170 cm2 b) 1040 ft.2
5. a) 339 m , 452 m b) 191 yd.2, 191 yd.3
3
c) 95 in.2 d) 314 in.2
7. 886.7 m, 2482.7 m
4. a) Object in part c b) Approximately 38 in.3
8. 3.2 cm
5. a) 273.3 cm2, 353.4 cm3 b) 12.0 m2, 2.5 m3
9. 12 in. 4
10. a) 2.1 L b) 8 cups 6. a) 5 in. b) 6.7 cm
5
11. a) Hemisphere b) Hemisphere
7. a)
12. a) 784 m2 b) 2065 kL
13. a) 511 185 933 km2
b) 357 830 153 km2
c) 1 086 781 293 000 km3
d) 1 078 037 876 000 km3
14. Approximately 1 082 696 932 000 km3;
approximately 1 093 440 264 000 km3
15. 239 spheres
16. a) 11 cm; 5 in. b) 1387 cm2; 277 in.2
3 3
c) 4855 cm ; 434 in. d) Basketball
17. a) 16.4 m3 b) 1.0 m2
18. 529.6 m2; 882.2 m3
19. 42 pumps
b) 2413 cm2 c) 6612 cm3
20. 45 cookies
d) Approximately 2204 cm3, or 2204 mL

464 ANSWERS
 8. 93 cm3 16. No; approximately 132.7 cm3
9. a) Circular-based bin 17. 12 cm
b) Square-based bin 18. a) 24 in.3 b) 6 in.
10. a) 1300.0 cm3 b) 6.2 m3 19. a) 2.1 m b) 2.3 cm
11. a) 856.2 cm2 b) 24.2 m2 20. a) 254 in.2, 382 in.3
12. Approximately 26.4 m2 b) 133 m2, 144 m3
13. a) 1060 in.3 b) 15 in. by 15 in. by 12 in. 21.
c) 1820 in.3

Chapter 1: Review, page 64

1. Answers may vary. For example: a) 763 ft.2 b) 1527 ft.3
a) Inch b) Foot 3
22. 4 in.
c) Yard 5
3. a) 42 ft. b) 8800 yd. 23. Approximately 98 cm3
c) 75 in. d) 3 yd. 1 ft. 3 in. 24. 523 in.3
4. 320 in., or 8 yd. 2 ft. 8 in. 25. a) 480 cm2, 595 cm3 b) 108 ft.2, 84 ft.3
6. Answers will vary depending on the conversion ratios 26. a) 113 981 cm3 b) 11 878 cm2
used. 27. a) 8 cm b) 10 mm
a) 8 ft. 7 in. b) 136 yd. 2 ft. 1 in.
c) 3 mi. 1282 yd. d) 1 ft. 2 in. Chapter 1: Practice Test, page 67
7. Answers will vary depending on the conversion ratios 1. B
used. 2. C
a) 12.5 m b) 6.8 km
3. The volume of the right cylinder is 3 times the volume of
c) 48.3 cm d) 215.9 mm
the right cone.
8. Answers will vary depending on the conversion ratio used. 4. a) 28.3 cm3, 69.3 cm2
670 750 strides b) 1215.8 m3, 647.2 m2
9. a) 75 ft.2 b) 85 cm2
2
5. a) A ruler with inches marked
c) 898 mm d) 192 m2
2
6. 5.8 cm
10. 160 yd.
11. a) Chapter 2 Trigonometry, page 68

2.1 The Tangent Ratio, page 75

6 7
3. a) tan A = ; tan C =
7 6
3 2
b) tan D = ; tan F =
2 3
b) 2.0 m 5 4
c) 6 m2
c) tan H = ; tan J =
4 5
7 5 7
12. a) 8 in. b) 173 in.2 d) tan K = ; tan M =
10 7 5
13. 125.8 cm2 4. a) 14° b) 51°
14. 5810 ft.2 c) 68° d) 87°
15. a) 11 m3 b) 8822 in.3 5. a) 27° b) 45°
c) 7 ft.3 d) 221 mm3 c) 61° d) 69°

ANSWERS 465
 6. Sketches will vary. For example: 17. 25°
a) 18. 22°
19. 146°
20. 76°
21. X =˙ 50.1°, Y = Z =˙ 64.9°
22. a) There is no least possible value; the tangent can be
arbitrarily close to zero.
b)
b) There is no greatest possible value; the tangent can be
arbitrarily large.
1 1 1 1 1
23. a) 1; ; ; , or ;
2 3 4 2 5
1 1
b) , or
100 10
c)
2.2 Using the Tangent Ratio to Calculate Lengths,
page 82
3. a) 2.5 cm b) 1.4 cm
d)
c) 5.0 cm d) 7.5 cm
4. a) 2.2 cm b) 2.8 cm
c) 2.8 cm
5. a) 5.6 cm b) 4.1 cm
e)
c) 3.8 cm
6. 22.8 m
7. 3.8 m
8. 187 m
f) 9. a) 3.6 cm b) 10.0 cm
10. Approximately 30 m
11. a)

7. a) tan 60° > 1 b) tan 30° < 1

8. a) 36.4° b) 68.0°
9. b) i) A =˙ 26.6°; B =˙ 63.4°
b) 3.4 cm
ii) D =˙ 63.4°; F =˙ 26.6° 2
12. 40.3 cm
iii) G =˙ 63.4°; H =˙ 26.6°
13. Approximately 60 m
c) No
14. Approximately 58 m, assuming the balloon is directly over
10. a) 36.0° b) 49.1°
the store
c) 20.3° d) 82.4°
15. QRT = SRT = 26.5°, QRS = 53.0°,
11. a) 11° b) 14°
QPT = SPT = 56.3°, QPS = 112.6°,
c) 6° d) 9°
RQT = RST = 63.5°,
12. Whitehorse
PQT = PST = 33.7°,
13. P = RQS =˙ 67.4°, R = PQS =˙ 22.6°
PQR = PSR = 97.2°,
14. 22°
PTQ = PTS = QTR = RTS = 90.0°
15. 20.6°; 69.4°
PQ = PS =˙ 3.6 cm, QR = SR =˙ 6.7 cm
16. The side opposite the acute angle has the same length as
16. a) Approximately 38.7°
the side adjacent to the angle.
b) Approximately 63.4°

466 ANSWERS
 c)
2.3 Math Lab: Measuring an Inaccessible Height,
page 86
1. The sum of the angle shown on the protractor and the
angle of inclination is 90°. d)
2. 13.5 m
3. 25 m

Chapter 2: Checkpoint 1, page 88

1. a) 14° b) 56°
c) 53°
3. 11.5°
4. a) 11.2 cm b) 7.3 cm
c) 11.7 cm 10. a) C =˙ 16.3°, D =˙ 73.7°
5. Approximately 23.7 m b) F =˙ 63.9°, H =˙ 26.1°
c) J =˙ 38.0°, K =˙ 52.0°
2.4 The Sine and Cosine Ratios, page 95 d) P =˙ 49.3°, Q =˙ 40.7°
4. a) i) Opposite: GH; adjacent: AG; hypotenuse: AH 11. 1.3°
ii) Opposite: TK; adjacent: AK; hypotenuse: AT 12. 79.4°
b) i) sin A = 0.60; cos A = 0.80 13. 61°
ii) sin A = 0.28; cos A = 0.96 14. 31°
5. a) sin 57° =˙ 0.84; cos 57° =˙ 0.54 15. a) i) 0.1736… ii) 0.3420…
b) sin 5° =˙ 0.09; cos 5° =˙ 1.00 iii) 0.6427… iv) 0.7660…
c) sin 19° =˙ 0.33; cos 19° =˙ 0.95 v) 0.8660… vi) 0.9848…
d) sin 81° =˙ 0.99; cos 81° =˙ 0.16 16.
6. a) 14° b) 50°
c) 33° d) 39°
7. a) 34° b) 35°
c) 39° d) 33°
8. a) 41° b) 78°
c) 26° d) 66° The opposite and adjacent sides of an acute angle have the
9. Sketches will vary. For example: opposite adjacent
same length, so hypotenuse = hypotenuse.
a)
17. 40°
18. a) i) 1 ii) 0
iii) 0 iv) 1

2.5 Using the Sine and Cosine Ratios to Calculate

b)
Lengths, page 101
3. a) 3.1 cm b) 1.5 cm
c) 1.5 cm d) 3.7 cm
4. a) 1.7 cm b) 3.2 cm
c) 5.4 cm d) 7.9 cm
5. a) 25.3 cm b) 8.0 cm
c) 7.7 cm d) 12.4 cm

ANSWERS 467
 6. 29.7 m
7. a) 48.3 m 2.7 Solving Problems Involving More than One Right
b) The surveyor could use the tangent ratio or the Triangle, page 118
Pythagorean Theorem. 3. a) 6.0 cm b) 6.0 cm
8. 4.0 km c) 4.3 cm d) 3.6 cm
9. 2813 m 4. a) 5.7 cm b) 4.9 cm
10. 18.3 cm by 4.6 cm c) 5.7 cm
11. a) 423 cm b) 272 cm 5. a) 93.2° b) 123.7°
12. a) i) 21.0 cm ii) 15.1 cm c) 11.1° d) 15.0°
13. 186 mm 6. 15 m, 19 m
14. a) Approximately 139 ft. 7. 51°, 65°, 65°
2
b) 17 407 ft. 8. a) 19 ft. b) 21 ft.
9. 35 m, 58 m
Chapter 2: Checkpoint 2, page 104 10. Approximately 126°, approximately 54°
1. a) 30° b) 48° 11. 4.5 m
c) 56° 12. a) 53 m b) 29 m
2. 13° c) 50 m
3. a) i) 0.9848… ii) 0.9396… 13. a) 5.0 m b) 51.3°
iii) 0.8660… iv) 0.7660… c) 2.4 m
v) 0.6427… vi) 0.5 14. a) 23 m b) 20 m
vii) 0.3420… viii) 0.1736… 16. a)
4. a) 4.2 cm b) 2.7 cm
c) 14.0 cm
5. Approximately 3.2 km

2.6 Applying the Trigonometric Ratios, page 111

3. a) Sine b) Tangent
c) Cosine d) Tangent
4. a) 4.6 cm; cosine b) 4.7 cm; tangent
c) 11.8 cm; sine d) 14.5 cm; cosine
5. a) Pythagorean Theorem b) Sine ratio
c) Pythagorean Theorem d) Pythagorean Theorem b) 5.1 m
6. a) T = 57°, TU =˙ 23.0 cm, VU =˙ 19.2 cm 17. a) 98.1°, 51.7°, 105.1°, 105.1°
b) Y = 43°, WY =˙ 8.7 cm, XY =˙ 6.3 cm b) 100 mm
c) ZB =˙ 11.3 cm, B =˙ 60.3°, Z =˙ 29.7° 18. a)
d) E = 61°, CD =˙ 12.0 cm, CE =˙ 6.6 cm
7. a) 1147 cm b) 1144 cm
8. 173 ft.
9. a) 68 km b) 31°
10. a) 4° b) 15.0 m
11. a) 31° b) 118°
2 2
12. a) 13.5 cm; 7.8 cm b) 28.9 cm; 47.5 cm
13. 7.3 cm
2 3
b) 24.0 m
14. a) 3 in. b) 15 in.
19. a) 5.4 cm b) 33.9°
15. 36 cm
2
20. Approximately 8.3 m
16. 15.6 cm; 11.6 cm
21. Approximately 18 in.

468 ANSWERS
 21. a) 3.2 m b) 8.2 m
Chapter 2: Review, page 124 22. a) 13.6 cm b) 11.3 cm
1. a) 35° b) 65° c) 21.0°
2. a) tan 20° < 1 b) tan 70° > 1 23. 2316 ft.
3. 6°
4. The triangle is an isosceles right triangle. Chapter 2: Practice Test, page 127
1. B
2. C
4. D = 27.0°, DE =˙ 6.9 cm, EF =˙ 3.5 cm
5. 203 cm
6. 75.5 m

5. a) i) 3.7 cm Cumulative Review Chapters 1 and 2, page 130

ii) 3.0 cm
1. a) 23 yd. 1 ft. b) $59.76
b) Could also use trigonometric ratios
2. 276 km
i) Approximately 4.2 cm
4. Answers will vary depending on the conversion ratios
ii) Approximately 4.0 cm
used.
6. 327 m
a) 823 cm b) 279 400 m
7. a) 11.7 cm b) 13.0 cm
c) 3 mi. d) 5 ft. 3 in.
8. 17.5 m
5. Answers will vary depending on the conversion ratio used.
9. 30 m
The road above The Narrows is higher by approximately 5
11. a) 73°; cosine b) 28°; sine
ft., or 1.5 m.
12. 2 2
6. a) 342 m b) 208 ft.
3
7. 192 ft.
8. Approximately 6 yd.
9. No
2
10. a) Hemisphere; 138 in.
5 12 b) Sphere; 3824 in.
3
a) i) ii)
13 13 11. 191 m2, 170 m3
5 12 12. 4478 in.2
iii) iv)
13 13 13. 222.1 mm2, 239.6 mm3
b) sin D = cos B; sin B = cos D 14. a) 31.0° b) 62.5°
13. 64.2° 15. 26 yd.
14. 36.9° 16. 201 ft.
15. a) 3.9 cm; cosine 17. a) 61.9° b) 68.4°
b) 4.4 cm; sine 18. 22°
c) 4.7 cm; sine 19. 50 ft. by 94 ft.
d) 4.5 cm; cosine 20. a) S = 24.0°, RT =˙ 6.4 m, RS =˙ 14.4 m
16. 6.0 km b) M = 46.0°, MN =˙ 7.1 cm, MP =˙ 10.3 cm
17. 1.6 cm by 2.8 cm 21. 59°
18. a) CE =˙ 5.0 cm, E =˙ 57.3°, C =˙ 32.7° 22. x = 20.0 cm; y =˙ 40.0 cm;
b) H = 52°, GH =˙ 2.7 cm, FH =˙ 4.3 cm PRQ = 46.4°; PRS = 133.6°;
c) K = 63°, JM =˙ 3.9 cm, KM =˙ 2.0 cm PSR = 31.7°; QPR = 43.6°;
19. 85.9° QPS = 58.3°; QRS = 180.0°;
2
20. a) 35.5 cm; 52.1 cm RPS = 14.7°
2
b) 13.0 cm; 10.2 cm

ANSWERS 469
 149 65 13
16. a) b) , or
Chapter 3 Factors and Products, page 132 112 60 12
43 304 152
c) d) , or
3.1 Factors and Multiples of Whole Numbers, page 264 210 105
140 121 239
e) f)
600 90
3. a) 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36
27 77
b) 13, 26, 39, 52, 65, 78 g) h)
20 12
c) 22, 44, 66, 88, 110, 132
17. 800 m
d) 31, 62, 93, 124, 155, 186
18. No; 1 does not have any prime factors.
e) 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270
19. a) 72 cm by 72 cm b) Yes
f) 27, 54, 81, 108, 135, 162
20. a) Yes b) Yes
4. a) 2, 5 b) 3, 5
c) 660 feet
c) 3 d) 2, 3, 5
21. Yes
e) 2, 5, 7 f) 2, 3
2 22. 30 cm
5. a) 3 · 3 · 5, or 3 · 5
4
b) 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 5, or 2 · 5
5 3.2 Perfect Squares, Perfect Cubes, and Their Roots,
c) 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 3, or 2 · 3
page 146
d) 2 · 61
5
e) 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 2 · 5, or 2 · 5 4. a) 14 b) 16
f) 3 · 5 · 13 c) 19 d) 17
3
6. a) 2 · 3 · 5
2 2
b) 2 · 5 · 23 e) 21
c) 2 · 7 · 73
2
d) 2 · 3 · 5
3 5. a) 7 b) 8
2
e) 2 · 3 · 5
2 3 3
f) 5 · 7
2 c) 10 d) 11
8. a) 2
3
b) 2 , or 8 e) 15
3
c) 3 , or 27
2
d) 2 , or 4 6. a) Perfect square
5
e) 2 , or 32
2
f) 2 · 5, or 20 b) Perfect square and perfect cube
9. a) 5
3
b) 2 · 5, or 40 c) Neither
c) 2 · 3 · 7, or 42
2
d) 2 , or 4 d) Perfect square
2
10. a) 2 · 3 · 7, or 84
2
b) 3 · 5 · 7, or 315 e) Perfect square and perfect cube
2 2
c) 2 · 3 · 5, or 180 d) 2 · 3 · 7 · 19, or 798 f) Perfect cube
5 2
e) 2 · 3 · 5, or 1440
2
f) 2 · 7 · 13, or 364 7. a) 22 mm b) 42 yd.
2 2
11. a) 2 · 3 · 5 · 19, or 3420 8. a) 18 in. b) 25 ft.
2
5
b) 2 · 3 · 5 · 11, or 5280 9. 96 ft.
3
2 2 2
c) 2 · 3 · 5 , or 900 10. 35 937 ft.
3 3
d) 2 · 3 · 5, or 1080 11. No; 2000 is not a perfect cube.
12. Greatest common factor: 2; 12. These answers assume that the endpoints of each range are
2
least common multiple: 2 · 3 · 7, or 84 included in the range.
13. 2 · 3, or 6 a) Perfect squares: 324, 361; perfect cube: 343
14. The greatest common factor of the two numbers is 1. b) Perfect squares: 676, 729; perfect cube: 729
37 17 c) Perfect squares: 841, 900
15. a) b) d) Perfect squares: 1225, 1296; perfect cube: 1331
65 19
13 42 13. The first 5 are: 0, 1, 64, 729, 4096
c) d) 14. 12 ft.
18 61
49 33 45 x 2
e) f) 15. a) b) x = 4
110 17 8

470 ANSWERS
16. Edge length: 6 units 5. a) 3 b) m
2 2
17. a) 11x y b) 4x y 6. a) i) 3(2 + 5n) ii) 3(2 – 5n)
3 3 3 3
18. 1 + 12 , 9 + 10 iii) 3(5n – 2) iv) 3(–5n + 2)
b) i) m(4 + m) ii) m(m + 4)
Chapter 3: Checkpoint 1, page 149 iii) m(4 – m) iv) m(m – 4)
2
1. a) 2 · 3 · 5 · 7
2 7
b) 2 · 3 · 11 7. a) 5(y + 2)
3 2
c) 2 · 3 · 5 · 17 d) 5 · 11 · 19
4 3 2 2
e) 2 · 3 · 7 f) 3 · 5 · 7
3 2 2
2. a) 2 , or 8 b) 2 · 3, or 12 b) 6(1 + 2x )
4
c) 5 d) 2 , or 16
3 2
e) 2 , or 8 f) 5 , or 25
2
3. a) 2 · 3 · 5 · 7, or 420
5
b) 2 · 3 · 5, or 480
3 2
c) 2 · 3 · 5, or 360
5
d) 2 · 3 · 5, or 480
6 2
e) 2 · 7 , or 3136
2
f) 2 · 3 · 5 · 11, or 1650
103 71 c) 3(3k + 2)
4. a) b)
33 35
27
c) d) 2s(2s + 7)
70
5. 18 980 days; 52 years
6. a) 20 b) 28
c) 24 d) 33
e) 39 f) 55
7. a) 12 b) 15 e) y(1 + y)
c) 20 d) 18
e) 22 f) 21
8. a) Neither
f) h(3 + 7h)
b) Perfect square
c) Perfect square and perfect cube
d) Perfect square
2 3
e) Perfect cube 8. a) 3b (3 – 4b) b) 12(4s – 1)
2 2 2
f) Neither c) –a (1 + a) d) 3x (1 + 2x )
2 3
9. a) Perfect squares: 400, 441, 484 e) 4y(2y – 3) f) –7d(1 + 2d )
2
b) Perfect squares: 900, 961; perfect cube: 1000 9. a) 3(x + 4x – 2)
c) Perfect square: 1156
10. 26 cans

3.3 Common Factors of a Polynomial, page 155

Gray algebra tiles represent positive tiles and black tiles
represent negative algebra tiles.
4. a) 3x + 12; 3, x + 4
2
b) 4x + 10x; 2x, 2x + 5
2 2
c) 12x – 8x + 16; 4, 3x – 2x + 4

