Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

¯^í mg‡q wewmGm Gi mwVK cÖ¯‘wZi mnvwqKv

iPbv I m¤úv`bv
Wv. †gv. kvnv`vZ †nv‡mb
Wv. †gv. Avwidzi ingvb
Wv. †gv. AvwZKzi ingvb (Av`bvb)
Wv. †gv. BgwZqvR DwÏb (iæ‡ej)
Wv. Gg. gwbiæ¾vgvb

www.exambd.net
eBwUi ‰ewkó¨
o wewmGm Gi bZzb wm‡jev‡mi Av‡jv‡K ˆZwi
o 41Zg wewmGm Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvc~Y© cixÿvi Rb¨ mnvwqKv
o mv¤úªwZK mKj Z‡_¨i me©‡kl ms‡hvRb
o AcÖ‡qvRbxq Z‡_¨i evûj¨ ewR©Z
o wewmGm wcÖwji Av`‡j 5wU c~Y©v½ g‡Wj †U÷
cÖ_g ms¯‹iY: 28/03/2019 Bs|
wØZxq ms¯‹iY: 10/01/2020 Bs|
g~`Yª : Rvbyqvwi, 2020|
cÖ”Q` Aj¼iY: byi †gvnv¤§`|
cÖKvkbv: XvKv wcÖ›Uªvm©, 36 wkwil P›`ª †jb, evsjvevRvi, XvKv|
g~j¨: 430 UvKv

eBwU ‰Zwi‡Z hviv me©vË¡K mnvqZv K‡i‡Qb Ges hv‡`i bvg bv ej‡jB bq
AvbRygb Aviv †PŠayix
Wv. bvRgv Av³vi (Wwj)
bvw`qv Avdwib (KvšÍv)
mvwenv myjZvbv
BwÄwbqvi †Rmwgb myjZvbv
dqmj web G ie
BwÄwbqvi gvngy`yj nK
kwidzj Bmjvg Avjvj
‡gvt Avwbmyj Bmjvg gvngy`
Zvbfxi Avng`
‡gvnv¤§` Avjx

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 f~wgKv Ges Avgv‡`i wKQy K_v
 me©cÖ_g gnvb iveŸyj AvÕjvgx‡bi `iev‡i nvRvi ïKwiqv Ges mevB‡K AvšÍwiK ï‡f”Qv I Awfb›`b|
evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb mg‡qi †cÖ¶vc‡U mKj cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cix¶vi g‡a¨ wewmGm GKwU me‡P‡q
¸iæZ¡c~Y© cix¶v| wKš‘ ev¯ÍeZv GB †h, wewmGm Ggb GKUv j¤^v cÖwµqv †hLv‡b mvK©yjvi †_‡K ïiæ
K‡i mKj avc cvi n‡q PvKwi‡Z †hvM`vb Ki‡Z me©wbgœ `yB †_‡K AvovB eQi wKsev Av‡iv †ewk mgq
†j‡M hvq| G Kvi‡Y A‡b‡KB Av‡Q wewmGm cix¶v w`‡Z Pvq bv| wKš‘ miKvwi PvKwi †mvbvi nwiY
e‡j K_v, ZvB Awb”Qv m‡Ë¡I mevB wewmGm cix¶v †`q|
 Avgiv hw` 35 Zg wewmGm †_‡K j¶¨ Kwi Zvn‡j †`L‡Z cve 35 Zg wewmGm †_‡K 40 Zg wewmGm
Gi cix¶v_©x cÖvq `yB jv‡LiI †ewk| nq‡Zv 41 Zg wewmGm Gi cix¶v_©xi msL¨v Av‡iv †ewk n‡e|
wKš‘ GKUv gRvi e¨vcvi nj cix¶v_©x 4 jvL ev 5 jvL hvB †nvK bv †Kb, Avmj cix¶v_©x m‡e©v”P 50
nvRv‡ii gZ| Avmj cix¶v_©x ej‡Z †evSv‡”Q hviv wewmGm†K j¶¨ K‡i me©‡kl 6 gvm webv weiwZ‡Z
cov‡kvbv K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i‡K| evwK mevB IB †h GKUy Av‡M ejjvg miKvwi PvKwi †mvbvi nwiY ZvB
ïay gvÎ GK gvm c‡o cix¶v w`‡Z P‡j hvq| Avgv‡`i GB eB †ei Kivi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv hviv e¨¯ÍZvi
g‡a¨ cov‡kvbv Ki‡Z cv‡ibbvB ev †kl GK gv‡m GKUy fv‡jv cÖ¯‘wZ wb‡Z Pvb Zv‡`i Rb¨| Avkv Kwi
GB eBUv co‡j Lye Kg mg‡qi gv‡S cÖ¯‘wZ Lye fv‡jvfv‡e wb‡Z cvi‡eb| Avgiv Avevi ejwQ GB
eBwU ïay GKwU msw¶ß mv‡Rkb Gi gZ, hv‡Z Kg mg‡q fv‡jv GKwU cÖ¯‘wZ †bIqv hvq| ZvB `qv
K‡i eBwU †Kbvi Av‡M fv‡jvg‡Zv GKevi †`‡L Zvici wKb‡eb| Kv‡iv civg‡k© eBwU wKb‡Z hv‡eb
bv|
 Avgiv cvuPRb wg‡j Avjv`v Avjv`v welq wb‡q eBwU‡K my›`ifv‡e mvRv‡bvi †Póv K‡iwQ ZvB Avkv Kwi
me¸‡jv wel‡qi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mv‡Rkb G eB‡Z cv‡eb| G eBwU wewmGm mn mKj
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cix¶vi Rb¨ mgvbfv‡e Kvh©Ki n‡e BbkvAvjøvn| gvbyl gvÎB fyj| Avgv‡`i ARv‡šÍ
Ges cÖKvkbvi fy‡ji Rb¨ eBwU‡Z fyj _vK‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Avgiv AvšÍwiKfv‡e `ytwLZ Ges Av‡MB ¶gv
†P‡q wbw”Q| Avgv‡`i †Kv‡bv fyj _vK‡j Zvi MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv GKvšÍ Kvg¨ Ges AvkvKwi Avgiv
ciewZ©‡Z Gi ms‡kvab K‡i w`e| m‡e©vcwi mK‡ji Rb¨ ïfKvgbv Ges †`vqv iB‡jv|
 eBwU wKfv‡e co‡eb Ges wKQy w`Kwb‡`©kbv