ANSWERS 471
 2 2
b) 2(2 – 3y – 4y ) 11. a) –12x + 20x
b) 4x and (–3x + 5)
c) The factors are the dimensions of the rectangle.
2
12. a) i) 3m(m + 3m – 1)
3
ii) –4(4 – 2n + n )
b) Expanded his solutions
2
c) –7(m + m + 2) 13. The monomial is 1 when the term is the common factor.
The monomial is –1 when the term has the opposite sign
of the common factor.
14. a) 4x – 4 = 4(x – 1)
2 2
b) 16m – 24m – 16 = 8(2m – 3m – 2)
3 2 2
c) –8n – 6n – 10n = –2n(4n + 3n + 5)
2
15. a) i) 2 · 2 · s · t · t, or 4st
2
ii) a · a · b, or a b
2 2
iii) 2 · 2 · 3 · x · x · y · y, or 12x y
2
b) i) 4st (s + 3st + 9)
2
ii) 4st (3st – s – 9)
2 2
2
iii) –a b(3a + 9a – 8)
d) 2(5n – 3 – 6n ) 2 2
iv) a b(9a + 3a – 8)
2 2 2 2
v) 12x y (3y + x + x y)
2 2 2 2
vi) –12x y (3y + x y + x)
2
16. a) 5x(5y + 3x – 6xy )
b) 3mn(17m + 13n – 24)
2 2 2 2
c) 3p q (3p – 2pq + 4q )
2 2 2
d) a b (10a + 12b – 5)
e) 4cd(3d – 2 – 5c)
2 2
f) 7rs (r s + 2r – 3)
17. a) SA = 2πr(r + h)
2 2
e) 2(4 + 5x + 3x ) b) Approximately 2639 cm
18. a) SA = πr(r + s)
2
b) Approximately 679 cm
19. a) Assume the area of the base of the silo is not included
in the surface area. SA = 2πrh + 2πr2;
SA = 2πr(h + r); approximately 603 m2
f) –3(3 – 4b – 2b )
2 2  2 
b) V  r 2 h  r 3 ; V  r 2  h  r  ;
3  3 
approximately 1583 m3
20. Yes
2rh h
21. a) b)
2r 2  2rh rh
22. a) 2; 3
b) n – 3
n 2 3n n
2
10. a) 5(1 + 3m – 2m )
3
b) 9(3n + 4 – 2n )
3
c)    n  3
3 2 2 2 2 2 2
c) v(6v + 7 – 8v ) d) –c (3 + 13c + 12c)
3 3
e) 6x(4 + 5x – 2x ) f) s(s + s – 4)

472 ANSWERS
 2
5. a) b + 7b + 10
3.4 Math Lab: Modelling Trinomials as Binomial
Products, page 158
1. a) Can be represented
2
b) n + 11n + 28

b) Can be represented

2
c) h + 11h + 24

c) Cannot be represented
d) Cannot be represented
e) Cannot be represented
2
f) Cannot be represented d) k + 7k + 6
2. a) Can be represented

2
6. a) i) x + 4x + 4
ii)
b) Can be represented

iii) (x + 2)(x + 2)
c) Cannot be represented b)
2
i) x + 5x + 4
d) Cannot be represented
ii)
e) Cannot be represented
f) Can be represented

iii) (x + 1)(x + 4)
2
c) i) x + 6x + 8
ii)

3. 7, 8, 13
iii) (x + 2)(x + 4)
4. 4, 7, 9, 10 2
d) i) x + 7x + 12
ii)
3.5 Polynomials of the Form x2 + bx + c, page 166
2
4. a) (x + 1)(x + 3) = x + 4x + 3
2
b) (x + 2)(x + 4) = x + 6x + 8
2
c) (x + 5)(x + 5) = x + 10x + 25
2
d) (x + 3)(x + 6) = x + 9x + 18 iii) (x + 3)(x + 4)

ANSWERS 473
 2
7. a) i) 1, 2 ii) 2, 3 b) y + 12y + 27
iii) 1, 9 iv) 2, 5
v) 3, 4 vi) 3, 5
b) i) (v + 1)(v + 2) ii) (w + 2)(w + 3)
iii) (s + 1)(s + 9) iv) (t + 2)(t + 5)
v) (y + 3)(y + 4) vi) (h + 3)(h + 5)
8. a) i) (v + 1)(v + 1)

ii) (v + 2)(v + 2)

iii) (v + 3)(v + 3)

iv) (v + 4)(v + 4)
2
c) w + 18w + 32

b) The rectangles are squares; the binomial factors are the

same.
2
c) v + 10v + 25 = (v + 5)(v + 5);
v2 + 12v + 36 = (v + 6)(v + 6);
v2 + 14v + 49 = (v + 7)(v + 7) 2
d) k + 14k + 13
9. Area models and/or rectangle diagrams may vary.
For example:
2
a) m + 13m + 40

2
10. a) (w + 3)(w + 2) = w + 5w + 6
2
b) (x + 5)(x + 2) = x + 7x + 10
2
c) (y + 10)(y + 2) = y + 12y + 20
11. a) (x + 4)(x + 6) b) (m + 2)(m + 8)
c) (p + 1)(p + 12) d) (s + 2)(s + 10)
e) (n + 1)(n + 11) f) (h + 2)(h + 6)
g) (q + 1)(q + 6) h) (b + 2)(b + 9)

474 ANSWERS
 2 2
12. a) g + 4g – 21 g) n – 18n + 56

2 2
b) h – 5h – 14 h) p – 11p – 102

2 2
c) 22 – 13j + j 13. a) r – 9r – 52
2
b) s – 20s + 75
14. a) (b – 1)(b + 20) b) (t – 3)(t + 18)
c) (x – 2)(x + 14) d) (n + 3)(n – 8)
e) (a + 4)(a – 5) f) (y + 6)(y – 8)
g) (m – 5)(m – 10) h) (a – 6)(a – 6)
15. a) (1 + k)(12 + k) b) (2 + g)(–8 + g)
2
d) k + 8k – 33 c) (5 + y)(12 + y) d) (9 + z)(8 – z)
2
16. a) i) x + 3x + 2; 132
2
ii) x + 4x + 3; 143
b) The coefficients of the terms of the polynomial are the
digits in the product of integers.
17. a) (m + 5)(m – 12)
b) (w – 5)(w – 9)
2
e) 84 – 5h – h c) (b – 3)(b + 12)
2 2
18. a) i) t + 11t + 28 ii) t – 11t + 28
2 2
iii) t + 3t – 28 iv) t – 3t – 28
b) i) Because the constant terms in the binomials have
the same sign
ii) Because the constant terms in the binomials have
opposite signs
2
f) m – 81 iii) Add the constant terms in the binomials
19. a) ±7, ±11; 4 integers
b) 0, ±8; 3 integers
c) ±6, ±9; 4 integers
d) ±1, ±4, ±11; 6 integers
e) ±9, ±11, ±19; 6 integers
f) 0, ±6, ±15; 5 integers

ANSWERS 475
 2
20. Infinitely many integers are possible. For example: d) i) 4x + 9x + 2
a) 0, –2, –6, –12, –20, –30, … ii)
b) 0, –2, –6, –12, –20, –30, …
c) 1, 0, –3, –8, –15, –24, –35, …
d) 1, 0, –3, –8, –15, –24, –35, …
e) 2, 0, –4, –10, –18, –28, –40, … iii) (x + 2)(4x + 1)
f) 2, 0, –4, –10, –18, –28, –40, … 2
8. a) (2w + 1)(w + 6) = 2w + 13w + 6
21. a) 4(y – 7)(y + 2) b) –3(m + 2)(m + 4) 2
b) (2g – 5)(3g – 3) = 6g – 21g + 15
c) 4(x – 3)(x + 4) d) 10(x + 2)(x + 6) 2
c) (–4v – 3)(–2v – 7) = 8v + 34v + 21
e) –5(n – 1)(n – 7) f) 7(c – 2)( c – 3) 9. a) 15 + 23f + 4f
2
b) 15 – 29t + 12t
2

23. a) i) (h + 2)(h – 12) ii) (h – 2)(h + 12) c) 90 + 11r – 2r

2
d) 36 – 24m + 4m
2

iii) (h – 4)(h – 6) iv) (h + 4)(h + 6) e) –24 + 50x + 14x

2
f) –36 + 60n – 25n
2

b) The first 6 are: 2

10. a) 6c + 23c + 20
2
b) –21t – 32t + 5
h2 ± 13h ± 30, h2 ± 15h ± 54, h2 ± 17h ± 60, 2
c) 32r + 48r – 14
2
d) 5t + 46t + 9
h2 ± 25h ± 84, h2 ± 20h ± 96, h2 ± 26h ± 120 2
e) 35h + 29h – 30
2
f) –36y + 84y – 49
11. a) i) (t + 1)(3t + 1)
3.6 Polynomials of the Form ax2 + bx + c, page 177
2
5. a) (2m + 1)(m + 3) = 2m + 7m + 3
2
b) (3p + 2)(p + 4) = 3p + 14p + 8
c) (3w + 1)(2w + 1) = 6w + 5w + 1
2 ii) (t + 2)(3t + 2)
2
d) (4v + 3)(3v + 2) = 12v + 17v + 6
2 2
6. a) 2v + 7v + 6 b) 3r + 13r + 4
2 2
c) 6g + 13g + 6 d) 8z + 26z + 15
2
e) 9t + 24t + 16
2
f) 4r + 12r + 9 iii) (t + 3)(3t + 3)
2
7. a) i) 2x + 5x + 2
ii)

iv) (t + 4)(3t + 4)

iii) (2x + 1)(x + 2)

2
b) i) 3x + 11x + 6 b) The side lengths increase by 1 each time; the constant
ii) terms in the binomial factors increase by 1 each time.
2
c) 3t + 20t + 25 = (t + 5)(3t + 5);
3t2 + 24t + 36 = (t + 6)(3t + 6);
3t2 + 28t + 49 = (t + 7)(3t + 7)
12. a) i) (n + 6)(2n + 1) ii) (n – 6)(2n – 1)
iii) (x + 3)(3x + 2)
2 b) i) (n + 6)(2n – 1) ii) (n – 6)(2n + 1)
c) i) 3x + 8x + 4
c) i) (n + 2)(2n + 3) ii) (n – 2)(2n – 3)
ii)
The trinomials in each pair have middle terms with the
same value, but opposite signs. The constant terms in the
binomial factors have opposite signs.

iii) (x + 2)(3x + 2)

476 ANSWERS
13. a) (y + 2)(2y + 1) b) (a + 4)(2a + 3) 22. a) i) (n + 2)(3n + 5) ii) (n – 2)(3n – 5)
c) (k + 5)(2k + 3) d) (m – 4)(2m – 3) iii) (n + 1)(3n + 10) iv) (n – 1)(3n – 10)
e) (k – 3)(2k – 5) f) (m + 7)(2m + 1) v) (n + 5)(3n + 2) vi) (n – 5)(3n – 2)
2 2
g) (g + 6)(2g + 3) h) (n + 6)(2n – 3) b) Yes; 3n + 31n + 10 and 3n – 31n + 10
2 2 2
14. a) i) 1, 15 ii) 2, 12 23. 9m ± 24m + 16, 9m ± 25m + 16, 9m ± 26m + 16,
iii) 3, 5 iv) 3, 4 9m ± 30m + 16, 9m ± 40m + 16, 9m2 ± 51m + 16,
2 2

v) 1, 12 vi) 3, 8 9m2 ± 74m + 16, 9m2 ± 145m + 16

b) i) (v + 5)(3v + 1)
ii) (m + 4)(3m + 2) Chapter 3: Checkpoint 2, page 180
iii) (b + 1)(3b + 5) 1. a) 6x + 15; 3 and (2x + 5)
iv) (a + 1)(4a + 3)
v) (d + 3)(4d + 1)
vi) (v + 2)(4v + 3)
15. a) (a – 2)(5a + 3) b) (y – 5)(3y + 2)
c) (s + 4)(5s – 1) d) (2c – 3)(7c + 1)
e) (2a + 5)(4a – 1) f) (2r – 3)(4r – 1)
g) (d + 1)(6d – 5) h) (3e – 2)(5e + 1)
16. a) (2u + 7)(3u – 2)
b) (3k – 10)(k + 3) b) 4x + 12; 4 and (x + 3)
c) (4v – 5)(v – 4)
17. (3g + 7)(5g – 6)
18. a) 10(r + 2)(2r + 3) b) 5(a – 4)(3a – 1)
c) 3(2h + 3)(3h – 2) d) 6(2u – 3)(2u – 3)
e) 4(m – 5)(3m + 2) f) 2(3g + 5)(4g – 7)
2. a) i) 4(a + 2)
19. a) (2y – 1)(7y – 3) b) (p – 2)(10p + 3)
c) (2r – 7)(5r + 1) d) (3g + 1)(5g – 2)
e) (2x – 3)(2x + 5) f) (3d – 4)(3d – 4)
g) (3t + 2)(3t + 2) h) (5y + 2)(8y – 3)
i) (2c + 3)(12c – 5) j) (2x + 5)(4x – 3)
20. These answers do not include cases where there is a
ii) 3(c – 2)
common constant factor among the terms of the
polynomial.
a) ±7, ±8, ±13; 6 integers
b) ±20, ±25, ±29, ±52, ±101; 10 integers
c) ±3, ±15, ±25, ±53; 8 integers
d) ±22, ±23, ±26, ±29, ±34, ±43, ±62, ±121; 16 integers iii) –v(2v + 5)
e) ±6, ±10; 4 integers
f) ±1; 2 integers
21. a) i) (r + 1)(4r – 5)
2
ii) Cannot be factored iv) 2(x + 7x + 3)

iii) Cannot be factored

iv) (w – 2)(2w – 1)
v) (h – 3)(3h + 1)
vi) Cannot be factored

ANSWERS 477
 2 2
v) –3(r – 5r + 1) b) d + d – 6

2
c) x – 6x + 8
2 2
vi) 3a(5a – ab – 2b )
2
vii) 4(3 – 8x + 2x )

2
d) 30 – r – r

2 2
viii) 4y(3x – 2x – 4) e) g + 4g – 5
b) The polynomials in part vi and part viii
3. Answers will vary. For example:
x2 + 5x + 6 = (x + 3)(x + 2)

2
f) 20 – 12t + t
4. Answers will vary. For example:
3x2 + 10x + 8 = (x + 2)(3x + 4)

5. Area models and rectangle diagrams may vary.

For example: 6. a) (s + 5)(s + 6) b) (n + 5)(n – 6)
2
a) x + 5x + 4 c) (4 – b)(5 – b) d) –(1 + t)(11 – t)
e) (z + 3)(z + 10) f) –(k – 3)(k – 6)
7. a) 3(x – 2)(x + 7) b) –2(y – 3)(y – 8)
c) –(3 + m)(8 + m) d) (2 – y)(25 + y)
2 2
8. a) 2c + 7c + 3 b) –4m + 21m – 5
2 2
c) 9f – 9f – 4 d) 12z – 20z + 3
2 2
e) 30 – 8r – 6r f) 8 + 20h + 8h
9. a) (j + 4)(2j + 5) b) (v + 2)(3v – 5)
c) (k – 4)(5k – 3) d) (3h + 2)(3h + 4)
e) (2y – 1)(4y + 1) f) (3 – 4u)(2 – 5u)

478 ANSWERS
 2
15. a) 9s + 41s + 52
2
3.7 Multiplying Polynomials, page 186 b) 13x + 4x + 40
2
3
4. a) g + 3g + 5g + 3
2 c) 18m – 2m – 42mn – 4n
b) 2 + 7t + 6t + 4t + t
2 3 4 d) 0
2
3
c) 2w + 11w + 26w + 21
2 e) 3x – 28x + 10
2
d) 12 + 29n + 22n + 8n + n
2 3 4 f) 7a + 2a – 7
5. a) 6z + 5zy + y
2 2 16. a) 20 – 2x
2
b) 12f + 4f – 25fg – 3g + 12g
2 b) 10 – 2x
2
2
c) 8a + 22ab + 15b
2 c) 4x – 60x + 200
3 2
2
d) 12a + 4a – 31ab – 5b + 20b
2 d) 4x – 60x + 200x
2
e) 4r + 4rs + s
2 2 17. a) 27x + 43x + 16
2
2
f) 9t – 12tu + 4u
2 b) x + 2x – 2
3 2
6. a) i) 4x + 4xy + y
2 2 18. a) x – 6x + 12x – 8
3 2
ii) 25r + 20rs + 4s
2 2 b) 8y + 60y + 150y + 125
3 2 2 3
iii) 36c + 60cd + 25d
2 2 c) 64a – 144a b + 108ab – 27b
3 2 2 3
iv) 25v + 70vw + 49w
2 2 d) c + 3c d + 3cd + d
3 2
v) 4x – 4xy + y
2 2 19. a) 12a + 2a – 4a
3 2
vi) 25r – 20rs + 4s
2 2 b) –6r + 3r + 3r
4 3 2
vii) 36c – 60cd + 25d
2 2 c) 40x – 50x + 15x
3 2
viii) 25v – 70vw + 49w
2 2 d) –8x y – 10x y + 25xy
3 2 2
b)
2
i) p + 6pq + 9q
2 e) 4b + 2b c – 2bc
6 2
ii) 4s – 28st + 49t
2 2 f) y – y
3 3 2
iii) 25g + 40gh + 16h
2 2 20. a) (2x + 3) = 8x + 36x + 54x + 27
2 2
iv) 100h – 140hk + 49k
2 2 b) 6(2x + 3) = 24x + 72x + 54
3 2
7. a) i) x – 4y
2 2
ii) 9r – 16s
2 2 21. a) 6x + 2x – 128x – 160
3 2
iii) 25c – 9d
2 2
iv) 4v – 49w
2 2 b) 3b – b – 172b + 224
3 2
b) i) 121g – 25h
2 2
ii) 625m – 49n
2 2 c) 18x + 3x – 88x – 80
3 2
3
8. a) 3y + y – 26y + 16
2 d) 50a – 235a + 228a – 63
3 2
3
b) 4r – 7r – 14r – 3
2 e) 8k + 12k – 18k – 27
3 2 2 3 2 2
3
c) 2b + 17b – 13b + 2
2 22. a) x + 3x y + 3xy + y + 3x + 6xy + 3y + 3x + 3y + 1
3 2 2 3 2 2
3
d) 3x + 11x – 39x – 7
2 b) x – 3x y + 3xy – y – 3x + 6xy – 3y + 3x – 3y – 1
3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2
2
9. a) x + 3x + 2xy + 3y + y
2 c) x + 3x y + 3xy + y + 3x z + 6xyz + 3y z + 3xz + 3yz
3
2
b) x + 3x + xy + 2y + 2 +z
3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2
2
c) a + 2ab + b + ac + bc
2 d) x – 3x y + 3xy – y – 3x z + 6xyz – 3y z + 3xz – 3yz
3
d) 3s + st + 5t + t + 6
2 –z
2 2
10. a) x – x – 2y – 4y
2
b) 2c + 2c – cd – 3d – 3d
2 3.8 Factoring Special Polynomials, page 194
2 2 2 2
c) a – 4a – 3ab + 20b – 10b 4. a) x + 4x + 4 b) 9 – 6y + y
2 2 2 2
d) p + 2pq – 8q – pr + 2qr c) 25 + 10d + d d) 49 – 14f + f
2 2 2 2
11. 2r – 13rs + 12r + 15s – 18s e) x – 4 f) 9 – y
3 2 2 2
12. x + 10x + 23x + 14 g) 25 – d h) 49 – f
4 3 2
13. a) 4r + 13r + 12r + 5r + 2 5. a) Difference of squares
4 3 2
b) 2d + 14d + 19d + 12d + 3 b) Neither
4 3 2
c) –4c + 26c – c – 22c – 6 c) Neither
4 3 2
d) 8n – 18n – 7n + 16n – 3 d) Perfect square trinomial
4 3 2
14. –3g – 7g + 10g + 18g – 8

ANSWERS 479
 6. a) (x + 7)(x – 7) b) (b + 11)(b – 11) 15. a) i) ±14 ii) 25
c) (1 + q)(1 – q) d) (6 + c)(6 – c) iii) 9
7. a) i) (a + 5)2 ii) (b – 6)2 b) i) 2 integers ii) 1 integer
iii) (c + 7)2 iv) (d – 8)2 iii) 1 integer
2
v) (e + 9) vi) (f – 10)2 16. –2, –1, 0; –1, 0, 1; 2 possibilities
b) g + 22g + 121 = (g + 11)2;
2
17. 39 999
h2 – 24h + 144 = (h – 12)2; 18. 5x2 + 34x + 24
i2 + 26i + 169 = (i + 13)2; 19. a) i) Neither
j2 – 28j + 196 = (j – 14)2 ii) Difference of squares
8. a) (2x – 3)2 b) (3 + 5n)2 iii) Difference of squares
2
c) (9 – 2v) d) (5 + 4h)2 iv) Perfect square trinomial
2
e) (3g + 8) f) (7r – 2)2 b) ii) (–10 + r)(10 + r)
2 2 2 2
9. a) x ; y ; x – y iii) (9ab + 1)(9ab – 1)
b) (x – y) and (x + y); (x – y)(x + y) iv) (4s2 + 1)2
10. a) (3d + 4f)(3d – 4f) 20. a) (x + 2)(x – 2)(x + 3)(x – 3)
b) (5s + 8t)(5s – 8t) b) (a + 1)(a – 1)(a + 4)(a – 4)
c) (12a + 3b)(12a – 3b), or 9(4a + b)(4a – b) c) (y + 1)(y – 1)(y + 2)(y – 2)
d) (11m + n)(11m – n) 21. a) 8(d + 2e)(d – 2e)
e) (9k + 7m)(9k – 7m) 1  1  1 
b) (10m + n)(10m – n), or  5m + n  5m − n 
f) (10y + 9z)(10y – 9z) 4  2  2 
g) (v + 6t)(v – 6t) c) 2y2(3x + 5y)(3x – 5y)
h) (2j + 15h)(2j – 15h) d) Cannot be factored
11. a) (y + 2z)(y + 5z) b) (2w + 3x)(2w – 7x) e) Cannot be factored
c) (3s – u)(4s – u) d) (t – v)(3t – 4v) 1  x y  x y 
f) (7x + 2y)(7x – 2y), or  +  − 
e) (2r + 3s)(5r – 3s) f) (2p + 7q)(4p – 5q) 196  4 7  4 7 
12. Trinomials in parts a, c, and d are perfect squares.
a) (2x + 7y)2 b) (3m – n)(5m + 4n) Chapter 3: Review, page 198
c) (4r + t)2 d) (3a – 7b)2
1. a) 2, 3, 11; 2 · 33 · 11
e) (3h + 4k)(4h + 3k) f) (3f – 5g)(5f – 2g)
b) 2, 3, 5, 7; 22 · 3 · 52 · 7
13. a) 8(m + 3n)(m – 3n)
c) 3, 5, 13; 3 · 53 · 13
b) 2(2z + y)2
d) 3, 7, 11, 13; 32 · 7 · 11 · 13
c) 3(2x + 3y)(2x – 3y)
2. a) 22 · 5, or 20 b) 5 · 7, or 35
d) 2(2p + 5q)2
c) 24, or 16 d) 22, or 4
e) –3(2u – v)(4u + 3v) 2 2
3. a) 2 · 3 · 5 · 7, or 1260
f) –2(3b + 8c)(3b – 8c)
b) 23 · 3 · 5 · 13 · 103, or 160 680
14. a)
c) 23 · 53, or 1000
d) 24 · 32 · 5 · 17, or 12 240
4. 61 beads
7 11
5. a) b)
9 17
13 247
c) d)
15 576
20 23
e) f)
b) πR2 – πr2 = π(R + r)(R – r) 27 160
c) Approximately 314 159 cm2 6. a) 28 in. b) 32 cm