wewmGm Gi wm‡jevm Ges welq A‡bK¸‡jv| wm‡jevm Gi ïiæ Av‡Q wKš‘ †kl †bB| me©‡gvU welq 9 wU
†hgb: evsjv (35 b¤^i), Bs‡iwR (35 b¤^i), mvaviY Ávb (50 b¤^i), MwYZ (15 b¤^i), Kw¤úDUvi (15
b¤^i), ‰bwZKZv I mykvmb (10 b¤^i), weÁvb (15 b¤^i), gvbwmK `¶Zv (15 b¤^i) Ges f~‡Mvj (15 b¤^i)|
Avcwb hw` g‡b K‡ib m¤ú~Y© 9 wU welq fv‡jvg‡Zv c‡o wewmGm cix¶v w`‡Z hv‡eb Zvn‡j Avcbvi wewmGm
wcÖwj wUKv Lye KwVb n‡e| GB bqwU wel‡qi g‡a¨ cvuPwU welq wbe©vPb K‡ib hv‡Z Ab¨ cix¶v_©x †_‡K Avcwb
fv‡jv b¤^i †c‡Z cv‡ib| welqwU cwi®‹vi K‡i ewj-
 GKRb cix¶v_©x mviveQi mvaviY Ávb co‡jI cix¶vq cv‡e 35 b¤^i 50 b¤^‡ii g‡a¨ Ges Avcwb
mviv eQi bv c‡o cixÿvi Av‡M Aí c‡o cv‡eb 30 b¤^i 50 b¤^‡ii g‡a¨, KviY mvaviY Áv‡bi †Kvb
wm‡jevm †bB| gv‡b Avcbvi mv‡_ fv‡jv wcÖcv‡ikb †bIqv GKRb cix¶v_©xi b¤^i Gi cv_©K¨ ïay cvuP
b¤^i| wKš‘ †KD hw` mviv eQi Bs‡iRx c‡o Zvn‡j cix¶vq cv‡e 30 b¤^i 35 b¤^‡ii g‡a¨ Ges Avcwb
Bs‡iRx mviv eQi bv c‡o cixÿvi Av‡M Aí c‡o cv‡eb 15 b¤^i ci 30 b¤^‡ii g‡a¨, KviY Bs‡iwR
wbqwgZ bv co‡j Avcwb fv‡jv b¤^i cv‡eb bv| gv‡b Avcbvi mv‡_ fv‡jv cÖ¯‘wZ †bIqv GKRb
cix¶v_©xi b¤^‡ii cv_©K¨ nj 15| ZvB Avkv Kwi eyS‡ZB cvi‡Qb 4 j¶ cix¶v_©xi gv‡S kxl© 15
nvRvi Avmvi Rb¨ me welq bv c‡o ¸iæZ¡ Abyhvqx welq wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
 g‡b ivL‡eb wcÖwj b¤^i †Kvb welq bv| gv‡b n‡jv wcÖwj b¤^i wi‡Ub Ges fvBevi mv‡_ hy³ nq bv| ZvB
Avcbv‡K 150+ b¤^i †c‡q wcÖwj‡Z wUK‡Z n‡e Ggb †Kvb K_v bv| 120+ †c‡jB h‡_ó| Avgv‡`i
GB eBUv †ei Kivi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj Ggb †h wKfv‡e msw¶ß Dcv‡q 120 b¤^‡ii KvQvKvwQ †Zvjv hvq|
ZvB GK K_vq Avgv‡`i eB gyL¯’ K‡ib Ges cvuPUv welq wbe©vPb K‡i G¸‡jv fv‡jvg‡Zv Mfxifv‡e
c‡ob| cvuPwU welq n‡jv evsjv, Bs‡iwR, MwYZ ev gvbwmK `¶Zv, Kw¤úDUvi Ges weÁvb| Avgv‡`i
eB †_‡K mvaviY Ávb covi mgq GKmv‡_ f~‡Mvj c‡o †dj‡eb KviY mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k I
AvšÍR©vwZK) Ges f~‡Mvj wm‡jevm cÖvq GKiKg| ZvB mvavib Áv‡bi c‡iB f~‡Mvj welq †`Iqv Av‡Q|
m¤ú~Y© 9 wU welq wKfv‡e co‡eb Zv bqwU jvB‡b e‡j w`w”Q:
 evsjv: cÖwZw`b †ewk †ewk co‡eb|
 Bs‡iwR: †ewk †ewk co‡eb wKš‘ MÖvgvi cÖwZw`b Ges wjUv‡iPvi ïay cix¶vi mvZ w`b Av‡M †_‡K
cov ïiæ Ki‡eb|
 mvaviY Ávb (evsjv‡`k I AvšÍR©vwZK): GB wel‡q GLb covi †Kvb `iKvi †bB| cix¶vi 20 w`b
AvM †_‡K cov ïiæ Ki‡eb| covi mgq mv‡_ g¨vc ivL‡eb|
 f~‡Mvj: mvaviY Áv‡bi g‡ZvB|
 MwYZ: cÖwZw`b †ewk †ewk MwYZ Ki‡eb|
 Kw¤úDUvi: GB wel‡q GLb covi `iKvi †bB| cix¶v Gi 10 w`b AvM †_‡K cov ïiæ Ki‡eb|
 weÁvb: cÖwZw`b co‡eb|
 gvbwmK `¶Zv: cÖwZw`b co‡eb|

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  ‰bwZKZv I mykvmb: cix¶v Gi Av‡M ïay Avgv‡`i eB‡qi AskUyKy GKevi co‡eb Gi †ewk Z_¨
Ges wØZxqevi covi †Kvb `iKvi †bB|
 wewmGm cixÿvi wcÖwjwgbvix‡Z wUKvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU c×wZ n‡jv mgq e›Ub| gv‡b wKfv‡e Avcwb 2
N›Uvi gv‡S 200wU cÖkœ `vMv‡Z cvi‡eb Zvi hb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ †bIqv| Avi GB †ÿ‡Î g‡Wj †U÷ Avcbv‡K
mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| Avcbv‡`i Avjv`v K‡i hv‡Z g‡Wj †U÷ eB wKb‡Z bv nq ZvB Avgv‡`i eB Gi †k‡l
5wU c~Y©v½ g‡Wj †U÷ hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| g‡Wj †U÷¸‡jv weMZ 10 eQ‡ii cÖ‡kœi Av‡jv‡K ˆZwi| Avkv
Kwi mevB DcK…Z n‡eb|
 cix¶vi n‡j AsK VvÛv gv_vq Kivi †Póv Ki‡eb| †Póv Ki‡eb 150 †_‡K 175 Uv mcq `vMv‡Z|
150 Gi Kg A_ev 175 Gi †ewk bv| me‡k‡l mK‡ji g½j Ges my¯Z ’ v Kvgbv KiwQ hv‡Z mevi
cix¶v fv‡jv nq| ab¨ev`|

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 cÖvw߯’vb
cÖavb cwi‡ekK
Beªvnxg †gwW‡Kj eyK nvDm
104, eveycvov gv‡K©U, bxj‡ÿZ, XvKv
‡gvevBj t- 01978184084
bxj‡ÿZ: Beªvnxg †gwW‡Kj eyK nvDm, gvgyb eyK nvDm, ZvR jvB‡eªix, D`qb jvB‡eªix, bvnvi eyK †m›Uvi,
eveyj eyK nvDm, K¯‘ix eyK †m›Uvi, eY©vjx eyK †m›Uvi, Avjg eyK nvDm, Uv½vBj eyK nvDm, j¨v½y‡qR
cvewj‡KkÝ, †mv‡nj jvB‡eªix|
AvwRR mycvi gv‡K©U, kvnevM: nK d‡Uv÷¨vU, wbD Wjwdb, ELBS, wcwR jvB‡eªix (5g Zjv)|
dvg©‡MU: Zdv¾j eyK nvDm; 01711150101|
DËiv: Gwe †gwW‡Kj eyK nvDm; 01910797869|
evsjvevRvi: mygbv eB Ni; 01920494607| w` eyK †m›Uvi; 01912120151| cÖwgm jvB‡eªix;
01949496101|
wm‡jU: cwc jvB‡eªix; 01711124472| AvBKb jvB‡eªix; 01715720429|
ewikvj: eyK wfjv; 01711332216|
gqgbwmsn: AvK›` jvB‡eªix; 01676173276|
ivRkvnx: cÖvBm jvB‡eªix; 01818775931, Iwi‡q›U jvB‡eªix; 01919014307 |
Lyjbv: ‡mvnvM eyK wW‡cv; 01720812942, Avb b~i eyK nvDm; 01912949319 |
PUªMÖvg: ‡RbyBb jvB‡eªix; 01819097895| eyK †jb PKevRvi; 01307888482|
iscyi: b¨vkbvj eyK †m›Uvi| ‡kiwnb eyK KY©vi; 01924350399|
e¸ov: KvRj eªv`vm©; 01715546044|
Kzwgjøv: wemwgjøvn jvB‡eªix; 01851515384|
‡bvqvLvjx: cÖwgR jvB‡eªix; UvDb jvB‡eªix; Kwei eyK; 01862059507
dwi`cyi: eB cwiPq; 01740771774 |
Uv½vBj: QvÎ eÜz jvB‡eªix; 01715596152| b¨vkbvj eyK wW‡cv|
w`bvRcyi: MÖxb jvB‡eªix; 01762941652 |
 m~wPcÎ

m~wP c„ôv
evsjv evsjv mvwnZ¨ 01
evsjv fvlv 50
English Language 99
English Literature 162
evsjv‡`k welqvejx 200
AvšÍR©vwZK welqvejx 300
f~‡Mvj 377
mvaviY weÁvb 423
Kw¤úDUvi 471
MvwbwZK hyw³ cvwUMwbZ 527
exRMwbZ 544
R¨vwgwZ 570
gvbwmK `ÿZv 583
‰bwZKZv, g~j¨‡eva I mykvmb 605
g‡Wj †U÷ 619