480 ANSWERS
 7. a) 12 cm b) 14 ft. 17. 6 x-tiles
8. a) Perfect square; 256 = 16 18. a) g2 + g – 20
b) Perfect square; 324 = 18
c) Perfect square and perfect cube;
3
729 = 27; 729 = 9
d) Neither
e) Perfect square; 1936 = 44
3
f) Perfect cube; 9261 = 21 b) h2 + 14h + 49
9. 540 ft.
10. 44 cm
11. a) 4m(2 – m) b) –3(1 – 3g2)
c) 7a2(4 – a) d) 3a2b2c(2b – 5c)
e) –6mn(4m + n) f) 7b2(2bc2 – 3a3)
Algebra tiles could be used to factor the binomials in parts
a and b c) k2 + 7k – 44
12. a) 3(4 + 2g – g2) b) d(3c2 – 10c – 2)
c) 4mn(2n – 3 – 4m) d) y(y3 – 12y + 24)
2
e) 10x y(3 – 2y + xy) f) –4b(2b2 – 5b + 1)
13. a) 4x(2x – 3) b) 3y(y2 – 4y + 5)
2
c) 2b(2b – 1 –3b) d) 6m(m2 – 2 – 4m)
2 2
14. a) 5q(3p + 5pq – 7q ) b) –3(4mn – 5m2 – 6n2)
15. a) d) 81 – s2

b)

e) 144 – 24t + t2

c) Cannot be arranged as a rectangle

d)

f) 42 – r – r2
16. a) Cannot be arranged as a rectangle
b)

c)

d) Cannot be arranged as a rectangle

ANSWERS 481
 2 2
g) y – 14y + 33 d) 8m + 14m + 3

2
h) x – 25

2
23. a) i) 2x + 5x + 3
ii)

19. a) (q + 2)(q + 4) b) (n + 5)(n – 9)

c) (6 – s)(9 – s) d) (k + 6)(k – 15) iii) (x + 1)(2x + 3)
e) (x + 4)(x – 5) f) (3 – y)(4 – y) b)
2
i) 3x + 10x + 8
20. a) i) (m + 3)(m + 4) ii) (m + 2)(m + 6) ii)
iii) (m + 1)(m + 12) iv) (m – 3)(m – 4)
v) (m – 2)(m – 6) vi) (m – 1)(m – 12)
b) No
21. a) (u – 3)(u – 9) b) (v + 4)(v – 5) iii) (x + 2)(3x + 4)
c) (w – 2)(w + 12) 2
24. a) 6r + 31r + 35
2
22. a) 2h + 10h + 8

2
b) 3j + 16j + 5
2
b) 9y – 80y – 9

2
c) 6k + 7k + 2

2
c) 4a – 26a + 42

482 ANSWERS
 2
d) 9w – 9w + 2 31. a) n + 2, n + 4
3 2
b) n(n + 2)(n + 4) = n + 6n + 8n
32. a) (9 + 2b)(9 – 2b)
b) (4v + 7)(4v – 7)
c) 16(2g + h)(2g – h)
d) 2(3m + n)(3m – n)
2 2
33. a) (m – 7) b) (n + 5)
2
e) 16p + 40p + 25 c) (2p + 3)
2
d) (4 – 5q)
2

2 2
e) (2r + 7) f) (6 – 11s)
2 2
34. a) (g + 3h) b) (4j – 3k)
2 2
c) (5t + 2u) d) (3v – 8w)
2
35. 3x + 14x + 16

2
Chapter 3: Practice Test, page 201
f) 3y – 2y – 1
1. A
2. C
3. 900; 5
4. a) i) 20: 5, 20, 45, 80, 125, …
45: 5, 20, 45, 80, 125, …
50: 2, 8, 18, 32, 50, …
ii) 20: 50, 400, 1350, 3200, 6250, …
25. a) (k – 1)(4k – 3)
b) (3c + 1)(2c – 5)
45: 75, 600, 2025, 4800, 9375, …
c) (b – 2)(4b + 3)
50: 20, 160, 540, 1280, 2500, …
2
5. a) 6c + 19c + 10
d) (a – 5)(6a – 1)
e) (4x – 1)(7x + 4)
f) (3x + 2)(7x – 2)
26. a) (2m – 3)(3m + 7)
b) (4n + 1)(3n – 5)
c) (4p – 5)(5p + 4)
3 2
27. a) c + 4c + 5c + 2
3 2
b) 8r – 22r – 9r + 30 b) 72 + 86r + 24r
2
3 2
c) –2j – 5j + 35j + 11
3 2
d) 6x + 5x – 17x – 6
2 2
28. a) 16m – 8mp + p
2 2
b) 9g – 24gh + 16h
2 2
c) y – yz – 2z – 2y + 4z
2 2
d) –18c + 39cd – 20d + 21c – 28d
4 3 2
29. a) 2m + 7m + 12m + 17m + 10
2 3 4
b) 5 – 11x – 3x + 11x – 2x
4 3 2
c) –6k + 25k + 10k – 33k – 18
2 3 4
d) 3 + 2h – 10h – 3h + 2h
2
30. a) 22a + 3a + 7
2
b) 23c – 10c – 53

ANSWERS 483
 2
c) 12t + 13t – 35 4. a) The calculator returns an error message; the square of a
real number will always be positive.
b) Any non-zero even index
c) i) Any odd index
ii) Any even index
3
5. a) i) 4 ii) 8
4
3 2 iii) 16
6. a) 2p + 3p – 16p + 7
3
3 2
b) 3e + 6e f + 2ef + 4f + 5ef + 10f
2 3 2 b) i) 9 ii) 27
4
2
c) –7y + 60yz – 16z
2 iii) 81
3
7. a) (f + 1)(f + 16) c) i) 16 ii) 64
b) (c – 2)(c – 11) iii) 4
256
c) (t + 4)(4t – 7) 3
2
d) i) 100 ii) 1000
d) (2r + 5s)
iii) 4
10 000
e) (2x – 5y)(3x – y)
3
f) (h + 5j)(h – 5j) e) i) 0.81 ii) 0.729
3 2 4
8. 6r + 11r + 6r + 1 iii) 0.6561
2 2 2 2
9. 8t ± 25t + 3; 8t ± 14t + 3; 8t ± 11t + 3; 8t ± 10t + 3 f) i) 0.04 ii) 3
0.008
4
iii) 0.0016
Chapter 4 Roots and Powers, page 202
6. Answers will vary. For example:
a) 3
216 = 6 b) 3
343 = –7
4.1 Math Lab: Estimating Roots, page 206
81 3
c) 4 = d) 17  4.1
1. Answers will vary. For example: 16 2
3 4 5
a) 25 , 19 , 37 , 3
b) For 25 , the radicand is 25 and the index is 2. 4.2 Irrational Numbers, page 211
3
For 19 , the radicand is 19 and the index is 3. 3. a) Irrational
For 4
37 , the radicand is 37 and the index is 4. b) Rational
For 5
3 , the radicand is 3 and the index is 5. c) Irrational

c) The index tells which root to take. d) Rational

2. a) 6; 36 = (6)(6) e) Irrational

b) 2; 8 = (2)(2)(2) f) Rational
3
c) 10; 1000 = (10)(10)(10)(10) 4. a) 7, 27
3
d) –2; (–2)(–2)(–2)(–2)(–2) = –32 b) –5, 7, 27
3 3 3 3 27 4 3
d) ;      = c) , 0.34 , –5, –2.1538, 27 , 7
5 5 5 5
  125 3
4
e) 1.5; (1.5)(1.5) = 2.25 d) 9
f) 0.5; (0.5)(0.5)(0.5) = 0.125 5. a) 49 = 7; 4
16 = 2
g) 5; (5)(5)(5)(5) = 625 b) 21 and 3
36 cannot be written as a terminating or
3. a) 2.8 b) 2.1 repeating decimals.
c) 1.8 d) 3.6 6. a) Rational
e) 2.5 f) 2.0 b) Irrational
g) 4.4 h) 2.7

484 ANSWERS
 7. a), b) 16. Additional numbers may vary. For example:
a), b)

8. The cubes roots of the numbers in parts c and d will be

irrational.
9. a)

b)

c) 17. Answers may vary. For example:

a) 21 b) 125
18. a) 1.6
b)
d)

3 3 4
10. a) 400 , 50 , 70 , 100
b) 89 , 3
150 , 4
250 , 3
150
3 3
11. 98 , 300 , 3 500 , 75 , 98
40 ,
19. 755:481 is approximately equivalent to 1.6:1,
14 123
12. , 3
10 , –2, , 4; 1 5
5 99 and is approximately 1.6.
14 123 2
irrational: 3 10 ; rational: , –2, , 4 20. a) Irrational number
5 99
b) Rational number
13. 52  32 = 34 , which is an irrational number.
21. Each prime factor occurs a multiple of n times.
14. a) i) True ii) True 22. Triangles will vary. For example:
iii) False iv) False a) Side lengths: 3 units, 4 units, 5 units
v) True b) Side lengths: 1 unit, 3 units, 2 units
b) iii) 0 iv) π
c) Side lengths: 1 unit, 2 units, 3 units
15. Answers will vary. For example:
d) Side lengths: 2 units, 3 units, 5 units
a) i) 0.75 ii) 0
23. a) Yes b) No
iii) 7
24. Take rational numbers to the 12th power.

ANSWERS 485
 6. a)
4.3 Mixed and Entire Radicals, page 218 Perfect cube Cube root
3.
1 1
Perfect Square root
square 8 2

1 1 27 3

4 2 64 4

9 3 125 5

16 4 216 6

25 5 343 7

36 6 512 8

49 7 729 9

64 8 1000 10

81 9 b)
Perfect fourth Fourth root
100 10 power
121 11 1 1
144 12 16 2
169 13 81 3
196 14 256 4
225 15 625 5
256 16 9. 25 is a perfect square, but neither 10 nor 5 is a
289 17 perfect square.
10. a) 3 10 b) Cannot be simplified
324 18
c) 6 3 d) 10 6
361 18 e) 3 6 f) Cannot be simplified
400 20 g) 2 7 h) Cannot be simplified
i) 4 7
4. a) 2 2 b) 2 3
11. a) 2 3 2 b) 3 3 3
c) 4 2 d) 5 2
3
c) 4 4 d) 4 3 2
e) 3 2 f) 3 3
e) Cannot be simplified f) 4 3 3
g) 4 3 h) 5 3
3
g) 3 5 h) Cannot be simplified
5. a) 50 b) 72
3
i) 5 4 j) 5 3 3
c) 98 d) 128
e) 75 f) 108
g) 147 h) 192

486 ANSWERS
12. a) 18 b) 32
c) 180 d) 150 Chapter 4: Checkpoint 1, page 221

e) 343 f) 3
16 1. a) 9 b) –5
g) 3
81 h) 3
192 c) 4 d) 3
3 3 2. a) 3.16 b) 2.47
i) 250 j) 72
c) 1.73 d) 1.87
13. a) Yes
3. Neither
b) No
4. a) Irrational b) Irrational
14. 6 7 ft.
c) Irrational d) Rational
15. 2 3 25 cm e) Rational f) Irrational
16. 12 6 in. 5. a)
17. a) 2 4 3 b) 3 4 5
c) 5 4 2 d) 2 4 11
4 4
18. a) 3888 b) 4802 b)
5 5
c) 972 d) 3072
19. a) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ,
11 , 12 , 13 , 14
c)
b) i) The radicands start at 2 and increase by
1 each time.
ii) 51
iii) 30 d)
3
20. 1024
21. 4 6
22. a) 8 3 , 9 2 , 4 5 , 6 2 , 2 6 6. a), b) Additional numbers may vary. For example:
b) 8 3 , 6 5 , 4 7 , 2 13
c) 9 2 , 3 17 , 5 6 , 7 3 , 103
23. a) 2, 20, 200;
4 000 000 , 400 000 000
b) 3, 30, 300;
27 000 000 000 , 27 000 000 000 000
c) 2 2 , 20 2 , 200 2 ;
8 000 000 , 800 000 000
d) 2 3 , 20 3 , 200 3 3 ;
3 3

3
24 000 000 000 , 3
24 000 000 000 000
2 2
24. 4 2 cm, 32 cm ; 4 cm, 16 cm
25. a) i) 14.142
ii) 141.42 7. a)
b) i) 2.8284
ii) 4.2426
iii) 5.6568
iv) 7.071
3 3 4 4
b) 65 , 32 , 72 , 50 , 100 , 60

ANSWERS 487
  
2
8. Areas of squares may vary. For example: 10. a)
3
482 , or 3
48
a)
 
5
 1.8
5
b) 3
, or 3
1.8
5
 3
5
 3
c)  8  , or  
   8

 
3
4
d) 0.753 , or 4
0.75
2
 5
2
 5
b) e)   9  , or  5  
5
   9 

 
3
f) 1.253 , or 1.25
3 2
11. a) 3.8 2 , or 3.81.5 b)  1.5 3
5 4
1.25

9. a) 3 5 b) 2 3 12
 9 4 9  3 3
c)   , or   d)  
5 5 8
c) Cannot be simplified d) 2 4 3
3
1.5
e) 2 3 10 f) Cannot be simplified  5 2 5 3
 2.5 5 , or  2.5
0.6
e)   , or   f)
11. a) 63 b) 3
32 4
  4
c) 147 d) 4
192 9
12. a) 27 b)
3 4
e) 270 f) 396
c) 9 d) 0.216
8
4.4 Fractional Exponents and Radicals, page 227 e) 16 f)
125
3. a) 4 b) 6 1 1

c) 4 d) 2 13. a) 4 2 , 4 b) 16 2 , 16
1 1
e) –3 f) –10
c) 100 , 2
100 d) 9 ,2
9
4. a) 10 b) 3 1

c) 4 d) –2 e) 25 , 2
25
3 1 1
5. a) 36 b) 48
14. a)  1 3 , 3
1 b) 8 3 , 3
8
c) 5
30 1 1
1 1
c) 27 , 3 3
27 d)  64  3 , 3
64
6. a) 39 2 b) 90 4
1
1 1 3
e) 64 , 3
64
c) 29 3 d) 100 5
3
3
7. a) 1 b) 2 1 2
15.   , 3
4 , 4 2 , 42
c) 4 d) 8 4
e) 16 f) 32 16. a) i) 64 ii) 27
 
2
3
8. a) 42 , or 3
4 iii) 16 iv) 5.9160…
v) 1.331 vi) 0.8414…
 10  , or  10 
3 3
5 5
b) b) i, ii, iii, v

2.3 , or  2.3 
3
3 17. Approximately 76 m
c)
18. 2.744
1 2
9. 3
350 cm, 350 cm 3 19. Approximately 1.3 m

488 ANSWERS
20. a) Approximately 93% 10. Answers may vary. For example:
b) Approximately 81% a) 3–2
1
c) 5 h −
b) 25 2
21. Mars; period of Earth: approximately 363.8 Earth days; −2
period of Mars: approximately 688.5 Earth days 1
c)  
22. Karen 2
d)
4.5 Negative Exponents and Reciprocals, page 233
−3
1  1 11. $2651.56
3. a) = 5–4 b)  −  = (–2)3 3125
54  2 12. −
1 1 1024
c) = 32 d) = 42 1 1
3−2 4−2 13. a) b)
1 1 81 64
4. a) 16, b) 16, 1 9
16 16 c) d)
1 1 4 4
c) 6, d) 64, 8 32
6 64 e) f)
1 27 243
5. 14. $1266.57
1024
1 15. Approximately 0.19%
6. a) 3 1 1
2 16. 5–2; >
1 25 32
b) 5 17. a) The numbers at the left are divided by 2 each time. The
3
1 1 exponents in the powers at the right decrease by 1 each
c) , or 2 time.
( −7 )2 7
1 1 1
7. a) 22 b) 2 = 21; 1 = 20; = 2–1; = 2–2; = 2–3
3
2 4 8
3 18. 38, or 6561 times as great
b)  
2 19. a) The exponent is positive.
4 4
 5 5 b) The exponent is negative.
c)  −  , or  
 6 6 c) The exponent is 0.
1 1 20. No; if the base is between 0 and 1, the power will be
8. a) b) −1
9 16 1
greater than 1. For example:   = 2
1 2
c) − d) 27
32 21. a) Approximately 2.0 × 1020 N
9 b) Answers may vary depending on researched values.
e) f) 125
4 For example: approximately 1.9 × 1020 N
1 10
9. a) b)
2 3 Chapter 4: Checkpoint 2, page 236
1 1
c) d) − 1. a) 2 b) 7
3 4 343
100 1 c) 16 d)
e) f) 27
9 4
e) –32
1
g) h) 125
27

ANSWERS 489
  
2
2. a) i)
3
352 , or 3
35 6 1
6. a) n b)
z6
, or 
32 
3
3
ii) 32 12 1
c) n d) 4
c
 32  , or  32 
2 2
5 5
iii) 12 12
3  3
7. a)   b)  
400 , or  400 
3
iv) 3
5 5
12 12
v) 3
125  3  3
c)   d)   
2 5  5
 8 
2
 8 
vi) 3
 125  , or  3  a2 n6
   125  8. a)
b2
b)
m3
b) iii) 4 iv) 8000 d8 4b 2
4 c) d)
v) –5 vi) c8 25c 2
25 e) a 2b 2 f) n 6 m3
1
3. a) 4 3 1 x3
g) h)
1
0.5 c d8
12
y3
b) 9 , or 9
2

1 9. a) x; product of powers law

0.25 –5
c) 18 , or 184
b) a ; product of powers law
3 3
1.5 c) b ; product of powers law
d) 10 , or 102

2
d) 1; product of powers law
e)  10  3 e)
1
; quotient of powers law
4. Approximately 53 s x7
10
2 3 f) s ; quotient of powers law
 3 , 3 ,  3
4 5
3 3
5. 3 , 33 , 2
1
g) 5 ; quotient of powers law
1 b
6. 3
421 875 mm, 421 875 3 mm, 75 mm h) 1; quotient of powers law
81 9
7. a) b) 4 10. a) 2.25 b)
16 16
1 c) 0.36 d) 1
c) d) 2
100 5 3
e) f) 
e) 100 f) 625 3 8
8. $4589.06 1000 3
g) h)
343 10
4.6 Applying the Exponent Laws, page 241 a4
11. a) x3 y 6 b)
7 1 4b 4
3. a) x b)
a3 1 16m8 n12
c) d)
2 1 64m6 n9 81
c) b d)
m 12. 10.6 cm
5 2
4. a) 0.5 b) 0.5–1 13. 251 ft.
–1
c) 0.5 d) 0.55 a 5
d4
14. a) b)
2 1 b c2
5. a) x b)
x3 1
15. a) –32 b) 
1 8
c) n d)
a4 1 1
c)  d)
32 1024

490 ANSWERS
 2 1
16. a) m b) 5
Chapter 4: Review, page 246
x4
1 1 1. a) 10 b) 0.9
3b 2 4c 2b 6 3
c)  d)  c) 2 d)
a6 a3 5
5
x2 b 2. The index tells which root to take.
17. a) b)
y4 25a 4 3. a) 3.3 b) –2.3
1 c) 2.0
m8 r 2
4. a) 25 b) 216
19. a) b) 5
n2 c) 2401
s 4

5. Neither
1000 1000
20. a) i) Dimensions, in millimetres: 7
by 5
; 6. a) Rational b) Rational
2 4
2 4
c) Rational d) Irrational
297 mm by 420 mm e) Rational f) Rational
1000 1000 g) Rational h) Irrational
ii) Dimensions, in millimetres: 9
by 7
;
i) Irrational
2 4
24
7. Approximately 4.8 cm
210 mm by 297 mm
8. a) Rational b) Irrational
1000 1000
iii) Dimensions, in millimetres: 11
by 9
; 9. 3
30 , 4
10 , 4
18 , 3
30 , 20 , 30
2 4
2 4

149 mm by 210 mm
1000 1000
b) i) Dimensions, in millimetres: 9
by 7
2 4
24
1000 1000
ii) Dimensions, in millimetres: by
11 9 10. 1 s
2 4
24
11. a) 5 6 b) 3 3 5
1000 1000
iii) Dimensions, in millimetres: 13
by 11 c) 4 7 d) 3 4 2
24 24 12. a) 180 b) 126
c) A piece of A4 paper has the same dimensions as a 3 4
c) 192 d) 32
folded piece of A3 paper; a piece of A5 paper has the
13. Approximately 1.0 cm
same dimensions as a folded piece of A4 paper.
15. 6 2 , 3 6 , 5 2 , 4 3 , 2 7
a16c3 c14
21. a) b)
 
5
 50 
5
b 7
64a 2b10 17. a) 4
12 b) 3
, or 3
50
1 1 3
22. a) 10
b) 7 c) 1. 2 d) 3

a 9
a 2 8
1 2
23. For example:
1 3 3 1
18. a) 1.4 2 b) 13 3

a) x1  x , x  x , x 2  x
2 4 4 2
4
3
 2 4
1 5

5 c) 2.5 5
d)  
b) x 2  x 2 , x 2  x1 , x 1  x 2 5
3 
9
19. a) 2 b) 1.2
 1 1
 1  2
c)  x 2  ,  x 6  4 ,  x 3  27
c) –32 d)
    64
1
1  3 2 20. Approximately 35%
24. cm, or approximately 0.6 cm
2  2 
3 2

 5 , 5
3
3 4
21. 4
, 53 , 5, 5

ANSWERS 491
22. a) Approximately 7122 Calories/day 5. 2 11
b) Approximately 4 Calories/day y5
6.
23. a) The numbers at the left are divided by 3 each time; the x2
exponents in the powers at the right decrease by 1 each 1 1
7. a) b)
time. p 2q 1
cd 3
1 0 1 1 1
b) 3 = 3 ; 1 = 3 ; = 3–1; = 3–2; = 3–3 8. Approximately 29 L
3 9 27
1 27
24. a) b) Cumulative Review Chapters 1–4, page 252
4 8
2
125 1. 117 m
c) 3
8 2. 236 in.
25. $908.51 3 a) 5.2 cm b) 1 in.
26. 18.0 cm 4. 28 ft.
27. 262 Hz 5. 64.2°
8 2 1 7 2
28. a) 9m n b) 4 6 6. a) 9 in. b) 4 in.
x y 10
1 1 7. a) 9; 585
c) d)
4ab3 10 2 b) 14; 924
r s
3 3
c) 3; 3150
2 5 x2 d) 2; 4620
29. a) a b b)
y 8. 8214 in.2
3
1 3 9. a) 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100
c) 5 d) x y2
a b) 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000
9 c) 1, 64, 729
30. a) b) 30.25 2
4 10. a) 3a(5a – 9) b) 2p(2 + 6p – 3p)
3 2
144 c) –2d(4d + 7) d) 7(3w – 4 + 2w )
c) d) 0.4 2 2 2 2 2 3 2
25 e) 2x y (9x – 2xy + 5y ) f) 11np (3n p + n – 11p )
31. Approximately 6.4 cm 11. The trinomials that can be represented as a rectangle of
10
3 3 algebra tiles can be factored.
32. a) s t
a) Can be represented b) Cannot be represented
d9
b) c) Cannot be represented d) Can be represented
64c 12.
2
a) d + 2d – 15

Chapter 4: Practice Test, page 249

1. B
2. A
3. a) 5 3 ; 5 3  75
b)
2
b) 45 – 14s + s

4 1
4. a) b)
3 16
1
c) 0.729 d)
4

492 ANSWERS
 c) –49 + 16g2 20. 3
−90 , 4
150 , 4
250 , 3
90 , 30

21. a) i) 4 6 ii) 3 3 4
d) 6k2 + 13k – 63
iii) 2 4 9 iv) 5 17
3
v) 6 3 vi) 2 4 22
3
b) i) 75 ii) 40
iii) 4
29 282 iv) 63
3 5
v) 2916 vi) 96

( )
3
4 3 4
13. Answers may vary. For example, one of these: 22. a) i) 50 , or 50
a) 15, –15, 9, –9
( )
2
( −2.5)
2
ii) 3
, or 3
−2.5
b) 6, 4, 0, –6, –14, –24, –36, …
8
c) 17, –17, 7, –7, 3, –3 3
8
 3
iii)  4  , or  4 
5 5
d) 4, 3, 0, –5, –12, –21, –32, …
   
14. a) (n + 11)(n – 2)
3
2
b) (4 – m)(15 – m)  7 4
b) i) 8.9 3
ii)  
c) (2r + 5)(3r + 4) 4
d) (2n + 1)(5n – 2) 6

15. a) 3(c – 10)(c + 2)

iii) ( −4.8) 5
b) –5(h + 7)(h – 3) 216
23. a) 27 b)
c) 3(8c + 3)(c – 4) 343
d) 5(4 – 3a)(5 – 4a) 81
c) –0.002 43 d)
e) 4(t – 6)2 16
f) 2(4 + w)(8 – w) 1 512
e) f)
g) 3(6r – 7s)(6r + 7s) 8 125
h) –2(5x – 3y)(7x + 2y) 25
g) 27 h) , or 6.25
16. a) 2x3 + 3x2 – 19x + 15 4
b) 2a2 – ab – 6a – 10b2 – 12b 1331
i)
c) 12 – t – t2 + 9s – 3st 343
d) 2n4 + 3n3 – 8n2 – 7n + 4 24. $24 895.92
17. a) 5c2 + 23c – 42 4
25. a) b) 0.25
b) –2t2 – 33t + 30 25
c) –4w2 + 53w + 46 5 1
c) d) −
d) 3d2 + 12d – 25 3 2
18. a) (5n + 4)2 16 x 24
26. a) a3b2 b)
b) (6v – w)(4v + 3w) y8
c) (9c – 13d)(9c + 13d) 5
−3b 2 −5z
d) (3a – 5b)2 c) 3
d)
x2 y3
19. 3.42 a 2

ANSWERS 493
 b) As an arrow diagram:
Chapter 5 Relations and Functions, page 254

5.1 Representing Relations, page 262

3. a) i) The relation shows the association “has a value, in
dollars, of” from a set of coins to a set of numbers.
ii) As a set of ordered pairs:
{(penny, 0.01), (nickel, 0.05), (dime, 0.10),
(quarter, 0.25), (loonie, 1.00), (toonie, 2.00)}
As an arrow diagram: 5. a) The relation shows the association “creates art using
the medium of” from a set of francophone artists from
Manitoba to a set of artistic mediums.
b) i) As a set of ordered pairs:
{(Gaëtanne Sylvester, sculpture),
(Hubert Théroux, painting),
(Huguette Gauthier, stained glass),
(James Culleton, painting),
(Nathalie Dupont, photography),
(Simone Hébert Allard, photography)}
b) i) The relation shows the association “is played with
ii) As an arrow diagram:
a” from a set of sports to a set of equipment.
ii) As a set of ordered pairs:
{(badminton, racquet), (badminton, shuttlecock),
(hockey, puck), (hockey, stick), (tennis, ball),
(tennis, racquet), (soccer, ball)}
As an arrow diagram:

6. a) The relation shows the association “has a typical mass,

in kilograms, of” from a set of salmon species to a set
4. a) As a table: of masses.
Word Number of Letters b) As a set of ordered pairs:
{(Chinook, 13), (Chum, 9), (Coho, 5), (Pink, 3),
blue 4
(Sockeye, 6)}
green 5 c) As an arrow diagram:

orange 6

red 3

yellow 6

494 ANSWERS
7. a) The arrow diagram shows a relation with the 9. a) {(0, 6), (1, 2), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6), (7, 3),
association “is the number of letters in” from a set of (8, 7), (9, 6)} Some digital clocks may show the
numbers to a set of words beginning with the letter Z. number 9 with 5 line segments.
b) As a set of ordered pairs: b) Representations may vary. For example:
{(3, Zen), (4, zany), (4, zero), (5, zebra), (6, zombie), As an arrow diagram:
(7, Zamboni), (8, zeppelin)}
As a table:
Number Word beginning with Z

3 Zen

4 zany

4 zero

5 zebra

6 zombie

7 Zamboni
As a table of values:
8 zeppelin
Digit Number of lit segments
c) Chosen words and representations may vary. For
example: 0 6
As an arrow diagram: 1 2

2 5

3 5

4 4

5 5

6 6

7 3
As a set of ordered pairs: 8 7
{(4, X-ray), (5, xenon), (5, Xerox), (5, xylem),
9 6
(9, xylophone), (10, xenophilia)}
As a table: 10. a) As an arrow diagram:
Number Word beginning with X

4 X-ray

5 xenon

5 Xerox

5 xylem

9 xylophone

10 xenophilia
8. a) The diagram shows a relation with the association
“translates to” from the set of French words to the set As a set of ordered pairs:
of English words. {(Hayley Wickenheiser, 1978),
b) Answers may vary. For example: Two ordered pairs (Jennifer Botterill, 1979),
that satisfy the relation are: (oui, yes) and (et, and) (Jonathan Cheechoo, 1980),
(Jordin Tootoo, 1983),
(Roberto Luongo, 1979)}

ANSWERS 495
 As a table: 13. a) 6 children b) 4 parents
Hockey Player Birth Year c) 2 grandparents
14. a) 2 females b) 3 males
Hayley Wickenheiser 1978

Jennifer Botterill 1979 5.2 Properties of Functions, page 270

Jonathan Cheechoo 1980 4. a) Function

b) Not a function
Jordin Tootoo 1983 c) Function
Roberto Luongo 1979 5. a) Function; domain: {1, 2, 3, 4}; range: {3, 6, 9, 12}
b) Not a function; domain: {–1, 0, 1}; range: {–1, 0, 1}
b) As an arrow diagram:
c) Function; domain: {2, 4, 6, 8}; range: {3, 5, 7, 9}
d) Not a function; domain: {0, 1, 2}; range: {1, 2, 3}
6. a) C(n) = 20n + 8 b) P(n) = n – 3
c) t(d) = 5d d) f(x) = –x
7. a) d = 3t – 5 b) y = –6x + 4
c) C = 5n d) P = 2n – 7
8. a) Function; domain: {1, 2, 3, 4}; range: {1, 8, 27, 64}
b) Not a function; domain: {3}; range: {4, 5, 6, 7}
9. a) i) Function
ii) Dependent variable: C; independent variable: n
iii) Domain: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, …};
range: {2.39, 4.00, 6.39, 8.00, 10.39, 12.00, …}
As a set of ordered pairs: b) i) Function
{(1978, Hayley Wickenheiser), ii) Dependent variable: T; independent variable: A
(1979, Jennifer Botterill), iii) Domain: {610, 1220, 1830, 2440, 3050, 3660, …};
(1979, Roberto Luongo), range: {15.0, 11.1, 7.1, 3.1, –0.8, –4.8, …}
(1980, Jonathan Cheechoo), 10. a) Not a function b) Function
(1983, Jordin Tootoo)} c) Part a: domain: {3, 4, 5, 6}; range: { equilateral
As a table: triangle, hexagon, isosceles triangle, parallelogram,
pentagon, rectangle, rhombus, right triangle, scalene
Birth Year Hockey Player
triangle, square, trapezoid}
1978 Hayley Wickenheiser Part b: domain: {equilateral triangle, hexagon,
1979 Jennifer Botterill isosceles triangle, parallelogram, pentagon, rectangle,
rhombus, right triangle, scalene triangle, square,
1979 Roberto Luongo trapezoid}; range: {3, 4, 5, 6}
1980 Jonathan Cheechoo 11. Answers may vary. For example:
a) Functions:
1983 Jordin Tootoo
Name From Name Age
11. Answers may vary. For example:
a) Ordered pairs should be in the form: (older person,
Marie Edmonton Marie 13
younger person) Gabriel Falher Gabriel 16
b) Other associations include: “is taller than”
Élise Bonnyville Élise 14
“is involved in more school groups than”
“usually wakes up earlier than” Christophe Calgary Christophe 13
12. a) i) {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 2), (2, 4), (2, 6), (3, 1),
Jean Edmonton Jean 15
(3, 3), (3, 5), (4, 2), (4, 4), (4, 6), (5, 1), (5, 3),
(5, 5), (6, 2), (6, 4), (6, 6)} Mélanie Edmonton Mélanie 15
ii) {(1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 1), (3, 5),
Nicole Red Deer Nicole 17
(3, 6), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 6), (5, 2), (5, 3), (6, 1),
(6, 3), (6, 4)} Marc Légal Marc 13
b) No

496 ANSWERS
 b) Not functions: ii) m(20) = 128.521; a male whose humerus is 20 cm
Age Name From Age long will be approximately 129 cm tall.
b) i) l = 25.6082…; a female who is 142 cm tall will
13 Marie Edmonton 13
have a humerus length of approximately 26 cm.
16 Gabriel Falher 16 ii) l = 42.6257…; a male who is 194 cm tall will have
a humerus length of approximately 43 cm.
14 Élise Bonnyville 14
19. a) i) C(50) = 10
13 Christophe Calgary 13 ii) C(–13) = –25
b) i) f = 68
15 Jean Edmonton 15
ii) f = –31
15 Mélanie Edmonton 15 c) i) C(32) = 0
ii) C(212) = 100
17 Nicole Red Deer 17
iii) C(356) = 180
13 Marc Légal 13 20. Variables may differ. Let c represent a temperature in
12. The statement in part a is true. degrees Celsius. Let F represent the same temperature in
13. a) 9
degrees Fahrenheit. F ( c )  c  32
5
Letter Number Number Letter
18
21. P (l )  2l 
A 1 1 A l
22. l ( w)  6  w ; domain: 0  w  6 ; range: 0  l  6
D 2 1 T
23. t ( s )  11  2 s ; domain: 1.5  s  3 ; range: 5  t  8
F 4 2 D

G 2 2 G Chapter 5: Checkpoint 1, page 275

1. a) In words:
M 3 3 M
This relation shows the association “is used to make”
Q 10 4 F from a set of materials to a set of objects.
As an arrow diagram:
T 1 8 X

X 8 10 Q

Z 10 10 Z
b) The first table represents a function.
14. a) f(1) = 6
b) f(–3) = 26
c) f(0) = 11
d) f(1.2) = 5
15. a) i) n = 9 As a table:
1 Material Object
ii) n = , or 0.5
2
bark basket
b) i) x = –8
17 skin drum
ii) x = , or 3.4
5
skin kayak
16. a) C = 2.54i
b) C(12) = 30.48; a length of 12 in. is equal to a length of stone carving
30.48 cm. stone inukshuk
c) i = 39.3700…; a length of 100 cm is approximately
b) In words:
equal to a length of 39 in.
This relation shows the association “has this many
17. a) D(t) = –80t + 300
factors” from the natural numbers from 1 to 4 to a set
b) 300 km
of natural numbers.
18. a) i) f(15) = 112.785; a female whose humerus is 15 cm
As a set of ordered pairs:
long will be approximately 113 cm tall.
{(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 3)}

ANSWERS 497
 As an arrow diagram: b) i) As an arrow diagram:

c) In words: As a table of values:

This relation shows the association “is usually Number Number
coloured” from a set of objects to a set of colours.
1 1
As a set of ordered pairs:
{(grass, green), (sea, blue), (sky, blue), (snow, white)} 1 3
As a table:
1 5
Object Colour
1 7
grass green
ii) As an arrow diagram:
sea blue

sky blue

snow white
d) As a set of ordered pairs:
{(2, 1), (3, 1), (3, 2), (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3)}
As an arrow diagram: As a table of values:
Number Number

1 1

3 3

5 5

As a table: 7 7
Number Number 4. a) Dependent variable: T; independent variable: d
2 1 b) T = 10d + 20
c) T(5) = 70; At a depth of 5 km below Earth’s surface,
3 1 the temperature is 70°C.
3 2 d) d = 3; A temperature of 50°C occurs at a depth of 3 km
below Earth’s surface.
4 1

4 2 5.3 Interpreting and Sketching Graphs, page 281

4 3 3. a) Bear F; approximately 650 kg

b) Bear A; approximately 0.7 m
2. a) The relations in parts b and c are functions.
c) Bears D and E; 400 kg
b) Part b: domain: {1, 2, 3, 4}; range: {1, 2, 3}
d) Bears D and H; approximately 2.25 m
Part c: domain: {grass, sea, sky, snow}; 4. a) 8 m; 06:00 and 18:00
range: {blue, green, white} b) 2 m; 00:00 (midnight), 12:00 (noon), and 24:00
3. Answers may vary. For example:
(midnight)
a) i) {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (1, 7)}
c) Approximately 6.5 m
ii) {(1, 1), (3, 3), (5, 5), (7, 7)}
d) At approximately 02:20, 09:40, 14:20, and 21:40
5. Graph B

498 ANSWERS
 8. a) True b) False b)
c) True d) False
e) False
9. b) 25 L; no
10.

Situation: A person sprints down a street starting from

a standstill. It takes the person 5 s to reach a speed of
7.5 m/s. After 5 s of running at 7.5 m/s, the person
slows down and stops in 5 s.
15. Answers may vary. For example:
a)

12.

Situation: A watering can contains 4 L of water. The

water is poured at a steady rate so the watering can is
empty after 30 s.
b)

13. From 3 min to 4 min, the volume should be below 40

because Jonah turns the volume down.
At 9 min, the graph should be a vertical line from 80 to 0 Situation: A person lets go of a helium balloon. The
because the mute button immediately silences the balloon starts at a height of 2.5 m above the ground.
television. After 10 s, it is at a height of 15 m above the ground.
14. Answers may vary. For example: 16. Answers may vary. For example:
a) a) i)

Situation: A person walks from home to a park 1.5 km

away in 10 min. He sits on a park bench and reads for
10 min. Then he walks home.

ANSWERS 499
 ii) 18.

17. a)

5.4 Math Lab: Graphing Data, page 286

1. a) i) The points are joined because air temperature and
speed can have any numerical value between those
indicated by the points on the graph.

Situation: The height of a grasshopper during one hop.

It takes 0.2 s for a grasshopper to jump 20 cm high,
and another 0.2 s for it to return to the ground.
b)

ii) Yes
b) i) The points are not joined because the data are only
Situation: The cost of parking in a parking garage. valid for whole numbers of years.
It costs $1 to park for up to 30 min, $2 to park from 30
min to 60 min, and $3 to park from 60 min to 90 min.
c)

Situation: The height of a point on the rim of a tire on a ii) Yes

truck over time. The point starts at the lowest point on
the rim, 25 cm above the ground.
As the wheel goes around, the point moves up to a
maximum height of 50 cm, then down, then up again.