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cÖhyw³

wel‡qi bvg t- Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ gvb e›Ub
c~Y©gvb t- 15
Kw¤úDUvi
Kw¤úDUvi †cwi‡divjm t wK-‡evW©, gvDm, IwmAvi BZ¨vw`
Kw¤úDUv‡ii A½msMVb t wmwcBD, nvW© wW¯‹, GGjBD BZ¨vw`
‰`bw›`b Rxe‡b Kw¤úDUvi t K…wl, †hvMv‡hvM, wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨, †Ljvayjv BZ¨vw`
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †cÖvMvg t fvBivm, dvqviIqvj BZ¨vw`
Kw¤úDUv‡ii b¤^i e¨e¯’v 10
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gm
Gg‡e‡WW Kw¤úDUvi
Kw¤úDUv‡ii BwZnvm
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖKvi‡f`
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cv½gZv
‡WUv‡eBm wm‡÷g
Z_¨cÖhyw³
B-Kgvm©
‡mjyjvi WvUv †bUIqvK© t UzwR, w_ªwR, †dviwR, IqvBg¨v· BZ¨vw`
Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© t j¨vb, g¨vb, IqvB-dvB, IqvBg¨v· BZ¨vw`
‰`bw›`b Rxe‡b Z_¨cÖhyw³
¯§vU©‡dvb
Iqvì© IqvBW I‡qe
B›Uvi‡bU
wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kw¤úDUwUs cÖhyw³ t B-‡gBj, d¨v· BZ¨vw` 05
K¬vq›U-mvf©vi g¨v‡bR‡g›U
‡gvevBj cÖhyw³i ˆewkó¨mg~n
Z_¨cÖhyw³i eo cÖwZôvb I Zv‡`i †mev/Z_¨mg~n, ¸Mj, gvB‡µvmdU, AvBweGg BZ¨vw`
K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs
‡mvk¨vj †bUIqvwK©s, †dmeyK, UzBUvi, BÝUvMÖvg BZ¨vw`
‡ivewU·
mvBevi Aciva
me©‡gvU 15

~ 471 ~
 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

Kw¤úDUvi †cwi‡divjm

BbcyU wWfvBm

Kx‡evW©

 eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ Kx‡evW© ¸‡jv‡Z m‡e©v”P 105-115 Input Key _v‡K|

Key 5 ai‡Yi

Function Alphanumeric Numeric Modifier Cursor Movement

Key Key Key Key Key
 ‡bvU:
 Function Keys _v‡K 12Uv, Numeric Keys _v‡K 17Uv, Modifier Keys _v‡K 5Uv Ges
Cursor Movement Keys _v‡K 4Uv|
 Modifier Keys ¸‡jv n‡”Q: shift, option, commad, ctrl Ges alt|

Function Keys

bvg weeiY
F1 Help Key
F2 †Kvb dvBj ev †dvìvi Gi bvg cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨
F5 Page Refresh Ges power Point Slide Show Ki‡Z
F7 Microsoft Word G †jLv evbvb Ges e¨vKiY wVK Ki‡Z
F8 Operating System Safe Mood Pvjy Ki‡Z
F11 Full Seen ‡`L‡Z
F12 Microsoft Word G Save As Window Pvjy Ki‡Z

Keyboard layouts

 QWERTY layout
 AZERTY layout
 QWERTZ layout

~ 472 ~
 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

evsjv Kx‡evW©

 2003 mv‡ji 26 †k gvP© Wv: †g‡nw` nvmvb Lvb Aå wK‡evW© D™¢veb K‡ib| GB mdUIq¨vi Gi GKwU
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨ n‡jv Ò‡dv‡bwUKÓ wm‡÷‡g evsjv †jLv hvq|
 evsjv wK‡evW© Gi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv:
 weRq Kx‡evW©
 RvZxq Kx‡evW©
 gywbi Kx‡evW© BZ¨vw`|
 evsjv Kx‡evW© Gi dvskb:
 evsjv ‡jAvDU Kx‡ev‡W© “J” UvBc Ki‡j evsjv ÒKÓ Avm‡e|
 evsjv †jAvDU Kx‡ev‡W© “Shift+J” UvBc Ki‡j evsjv ÒLÓ Avm‡e|
 evsjv †jAvDU Kx‡ev‡W© “B” UvBc Ki‡j evsjv ÒbÓ Avm‡e|
 evsjv †jAvDU Kx‡ev‡W© “Shift+B” UvBc Ki‡j evsjv ÒYÓ Avm‡e|
 evsjv †jAvDU Kx‡ev‡W© “L” UvBc Ki‡j evsjv Ò`Ó Avm‡e|
 evsjv d›U (Bangla font):
 Kw¤úDUv‡i evsjv d‡›Ui D™¢veK n‡jb †gv¯Ídv ReŸvi|
 1988 mv‡j Zvi cÖwZôvb n‡Z me©cÖ_g weRq evsjv Kx‡evW© ‡ei Kiv nq|
 D`vniY: Av`k©wjwc, dvêyb, ‡jLwb, my‡jLv, GKzk, KY©dzwj, GKz‡k, wjwc, mykÖx BZ¨v`x|
 myZš^x me‡P‡q RbwcÖq evsjv d›U|

gvDm (Mouse)

 1963 mv‡j “Duglas Angelbert” gvDm Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|

 1984 mv‡j “Mekintos Computer” G me©cÖ_g gvDm e¨envi Kiv nq|
 gvDm e¨envi Kivi Rb¨ mgZj RvqMv `iKvi|
 gvDm e¨envi Kivi mgq gwbU‡i nv‡Zi gZ †h wPý jÿ¨ Kiv hvq Zv‡K Kvm©i (Cursor) e‡j|
 gvD‡mi c‡q›Uvi †K gwbUi w¯Œb Gi †h‡Kv‡bv RvqMvq biv‡bv‡K c‡qw›Us e‡j|
 gvD‡mi evUb †K GKevi wK¬K K‡i †Q‡o †`Iqv †K wm‡½j wK¬K Ges evUb cici `yBevi Pvc ‡`Iqv‡K
Wvej wK¬K e‡j|
 ‡Kvb Qwe ev Icon ev Window †K wm‡j± K‡i gvD‡mi evg cv‡ki evUb †P‡c a‡i †U‡b Avbv‡K
Drag ejv nq Ges Drag K‡i evUb †Q‡o †`Iqv‡K ejv nq Drop|

Ab¨vb¨ BbcyU wWfvBm

 ¯‹¨vbvi (Scanner):
~ 473 ~
 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 GUv A‡bKUv d‡UvKwc †gwk‡bi gZ|

 ¯‹¨vbvi w`‡q Abode Photoshop Gi gva¨‡g wWwRUvj B‡gR‡K B”Qv g‡Zv cwieZ©b Kiv hvq|
 Rqw÷K (Joystick):
 Kw¤úDUv‡i †MBg †Lj‡Z GwU e¨envi Kiv nq|
 wWwRUvBRvi (Digitizer):
 evsjv‡`k f~wg Rwic Awa`ßi wWwRUvBRvi e¨envi K‡i Zv‡`i †gŠRv gvc¸‡jv msiÿb Ges
m¤úv`b K‡ib|
 MÖvwd· U¨ve‡jU (Graphics Tablet):
 MÖvwd· U¨ve‡jU g~jZ gvD‡mi weKí hš¿ †Kvb wKQz wjL‡j †mUv MÖvwd· U¨ve‡jU aviY I kbv³
K‡i Ges ¯’vbv¼ wn‡m‡e c`©vq †cÖiY K‡i|
 wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv (Digital Camera):
 wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv‡Z †Kvb wdj¥ _v‡K bv| G‡Z CCD (Charged Coupled Device) bv‡gi
GKUv wPc _v‡K|
 MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition/Reader):
 Ò‡d‡iv‡mv‡dwiKÓ Kvwj e¨envi Kiv nq MICR G|
 MICR mvaviYZ e¨vs‡Ki †PK bv¤^vi †jLv Ges co‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq|
 evsjv‡`k e¨vsKmn mKj Zdwmwj e¨vs‡K MICR hy³ †PK e¨envi eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 OMR (Optical Mark Recognition):
 OMR mvaviYZ cixÿvi mgq Ges RbMYbvi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi Kiv nq|
 OMR Ggb GKUv hš¿ †hUv †cwÝj A_ev Kj‡gi `vM eyS‡Z cv‡i|
 OMR †cw݇ji `vM eyS‡Z cv‡i †cw݇ji mx‡mi MÖvdvB‡Ui we`y¨r cwievwnZv w`‡q|
 OMR Kj‡gi `vM eyS‡Z cv‡i Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb wePvi K‡i|
 OCR (Optical Character Recognition):
 wPwVi wcb †KvW, we`y¨‡Zi wej, BÝy¨‡iÝ wcÖwgqvi, †bvwUk BZ¨vw` covi Rb¨ OCR e¨envi Kiv
nq|
 jvBU‡cb (Light pen):
 cÖ‡KŠkj Gi bKkv, wewfbœ ai‡Yi bKkv ev †iLvwPÎ AsKb Ki‡Z light Pen e¨envi Kiv nq|
 ‡mÝi (Sensor):
 ‡mÝi n‡jv GK ai‡Yi transducer| †hgb : jvBU‡mÝi, mvDÛ †mÝi, ev‡qv‡gwUªK UvBg eøK
†mÝi BZ¨vw`|
 evi‡KvW wiWvi (Barcode Reader):
 evi‡KvW Gi wfZi KZ¸‡jv `vM _v‡K, hv‡K ejv nq “Universal Product Code”|
 evi‡KvW mvaviYZ eo gv‡K©U¸‡jv‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq|

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AvDUcyU (Output) wWfvBm

www.exambd.net
gwbUi (Monitor)

gwbUi wZb ai‡Yi

CRT Monitor LCD Monitor LED Monitor

 wmAviwU gwbUi (CRT Monitor):
 CRT means Cathode Ray Tube|
 wUD‡ei g‡a¨ dmdi bvgK GK ai‡Yi ivmvqwbK c`v_© _v‡K|
 GjwmwW gwbUi (LCD Monitor):
 LCD means Liquid Crystal Display|
 LCD monitor ‡K I “flat panel Monitor” ejv nq|
 K¨vjKz‡jUi A_ev wWwRUvj Nwo‡Z LCD Display e¨envi Kiv nq|
 j¨vcUc ev †bvUeyK G LCD Monitor e¨envi Kiv nq|
 GjBwW gwbUi (LED Monitor):
 LED means Light Emitting Diode|
 LED †Z we`y¨r LiP 40% Kg nq|
 LCD Monitor Gi g‡Zv Gi wfZi gviKvwi e¨envi Kiv nqbv e‡j GUv cwi‡ek evÜe|
 wfwWI K‡›Uªvjvi (Video Controler):
 gwbU‡i `„k¨gvb Qwei ¸YMZ gvb “Video Controler” Gi Dci wbf©i K‡i| Video
Controler Gi D`vniY n‡”Q:
 VGA (Video Graphics Array)
 XGA (Extended Graphics Array)
 SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array)
 WU wcP (Dot Pitch) :
 ‘Dot Triad’ jvj, meyR I bxj KwYKv w`‡q MwVZ|
 “Dot Pitch” hZ Kg n‡e Picture Resolution Z‡Zv fv‡jv n‡e|
 Dot Pitch †K wgwjwgUvi GK‡K cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 wc‡·j (Pixel):
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii Z_¨ cÖ`k©‡bi ÿz`ªZg GKK n‡”Q wc‡·j|
 Bs‡iwR kã “Picture element” Gi mswÿß iƒc n‡”Q Pixel|
 ‡iRy‡jkb (Resolution):
 wWm‡cø c`©v A_ev w¯Œ‡b cÖ`wk©Z Qwei myÿZv (Sharpness) †K ejv nq Resolution|

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 Resolution cÖavbZ Bw GK‡K cÖKvk Kiv nq|

 cÖwZ Bw‡Z hZ †ewk wc‡·j _vK‡e Qwei †iRy‡jkb ZZ fv‡jv n‡e|
 Resolution wnmve Kiv nq vertical Ges Horizontal Pixel w`‡q|
 wi‡d«m †iU (Refresh Rate):
 Refresh rate ‡K nvR© GKK w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 Refresh rate hZ †ewk n‡e B‡gR w¯Œb ZZ †ewk `„p †`Lv‡e|

wcÖ›Uvi (Printer)

 wcÖ›Uvi n‡jv GK ai‡Yi AdjvBb wWfvBm|

 wcÖ›Uvi Gi gvb wbf©i K‡i †iRy‡jkb Gi Dci|
 wcÖ›Uv‡ii †iRy‡jkb gvcv nq “DPI” GK‡K|
 DPI gv‡b Dots Per Inch|
 wcÖ›Uv‡ii cÖKvi‡f`:
 Impact Printer: D`vniY- Line Printer, Serial Printer BZ¨vw`|
 Non Impact Printer: D`vniY- Inkjet Printer, Laser Printer BZ¨vw`|
 jvBb wcÖ›Uvi (Line Printer):
 Line Printer Ab¨ Impact Printer ¸‡jvi gv‡S me‡P‡q `ªæZMwZi|
 Line Printer Avevi `yB ai‡bi:
 Chain Printer (‡PBb wcÖ›Uvi)
 Drum Printer (Wªvg wcÖ›Uvi)
 wmwiqvj wcÖ›Uvi (Serial Printer): Serial Printer `yB ai‡Yi:
 Dot Matrix Printer: Dot Matrix Printer gvcv nq CPS (Characters Per Second)
GKK Gi gva¨‡g| Dot Matrix Printer G †jLvi Rb¨ Pin grid e¨envi Kiv nq| mvaviYZ
7, 9, 24 GB ai‡bi wcb _v‡K|
 Daisy Wheel Printer: GB wcÖ›Uv‡i A‡bK¸‡jv KvUv _v‡K Ges †`L‡Z A‡bKUv †WBwR dz‡ji
gZ| ZvB bvg Kiv n‡q‡Q Daisy Wheel Printer|
 Inkject Printer:
 ¯^í `v‡g wcÖ›Uvi wn‡m‡e Bb‡R± wcÖ›Uvi Lye RbwcÖq|
 RbwcÖq wKQz Bb‡R± wcÖ›Uvi Gi D`vniY n‡”Q- Cannon Bubble Jet, HP Deskjet, Epson
Stylus|
 Laser Printer:
 GB wcÖ›Uv‡i †jRvi iwk¥ e¨envi Kiv nq|
 GB wcÖ›Uvi‡K “Page Printer” ejv nq|
 D`vniY: HP laserjet, Samsung ML-2010, Cannon LBB 3500 BZ¨vw`|

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 Plotter:
 cøUvi GK ai‡bi wcÖ›Uvi|
 ¯’vcZ¨, cÖ‡KŠkjx Ges gvbwPÎ AvuK‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq|
 Plotter `yB ai‡bi- Flat bed plotter I Drum plotter|

GKbR‡i BbcyU I AvDUcyU wWfvBm

Input Device Output Device Both Input and Output

Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, Disc, CD, Camera, VCR,
Scanner, Light pen, Speaker, Plotter, TV, Tape Recorder ,
Graphics, Tablet, Projector, Head Phone, Modem, Pendrive, Touch
Webcam, Joy-Stick, CRT, LCD, LED Screen, Printer, Scanner
Sensor, OMR, OCR,
Barcode Reader, Punch
Card Reader, Magnetic
Tape Driver, Digitizer,
MICR Reader

g‡Wj †U÷

1. cÖPwjZ Kx †evW©¸‡jvq ÔHelp keyÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ †KvbwU?

K) F1 L) F7 M) F8 N) F11
2. ‘DPI’ means?
K) Dots per inch L) Dots per inclusion M) Divide per inch N) None
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU “Page Printer” bv‡g cwiwPZ?
K) Laser printer L) Serial printer M) Inkjet printer N) Demo printer

DËi cÎ

1 K 2 K 3 K

Kw¤úDUv‡ii A½msMVb

Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMVb `yB cÖKvi

Hardware Software

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

nvW©Iq¨vi

 Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi Gi cvU©m¸‡jv n‡jv:

 Input Unit
 Central Processing Unit (CPU): GwU Avevi wZb cÖKvi- ALU, CU, RM
 Output Unit
 CPU (Central Processing Unit):
 CPU ‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii gw¯Í®‹ ejv nq|
 CPU ej‡Z ïay Microprocessors †K eySvq|
 ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit):
 cÖavbZ ALU Kw¤úDUv‡ii gw¯Í®‹ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
 CU (Control Unit):
 CU Kw¤úDUv‡ii mKj As‡ki KvR wbqš¿Y K‡i|
 RM (Register Memory):
 It is one type of memory|
 IPOS Cycle Gi gv‡b:
 I = Input
 P = Processing
 O = Output
 S = Storage
 gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi (Microprocessor):
 Microprocessors ˆZwi nq Bw›Uª‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U (IC) w`‡q|
 Microprocessors Gi MwZ mvaviYZ nvR© GK‡K cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 wKš‘ †h¸‡jvi MwZ A‡bK †ewk ‡m¸‡jv wMMvnvR© GK‡K cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 cÖ_g cÖ‡mmi wQj intell-4400 hvi IC wQj ïaygvÎ 2300 wU|
 Microprocessors wZb ai‡Yi nq t a) CISC, b) RISC c) SPP
 wm¯‹ (CISC):
 CISC means Complex Instruction Set Computing
 Assembly Based Programming Gi Rb¨ GB cÖ‡mmi †ewk e¨envi Kiv nq|
 D`vniY: Intel-Pentium, AMD, Motorola-6800, AMD-athlon, AMD-KC
BZ¨vw`|
 wi¯‹ (RISC):
 RISC means Reduced Instruction Set Computing|
 High Language Programming Gi Rb¨ GB cÖ‡mmi †ewk e¨envi Kiv nq|
 D`vniY: Motorola Pwer Pc-601, MIPs –R10000, DEC alpha-21064 BZ¨vw`|