500 ANSWERS
2. a) The points are not joined because only whole numbers 9. a) Domain: all real numbers; range: y  1
are permissible for the number of juice cans purchased. b) Domain: 3  x  3 ; range: 0  y  3
c) Domain: 3  x  3 ; range: 3  y  0
d) Domain: 1  x  2 ; range: 0  y  3
10. a) The points on the graph should not be connected.
b) The points on the graph should be connected.
c) The points on the graph should be connected.
d) The points on the graph should be connected.
11. a) i) The distance of a school bus from the school from
8:00 to 9:00.
ii) The number of students on a school bus from 8:00
to 9:00.
b) i) Independent variable: time; dependent variable:
distance from the school
The relation is a function because there is only one cost ii) Independent variable: time; dependent variable:
for each number of cans. number of students
b) The points are joined because all values of altitude and c) Graph A: points are connected because all values of
temperature are permissible between those plotted. time and distance are permissible between the
indicated plotted points.
Graph B: points are not connected because it is
impossible to have only part of a student on a bus.
12. a) The points on the graph are connected because the
car’s speed and skid length can be any positive number
of kilometres per hour and metres, respectively,
between the plotted points.
b) Exact numbers for the range may vary. For example:
domain: 40  s  120 ; range: 16  d  144
Restrictions: the domain and range cannot contain
negative numbers because it is impossible to have a
negative skid distance or a negative speed.
The relation is a function because there is only one
The domain is also restricted because the relationship
value of temperature for each altitude.
shown on the graph may not be true for speeds less
than 40 km/h and greater than 120 km/h.
5.5 Graphs of Relations and Functions, page 294
13. a) Independent variable: t; dependent variable: n
4. a) Domain: {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}; range: {–4, –2, 0, 2, 4} b) The points are not connected because it is impossible
b) Domain: {–3, –1, 0, 2, 3}; range: {–2, 0, 1, 2, 3} to have part of a car in a parking lot.
c) Domain: {–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3}; range: {2} c) Exact numbers for the range may vary. For example:
5. A vertical line drawn on each graph intersects the graph at domain: {8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 14:00, 16:00};
0 points or 1 point. range: {4, 25, 31, 64, 65}
6. a) Yes; each point on the line has a different x-coordinate. Restrictions: the domain can be any time between
b) No; each point on the line has the same x-coordinate, 1. 00:00 and 24:00, all the possible times in one day.
7. a) iv b) i The range can be any whole number up to the number
c) ii d) iii of parking spaces in the lot.
8. a) Function; domain: all real numbers; range: 1  y  3
14. a) Independent variable: number of days after January 1;
b) Not a function; domain: –3  x  1; range: y  –1 dependent variable: number of hours the sun is above
c) Not a function; domain: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; the horizon, h
range: {2, 3, 4, 5}
d) Function; domain: x   2 ; range: 2  y  4
e) Not a function; domain: x  2; range: 1  y  5

ANSWERS 501
 b) Answers may vary. For example: c)

I connected the points because the relationship shown d) Part b: domain: 0  p  8 ; range: 0  A  68
on the graph is true for days represented by points Part c: domain: 0  c  96 ; range: 0  A  68
between the ones plotted. 16. a) –1
The data are discrete, but the scale is so small that if all b) 3
the points were plotted, they would make a line 17. a) 5
segment. b) 3
c) From the table: the relation is a function because each 18. Answers may vary. For example:
number in the first column is different.
From the graph: the relation is a function because a
vertical line drawn on the graph would intersect the
graph in only 1 point.
15. a)
Volume of 0 2 4 6 8
Paint, p (L)

Cost, c ($) 0 24 48 72 96
Domain: 2  x  4 ; range: 2  y  4
Area 0 17 34 51 68
Covered, A 19. a)
(m2)
b)

b)

502 ANSWERS
20. a)

5 0.31 5 50

6 0.63 6 60

7 1.27 7 70

8 2.55 8 80

9 5.11 9 90

10 10.23 10 100

11 20.47 11 110

12 40.95 12 120

13 81.91 13 130

14 163.83 14 140
The points are not joined because each point represents
15 327.67 15 150
a planet and their number is limited.
b) Domain: {1, 5, 10, 19}; range: {1, 12, 29, 84} b)
21. a)

b) Domain: all real numbers greater than 0 and less than

c) I would choose Payment Scheme 1 because after
or equal to 500; range: {0.54, 0.98, 1.18, 1.96, 2.75}
13 days, the money received is greater and increases
22. Yes
at a faster rate.
23. The statement is false.
24. a)
Chapter 5: Checkpoint 2, page 299
Payment Scheme 1 Payment Scheme 2
1. Answers may vary. For example:

Day Total Day Total

money money
received ($) received ($)

1 0.01 1 10

2 0.03 2 20

3 0.07 3 30

4 0.15 4 40

ANSWERS 503
 2. a) iii)
x y

–2 12

–1 9

0 8

1 9

2 12
iv)
b) No x y
c) Domain: {14, 15, 17, 18};
–2 –4
range: {45, 50, 56, 64, 65, 90}
3. a) Not a function; domain: 0  x  2; range: 1  y  5 –1 –2
b) Function; domain: x  3 ; range: y  0
c) Function; domain: 2  x  2 ; range: 8  y  8 0 0

1 2
5.6 Properties of Linear Relations, page 308
2 4
3. a) Linear relation b) Not a linear relation
c) Linear relation d) Not a linear relation v)
4. a) Linear relation b) Not a linear relation
c) Not a linear relation
5. a) Linear relation b) Linear relation
c) Not a linear relation d) Not a linear relation
6. a) Tables of values may vary. For example:
i)
x y
vi)
–2 4 x y
–1 6 –2 8
0 8 0 6
1 10 2 4
2 12 4 2
ii) 6 0
x y
b) The relations in part a, i, ii, iv, v, and vi are straight
–2 11 lines, so they are linear relations.
7. a) i) Independent variable: s; dependent variable: d
–1 11.5
ii) Not linear
0 12 b) i) Independent variable: t; dependent variable: a
ii) Linear
1 12.5
iii) –200 m/min
2 13

504 ANSWERS
 8. a) iii) Independent variable: distance travelled;
dependent variable: taxi fee; rate of change:
$2/km; every kilometre, the fee increases by $2.
iv) Independent variable: number of yearbooks to be
printed; dependent variable: fee; rate of change:
$5/yearbook; for every yearbook to be printed, the
fee increases by $5.
18. a) Linear
b) Not linear
c) Not linear
d) Linear
e) Not linear
19. a) The equation V = 24 000 – 2000n is linear.
b) The relation is not linear because the points on the The equation V = 24 000(0.2n) is not linear.
graph do not lie on a straight line. b) –$2000/year; every year, the value of the truck
9. Answers may vary. For example: depreciates by $2000
I could examine the change in the first and second 20. Yes; the relation is linear.
coordinates. If both changes are constant, the relation is 21. No; the relation is not linear.
linear. 22. a) True
I could also graph the ordered pairs. If the points lie on a b) True
straight line, the relation is linear. c) False
10. Yes d) True
11. The first set of ordered pairs does not represent a linear e) False
relation. The second set of ordered pairs represents a linear
relation. 5.7 Interpreting Graphs of Linear Functions,
12. a) Answers may vary. For example: The equation relates page 319
the dependent variable, C, to the rate of change, 15, 4. a) i) Vertical intercept: 0; horizontal intercept: 0; (0, 0);
times the independent variable, n, plus a constant, 550. (0, 0)
b) 15; cost per guest ii) 40 km/h
13. Answers may vary. For example: iii) Domain: 0  t  3 ; range: 0  d  120
Create a table of values for the relation. Then, either check b) i) Vertical intercept: 100; horizontal intercept: 4;
the differences in the numbers in each column or plot the (0, 100); (4, 0)
points. If the differences are constant or the points lie ii) –25 km/h
along a line, the relation is linear. Otherwise, it is not iii) Domain: 0  t  4 ; range: 0  d  100
linear. 5. a) i) 400; (0, 400)
14. a) Independent variable: t; dependent variable: C ii) 100 ft./min
b) $0.08/min; every minute, the cost of the phone call iii) Domain: 0  t  8 ; range: 400  A  1200
increases by $0.08. b) i) 1000; (0, 1000)
15. –$0.80/booth; at every toll booth, Kashala pays $0.80. ii) –50 ft./min
16. a) Equation 3 and Set B iii) Domain: 0  t  8 ; range: 600  A  1000
b) Equation 1 and Set C 6. a)
c) Equation 2 and Set A
17. a) i) Linear ii) Not linear
iii) Linear iv) Linear
v) Not linear
b) i) Independent variable: time since the hang glider
started her descent; dependent variable: hang
glider’s altitude; rate of change: –50 m/min; every
minute, the hang glider’s altitude decreases by
50 m.

ANSWERS 505
 b) 14. a) Answers may vary. For example:
The scale on the axes is so small that it would be
impossible to distinguish every point on the graph.
b) i) Approximately 33 sweatshirts
ii) $15
15. a)

c)

d) b)

c)
2 2
7. a) 9 m /L; every litre of paint covers an area of 9 m .
2
b) 54 m
c) 5 L
8. a) ii
b) iii
9. a) Vertical intercept: 0; horizontal intercept: 0; (0, 0); the
cost of running the backhoe for 0 h is $0.
b) $80/h; each hour that the backhoe is run increases the
d)
cost by $80.
c) Domain: 0  t  10 ; range: 0  C  800
d) $560
e) 4.5 h
10. a) $1.50/km; every kilometre driven costs an additional
$1.50.
b) $14
c) 4 km
16. a) $0.80 per bar sold
11. Estimates may vary. Smart car: approximately 0.06 L/km;
b) Vertical intercept: –40; it represents the loss when 0
SUV: approximately 0.128 L/km; the Smart car uses less
bars are sold: $40; horizontal intercept: 50; it
fuel per kilometre.
represents the number of bars that must be sold to
12. a) 2.5 h, or 2 h 30 min
reach the break-even point, when no profit is made and
b) 24 km/h
there is no loss: 50 bars
c) 60 km c) Domain: 0  n  300 , where n is a whole number;
2
d) 1 h, or 1 h 40 min range: all multiples of 0.80 from –40 to 200; I wouldn’t
3
want to list all the values in the range because there are
13. a) It takes longer to fill the empty tank.
3 301 of them.
b) 25 m of fuel

506 ANSWERS
17. a) Answers may vary. For example: ii) As an arrow diagram:
There are no intercepts on the graph because the
relation does not apply to people less than 10 years of
age and older than 90 years of age.
b) Approximately –0.8 (beats/min)/year; for every
additional year of age, the recommended maximum
heart rate decreases by approximately 1 beat/min.
c) Approximately 77 years of age
d) Approximately 126 beats/min
18. a) i) x-intercept: 5; y-intercept: 5
ii) x + y = 5
b) i) x-intercept: 5; y-intercept: –5
2. Representations may vary. For example:
ii) x – y = 5
a) As a table:
19. a)
Element Atomic Number

carbon 6

chlorine 17

hydrogen 1

iron 26
b) f(5) = 425 oxygen 8
c) t = 2.5
d) Contexts may vary. For example: A car’s distance silver 47
from home as it travels away at an average speed of As an arrow diagram:
85 km/h. In this context, only the 1st quadrant of the
graph is relevant.
20. a) The vertical intercept represents the person’s distance
from Duke Point when starting the journey at
Parksville.
The horizontal intercept represents the person’s
distance from Parksville after completing the journey
at Duke Point.
The distance between the two locations doesn’t change,
so the intercepts have the same value. As a set of ordered pairs:
b) –1; for every 1 km the car moves away from
{(carbon, 6), (chlorine, 17), (hydrogen, 1), (iron, 26),
Parksville, it moves 1 km closer to Duke Point. (oxygen, 8), (silver, 47)}
c) Interchanging the dependent and independent variables
b) As a table:
would interchange the labels on the axes, but the line
Atomic Number Element
on the graph would stay the same.
1 hydrogen
Chapter 5: Review, page 326
6 carbon
1. a) The table shows a relation with the association “has
8 oxygen
this cultural heritage” from a set of artists to a set of
First Nations heritages. 17 chlorine
b) i) As a set of ordered pairs:
26 iron
{(Bob Dempsey, Tlingit), (Dorothy Grant, Haida),
(Bill Helin, Tsimshian), (John Joseph, Squamish), 47 silver
(Judith P. Morgan, Gitxsan), (Bill Reid, Haida),
(Susan Point, Salish)}

ANSWERS 507
 As an arrow diagram: 9. Estimates may vary.
a) Not a function; domain: {13, 14, 15, 16, 17}; range:
{159, 161, 165, 168, 170, 174, 176}
b) Function; domain: {08:00, 10:00, 12:00, 14:00, 16:00,
18:00}; range: {2, 5, 10, 20, 25}
10. a) i) Graph A represents the volume of a jar, in cubic
centimetres, as a linear function of its height, in
centimetres.
ii) Graph B represents the number of marbles in a jar
as a linear function of the jar’s height, in
As a set of ordered pairs: centimetres.
{(1, hydrogen), (6, carbon), (8, oxygen), (17, chlorine), b) i) Independent variable: height of the jar, h;
(26, iron), (47, silver)} dependent variable: volume of the jar, V
3. a) Not a function ii) Independent variable: height of the jar, h;
b) Function dependent variable: number of marbles in the jar, n
c) Function c) i) Estimates may vary. For example: Domain:
d) Not a function 5  h  20 ; range: approximately 400  V  1575
4. a) f(x) = –4x + 9 ii) Domain: {5, 10, 15, 20}; range: {14, 28, 42, 56}
b) C(n) = 12n + 75 d) The points are joined in Graph A because it is possible
c) D(t) = –20t + 150 for a jar to have any height between 5 cm and 20 cm
d) P(s) = 4s and any volume between 400 cm3 and 1575 cm3.
5. a) P = 5n – 300 The points are not joined in Graph B because only
b) Independent variable: n; dependent variable: P whole numbers of marbles are permissible.
c) P(150) = 450; if 150 students attend the dance, the 11. a) –2
profit is $450. b) –1
d) n = 200; the profit is $700 when 200 students attend 12. Graphs may vary. For example:
the dance. a)
6. a) Graph A
b) Answers may vary. For example:
Graph D could represent Laura’s journey to school to
pick up her bike. She walks to school, then picks up
her bicycle and rides home.
7. b) 2 times
c) 2.0 L of water
b)
d) Dependent variable: volume of water in Liam’s flask;
independent variable: distance Liam hikes
8. a) I joined the points because all times between 0 min and
30 min are permissible and all temperatures between
50°C and 89°C are permissible.

13. a) Linear relation b) Linear relation

c) Not a linear relation
14. Tables of values may vary. For example:
a) i)

b) The graph represents a function because a vertical line

drawn on the graph passes through one point.

508 ANSWERS
 ii) Table: 16. a) 6000 m, or 6 km
x y b) Domain: 0  n  2800 ; range: 0  d  6000
c) Approximately 2.1 m/revolution; in one revolution of
–2 11
the wheel, the bicycle covers a distance of
–1 5 approximately 2 m.
d) Approximately 0.68 m, or 68 cm
0 3
17. a) ii
1 5 b) iii
c) i
2 11
18. a) 201 caps
iii) b) $4
x y c) i) 350 caps
ii) 500 caps
–2 –1
d) The profit depends on the sale of caps and the initial
–1 1 cost of $800 to buy or make the caps. So, doubling the
0 3 number of caps does not double the profit.

1 5 Chapter 5: Practice Test, page 329

2 7 1. B
iv) 2. C
3. a) i) Function
ii) Representations may vary. For example:
Domain: {–3, –1, 0, 1, 2}; range: {2, 4, 5, 6}
As a graph:

v)
x y

–2 –6

–1 –3

0 0 The function is not linear because the points on the

graph do not lie on a line.
1 3
b) i) Function
2 6 ii) Representations may vary. For example:
Domain: {–3, –1, 1, 2, …}; range: {1, 4, 9, …}
vi)
As a graph:
x y

–1 4

0 3

1 2

2 1
The function is not linear because the points on the
3 0 graph do not lie on a line.
b) i, iii, iv, v, vi c) i) Function
15. a) The equation represents a linear relation because, when ii) Representations may vary. For example:
1 Domain: 2  x  8 ; range: 1  y  4
g changes by 1, N changes by .
15 As an equation:
1 1
b) ; For every 1 g of carbohydrate that Isabelle y = – x + 3, for 2  x  8
15 2
1 The function is linear because the graph is a non-
consumes, she gives herself of a unit of insulin.
15 vertical line.

ANSWERS 509
 iii) Independent variable: x; dependent variable: y; rate 5. a) Negative
1 b) Positive
of change: 
2 c) Not defined
4. Situation: Jamie’s school is 20 km from her home. Jamie d) Zero
rides her friend’s bike from school to her friend’s home, 1
6. a) Rise: 3; run: 6; slope:
which is 4 km from her own home. She arrives at her 2
friend’s home 20 min after she left school. She talks to her 1
b) Rise: –2; run: 8; slope: 
friend for 10 min, then walks the remaining 4 km home in 4
30 min. 3
c) Rise: 3; run: 4; slope:
4
d) Rise: –6; run: 2; slope: –3
7. a) 3
7
b) –
2
1
c)
2
1
d) 
2
8. Sketches may vary. The lines may be in different positions
on the grid but they should have the same orientations as
those shown.
a)
5. a) The relation is a function because no number is
repeated in the first column.
b) Dependent variable: time; independent variable: mass
c)

b)

c)

I connected the points because both time and mass are

not discrete data.
d) Domain: 4  m  10 ; range: 2.5  t  4.0
d)
e) 0.25 h/kg; for every additional kilogram, the time
needed to cook the turkey increases by 0.25 h.
f) 3.25 h or 3 h 15 min

Chapter 6 Linear Functions, page 330

6.1 Slope of a Line, page 339 9. Sketches may vary. The line segments may have different
2 2 lengths but they should have the same orientations as those
4. a) b)
11 7 shown.

510 ANSWERS
 a) b) i) As x increases by 1, y increases by 2.
ii) As x increases by 2, y increases by 1.
iii) As x increases by 1, y decreases by 3.
iv) As x increases by 3, y increases by 1.
14. a) Diagrams may vary.
b) b) i) The slopes of the segments are equal; all segments
on the same line have the same slope.
1
15. a) , or 0.06
15
1
b) 13 in.
2
1
16. a) 
48
c)
b) 312 in., or 26 ft.
1
c) 4 in.
2
17. a) Line iv
b) Line iii
c) Line ii
d) d) Line i
3
18. a) i) 
5
3
ii)
5
3
iii) 
1 5
11. a)
2 3
iv)
1 5
b)
2 b) The slopes of BC and ED are equal. The slopes of BE
c) The slopes in parts a and b are equal. and CD are equal. The two different slopes are
12. Diagrams may vary. For example: opposites.
a) 19. a) The slope of a horizontal line is 0 because its rise is 0,
and the quotient of 0 and any number is zero.
b) The slope of a vertical line is undefined because its run
is 0, and the quotient of any number and 0 is
undefined; that is, I cannot divide by 0.
1
20. a)
3
21. Positions of lines on the grid may vary. For example:
a) i)

b) Similarities: the line segments have the same slope;

ii)
differences: they pass through different points
1
13. a) i) 2 ii)
2
1
iii) –3 iv)
3

ANSWERS 511
 iii) 25. a)

22. 840 cm, or 8.4 m

23. Coordinates may vary.
For example:

3
b) 2.7 g/cm
3
c) The slope shows that for every 1 cm increase in the
volume of an aluminum cube, the mass of the cube
increases by 2.7 g.
d) i) 135 g ii) 742.5 g
3
e) i) Approximately 37 cm
3
ii) Approximately 167 cm
26. a) The number of text messages is restricted to whole
numbers.
b) $0.15, or 15¢ c) $4.95
a) (–4, 5), (–6, –3), (–7, –7)
d) 48 text messages
b) (–7, 3), (–3, –1), (–1, –3)
e) Assumptions may vary. For example: I assumed that
c) (–8, 2), (–2, 0), (1, –1)
all messages cost the same.
d) (–1, 8), (–9, –6), (–13, –13)
27. a) $45/month b) $505
24. a) i) Positive
c) $55
ii) Positive
d) Assumptions may vary. For example: I assumed that
iii) Negative
Charin continues to save the same amount each month
iv) Not defined
after the 5th month and that the savings account did not
b) Sketches may vary.
earn any interest.
For example:
2
28. a) 2 b)
3
29. No
30. a) Positions of point A may vary. For example:

b) Slope of OB is 2; tanAOB = 2

512 ANSWERS
 c) b) i) 5
1
ii) 
5
7
c) i)
3
2 2 3
Slope of OB is ; tanAOB = ii) 
5 5 7
d) The slope of a line segment is equal to the tangent d) i) –4
of the angle formed by the segment and the positive 1
ii)
4
x-axis. Both the slope and the tangent are equal to the
7. Yes; the slope of the line through the golfer’s club and the
quotient of the same two numbers.
slope of the line through the golfer’s feet are the same:
31. a) The slope is tan 30°, or approximately 0.6.
1
approximately 
6
8. a) i) A(–5, –2), B(1, 5) and C(–1, –4), D(4, 1)
ii) Neither
b) i) E(–3, 4), F(3, 2) and G(2, 5), H(0, –1)
ii) Perpendicular
b) The slope is tan 60°, or approximately 1.7.
c) i) J(–2, 3), K(1, –3) and M(3, 1), N(–4, –2)
ii) Neither
d) i) P(0, 5), Q(6, 2) and R(–4, –1), S(0, –3)
ii) Parallel
9. a) Perpendicular
b) Parallel
c) Neither
c) No
d) Neither
10. a) Both lines have positive slopes, which are reciprocals.
6.2 Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines,
b) Both lines have positive slopes, which are reciprocals.
page 349
3
4 11. a) Slope of AB is , or 1.5.
3. a) 2
5
4
b) 
3
c) 3
d) 0
6
4. a) 
7
8
b) 3
5 b) Slope of CD is , or 1.5.
1 2
c) – c) Answers may vary. For example:
9
1 (1, 2), (3, 5)
d) 2
5 d) Slope of AE is  .
3
5. a) Parallel b) Neither
c) Neither d) Perpendicular e) Answers may vary. For example:
4 9 (0, –4), (3, –6)
6. a) i)  ii)
9 4

ANSWERS 513
12. a) Slope of AB is –2. 1
23. a) a = 3 , or 3.25
4
1
b) a = 1 , or 1.2
5

Chapter 6: Checkpoint 1, page 353

2 1
1. Slope of AB:  ; slope of CD:
3 4
b) Slope of CD is –2.
15
c) (–1, 0) and (0, –2) 2. a) 
4
5
b)
3
3. Answers may vary. For example: The slope of a line is
equal to the slope of any segment of the line, so we can
use any two points that form that segment to determine the
slope of the line.
4. a) 25 km/h; Jordan’s average speed
b) Approximately 31 km
1 c) 2.6 h, or 2 h 36 min
d) Slope of EF is , or 0.5.
2 5. The positions of the lines on the grids and their labels may
e) (4, 0) and (0, –2) vary. For example:
a) Neither

13. a) Yes b) No
14. Trapezoid b) Perpendicular
15. No
16. The slopes of BC and AC are negative reciprocals,
so BC and AC are perpendicular: slope of BC: –2;
1
slope of AC:
2
17. Yes; The slopes of DE and EF are negative reciprocals,
3
so DE and EF are perpendicular: slope of DE: ;
2 c) Parallel
2
slope of EF: 
3
18. Triangles may vary.
c) In each case, the line segment that joins the midpoints
of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side of
the triangle.
19. a) No; no pairs of slopes are negative reciprocals.
b) D(–2, –1)
20. Coordinates may vary. For example:
(3, 7), (–9, 1), (6, 1), (–6, –5)
21. Rhombuses may vary. The diagonals intersect at right 6. Coordinates may vary. For example:
angles. a) (2, –2), (6, 1)
22. c = –2 b) (5, –2), (2, 2)

514 ANSWERS
 7. No, no two of the three slopes of the sides of the triangle 6. a), b)
are negative reciprocals.
8. Answers may vary. For example: (–12, 0), (0, –5)

6.3 Math Lab: Investigating Graphs of Linear

Functions, page 356
1. a) From top to bottom:
1 1 1
y x  4 , y  x  2 , y  x 1,
2 2 2
1 1
y  x  2, y  x  3
2 2 c), d)
b) From top to bottom:
1 1 1
y   x  4 , y   x  3 , y   x 1 ,
3 3 3
1 1
y   x2, y   x3
3 3
2. m represents the slope and b represents the y-intercept of
the line. I could plot the y-intercept, then plot a point using
the slope.
3. The graph has a slope of –3 and a y-intercept of 6.