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 SPP (Special Purpose Processors):

 GB cÖ‡mmi n‡jv we‡kl Kv‡h©i cÖ‡mm‡ii D`vniY|
 Mother Board:
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii mKj Dcv`vb †h mvwK©U †evW© Gi mv‡_ hy³ Kiv nq Zv‡K gv`vi‡evW© e‡j|
 gv`vi‡evW© Gi Aci bvg n‡jv System Board ev Printed Circuit Board|
 D`vniY: intel, ASUS, GIGABYTE, MSI BZ¨vw`|
 Fax Modem:
 B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ GB wWfvBm e¨envi Kiv nq|
 LAN (Local Area Network):
 LAN Gi Av‡iK bvg n‡jv NIC (Network Interface Card)|
 GKvwaK Kw¤úDUvi Gi gv‡S ‡bUIqvwK©s Kivi Rb¨ LAN e¨envi Kiv nq|
 VGA (Video Graphics Array):
 VGA g~jZ GK ai‡bi MÖvwd· KvW©|
 gwbU‡ii wWm‡cø †Kgb n‡e GUv wbf©i K‡i VGA Gi Dci|
 Computer Memory: Kw¤úDUv‡ii ‡g‡gvwi cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi-
 Primary Memory: Primary Memory Gi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv RAM Ges ROM|
(wet`ªt Primary Memory ¸‡jv CPU Gi ALU Ges CU Gi mv‡_ Aa©cwievnx w`‡q hy³
_v‡K|)
 Secondary Memory: Secondary Memory Gi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv: Hard Disc,
Flash Disc, CD, DVD, Floppy Disc BZ¨vw`|
 RAM (Random Access Memory) i¨vg:
 RAM nj ÿY¯’vqx †g‡gvix|
 RAM ‡K †fvjvUvBj †g‡gvix, “Main Storage” ev “Core Storage” ejv nq|
 RAM ‡K A‡bK mgq “Read Write Memory” ejv nq KviY RAM G GKmv‡_ †jLv Ges
cov hvq|
 RAM Gi Z_¨ gy‡Q hvevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K ZvB RAM e¨envi Kiv SzuwKc~Y|©
 DRAM means Dynamic Random Access Memory|
 m¤úªwZ evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb ‡Kv¤úvwb wn‡m‡e Walton me©cÖ_g Kw¤úDUv‡ii RAM Avwe®‹vi K‡i|
 ROM (Read Only Memory) ig:
 GUv ¯’vqx †g‡gvix|
ROM 5 cÖKvi

MROM PROM EPROM EEPROM EAPROM

 cuvP cÖKvi †iv‡gi c~Y© bvg:
 Ggig/MROM = Mask Read Only Memory.
 wcig/cÖg/PROM = Programmable Read Only Memory.

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 BcÖg/EPROM = Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.

 BBcÖg/EEPROM = Electrically Erasable PROM.
 BGcÖg/EAPROM = Electricity Erasable PROM. (Pendrive G EEPROM
Memory e¨envi Kiv nq|)
 Hard disc:
 Hard Disc ‡K ejv nq g¨vM‡bwUK wW¯‹, KviY nvW©wW¯‹ Gi wfZi avZe c`v‡_©i g¨vM‡bwUK
cÖ‡jc _v‡K|
 nvW©wW¯‹ Gi wfZi KZ¸‡jv mv‡K©j _v‡K hv‡K ejv nq UªvK|
 UªvK¸‡jv‡K Avevi mgvb KZ¸‡jv fv‡M Kiv nq hv‡K ejv nq †m±i|
 cÖwZwU †m±‡ii aviY ÿgZv 512 evBU|
 nvW©wW‡¯‹i ÿgZv wbY©q Kiv nq wMMvevBU Ges †UivevBU GK‡K|
 wm‡MU Ges Zwkev nj we‡k¦i bvgKiv nvW©wW¯‹ ˆZwi Kiv cÖwZôvb|
 CD (Compact Disc) wmwW:
 CD nj cÖavbZ GKwU AcwUK¨vj wgwWqv|
 CD Gi †fZ‡ii Ask A¨vjywgwbqvg w`‡q ˆZwi|
 CD Gi wfZ‡i “Pits” Ges “Land” _v‡K|
 DVD (Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc) wWwfwW:
wWwfwW 2 cÖKvi

Redray DVD Blueray DVD

Red color ‡jRvi Blue color ‡jRvi
 aviYÿgZv 4.7 wMMvevBU †_‡K 17 wMMvevBU ch©šÍ|
 mwjW †÷U wWfvBm (Solid State Device):
 G‡Z K¬vk †g‡gvwi e¨envi Kiv nq|
 eZ©gv‡b nvW©wW‡¯‹i weKí wn‡m‡e SSD RbwcÖq n‡q D‡V‡Q|
 myweav: A¨vK‡m‡m mgq 0.1 wgwj †m‡KÛ hv Hard Disc ‡_‡K 80 ¸b †ewk|
 USB Flash Drives or Pen Drive:
 Pen drive Gi RbK cyqv †KBb †ms (ZvBIqvb)|
 aviYÿgZv 32 †gMvevBU †_‡K K‡qKkZ wMMvevBU|
 ‡WUv UªvÝdvi †iU 12 Mbps †_‡K 480 Mbps ch©šÍ|
 wd¬c d¬c (Flip-Flop):
 GwU g~jZ evB÷¨vej gvwëfvB‡eªUi mvwK©U, hv wmKz‡qwÝqvj jwRK mvwK©U w`‡q ˆZwi|
 GwU g~jZ Memory device wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
 `yBwU BbcyU Ges `yBwU AvDUcyU _vK‡e hvi GKwU High state Ges AciwU Low state|
 High state ‡K evBbvix (1) Ges Low state ‡K evBbvix (2) w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 GKweU (single bit) Z_¨ aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

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 Floppy Disc:
 1973 mv‡j d¬wc wW¯‹ e¨envi ïiæ nq|
 d¬wc wW¯‹ “Diskette’ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 d¬wc wW¯‹ K¨vcvwmwU Lye Kg (gvÎ 1.44 †gMvevBU)|

mdUIq¨vi (Software)

 ‡cÖvMÖvg ev †cÖvMÖvg mgwó hv Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi Ges e¨enviKvixi g‡a¨ m¤úK© m„wói gva¨‡g
nvW©Iq¨vi‡K Kvh©ÿg iv‡L|
 mdUIq¨vi Qvov nvW©Iq¨vi A_©nxb|
mdUIq¨vi

wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi e¨envwiK mdUIq¨vi

Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g wWfvBm WªvBfvi BDwUwjwU ‡cÖvMÖvg

Kv÷gvBRW †cÖvMÖvg c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨vi

 wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi:
 wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi Qvov Kw¤úDUvi cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e bv|
 GwU Kw¤úDUvi e¨enviKvixi mv‡_ mdUIq¨vi I nvW©Iq¨v‡ii †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i|
 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g:
 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g e¨enviKvixi mv‡_ nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨v‡ii †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i|
 1951 mv‡j cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ˆZwi Kiv n‡qwQj †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨|
 1971 mvj †_‡K wcwm‡Z Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g e¨envi ïiæ nq|
 G Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi bvg wQj CP/M|
 BDwUwjwU †cÖvMÖvg:
 Kw¤úDUvi iÿYv‡eÿY, wewfbœ fvBivm †_‡K myiÿv, †WUv I †cÖvMÖv‡gi e¨vKAvc, wWRv÷vi
wi‡Kvfvixmn wewfbœ cÖKvi Kv‡Ri myweav cÖ`vbKvix ‡cÖvMÖvg|
 BDwUwjwU †cÖvMÖv‡gi D`vniY:
 wW¯‹ wWd«vM‡g‡›Ukb
 A¨vw›UfvBivm mdUIq¨vi
 dvBj n¨v‡Ûjvi
 wjsKvi †cÖvMÖvg
 mU©-gvR© †cÖvMÖvg
 jvB‡eªix †cÖvMÖvg