7. a)

4. a) All the graphs have y-intercept –1.

b)

b) m represents the slope or rate of change; that is, $15

per person. b represents the initial cost of $550 to rent
the hall.

6.4 Slope-intercept Form of the Equation for a Linear

Function, page 362
4. a) Slope: 4; y-intercept: –7
b) Slope: 1; y-intercept: 12
5. a) All the graphs have slope 1. 4
c) Slope:  ; y-intercept: 7
b) 9
3
d) Slope: 11; y-intercept: 
8
1
e) Slope: ; y-intercept: 0
5
f) Slope: 0; y-intercept: 3

ANSWERS 515
5. a) y  7 x  16 b)
3
b) y   x  5
8
7
c) y  x3
16
6
d) y   x  8
5
5
e) y   x
12 c)
6. Sketches may vary. For example:
a)

b)
d)

c)
e)

d)

f)

7. a)

8. a) C  50t  80 b) C  40t  100

9. F  0.02 d  3.50

516 ANSWERS
10. a)
c) 460 m
d) i) The graph would be a line joining (0, 700) and
(8, 0).
ii) h  87.5t  700
14. a) C  0.80 n  20
b) $107.20
b) c) 125 songs
16. a) E  0.05t  34
b) $54
c) $600
17. a) y  4 x  1
2
b) y  x 1
3
c) 5
c) y   x  7
3
18. a) Graph C b) Graph A
c) Graph D d) Graph B
19. a) Graph C b) Graph D
c) Graph B d) Graph A
20. a) Graph B b) Graph C
d)
c) Graph D d) Graph A
21. Parallel lines:
y  5 x  7 and y  5 x  13 ;
y  5 x  15 and y  5 x  24 ;
1 1
y x  9 and y  x  21 ;
5 5
1 1
11. a) The student may have confused the values of the slope y   x  15 and y   x
5 5
and the y-intercept.
b) y  4 x  3 Perpendicular lines:
1
1 y  5 x  7 and y  x9;
12. a) i) Slope:  ; y-intercept: 2 5
2
1 1
ii) y   x2 y  5 x  7 and y  x  21 ;
2 5
iii) y = –3 1
y  5 x  13 and y  x  9 ;
b) i) Slope: 4; y-intercept: –6 5
ii) y  4 x  6 1
y  5 x  13 and y  x  21 ;
iii) y = 34 5
3 1
c) i) Slope: ; y-intercept: 1 y  5 x  15 and y   x  15 ;
4 5
3 1
ii) y  x 1 y  5 x  15 and y   x ;
4 5
iii) y = 8.5 1
y  5 x  24 and y   x  15 ;
1 5
d) i) Slope:  ; y-intercept: –2
3 1
y  5 x  24 and y   x
1 5
ii) y x2
3 4
22. y   x  4
16 1 3
iii) y =  , or  5
3 3 38 2
23. c   , or  12
13. a) Slope: –80; the plane is descending at a speed of 3 3
80 m/min. h-intercept: 900; when the plane begins its 47 23
24. m   , or  1
descent, it is 900 m above the lake. 24 24
b) h  80t  900

ANSWERS 517
 7. a) The graph is a line through (4, –2) with slope –3.
6.5 Slope-Point Form of the Equation for a Linear
Function, page 372
4. Coordinates may vary. For example:
a) Slope: –4; (1, 5)
b) Slope: 3; (8, –7)
c) Slope: 1; (–15, –11)
d) Slope: 5; (2, 0)
4
e) Slope: ; (–3, –6)
7 b) The graph is a line through (–3, –4) with slope 2.
8
f) Slope:  ; (–16, 21)
5
5. a) y  2  5( x  4)
b) y  8  7( x  6)
3
c) y  5   ( x  7)
4
d) y  8  0 , or y  8
6. a)
c) The graph is a line through (–5, 3) with slope 1.

b) d) The graph is a line through (2, 0) with slope –1.

9. Equations may be written in different forms.

4 2
a) i) y  4   ( x  2) ii) y3 ( x  3)
3 5
1 5
iii) y  2  ( x  4) iv) y  2   ( x  1)
c) 3 2
4 4 4
b) i) y   x  ; x-intercept: 1; y-intercept:
3 3 3
2 9 9
ii) y  x  ; x-intercept:  , or  4.5 ;
5 5 2
9
y-intercept:
d) 5
1 2 2
iii) y  x  ; x-intercept: 2; y-intercept: 
3 3 3
5 1 1
iv) y   x  ; x-intercept: , or 0.2 ;
2 2 5
1
y-intercept: , or 0.5
2

518 ANSWERS
10. Different variables may be used. d)
a) Let s represent the speed of sound and t represent the
air temperature: s  337  0.6(t  10)
b) 331 m/s
11. Slope-point forms of equations may vary. For example:
a) y  1  2( x  1) , or y  5  2( x  2) ; y  2 x  1
b) y  2   ( x  5) , or y  7   ( x  4) ; y   x  3
c) y  8  3( x  2) , or y  7  3( x  3) ; y  3 x  2 16. a) 1.26 g/mL; For every 1 mL of liquid that is poured into
d) y  5  2( x  5) , or y  1  2( x  7) ; the cylinder, the mass of the cylinder and the liquid
y  2 x  15 increases by 1.26 g.
12. a) Graph C: slope 2 and y-intercept –5 b) Variables and form of the equation may vary.
b) Graph A: slope 1 and y-intercept 1 For example: Let v millilitres represent the volume of
c) Graph B: slope 2 and y-intercept 5 the liquid, and M grams represent the mass of the
d) Graph D: slope –1 and y-intercept –5 cylinder and liquid; M  51.5  1.26( v  20)
13. The graphs are parallel. The graph of y  y1  m ( x  x1 ) c) 64.1 g
d) 26.3 g
passes through the point P( x1 , y1 ) , and the graph of
17. a) Variables and form of the equation may vary.
y  y1  m ( x  x1 ) passes through the point For example: Let M represent the mass of potash in
Q(  x1 ,  y1 ) . millions of tonnes, and t represent the time in years
since 2005; M  0.6t  8.2
14. a) y  2  2( x  1)
b) 11.2 million tonnes; 14.2 million tonnes;
1
b) y  2  ( x  1) Assumption: I assume that the relation continues for
3
times beyond 2007 and remains linear.
2
c) y  1   ( x  2) 18. a) Variables and form of the equation may vary. For
3
example: Let p represent the number of students
15. Graphs may also be produced on a computer with
enrolled in francophone schools, and t represent the
graphing software. Graphs may show different windows. time, in years, since 2001; p  3470  198(t  2)
a)
b) Approximately 3866 students
19. a) –2 b) y  11  2( x  3)
c) y  3  2( x  4)
4
20. a) i) y  3   ( x  5)
3
3
ii) y  3  ( x  5)
4
b)
1
21. a) y  2  2( x  1) b) y  2   ( x  1)
2
5 2
22. a) y  6   ( x  2) b) y  6  ( x  2)
2 5
3
23. a) y  ( x  4)
5
1
c) b) y  1   ( x  4)
2
24. Form of the equation may vary.
9 37
y x
2 9
25. Form of the equation may vary.
3
y5 ( x  2)
5

ANSWERS 519
 d)
Chapter 6: Checkpoint 2, page 376
1. Screens may vary.
a)

e)

b) Increase the value of m to get a line with a greater

slope. Decrease the value of m to get a line with a
lesser slope.
c) Increase the value of b to get a line with a greater
y-intercept. Decrease the value of b to get a line with a
lesser y-intercept.
2. a) Slope: 25; d-intercept: 10; 25 km/h is Eric’s average 4. a) y  2 x  3
speed; d-intercept: 10 km is Eric’s distance from home b) Equations may have different forms. For example:
at the start of his ride. y  5  2( x  1)
b) d  25t  10
c) i) 66.25 km 6.6 General Form of the Equation for a Linear
ii) 1.4 h, or 1 h 24 min Relation, page 384
3. a)
4. a) Standard form
b) General form
c) Slope-intercept form
d) Slope-point form
5. a) x-intercept: 3; y-intercept: –8
b) x-intercept: 8; y-intercept: 7
c) x-intercept: 22; y-intercept: –8
d) x-intercept: 13.5; y-intercept: –3
b) 6. a) 4 x  3 y  36  0
b) 2 x  y  7  0
c) 2 x  y  6  0
d) 5 x  y  1  0
7. a)

c)

b)

520 ANSWERS
8. a) i) The coefficient of x is negative. ii)
ii) Neither side of the equation is 0.
iii) The coefficient of x is not a whole number.
iv) The x-term should come before the y-term.
b) i) 2 x  3 y  42  0
ii) 5 x  4 y  100  0
iii) x  y  2  0
iv) 9 x  5 y  20  0
9. a) i) x-intercept: 8; y-intercept: –6
ii)

10. b)

b) i) x-intercept: –10; y-intercept: 12

ii)

c) f  s  12  0
d) Pairs of integers may vary. For example:
0 and 12; 5 and 7; 3 and 9; 13 and –1; 14 and –2;
15 and –3
11. a), b) Letters for the variables may differ.
c) i) x-intercept: 8; y-intercept: –12 Let s represent a small pan, and l represent a large pan.
ii) 12s + 36l = 504

4
12. a) y   x8
3
3 3
b) y  x 
8 2
2
c) y  x  3
5
d) i) x-intercept: 2; y-intercept: –10 7 10
d) y   x 
3 3

ANSWERS 521
13. a) –4 b), c) 2t + l = 24
b) 3
c) 5
d) –5
14. a)

b)

d) i) No
ii) No
17. Screens may vary.
a)

c)

b)

d)
c)

d)

15. a) 9 pieces of 8-ft. pipe

b) 12 pieces of 6-ft. pipe
c) No; 9.75 pieces of 8-ft. pipe would be needed
2 18. a) x  3 y  12  0
d) No; 10 pieces of 6-ft. pipe would be needed
3 b) x  3 y  11  0
16. Graphs may have variables on different axes; and c) x  4 y  11  0
variables may be different. Let l represent the number of d) 9 x  6 y  8  0
loonies and t represent the number of toonies.

522 ANSWERS
19. Forms of the equations may vary. For example: 23. b)
1 1
a) y = x – 4; x – 3y – 12 = 0; y + 3 = (x – 3)
3 3

1 1 11
b) y – 2 = (x + 5); x – 3y + 11 = 0; y = x +
3 3 3
24. Equations in parts b, e, and g are equivalent.
Equations in parts d, f, and h are equivalent.
26. a) 3 x  4 y  12  0 ; linear function
b) Not a linear function
c) Not a linear function
d) x  3 y  8  0 ; linear function
A
28. a) B  0 : 
1 1 11 B
c) y + 3 =  (x – 1); x + 4y +11 = 0; y =  x – C
4 4 4 b) B  0 : 
B

Chapter 6: Review, page 388

2
1. a) 
3
4
b)
3 4 1 3 5
d) y =  x + ; 9x + 6y – 8 = 0; y + =  (x – 1)
2 3 6 2 2. a) Negative
b) Negative
c) Zero
3. Sketches and coordinates may vary.
a) i)

ii) (–2, 0), (–1, –1), (0, –2)

b) i)

22. a) Graph B
ii) (1, 2), (5, 3), (9, 4)
b) Graph A

ANSWERS 523
 c) i) 3
b) Slope: ; y-intercept: –2
4

5
12. a) i) Slope: ; y-intercept: 1
3
ii) (–5, 4), (–1, –2), (1, –5)
5
3 ii) y  x 1
4. a) –2 b)  3
2
3
5. a) 160; for every 1 min Gabrielle jogs, she covers a b) i) Slope:  ; y-intercept: –1
2
distance of 160 m. 3
b) Slope is equal to the rate of change. ii) y   x  1
2
c) i) 640 m 13. a) Graph C
ii) 6.25 min, or 6 min 15 s b) Graph D
1
6. a) i) 3 ii)  c) Graph A
3
d) Graph B
6 5 14. a) A  15 w  40
b) i)  ii)
5 6
b) 21 weeks
11 8
c) i) ii)  c) The slope would represent the amount Mason saved
8 11
each week: $15; the vertical intercept would represent
d) i) 1 ii) –1 the amount in his bank account when he started saving:
1
7. a) Perpendicular; slope of JH: 2; slope of KM:  $40
2
15. Equations may vary. For example:
b) Neither; slope of NP: 3; slope of QR: –3
4 4
1 4 a) y  x  1 and y  x  10
8. No; slope of ST:  ; slope of TU: 3; slope of UV:  ; 7 7
3 9
7 7
5 b) y   x  1 and y   x  10
slope of SV: 4 4
2 1
9. Yes; The slopes of AB and BC are negative reciprocals, so 16. y  3   ( x  2)
2
AB and BC are perpendicular. 17. Coordinates and forms of the equation may vary.
1
Slope of AB: 2; slope of BC:  a) i) 2; (–3, –4)
2
ii)
11. a) Slope: –3; y-intercept: 4

iii) y  2  2( x  2)
1
b) i)  ; (4, 1)
3

524 ANSWERS
 ii) 24. a), b) g – l – 6 = 0

1
iii) y  2   ( x  1)
3
18. Forms of the equation may vary. For example:
2
a) y = (x – 2)
3
3
b) y – 2 =  (x + 3)
5 c) Pairs of integers may vary. For example:
19. Forms of the equation may vary. 8 and 2; 7 and 1; 6 and 0; 5 and –1; 4 and –2
a) i) y  5  3( x  1) or y  7  3( x  3) 25. Equations in parts a and d are equivalent. Equations in
1 1 parts b and e are equivalent.
ii) y  1   ( x  5) or y  3   ( x  3)
2 2 26. a) Graph B
b) Coordinates may vary. For example: b) Graph C
i) (2, 8) c) Graph A
ii) (1, 1) 27. Variables may differ. Let a represent the number of hours
20. Variables may differ. For example: Max babysits for the first family, and b represent the
a) Let C represent the cost, and p represent the number of number of hours he babysits for the second family.
people: C  44 p a), b) 5a + 4b = 60
b) $44
c) 6 people
21. b) i) 5 x  4 y  40  0
ii) x  3 y  12  0
iii) x  3 y  10  0
iv) x  5 y  15  0
22. a) i)

28. Variables may differ. Let n represent the number of new

releases and m represent the number of old movies Kylie
rents:
a) 5n + 3m = 45

ii)

b) i) No
3 1
b) i) ii) ii) Yes
4 3

ANSWERS 525
 7. Variables may differ.
Chapter 6: Practice Test, page 391 a) 2s + 2l = 20 and s + 3l = 22
1. C 8. Variables may differ.
2. B a) 2l + s = 24 and l – s = 6
3. a) i) 9. a) 3x + y = 17 and x = y + 3
10. x + 2y = 20 and x + y = 13; Solution B
11. Variables may differ.
w + j = 60 and w – j = 10; Solution A
C F
15. a) 
B E
C F
b) 
A D
16. x + 2y = –8 and 9x + 10y = 0
ii) 17. a) For example, 3x + 2y = 5 and –2x + 3y = 1
18. b) x = 3

7.2 Solving a System of Linear Equations

Graphically, page 409
3. a) x = –4, y = 2
b) x = 2, y = 3
iii) c) x = 1, y = –3
d) x = –2, y = –1
4. a) x = 9, y = –2; exact
3 3
b) x =  1 , y = 2 ; approximate
4 4
5. a) i) x = 4, y = 3
3
b) y  2   ( x  6)
2
c) 3 x  y  1  0
d) Coordinates and equations may vary. For example:
2 37
P(8, 3) and y   x
7 7
4. Answers and forms of equations may vary. For example:
a) Slope-intercept form: y = –2x – 2
b) General form: y  1  0 ii) x = 2, y = 3
3
c) Slope-point form: y – 1 = (x – 3)
4
5. a) $6570
b) 520 people

Chapter 7 Systems of Linear Equations

7.1 Developing Systems of Linear Equations, iii) x = 6, y = –5

page 401
4. d
5. c
6. a) iii; x dollars represents the cost of a jacket and y dollars
represents the cost of a sweater.
b) i; x represents the length in feet and y represents the
width in feet.
c) ii; x represents the number of chapatti breads sold and
y represents the number of naan breads sold.

526 ANSWERS
 iv) x = –3, y = 1 8. a)

b) The coordinates of the point of intersection represent

the solution of the linear system.
6. Approximate
7. Approximations may vary.
a) x = 2.5, y = –1.5 b) i) 2500 brochures
ii) It is cheaper to use Company A when fewer than
2500 brochures are printed.
9. a)

b) x = 1.2, y = 2.2

b) i) $30 000
c) x = 3.2, y = 2.5 ii) It would be better to choose Plan B when the
clerk’s monthly sales are less than $30 000.
10. Variables may differ. f + r = 391 and f – r = 141

d) x = 3.7, y = –5

Approximations may vary. For example,

forested area: about 265 hectares;
the rest of the park: about 125 hectares; approximate

ANSWERS 527
11. Variables may differ. w – l = 43 and 2w + l = 107 1
15. x = 8 in. and y = 12 in.
2

50 wins and 7 overtime losses; exact 16. a) For example, x = 1.8 and y = –0.1; approximate
12. Variables may differ. f + t = 115 and 5f + 10t = 800

3
17. a) For example, y = –x + 5 and y =  x +6
Seventy $5 gift cards and forty-five $10 gift cards; exact 2
13. Variables may differ. b) x = 2 and y = 3
4.8s + 8.0a = 152 and s – a = 13

18. Equations may vary. For example, y = –2x – 7

7 adults and 20 students; exact 2 3
19. a) The slopes are negative reciprocals:  and
14. Variables may differ. 3 2
a) b + 36g = 1806 and b + 24g = 1254 b) Answers may vary. For example,
b) 1
y = 4x + 5 and y =  x – 2
4

7.3 Math Lab: Using Graphing Technology to Solve a

System of Linear Equations, page 412
1. a) Look for equal values of Y1 and Y2 , then the
corresponding X-value: x = 4, y = 2
b) Graph each line, then determine the coordinates of the
point of intersection of the lines.
Approximations may vary. For example, mass of box:
150 g; mass of one golf ball: 46 g; approximate

528 ANSWERS
 2. b) x = 2.3 and y = 1.16 b) 15 students and 3 adults
3. 48 cedar tree and 24 spruce tree seedlings
4. a) i) x = 1 and y = 1
ii) x = 3 and y = 0
iii) x = 5 and y = –1
iv) x = 7 and y = –2
b) x + 2y = 3 and 2x – y = 21
c) x = 9 and y = –3
5. No

Chapter 7: Checkpoint 1, page 415

1. Variables may differ.
a) 2l + 2w = 128 and l – w = 16
3. x = 1 and y = –1

6. Variables may differ.

a) l + s = 15 000 and 1.4l + 0.02s = 7200
4. a) b) 5000 large trees and 10 000 small trees

7.4 Using a Substitution Strategy to Solve a System

of Linear Equations, page 425
4. a) x = 16, y = –7 b) x = 6, y = 7
c) x = –1, y = –8 d) x = 1, y = 4
5. a) x = –2, y = 5 b) x = –2, y = 3
c) x = 3, y = 5 d) x = 1, y = 4
6. a) i) 2x, 4x; 4x = 2(2x)
ii) 10y, 5y; 10y = 2(5y)
iii) 6y, –2y; 6y = –3(–2y)
iv) –3x, 9x; 9x = –3(–3x)
1
b) i) x =  , y = –1 ii) x = 0, y = 1
2
b) Plan A is cheaper when the number of visits is greater iii) x = –1, y = 1 iv) x = 2, y = 3
than 15. 7. a) i
5. Variables may differ. b) i) x = –1, y = 4 ii) x = –4, y = 1
a) 21s + 27a = 396 and s + a = 18 iii) x = 5, y = 1
8. a) For example, multiply each term in the first equation
by 6: 2x – 3y = 12
For example, multiply each term in the second
equation by 12: 10x + 9y = 12
b) x = 3, y = –2
9. a) For example, divide each term in the first equation
by 2: x + y = –2
For example, divide each term in the second equation
by 4: –3x + y = –6
b) x = 1, y = –3