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 wewfbœ ai‡Yi cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨v‡ii bvg:

gvB‡µvmdU IqvW© (MS Word) wWm‡cø ivBUvi
IqvW© cvi‡d± g¨vK ivBU
W· ivBUvi ‡jvUvm IqvW©‡cÖv
IqvW© ÷vi IqvW© c¨vW
wcGdGm ivBU ‡bvU c¨vW
 ‡¯úªWwmU A¨vbvjvBwmm mdUIq¨vi:
 wnmve wbKvk Kivi GKwU †cÖvMÖvg|
 ev‡RU, e¨vjvÝwmU, ¯‹zj-K‡j‡Ri djvdj ˆZwi BZ¨vw` wewfbœ MvwbwZK Kv‡R GwU e¨eüZ nq|
 K‡qKwU †¯úªWwmU mdUIq¨v‡ii D`vniY:
 wfwm K¨vé (VisiCalc): c„w_exi cÖ_g †¯úªWwmU †cÖvMÖvg|
 mycviK¨vé
 ‡jvUvm 1-2-3
 wm‡çvwb
 gvwëcøvb
 gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j (MS-Excel): eZ©gv‡b me‡P‡q RbwcÖq †¯úªWwmU †cÖvMÖvg|
 ‡WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U mdUIq¨vi
 ‡WUv‡eR †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ msiÿY Kiv Z_¨ †kÖbxe× c×wZ‡Z mvRv‡bv _v‡K|
 ‡WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U mdUIq¨v‡ii D`vniY:
 gvB‡µvmdU A¨vK‡mm
 gvB‡µvmdU GmwKDGj mvf©vi
 IivKj
 ‡Kv‡ij c¨vivW·
 ‡jvUvm G‡cÖvP
 wW‡eR
 d·‡cÖv
 dvBj‡gKvi †cÖv
 ‡dv_© WvB‡gbkb
 MÖvwd· mdUIq¨vi:
 wewfbœ ai‡bi Qwe I cÖ”Q` ˆZwi Ki‡Z MÖvwd· mdUIq¨vi e¨envi Kiv nq|
 MÖvwd· mdUIq¨v‡ii D`vniY:
 Adobe Photoshop
 Corel DRAW
 ‡W·Uc cvewj‡KkÝ mdUIq¨vi:
 QuarkXpress
 Adobe Pagemaker
 Adobe Acrobat
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 ‡gBj BDRvi G‡R›U ev B‡gBj wiWvi:

 Netscape Messenger
 Mozilla Thunderbird
 Eudora
 Microsoft Outlook Express
 Kmail
 IBM Lotus Notes
 ‡cÖ‡R‡›Ukb mdUIq¨vi:
 Microsoft PowerPoint
 Corel Presentation
 Impress
 Macromedia flash
 Harvard Graphics
 Freelance Graphics
 gvwëwgwWqv mdUIq¨vi:
 Windows Media Player
 Adobe Flash
 Jet Audio Player

g‡Wj †U÷

1. Kw¤úDUv‡ii gw¯Í®‹ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i †KvbwU?

K) ALU L) CU M) CPU N) ALN
2. wb‡Pi †KvbwU “Volatile Memory” bv‡g cwiwPZ?
K) CD L) DVD M) ROM N) RAM
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii Primary Memory?
K) ROM L) RAM M) DVD N) K Ges L

DËi cÎ

1 K 2 N 3 N

‰`bw›`b Rxe‡b Kw¤úDUvi

 K…wl †ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi:

 K…wl m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ Rwic cwiPvjbvq|
 wbZ¨ bZzb K…wl hš¿cvwZ D™¢veb Ges M‡elYv|
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 K…lK‡`i Avw_©K †jb‡`‡bi Rb¨ AbjvBb e¨vswKs †mev Pvjy Kiv|

 ‡hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vq Kw¤úDUvi:
 UªvwdK K‡›Uªvj
 wU‡KU eywKs
 ‡gvUihv‡bi ÿwZ Ges R¡vjvwb wbqš¿Y Kiv|
 wPwKrmv †ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi:
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g Wvqv‡ewUm wbY©q Kivi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq ev‡qv‡mÝi|
 ‡ivM wbY©‡q e¨eüZ wewfbœ †gwkb; †hgb: wmwU ¯‹¨vb, G·‡i, GgAviAvB †gwkb wbqš¿‡Y e¨envi
Kiv nq|
 bZzb bZzb †ivM Ges Ilya Avwe®‹v‡i e¨envi Kiv nq|
 wkÿv †ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi:
 cixÿvi LvZv g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z|
 cixÿvi djvdj ˆZwi Ki‡Z|
 wkÿv cÖwZôvb QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i Rxebe„ËvšÍ msiÿ‡Y|
 MvwYwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡b|
 ‡Ljva~jv Kw¤úDUvi:
 †Ljva~jvq cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiv nq 1960 mv‡j|
 wµ‡KU, dzUej, e¨vWwg›Ub BZ¨vw`i †Ljv cwiPvjbv Kiv Ges mgq wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi
e¨envi Kiv nq|
 e¨vswKs †ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUvi:
 e¨vs‡Ki †PK eB‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq MICR †UK‡bvjwR|
 GwUGg ey‡_i gva¨‡g UvKv †Zvjv hvq|
 wkí KviLvbv c‡Y¨i ¸YMZ gvb hvPvB Ki‡Z Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiv nq|
 B-Kgvm© Gi gva¨‡g †Kbv †ePv hvq|
 mvgwiK †ÿ‡Î:
 mvgwiK †ÿ‡Î ivWvi wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z|
 mvgwiK cÖwkÿY Ges mgi †KŠkj Gi myôz e›Ub Gi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiv nq|
 ‡ivewU· Ges cÖ‡KŠkjx Kv‡R:
 ‡iveU Gi bKkv Ges KvR wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z|
 cÖ‡KŠkj Kv‡Ri bKkv Ges wWRvBb Ki‡Z Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiv nq|

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Kw¤úDUvi ‡cÖvMÖvg

Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm

 Kw¤úDUvi fvBiv‡mi ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q:

 Self executed
 Self extracted
 Self replicated
 VIRUS Gi m¤ú~Y© iƒc n‡”Q “Vital Information Resources Under Seize”
 fvBiv‡mi bvgKiY K‡ib weÁvbx “Frederick Choen”
 1971 mv‡j Avwe®‹vi Kiv nq “Creeper Virus”|
 1992 mv‡j Avwe®‹vi Kiv nq “Michel Angola Virus”.
 1999 mv‡ji 16 GwcÖj evsjv‡`kmn mviv we‡k¦i jÿ jÿ Kw¤úDUvi CIH fvBiv‡mi Avµg‡Yi
wkKvi nq|
 2008 mv‡j “Koobface Virus” †dmeyK e¨enviKvix‡`i Dci nvgjv K‡i|
 wKQz Gw›UfvBiv‡mi bvg:
 Mcafees virus scan
 AVAST anti virus
 Cobra anti virus
 Norton ani virus
 Symantec anti virus
 Kaspersky anti virus
 Avira anti vir personal
 Bitdefender

MS Word

 Window Gi Dc‡ii w`‡K Microsoft Word ‡jLv Bar ‡K ejv nq UvB‡Ujevi|

 UvB‡Ujev‡i mvaviYZ PviUv Button _v‡K| G¸‡jv n‡”Qt
1. Minimize Button
2. Close Button
3. Maximize Button
4. Restore Down Button
 “File” Ges “Edit” GB k㸇jv Menu Bar G _v‡K|
 Menu Bar Gi wb‡P cÖZxK cÖ`wk©Z evi †K ejv nq Standard Toolbar|