ANSWERS 529
10. Variables may differ. d) i) 42x + 45y = 48 and 42x + 20y = –2
r + n = 186 and n – r = 94 ii) 28x + 30y = 32 and 63x + 30y = –3
46 bears responded; 140 bears did not respond. 5. a) x = 2, y = 4 b) x = 1, y = 3
11. Variables may differ. c) x = 3, y = –4 d) x = –1, y = 2
2l + 2w = 540 and l – w = 90 2 1
6. a) x = –4, y = 3 b) m =  ,n= 
Length: 180 cm; width: 90 cm 3 3
12. Variables may differ. c) s = 0, t = 2 d) a = 3, b = –2
s + a = 45 and 0.8s + 0.6a = 31 79 122
7. a) x = ,y= b) a = –3, b = –7
20 students and 25 adults 7 7
13. Variables may differ. 1 1 5
c) a = ,b= d) x = , y = –3
x + y = 11 and 4x + 5y = 47 2 3 2
8 groups of 4 and 3 groups of 5 8. Variables may differ.
14. Variables may differ. x + y = 90 530 and y – x = 120
p + a = 85 and 0.6p + 0.4a = 38 2006 attendance: 45 205; 2008 attendance: 45 325
20 people masks; 65 animal masks 9. Variables may differ.
15. Variables may differ. t + s = 545 and t – s = 185
0.80A + 0.92B = 63 and A + B = 75 Talise’s dress: 365 cones; her sister’s dress: 180 cones
Part A: 50 marks; part B: 25 marks 10. Variables may differ.
16. Variables may differ. 10k + 20b = 200 and 15k + 25b = 270
x + y = 5000 and 0.025x + 0.0375y = 162.50 1 knife: 8 beaver pelts; 1 blanket: 6 beaver pelts
Two thousand dollars in the 2.5% bond; $3000 in the 11. Variables may differ.
3.75% bond 4.5m + 0.5f = 620 and f – m = 40
17. Variables may differ. Moderate tempo: 120 beats/min; fast tempo:
76s + 49d = 474.25 and 54s + 37d = 346.25 160 beats/min
4 9
Single-scoop cone: $3.50; double-scoop cone: $4.25 12. a) a = ,b= b) x = 20, y = –6
18. Joel would have to work 15 weekends before he earns the 5 5
c) x = –0.35, y = 0.25 d) x = 0.5, y = 0.5
same amount as Sue.
1 13. 18 Canadian; 7 foreign
19. a) x = 6, y = –3 b) x = –1, y = 14. 36 girls; 40 boys
3
42 72 124 16 15. a) 3x + y = 17 and x + y = 7
c) x =  ,y=  d) x = ,y= 
13 13 51 17 b) From Balance scales 2, the sum of mass x and mass y is
20. b) r = 20, c = 5 7 kg. The same mass is being removed from each pan.
21. x = 5, y = 22 So, the scales will still be balanced.
22. a) For example: 4x – 2y = –8 and 9x + 6y = 3 c) Two x-masses equal 10 kg. So, mass x is 5 kg.
b) x = –1, y = 2; the systems have the same solution. Remove mass x from the left side of Balance scales 2
23. a) 16 km/h and 5 kg from the right side. Then mass y balances
b) 40 km 2 kg.
24. Mean mass of males: 205.7 g; mean mass of females: d) When I remove the x mass, y mass, and 7 kg from
168 g Balance scales 1, it is like subtracting the second
25. Rate of climb: 200 m/min; rate of descent: –200 m/min equation from the first equation to eliminate y.
27. A = 4, B = –3 16. An adult pays $6.75 and a child pays $7. So, a child’s
ticket is more expensive.
7.5 Using an Elimination Strategy to Solve a System 17. 15 kg of green peas; 10 kg of red lentils
of Linear Equations, page 437 18. Problems may vary. x = 5, y = 3
5 19. b) x = 5, y = 2
3. a) x = –3, y = –1 b) a = ,b=0 20. a) For example, multiply equation 1 by –2 and equation 2
3
c) x = –1, y = –1 d) x = 4, y = 3
by 3, then add to eliminate x.
4. a) i) 3x – 6y = –18 and 3x – y = 2
Multiply equation 1 by 5 and equation 2 by 4, then add
ii) x – 2y = –6 and 6x – 2y = 4
to eliminate y.
b) x = 3, y = 5
b) i) 15x – 2y = 9 and 15x + 12y = 51
ii) –30x + 4y = –18 and 5x + 4y = 17
22. $950 in the stock; $450 in the bond
23. a) For example, 3x + 6y = 9; x = –1, y = 2
c) i) 35x + 15y = 45 and 35x + 14y = 49
ii) 14x + 6y = 18 and 15x + 6y = 21

530 ANSWERS
 b) The solution to each system is: x = –1, y = 2 18. 0 points of intersection: slopes of the lines are equal and
c) The solutions are the same. their y-intercepts are different.
24. a) 40 bushels/acre for wheat; 58 bushels/acre for barley 1 point of intersection: slopes of the lines are different.
b) No, I could use the solution to part a and proportions to Infinite points of intersection: slopes of the lines are equal
determine the yield in bushels/hectare. and their y-intercepts are equal.
19. a) For example: x + y = 5 and 2x + 2y = 10
Chapter 7: Checkpoint 2, page 441 b) When I try to eliminate one variable, I also eliminate
1 3 the other variable and the constant.
1. a) x = ,y= b) x = 0, y = –1
2 2 20. a) For example: x + y = 4 and 2x + 2y = 6
c) x = –6, y = –1 b) When I try to eliminate one variable, I also eliminate
2. a) Variables may differ. the other variable.
6x + 7y = 494 and x – y = 13 22. a) i) Infinite solutions
b) 45 replicas with 6 stones; 32 replicas with 7 stones ii) No solution iii) One solution
3 3
3. $500 was invested in each bond. 24. a) i) k  ii) k =
1 4 4
4. a) x = –6, y = –7 b) x = ,y=3
2
14 2 Chapter 7: Review, page 452
c) x = –0.75, y = –1.75 d) x =  ,y=
5 5 1. a) Variables may differ.
5. Soup: 90 times; a main course: 70 times o + s = 41 and o – s = 17
6. Larger volume: 1450 mL; smaller volume: 450 mL b) Solution B
7. x = 55°; y = 65° 2. a) Variables may differ.
s + l = 25 and 15s + 25l = 475
7.6 Properties of Systems of Linear Equations, b) Solution B
page 448 4. a) 3x + y = 11 and 3x – 5y = –1
4. a) i) 1 ii) –1 b) x = 3, y = 2; exact
iii) 1 iv) –1 5. a) George: draw a line through each pair of points, then
b) i and iii; ii and iv determine the coordinates of the point of intersection.
c) i and ii; i and iv; ii and iii; iii and iv Sunita: plot each y-intercept, then use the slope to mark
5. a) A and C; B and C b) A and B another point on each line.
6. a) For example, x – 3y = 12 and 5x – 15y = –60 b) x = –2, y = 2
b) For example, 6x + 3y = 5 and 2x – 6y = 24
c) For example, 4x + 2y = 20 and 2x + y = 10
7. a) One solution
b) Infinite solutions
c) No solution d) No solution
8. a) For example, y = x + 2
b) For example, y = 2x + 2
c) For example, –4x + 2y = 2 7. a)
9. a) No solution b) One solution
c) One solution
10. One solution
11. I need to know whether the y-intercepts are the same
or different.
12. For example:
One solution: –3x – 4y = 12
No solution: 3x – 4y = 8
Infinite solutions: 6x – 8y = 24 The graphs appear to intersect at (–2.8, –6.1).
13. Infinite solutions b) Exact; when (–2.8, –6.1) is substituted into each
14. One solution equation, the left side equals the right side.
15. Infinite solutions 8. a) Variables may differ.
16. One solution 2c + 4b = 940 and c + 3b = 620
17. One solution

ANSWERS 531
 b) Each line represents one of the equations in the linear 4. b) s = 6, a = 2
system. 7
5. a) i) x = –4, y = ii) x = 4, y = 5
c) One bowl of cereal has 170 mg of sodium and 1 slice 2
of bacon has 150 mg of sodium; exact solution. 3 1
iii) x = ,y=
9. Where necessary, the answers have been written to 2 2
3 decimal places. b) The solution of a linear system is the coordinates of the
a) x  1.526 , y  3.316 b) x = 12, y = 0 point of intersection of the graphs of the lines.
c) x = 3.25, y = –1.4 6. a) Variables may differ.
d) x   6.071 , y  1.964 y + r = 90 and 25y + 12.5r = 1500
10. a) x = 0, y = –5 b) x = 1, y = 3 b) 30 squares and 60 triangles
19 11
c) x= ,y=  d) x = –1, y = –2
7 63 Cumulative Review Chapters 1–7, page 458
11. c) x = –1, y = 8 1. Answers may vary. These answers are calculated using
12. a) Variables may differ. exact conversions.
1 2 3 a) 9 ft. 6 in. b) 457 cm
x  y  5 and x – y = 1
4 3 4 c) 4 mi. 1709 yd. d) 165 m
b) 7 one-quarter cup measures; 6 two-third cup measures e) 269 ft. f) 25.75 km
13. a) 2.
2
a) 384 cm ; 384 cm
3
b) 579 in.2; 924 in.3
2 3
c) 254 cm ; 382 cm
3. 56.3°
4
4. 36 in.
10
2
5. a) 81 + 18s + s b) 6a2 – 19a + 15
2 2
c) 10n + 7np – 12p d) 64s2 – t2
3 2
e) –2w – w + 20w – 32
4 3 2
f) –6x + 5x + 22x + 2x – 8
b) Variables may differ. 3 2 3 2 2 3
6. a) 7(2a b – 4b c + 3a c )
60l + 2w = 306 and 2l + 60w = 190
b) (n – 4)(n + 3)
c) Width: 3 ft.; length: 5 ft.
c) 4(3r + 4s)(3r – 4s) d) (2m + 9)(3m – 2)
14. 35 triangles; 115 squares 2
e) (w – 11x) f) (5c + 6d)(6c – 5d)
11
15. a) x = 0, y = –5 b) x =  , y = –6 7. a) i) 3 5 ii) 43 2
2
4
16. c) x = 2.5, y = –0.25 iii) 932 iv) 7 11
3
 1  5 b) i) 432 ii) 189
17. a) 2l + 1    w = 68 and l – w = 7
 2  6 iii) 5
480 iv) 425
b) Length: 19 ft.; width: 12 ft. a2 c2
8. a) 5 b) 5
18. a) Infinite solutions, for example: b d
x + y = –1 and 2x + 2y = –2 x5 6
No solution, for example: 2x + 2y = 5 and 4x + 4y = –5 c)  d) 
4 y3 z 4 a3b2
19. a) Clue 1 and Clue 2 b) 45 and 12
9
20. a) No solution 9. a) b) 12.25
16
b) Infinite solutions
25
c) One solution d) No solution c) d) 2.5
36
10. a) The relation shows the association “participates in”
Chapter 7: Practice Test, page 455
from a set of athletes to a set of sports.
1. B b) i) {Perdita Felicien, track), (Donovan Bailey, track),
2. A (Nancy Greene, skiing), (Annamay Pierse,
swimming), (Justin Morneau, baseball),
(Steve Nash, basketball)}

532 ANSWERS
 ii) iv) A vertical line that passes through (2, 0)

v)
x y

–2 4

0 3
11. a) Each number in the first column of the table appears
2 2
exactly once.
b) Independent variable: v; dependent variable: C 4 1
c) Domain: {1, 2, 3, 4, …}; 6 0
range: {1.09, 2.18, 3.27, 4.36, …}
d) C(v) = 1.09v vi)
e) C(25) = 27.25; the cost of 25 L of gasoline is $27.25. x y
f) v  46; with $50, approximately 46 L of gasoline can 1 0
be purchased.
12. a) False b) True 2 1
c) True d) False 2 –1
13. a) Graph B
14. a) Domain: x  3 ; range: y  2 5 2
b) Domain: all real numbers; range: y  3 5 –2
15. a) Tables of values and sketches may vary. For example:
b) i, ii, iv, and v; the graphs are straight lines.
i) A horizontal line that passes through (0, 4)
16. a) 300; (0, 300); the fixed cost of renting the banquet
room is $300.
b) $15/person; for each additional person who attends, the
cost increases by $15.
c) Domain: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …};
range: {300, 315, 330, 345, 360, 375, …};
ii) The domain can be any whole number up to the
x y number of people the banquet room can hold.
–2 5 The range can be any multiple of 15 greater than or
equal to 300, up to a number that depends on the
–1 3 maximum capacity of the room.
0 1 d) $1050 e) 25 people
17. Points and sketches may vary. For example:
1 –1
a) (–3, –1), (–2, 1), (0, 5)
2 –3

iii)
x y

–2 2

–1 –1

0 –2

1 –1

2 2

ANSWERS 533
 b) (–2, 6), (0, 0), (1, –3) 23. a) Sketches may vary. For example:
i)

c) (–5, 0), (3, 6), (7, 9) ii)

2
b) i) –7 ii)
5
24. a) i) 25 x  20 y  12  0
d) (–6, 5), (4, 1), (9, –1)
ii) 2 x  3 y  14  0
25. Variables may differ.
9.60 s  20.80l  2206.40 and s + l = 140
26. a) Forms of equations in the system may vary.
For example:
8a  5 s  1122 and s – a = 32
18. a) Neither b) Perpendicular b) Answers may vary. For example:
c) Parallel d) Perpendicular 75 adults and 105 students; approximate
19. a) (Actual answer: 74 adults and 106 students)

b) Changing the value of m changes the steepness of the

graph.
1
20. a) The student wrote the slope as instead of –2, and
2
the y-intercept as –3 instead of 3.
8 7
b) y  2 x  3 27. x = ;y=
3 12
21. a) Equations may vary. For example:
28. Part A: 48 marks; Part B: 60 marks
4
i) y  2   ( x  1) 53 8
5 29. a) x = ,y= 
26 13
ii) y  3  2( x  2)
5
4 6 3 6 b) x = –3, y =
b) i) y   x  ; x-intercept: ; y-intercept: 2
5 5 2 5
30. Equations may vary. For example:
1
ii) y  2 x  1 ; x-intercept:  ; y-intercept: 1 One solution: x – y = 1
2
22. a) d  14t  200 b) $690 No solution: 5x + 3y = 1
c) 37 h d) No
Infinite solutions: 10x + 6y = 30

534 ANSWERS
 Glossary

acute angle: an angle measuring less than 90° capacity: the amount a container can hold
acute triangle: a triangle with three acute angles central angle: an angle whose arms are radii of a circle
circumference: the distance around a circle, also the
perimeter of the circle
clinometer: a tool used to measure an angle above or
algebraic expression: a mathematical expression
below the horizontal
containing a variable: for example, 6x ⫺ 4
coefficient: the numerical factor of a term; for example,
angle of depression: the angle between the horizontal
in the terms 3x and 3x2, the coefficient is 3
through eye level and a line of sight to a point below
eye level common factor: a number that divides into each
number in a set; for example, 3 is a common factor of
angle of elevation: the angle between the horizontal
15, 9, and 21. An expression that divides into each term
through eye level and a line of sight to a point above
of a given polynomial; for example, 4y is a common
eye level
factor of 8x2y ⫹ 4xy ⫹ 12y
angle of inclination: the acute angle between the
common multiple: a number that is a multiple of each
horizontal and a line or line segment
number in a set; for example, 6 is a common multiple of
apex: the vertex farthest from the base of an object 2 and 3
approximate: a number close to the exact value of composite number: a number with three or more
an expression; the symbol ⬟ means “is approximately factors; for example, 8 is a composite number because its
equal to” factors are 1, 2, 4, and 8
area: a measure of the number of square units needed composite object: the result of combining two or more
to cover a region objects to make a new object
arithmetic operations: the operations of addition, cone: see right cone
subtraction, multiplication, and division
congruent: shapes that match exactly, but do not
arrow diagram: used to represent a relation; the ovals necessarily have the same orientation
show the sets, and the arrows associate elements of the
first set with elements of the second set
average: a single number that represents a set of
numbers (see mean)
bar graph: a graph that displays data by using horizontal
or vertical bars consecutive numbers: integers that come one after the
bar notation: the use of a horizontal bar over a decimal other without any integers missing; for example, 34, 35,
digit to indicate that it repeats; for example, 1.3 means 36 are consecutive numbers, so are ⫺2, ⫺1, 0, and 1
1.333 333 … constant term: the term in an expression or equation
base: the side of a polygon or the face of an object from that does not change; for example, in the expression
which the height is measured 4x ⫹ 3, 3 is the constant term

base of a power: see power conversion factor: a number used to multiply or divide
a quantity to convert from one unit of measure to
binomial: a polynomial with two terms; for example,
another
3x ⫺ 8
coordinate axes: the horizontal and vertical axes on a
calipers: a tool used to measure the diameter or
grid
thickness of an object

Glossary 535
coordinates: the numbers in an ordered pair that locate diameter: the distance across a circle, measured through
a point on a coordinate grid (see ordered pair, its centre; or the line segment that joins two points on
x-coordinate, y-coordinate) the circle and passes through its centre
corresponding angles: matching angles in similar difference of squares: a binomial of the form a2 ⫺ b2;
polygons it can be factored as (a ⫺ b)(a ⫹ b)
corresponding lengths: matching lengths on an original digit: any of the symbols used to write numerals; for
diagram and its scale diagram example, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9
corresponding sides: matching sides of similar polygons dimensions: measurements such as length, width,
and height
cosine ratio: for an acute ⬔A in a right triangle, the
ratio of the length of the side adjacent to ⬔A to the direct measurement: a measurement made using a
length of the hypotenuse; written cos A measuring instrument or by counting

length of side adjacent to ⬔A displacement: the volume of water moved or displaced

cos A ⫽ by an object put in the water; the volume of the object is
length of hypotenuse
equal to the volume of water displaced
C
distributive property: the property stating that a
hypotenuse product can be written as a sum or difference of two
opposite
A
products; for example, a(b ⫹ c) ⫽ ab ⫹ ac
divisor: the number that divides into another number
B adjacent A
to A domain: the set of first elements of a relation

cube: an object with six congruent square faces edge: two faces of an object meet at an edge

cube number: a number that can be written as a power element: an element of a set is one object in the set
with an integer base and exponent 3; for example, 8 ⫽ 23 entire radical: a radical sign and the number under it;
cube root: a number which, when raised to the for example, 5冪 32
exponent 3, results in a given number; for example, equation: a mathematical statement that two expressions
5 is the cube root of 125 are equal
cubic units: units that measure volume equilateral triangle: a triangle with 3 equal sides
decagon: a polygon with 10 sides

equivalent: having the same value; for example,

1 2
and ; 3:4 and 9:12
denominator: the term below the line in a fraction 2 4
estimate: a reasoned guess that is close to the actual
dependent variable: a variable whose value is
value, without calculating it exactly
determined by the value of another (the independent)
variable evaluate: to determine the value of a numerical
expression
diagonal: a line segment that joins two vertices of
a shape, but is not a side even integer: a number that has 2 as a factor; for
example, 2, 4, 6
al
on

al expanding an expression: writing a product of

on
g

g
dia
dia

polynomial factors as a polynomial

exponent: see power

536 Glossary
exponent laws: the rules that describe how combinations hexagon: a polygon with 6 sides
of powers can be written differently
expression: a mathematical statement made up of
numbers and/or variables connected by operations
face: a flat surface of an object horizontal axis: see x-axis

factor: to factor means to write as a product; for horizontal intercept: see x-intercept
example, 20 ⫽ 2 · 2 · 5 horizontal line: a line parallel to the horizon
factor tree: a branching diagram with a number at the hypotenuse: the side opposite the right angle in a
top and its prime factors at the bottom right triangle
factored fully: factoring a polynomial so each factor leg

leg
cannot be factored further
factoring a polynomial: writing a polynomial as a hypotenuse
product of its factors
imperial units: measurement units such as the mile,
factoring by decomposition: factoring a trinomial after yard, foot, and inch commonly used in the United States
writing the middle term as a sum of two terms, then and in some industries in Canada
determining a common binomial factor from the two
independent variable: a variable whose value is not
pairs of terms formed
determined by the value of another variable, and whose
factors: numbers or algebraic expressions that are value determines the value of another (the dependent)
multiplied to get a product; for example, 3 and 7 are variable
factors of 21, and x ⫹ 1 and x ⫹ 2 are factors of
index: in a radical, the number above the radical symbol
x2 ⫹ 3x ⫹ 2
that indicates which root is to be taken; for example, 3
formula: a rule that is expressed as an equation is the index in the radical 3冪 81 ; if the index is not written,
it is assumed to be 2
fraction: an indicated quotient of two quantities
indirect measurement: a measurement made using
function: a relation where each element in the first set is
a ratio, formula, or other mathematical reasoning
associated with exactly one element in the second set
integers: the set of numbers …⫺3, ⫺2, ⫺1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …
function notation: notation used to show the
independent variable in a function; for example, f (x) inverse operation: an operation that reverses the result
means that the value of the function f depends on the of another operation; for example, subtraction is the
value of the independent variable x. inverse of addition, and division is the inverse of
multiplication
general form: the equation of a line in the form
Ax ⫹ By ⫹ C ⫽ 0, where A is a whole number, and irrational number: a number that cannot be written
B and C are integers m
in the form n , n ⬆ 0, where m and n are integers
greatest common factor (GCF): the greatest number isometric: equal measure; on isometric dot paper,
that divides into each number in a set; for example, the line segments joining 2 adjacent dots in any direction
5 is the greatest common factor of 10 and 15 are equal
height: the perpendicular distance from the base of a isosceles trapezoid: a trapezoid with 2 equal,
shape to the opposite side or vertex; the perpendicular non-parallel sides
distance from the base of an object to the opposite face
or vertex
hemisphere: half a sphere