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 Typing Format:
 Typing Forma cwieZ©b Kiv hvq Formatting Toolbar Gi mvnv‡h¨
 Window Gi wb‡Pi w`‡K Window Gi wewfbœ Ae¯’vi eY©bv m¤^wjZ evi †K ejv nq Status
Bar|
 Kw¤úDUv‡i ENTER Key Pvc w`‡j bZzb jvBb ïiæ nq hv‡K ejv nq Paragraph|
 MS Word Gi Shortcut wKQz KgvÛ:
 Ctrl + S = Save
 Ctrl + X = Cut
 Ctrl + V = Paste
 Ctrl + Z = Undo
 Ctrl + E = Central Alignment
 Ctrl + N = Open a new Window
 Ctrl + H = Replace
 Page Orientation:
 Portrait = Gi ‰`N©¨, cÖ‡¯’i †P‡q †ewk n‡e| †hgb- Biodata|
 Landscape = Page Gi cÖ¯,’ ‰`‡N©¨i †P‡q †ewk n‡e| †hgb- Certificate|

MS Excel

 Speed Sheet Program G row Ges Column Gi mvnv‡h¨ MwVZ Sheet ‡K Worksheet ejv
nq|
 MS Excel G me©‡gvU row 65536 wU|
 MS Excel G me©‡gvU Column 256 wU|
 Excel G GKwU worksheet G me©‡gvU Cell/Ni _v‡K 16,77,216 wU|
 Worksheet Gi cvkvcvwk AvqZvKvi †ÿ‡Îi KZ¸‡jv Ni _v‡K, G¸‡jv‡K GKmv‡_ range ejv
nq|
 Formula n‡jv KZ¸‡jv Cell Gi †hvMdj|
 Formula Gi me‡P‡q †QvU iƒc‡K ejv nq function|
 Function Gi cÖKvi‡f`t
 Database Functions
 Mathematical Functions
 Statistical Functions
 Text Functions
 Logical Functions
 Date Functions
 Time Functions
 Financial Functions
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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

MS Power Point

 Computer Point dvBj‡K Presentation ejv nq|



www.exambd.net
Presentation Gi GK GKwU Page ‡K ejv nq Slide|
Ctrl + M Click K‡i bZzb Slide ïiæ Ki‡Z nq|
 F5 Pvc w`‡q bZzb Slide show Kiv nq|
 Slide show eÜ Ki‡Z “S” Pvc‡Z nq|

Computer File

 Computer File mvaviYZ 2 ai‡Yi t

1. FAT
2. NTFS
 FAT (File Allocation Table)
 1977 mv‡j Microsoft cÖ_g FAT Avwe®‹vi K‡i|
 FAT system read-only, hidden, system Ges archive file system support K‡i|
 FAT mvaviYZ 3 ai‡Yi| †hgbt FAT12, FAT16, FAT32
 FAT12 n‡”Q FAT system Gi cÖ_g dvBj| m‡e©v”P 32 MB support K‡i|
 FAT16 m‡e©v”P 2GB support K‡i|
 FAT32 m‡e©v”P 8TB support K‡i|

Ab¨vb¨ Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg

 NTFS:
 m‡e©v”P 256TB support K‡i|
 NTFS dvBj bó n‡j cybiæ×vi Kiv hvq|
 FAT file e¨env‡i myweav: compression, improved security, larger partitions Ges
file size|
 Disc Defragmentation:
 GwU e¨envi Kiv nq dvBj¸‡jv‡K wW‡¯‹ cybivq mvRv‡bvi Rb¨|
 Special File:
 .txt, .psd, .doc G¸‡jv n‡”Q extension files|
 .pps, .ppt, .sdf, .xml G¸‡jv n‡”Q data files extention|
 .mp3, .aif, .wav G¸‡jv n‡”Q audio files extension|
 .mpg, .3gp, .flv G¸‡jv n‡”Q video files extension|
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 .obj, .max, .3dm G¸‡jv n‡”Q 3D Image files extension|



www.exambd.net
.jpg, .jpeg, .gir G¸‡jv n‡”Q Image files extension|
.asp, .html, .rss G¸‡jv n‡”Q web files extensions|
 .pdf G¸‡jv n‡”Q page layout files extensions|
 .ttf G¸‡jv n‡”Q font files extension|
 WinZip, WinAce, AlZip G¸‡jv n‡”Q files compression software|

g‡Wj †U÷

1. “MS-Excel” G me©‡gvU KqwU Columm _v‡K?

K) 252wU L) 256wU M) 258wU N) 260wU
2. “MS-Powerpoint” G GKwU bZzb slide ïiæ Ki‡Z wb‡Pi †KvbwU click Ki‡Z nq?
K) Ctrl + N L) Ctrl + M M) Ctrl + C N) Ctrl + L
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) Ctrl + S = Cut L) Ctrl + X = Save M) Ctrl + Z = Undo N) Ctrl + P = Redo

DËi cÎ

1 L 2 L 3 M

Kw¤úDUv‡ii bv¤^vi e¨e¯’v

Kw¤úDUv‡ii bv¤^vi e¨e¯’v Pvi ai‡bi

Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal

 Decimal number system (‡Wwmgvj ev `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ):
 Dicimal number system Gi wfwË n‡jv 10|
 Binary Number system (evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ):
 Binary System G A¼ n‡jv 0 Ges 1|
 Binary System Kw¤úDUv‡ii wWwRUvj wm‡÷g bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 Octal Number System (A±j msL¨v c×wZ):
 Octal Number System Gi base n‡jv 8|
 Hexadecimal Number System (‡n·v‡Wwmgvj msL¨v c×wZ):
 Hexadecimal Number System Gi base n‡jv 16|

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 ‡Wwmgvj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi:

 c~Y© `kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ `kwgK msL¨v‡K 2 w`‡q fvM K‡i
fvM‡kl‡K wb‡Z n‡e|
 fvMdj‡K cybivq 2 w`‡q fvM K‡i fvM‡kl †K wb‡Z n‡e| fvMdj k~b¨ bv nIqv ch©šÍ G c×wZ
cybive„wË Ki‡Z n‡e|
 me ‡k‡l fvM‡kl ¸‡jv‡K †kl ‡_‡K cÖ_gw`‡K avivevwnKfv‡e mvwR‡q wjL‡j 1 Ges 0 Gi
mgš^‡q †h msL¨vwU cvIqv hv‡e ZvB `kwgK msL¨vi mgvb evBbvwi msL¨v|
 D`vniY (35)10 †Wwmgvj msL¨v‡K evBbvwi‡Z iƒcvšÍi Ki‡j KZ n‡e?
 mgvavbt
35/2 = 17 Ges fvM‡kl 1
17/2 = 8 Ges fvM‡kl 1
8/2 = 4 Ges fvM‡kl 0
4/2 = 2 Ges fvM‡kl 0
2/2 = 1 Ges fvM‡kl 0
1/2 = 0 Ges fvM‡kl 1
Zvn‡j Gme fvM‡kl¸‡jv †kl †_‡K µgk mvRv‡j n‡e 100011|
ZvB (35)10 †Wwm‡gj msL¨vi evBbvwi n‡e 100011|
 evBbvwi †_‡K †Wwm‡g‡j iƒcvšÍi:
 evBbvwi msL¨vi wfwË 2; ZvB Gi kw³ 2 w`‡q wnmve Ki‡Z n‡e|
 D`vniY (11001)2 evBbvwi msL¨vi †Wwm‡gj msL¨v KZ?
 mgvavb:
(11001)2 = (1×24) + (1×23) + (0×22) + (0×21) + (1×20)
= (1×16) + (1×8) + (0×4) + (0×2) + (1×1)
= 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1
= 25
ZvB, (11001)2 evBbvwi msL¨vi †Wwmgvj msL¨v n‡jv 25(10)|

Digital Logic

 Boolean Algebra:
 1954 mv‡j RR© eywjqvb GwU Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 eywjqvb Av¨vj‡Reiv‡Z cÖ‡Z¨KwU jwR‡Ki gvb 0 †_‡K 1 ch©šÍ _v‡K|
 eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reiv Abyhvqx †Kvb mvwK©‡U Kv‡i›U _vK‡j 1, Avi bv _vK‡j 0 aiv nq|
 eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reiv jwRK mvwK©U wWRvBb Kivi Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|
 Boolean Theorems:
 A+0=A
 A+1=1