Glossary 537
isosceles triangle: a triangle with 2 equal sides numerator: the term above the line in a fraction
numerical coefficient: see coefficient
object: a solid or shell that has 3 dimensions
obtuse triangle: a triangle with one angle greater
than 90°
kite: a quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides
equal

octagon: a polygon with 8 sides

lateral area: the surface area of an object, not

including the area of its bases operation: a mathematical process or action such as
least common multiple (LCM): the least multiple addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, or raising
that is the same for two numbers; for example, to a power
the least common multiple of 12 and 21 is 84 opposites: two numbers with a sum of 0; for example,
legs: the sides of a right triangle that form the right 2.4 and ⫺2.4 are opposite numbers
angle (see hypotenuse) order of operations: the rules that are followed when
like terms: terms that have the same variables raised to simplifying or evaluating an expression
the same powers; for example, 4x and ⫺3x are like terms ordered pair: two numbers in order, for example, (2, 4);
line segment: the part of a line between two points on a coordinate grid, the first number is the horizontal
on the line coordinate of a point, and the second number is the
vertical coordinate of the point
linear function: a linear relation whose graph is not
a vertical line origin: the point where the horizontal axis and the
vertical axis intersect
linear relation: a relation that has a straight-line graph
parallel lines: lines on the same flat surface that do not
linear system: see system of linear equations intersect
mass: the amount of matter in an object
mean: the sum of a set of numbers divided by the
number of numbers in the set
midpoint: the point that divides a line segment into
two equal parts parallelogram: a quadrilateral with opposite sides
parallel and opposite angles equal
mixed radical: a number written as a product of another
number and a radical; for example, 3冪 5
monomial: a polynomial with one term; for example,
14 and 5x2 are monomials
multiple: the product of a given number and
a natural number; for example, some multiples of pentagon: a polygon with 5 sides
8 are 8, 16, 24, …
natural numbers: the set of numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
negative number: a number less than 0
percent: the number of parts per 100; the numerator of
negative reciprocals: two numbers whose product a fraction with denominator 100
3 7
is ⫺1; for example, ⫺ and perfect cube: see cube number
7 3

538 Glossary
perfect square: see square number quadrilateral: a polygon with 4 sides
perfect square trinomial: a trinomial of the form
a2 ⫹ 2ab ⫹ b2; it can be factored as (a ⫹ b)2
perimeter: the distance around a closed shape
quotient: the result when one number is divided by
perpendicular: lines or line segments that intersect another; or the expression of one number divided by
at right angles another
pi (␲): the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its radical: an expression consisting of a radical sign,
circumference a radicand, and an index; for example, 3冪 64
diameter; ␲ ⫽
diameter
radicand: the number under a radical sign; for example,
point of intersection: the point where two graphs 81 is the radicand in 冪 81
intersect
radius (plural, radii): the distance or line segment from
polygon: a closed shape that consists of line segments; the centre of a circle to any point on the circle
for example, triangles and quadrilaterals are polygons
range: the set of second elements associated with the
polyhedron (plural, polyhedra): an object with faces first elements (domain) of a relation
that are polygons
rate: a comparison of two quantities measured in
polynomial: one term or the sum of terms whose different units
variables have whole-number exponents; for example,
x2 ⫹ 3xy ⫺ 2y2 ⫹ 5x rate of change: the change in one quantity with
respect to the change in another quantity (see slope)
power: an expression of the form an, where a is the base
and n is the exponent; it represents a product of equal ratio: a comparison of two or more quantities with
factors; for example, 4 · 4 · 4 can be written as 43 the same unit

primary trigonometric ratios: three ratios involving rational number: any number that can be written in
m
sides in right triangles (see cosine ratio, sine ratio, and the form n , n ⬆ 0, where m and n are integers
tangent ratio)
real number: any number that is a rational number or
prime factor: a prime number that is a factor of a an irrational number; a member of the set of numbers
number; for example, 5 is a prime factor of 30 that have a decimal representation
prime factorization: writing a number as a product of reciprocals: two numbers whose product is 1;
its prime factors; for example, the prime factorization of 2 3
for example, and
20 is 2 · 2 · 5, or 22 · 5 3 2
prime number: a whole number with exactly two rectangle: a quadrilateral that has four right angles
factors, itself and 1; for example, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 29,
rectangular prism: see right rectangular prism
31, and 43
rectangular pyramid: see right rectangular pyramid
prism: an object with 2 bases (see right prism)
referent: used to estimate a measure; for example,
product: the result when two or more numbers are
a referent for a length of 1 mm is the thickness of a dime
multiplied; or the expression of one number multiplied
by another regular polygon: a polygon that has all sides equal and
all angles equal
proportion: a statement that two ratios are equal;
for example, r :24 ⫽ 3:4 regular polyhedron: a polyhedron with congruent faces,
each of which is a regular polygon
proportional reasoning: the ability to understand and
compare quantities that are related multiplicatively regular prism: a prism with regular polygons as bases;
for example, a cube
Pythagorean Theorem: the rule that states that, for any
right triangle, the area of the square on the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the areas of the squares on the legs

Glossary 539
regular pyramid: a pyramid with a regular polygon right rectangular pyramid: a pyramid that has a
as its base rectangular base; the line through the vertex and the
centre of the base is perpendicular to the base
regular tetrahedron: an object with four congruent
equilateral triangular faces; a regular triangular pyramid

right triangle: a triangle that has one right angle

rise: the vertical distance between two points; see slope
relation: a rule that associates the elements of one set
with the elements of another set run: the horizontal distance between two points; see slope
repeating decimal: a decimal with a repeating pattern in scale: the numbers on the axes of a graph
the digits to the right of the decimal point; it is written
scale factor: the ratio of corresponding lengths of two
with a bar above the repeating digits; for example,
similar shapes
0.3 ⫽ 0.333 333 …
set: a collection of distinct objects
rhombus: a parallelogram with four equal sides
SI system of measures: a system of units based on
right angle: a 90° angle
powers of 10; the fundamental unit: of length is the
right cone: an object with one circular base and metre (m); of mass is the kilogram (kg); and of time
one vertex; the line through the vertex and the centre of is the second (s).
the base is perpendicular to the base
similar polygons: polygons with the same shape; one
polygon is an enlargement or a reduction of the other
polygon
simplest form: a ratio with terms that have no common
factors, other than 1; a fraction with numerator and
right cylinder: an object with two parallel, congruent,
denominator that have no common factors, other than 1
circular bases; the line through the centres of the bases is
perpendicular to the bases sine ratio: for an acute ⬔A in a right triangle, the ratio
of the length of the side opposite ⬔A to the length of the
hypotenuse; written sin A
length of side opposite ⬔ A
sin A ⫽
length of hypotenuse
right prism: an object that has two congruent and
C
parallel faces (the bases), and other faces that are
rectangles
hypotenuse
right pyramid: an object that has one face that is a opposite
A
polygon (the base), and other faces that are triangles
with a common vertex; the line through the vertex and B adjacent A
the centre of the base is perpendicular to the base to A

right rectangular prism: a prism that has rectangular slant height: the distance from a point on the perimeter
faces of the base of a cone to the apex of the cone; the
distance from the midpoint of the base of one triangular
face of a regular pyramid to the apex of the pyramid
slant height slant height

540 Glossary
slope: a measure of how one quantity changes with tangent ratio: for an acute ⬔A in a right triangle, the
respect to the other; it can be determined by ratio of the length of the side opposite ⬔A to the length
rise of the side adjacent to ⬔A; written tan A
calculating
run
length of side opposite ⬔A
tan A ⫽
run y length of side adjacent to ⬔ A
change in x
C
rise
change
in y x hypotenuse
0 opposite
A

B adjacent A
slope-intercept form: the equation of a line in the form to A
y ⫽ mx ⫹ b, where m is the slope of the line, and b is its term: a number, a variable, or the product of numbers
y-intercept and variables; for example, ⫺5, y, 7a2
slope-point form: the equation of a line in the form terminating decimal: a decimal with a certain number of
y ⫺ y1 ⫽ m(x ⫺ x1), where m is the slope of the line, digits after the decimal point; for example, 0.125
and the line passes through point P(x1, y1)
tetrahedron: a pyramid that has a triangular base
solving a triangle: determining the measure of each
angle in a triangle and the length of each side of the three-dimensional: having length, width, and depth or
triangle height

sphere: an object where every point on the surface of the trapezoid: a quadrilateral with exactly 1 pair of parallel
object is the same distance from the centre of the object sides

square: a rectangle with 4 equal sides

square number: a number that can be written as a
power with an integer base and exponent 2; triangle: a polygon with 3 sides
for example, 49 ⫽ 72
triangular prism: a prism with triangular bases
square root: a number which, when multiplied by
itself, results in a given number; for example, 5 is a
square root of 25
square units: units that measure area trigonometry: the study of the properties and
standard form: the equation of a line in the form applications of triangles
Ax ⫹ By ⫽ C, where A, B, and C are integers trinomial: a polynomial with three terms; for example,
substituting into an equation: in an equation of a linear 3x2 ⫹ 5x ⫺ 8
function, replacing one variable with a number or an unit analysis: a method of converting a measure in a
expression given unit to a measure in a different unit by multiplying
surface area: the total area of the surface of an object the measure by a conversion factor

system of linear equations: two equations of linear variable: a letter or symbol representing a quantity that
functions in the same two variables can vary

Glossary 541
vertex (plural, vertices): the point where 2 sides of a x-intercept: the x-coordinate of a point where a graph
shape meet, or the point where 3 or more edges of an intersects the x-axis
object meet
y-axis: the vertical number line on a coordinate grid
vertical axis: see y-axis
y-coordinate: on a coordinate grid, the second number
vertical intercept: see y-intercept in an ordered pair
vertical line: a line perpendicular to the horizontal y-intercept: the y-coordinate of a point where a graph
intersects the y-axis
volume: the amount of space occupied by an object
Zero Principle: the property of addition that states that
whole numbers: the set of numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, …
adding 0 to a number does not change the number; for
x-axis: the horizontal number line on a coordinate grid example, 3 ⫽ 0 ⫹ 3
x-coordinate: on a coordinate grid, the first number in
an ordered pair

542 Glossary
 Index

A cube, a perfect square

acre, 23 surface area of, 146 trinomial, 190
algebra tiles, 159, 160, cube root, 144–146, 204 by decomposition, 174,
169, 171 175
factoring polynomials D polynomials, 188–193
with, 150–153 decomposition, 174, 175 polynomials of form
angle of depression, 115 dependent variable, 267, 268, ax2 ⫹ bx ⫹ c, 168–176
angle of elevation, 94 301–307, 334 polynomials of form
angle of inclination, 70, 73 Descartes, René, 360 x2 ⫹ bx ⫹ c, 159–165
angles, Devi, Shakuntala, 250 trinomials, 162–165, 168,
determining with sine diameter of a sphere, 45–50 172–176, 190, 191
and cosine ratios, 93 differences of squares, 192, vs. multiplying, 151
determining with tangent 193 factors, 135–139, 159–165,
ratios, 72, 73 direct measurement, 78 168–176, 182–185,
sine and cosine of, 92 distributive property, 160, 188–193
tangent ratio for, 72 174, 182 of polynomials, 151–154
apex, multiplying two foot, 4–10, 17–21
of a pyramid, 27 polynomials with, 161, fourth root, 204
of a right cone, 31 183 function notation, 268–270,
area model, 160, 169 dodecagon, 369, 370 315
area of a triangle, 28, 30 domain, 265–270, 289–293 functions,
arrow diagram, of linear function graphs, graphing, 287–293
identifying relations 313–318 properties of, 264–270
from, 261 vertical line test for, 289,
representing relations 290
with, 258–260 E
representing functions element of a set, 257–261,
with, 265–270 265–270 G
entire radicals, 217 general form of an equation,
equations, 378–383
B general form of a linear geodesic dome, 69
bar graph, 260 relation, 378–383 golden ratio, 212, 248, 323
base of a pyramid, 27 in function notation, 269, golden rectangle, 212, 323
binomials, 161–165, 169–176, 270 grade of a road, 343
189–193 in standard form, 378 graphing technology,
of a line parallel or solving linear systems
C perpendicular to a with, 411, 412, 421,
capacity, 36 given line, 370, 371 443
centimetre, 17, 18, 20 of a linear function, graphs,
centre of a sphere, 45 358–361, 366–371 general form of a linear
clinometer, 84–86 of linear relations, 304 function equation,
coincident lines, 443, 445 of linear systems, 378–383
common factors, 136, 138, 394–400, 403–408, interpreting and
139, 165, 175, 176 416–424, 428–436 sketching, 276–280
of a polynomial, properties of linear of functions, 287–293
151–154 systems, 442–447 of linear relations,
composite numbers, 135 equivalent linear system, 422 311–318
composite objects, exponent laws, 237–241 of linear systems,
determining volumes and exponents, 27, 37 443–447
surface areas of, 56–58 of relations, 260,
compound interest, 233 287–293
F slope of a line segment,
conversion factors, 9
face of a pyramid, 27 332–339
cosine ratio, 91–94
factor tree, 135, 152 slope-intercept form of a
calculating lengths with,
factoring, linear function,
98–100
a difference of squares, 358–361
solving triangles with,
193
106–109, 114

Index 543
 slope-point form of calculating with tangent P
linear function, ratio, 78–81 parallel line,
366–371 measuring, 13, 14 slope of, 345, 346
slopes of parallel and units of, 4–10 parallelogram, 348
perpendicular lines, line graphs, 276–280 perfect cube, 142, 144, 205
345–348 line segment slope, 332–339 perfect square, 143, 190, 193,
solving a system of linear equations, 394–400 205
linear equations with, linear function, 312 perfect square trinomial, 189,
403–408 general form of, 190
x- and y-intercepts, 378–383 perimeter of an octagon, 109
313–316 slope-intercept form, perpendicular line,
greatest common factor, 136, 358–361 slope of, 346–348
138, 139, 165 slope-point form, pi (␲), 234
366–371 platonic solids, 243
H linear relations (see also polynomials, 157, 158
hectare, 23 relations), 300–307 common factors of,
height, graphs of, 311–318 151–154
of a right cone, 31 linear systems (also system factoring special
of a right pyramid, 27 of linear equations), polynomials, 188–193
of a sphere, 46 396–400 multiplying, 182–185
hemisphere, 49, 50 with fractional multiplying using
horizontal intercept (also coefficients, 422 distributive property,
x-intercept), 313–316 properties of, 442–447 183
solving by elimination, of form ax2 ⫹ bx ⫹ c,
428–436 168–176
I solving by substitution, of form x2 ⫹ bx ⫹ c,
imperial units, 4–10 416–424, 435 159–165
relating to SI units, solving graphically, positive slope, 335
16–21 403–408 power of a power law,
inch, 4–10, 14, 17–21 237–240
independent variable, 267,
268, 301–307, 334 M power of a product law, 237
Martin, Agnes, 351 power of a quotient law, 237
index, 145, 204 powers, 222–226, 229–234
indirect measurement, 78 metre, 17, 18
mile, 4–6, 10, 17–21 in exponent form, 225
infinite, 443, 446, 447 in rational form, 225
input/output machine, 268, millimetre, 18
1
269 mixed radicals, 217 of form a n , 224
integer exponents, Mouton, Gabriel, 19 with negative exponents,
simplifying algebraic multiplying 231
expressions with, 239 binomials, 161, 162, with rational exponents,
irrational numbers, 207–210 169–171 225
polynomials, 182–185 primary trigonometric ratios,
K 91
kilometre, 18, 19 N solving triangles with,
negative exponents, 229–234 106–109
negative reciprocals, 346 prime factor, 135–139, 144,
L 145
negative slope, 335
lateral area, 30, 31, 33 prime factorization, 135–139
number line,
Le Système International simplifying radicals with,
irrational numbers on,
d’Unités (see SI system 215
208, 209
of measures) product of powers law,
least common multiple, 237–241
137–139 O proportional reasoning, 7
Lemaire, Alexis, 250 octagon, 109 Ptolemy, Claudius, 121
length, ordered pairs, 265, 266, 289, Pythagoras, 323
calculating with sine and 302 Pythagorean spiral, 77, 213
cosine ratios, 98–100

544 Index
Q S solving by substitution,
quotient of powers law, scientific notation, 49 417–424, 435
237–240 sets, 257–261, 265–270, solving triangles, 106
302–307 sphere,
SI system of measures, 4 properties of, 45
R relating to imperial units, surface area of, 46–48,
radicals, 145, 204, 205, 208 16–21 50
in simplest form, 216 similar triangles, 71 volume of, 48–50
mixed and entire forms, simplifying, 214 square root, 143, 144, 204
213–217 algebraic expressions standard form of an equation,
multiplication properties with integer exponents, 378
of, 214 239 steepness, 333–339
radicand, 145, 204 algebraic expressions with surface area,
radius of a sphere, 45–50 rational exponents, 240 of a composite object,
range, 265–270, 289–293 numerical expression 57, 58
of linear function graphs, with rational number of a cube, 146
313–318 bases, 238 of a hemisphere, 50
rate of change, 302, 306, 307, radicals using prime of a sphere, 45–48
313, 316, 318, 334 factorization, 215 of right pyramids and
rational bases of powers, 225 sums and differences of right cones, 26–33
rational exponents, 222–226 two polynomials, 185 system of linear equations
simplifying algebraic sine ratio, 91–94 (see linear systems)
expressions with, 240 calculating lengths with,
rational number, 207–210 98–100 T
exponents of, 223 solving triangles with, tables,
rational number bases, 106–109, 114 identifying linear
simplifying numerical slant height, relations from, 303,
expressions with, 238 of a right pyramid, 27, 305
real numbers, 209 28, 31, 38 representing functions
reciprocals, 230–234 of a right cone, 31, 32 with, 267, 288
rectangle, 348 slope, 358–361, 366–371, representing relations
referents of linear measure, 4 378–383, 404–408, with, 258–260
regular tetrahedron, 27, 28 443–447 tangent ratio, 71–74
relations (see also linear determining equation of calculating lengths with,
relations), a linear function from, 78–81
graphing, 287–293 358, 359 solving triangles with,
representing, 256–261 of a line segment, 106–109, 115–117
right cones (also right 332–339 Taylor polynomials, 158
circular cones), of a parallel line, 345, Taylor, Brook, 158
surface area of, 26–33 346 tetrahedron, 27, 28
volume of, 39–41 of a perpendicular line, The World of Math: Careers:
right cylinder, 40 346–348 Computer Graphic Artist,
right prism, 37 slope-intercept form, 406, 179
right pyramids, 444 Electronics Technician,
surface area of, 26–31 of a linear function, 427
volume of, 36–39 358–361 Financial Planner, 244
right rectangular prism, 39 slope-point form of a linear Forensic Anthropologist,
right triangles, 71–74, 78–81, function, 366–371 273
90–94, 98–100 solution of a linear system, Marketing, 386
solving with primary 396 Petroleum Engineer, 44
trigonometric ratios, elimination strategy, Tool and Dye Maker, 96
106–109, 113–117 428–436 The World of Math:
rise, 333–339, 346–348 estimating graphically, Historical Moment:
roots, 204, 205, 208–210, 404–408 Agnes Martin, 351
213–217 substitution strategy, Claudius Ptolemy, 121
Rubik’s cube, 142 416–424, 435 François Viète, 181
ruler, 6 solving by elimination, Systems and Babylonians,
run, 333–339, 346–348 429–436 447

Index 545
 The Decimal System of volume,
Measurement, 19 of a composite object, 56
The Golden Ratio, 248 of a hemisphere, 50
The Origin of the Inch, of a right cylinder, 40
14 of a right prism, 37
Theano, 323 of a right rectangular
Why Is m Used to prism, 39
Represent Slope?, 360 of a sphere, 48–50
The World of Math: Math of right pyramids and
Fact: right cones, 36–41
A Linear System with
Three Variables, 435 W
Computers and ␲, 234 whole numbers,
Cryptography, 141 cube root of, 145
Platonic Solids, 243 multiples of, 134–139
Taylor Polynomials, 158 prime factors of,
The World of Math: Profile: 135–139
Festival du Voyageur, 61 square root of, 144
Renewable Energy, 110
The Slope of a Road, X
343 x-intercept (also horizontal
Theano, 323
intercept), 313–316
transit, 97, 100
triangles,
area of, 28, 30 Y
solving with primary yard, 4–10, 17–21
trigonometric ratios, y-intercept (also vertical
106–109 intercept), 313–316, 444,
trigonometry, 91 445
solving right triangles determining equation of
with, 113–117 linear function from,
trinomials, 189–193 358, 359
factoring by decomposition,
175
factoring of, 153,
162–165
in ascending and
descending order, 163,
164
modelling as binomial
products, 157, 158

U
undefined slope, 335
unit analysis, 9
unit conversion, 7–10
relating SI and imperial
units, 16–21
units,
imperial, 4–10
of length, 4–10

V
vertical intercept (also
y-intercept), 313–316
vertical line test for a function,
289, 290
Viète, François, 181

546 Index
Acknowledgments

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548 Acknowledgments