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 A+A=A
 A + A =1
 A.A=A
 A.1=A www.exambd.net
 A.A=0
 A=0
 AA=A
 A + B = B. A
 A+B=B+A
 A + (B+C) = (A+ B)
 Logic Gates:
 Logic Gate nj g~jZ wWwRUvj mvwK©U|
 jwRK †MU `yB ai‡Yi:
 ‡gŠwjK †MU (OR gate, And gate, NOT gate)
 ‡hŠwMK †MU (NAND gate, NOR gate, XOR gate)
 OR gate:
 OR gate G `yB ev Zvi †ewk BbcyU _v‡K wKš‘ AvDUcyU gvÎ GKUv|
 Output n‡e Input Gi †hvMd‡ji mgvb|
 OR gate Gi Input 0 Ges 0 n‡j Output 0 n‡e|
 wKš‘ Input 1 Ges 0 n‡j Output 1 n‡e|
 AND gate:
 AND gate Gi `yB ev Zvi †P‡q ‡ewk BbcyU _v‡K wKš‘ AvDUcyU _v‡K gvÎ GKUv|
 Output n‡e Input ¸‡jvi ¸bd‡ji mgvb|
 AND gate Gi Input 0 Ges 1 n‡j Output 0|
 wKš‘ Input 1 Ges 1 n‡j Output n‡e 1|
 NOT gate:
 NOT gate G Input GKwU gvÎ Ges GKwU Output _v‡K|
 NOT gate Gi Input n‡jv Output Gi wecixZ gvb|
 NOT gate G Input 1 n‡j Output 0|
 wKš‘ Input 0 n‡j Output 1|
 NOR gate:
 OR gate Ges NOT gate Gi mgš^‡q NOR gate ˆZwi nq|
 hw` A Ges B 2wU Input nq, Zvn‡j NOR gate n‡e A+B|
 A_©vr NOR gate n‡jv OR gate Gi wecixZ|
 NAND gate:
 AND Ges NOT gate Gi mgwš^Z †MU †K ejv nq NAND gate|
 hw` A Ges B 2wU Input nq Zvn‡j NAND gate n‡e AB|
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 A_©vr NAND gate n‡jv AND gate Gi wecixZ|

g‡Wj †U÷

1. “OR” gate Gi input 0 Ges 1 n‡j output KZ n‡e?

K) 0 L) 1 M) 2 N) 3
2. wb‡Pi †KvbwU †gŠwjK gate bq?
K) NAND L) OR M) AND N) NOT
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) A + B = A + B L) A + B = B + A M) A - B = B - A N) B - A = A + B

DËi cÎ

1 L 2 K 3 L

Kw¤úDUvi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g

 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Gi KvR:

 Security
 User Interface
 Resource Management
 Task Management
 File Management
 Networking
 Utilities
 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Gi D`vniY:
 MS DOS
 MS Windows
 MS Windows NT
 Mac OS, 0S/2, Be OS
 Android
 PC DOS
 Linux
 Unix
 Sunsolaries
 XENIX
 Symbian

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 DOS:
 GwU GKwU wW¯‹ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
 gvB‡µvmdU Gi DOS n‡jv MS DOS|
 IBM Gi DOS n‡jv PC DOS|
 DOS n‡jv eY©wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
 MAC OS:
 GUv n‡jv A¨vcj †Kv¤úvwbi ˆZwi Machintos Computer cwiPvjKvix Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
 MAC- OS cÖavbZ MÖvwdK¨vj Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
 UNIX:
 me‡P‡q cyivZb Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
 1969 mv‡j USA Bell Laboratory ‡Z Kin Tomson and Dennis Ritchie cÖ_g
UNIX Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Pvjy K‡ib|
 mycvi Kw¤úDUv‡i UNIX Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g e¨envi Kiv nq|
 LINUX:
 LINUX n‡jv Open Source Operating System|
 Windows:
 Windows 95: GwU 32 bit Gi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
 Windows 98: GwU g~jZ Windows 95 Gi Avc‡MÖW fvm©b|
 Windows XP: DB‡Ûvm cwiev‡ii me‡P‡q RbwcÖq ms¯‹ib| XP w`‡q Experience eySvq|
 Windows Vista: GwU 32 bit Ges 64 bit Gi nq|
 Windows 7: Windows 7 G GKwU bZzb View File Storage Structure ‰Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q
hvi bvg †`Iqv n‡q‡Q jvB‡eªix|
 Windows 8: GB Windows G Microsoft Metro Design Language e¨envi Kiv nq|
 Windows 10: GB Windows G multi desktop feature Av‡Q| GwU Windows family
Gi me©‡kl ms¯‹iY|

Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi cÖKvi‡f`

 User Interface Gi Dci wfwË K‡i:

 Character User Interface Operating System (CUI): GUv‡K eY©wfwËK Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷g (Text Based OS) ev Command Based Operating System ejv nq| †hgb;
MS DOS, PC-DOS, UNIX , LINUX
 Graphical User Interface Operating System (GUI): †hgb; Windows 98,
Windows 95, Mac OS BZ¨vw`|

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 e¨enviKvixi msL¨vi Dci wfwË K‡i:

 Single User Operating System: †hgb; Symbian OS, Palm OS, Android, PC
DOS, MS DOS BZ¨vw`|
 Multi User Operating System: †hgb; LINUX, UNIX BZ¨vw`|
 gvwjKvbvi Dci wfwË K‡i:
1. Open Source Operating System: LINUX, Open Solaris BZ¨vw`|
2. Close Source Operating System: Microsoft Gi n‡jv Windows, Apple
Company Gi n‡jv MAC OS X, IBS Gi n‡jv AIX- UNIX BZ¨vw`|
 cÖ‡mmi Gi bv¤^vi Gi Dci wfwË K‡i:
1. Single Processing Operating System: MS DOS, PC DOS, Windows 98
BZ¨vw`|
2. Multi Processing Operating System: LINUX, UNIX BZ¨vw`|

g‡Wj †U÷

1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Computer operating system?

K) MS DOS L) PC DOS M) LINUX N) me¸‡jvB mwVK
2. “MAC-OS” Operating System Pvjy K‡i †Kvb cÖwZôvb?
K) apple L) IBM M) Microsoft N) Intel
3. “Windows-95” KZ we‡Ui Operating system?
K) 16 L) 32 M) 64 N) 128

DËi cÎ

1 N 2 K 3 L

Embedded Computer

 Embedded Computer n‡”Q GKwU Specialised Computer System|

 Embedded System G mvaviYZ GKwU Microprocessors Board Ges mywbw`©ó Kv‡Ri Rb¨
†cÖvMÖvwgs mw¤§wjZ GKwU ROM _v‡K|
 AvaywbK Embedded System Microcontroller G †`Lv hvq|
 Nwo, gvB‡µvI‡qf, wfwmAvi, Mvwo, Gqvi KwÛkb, GwUGg †gwkb BZ¨vw`‡Z GLb Embedded
System e¨envi Kiv nq|

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 ATM (Automated Teller Machine):

 Gg‡e‡WW †UK‡bvjwR e¨envi Kiv nq|
 Plastic Money:
 cøvw÷K gvwb Gi D`vniY: Debit Card, Credit Card, Ready Cash Card, Prepaid
Card|
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ GwUGg KvW© ¸‡jv cÖavbZ †WweU KvW©|
 †µwWU KvW© Gi D`vniY: VISA, MASTER CARD, AMERICAN EXPRESS
BZ¨vw`| evsjv‡`‡ki RbZv e¨vsK me©cÖ_g Ready Cash Card Pvjy K‡i‡Q|

Kw¤úDUv‡ii BwZnvm

 Kw¤úDUvi kãwU wMÖK kã †_‡K G‡m‡Q|

 ÒComputeÓ kã †_‡K Kw¤úDUvi K_vwUi DrcwË|
 Kw¤úDUvi k‡ãi A_© MYbvKvix hš¿|
 A¨vevKvm n‡”Q cÖ_g MYbvKvix hš¿, †hUv wLª÷c~e© 3000 A‡ã †ewej‡b Avwe®‹vi Kiv nq|
 Rvcv‡b A¨vevKvm Kv‡K ejv nq ÒSarobanÓ Ges ivwkqv‡Z ejv nq ÒScosiaÓ|
 1614 mv‡j ¯‹Uj¨vÛ Gi MwYZwe` Rb †bwcqvi ÒjMvwi`gÓ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 1630 mv‡j William Oughtred cÖ_g Circular Slide Role Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 1642 mv‡j divwm weÁvbx Blaise Pascal ÒPascaleneÓ hš¿ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 ‡ivgvb kã ÒCalculiÓ †_‡K K¨vjKy‡jUi k‡ãi DrcwË|
 1671 mv‡j Rvg©vb MwYZwe` ÒGottfried Von LeibnitzÓ me©cÖ_g K¨vjKy‡jUi Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 1820 mv‡j ÒThomas ArythometerÓ bv‡g n¯ÍPvwjZ evwYwR¨K K¨vjKy‡jUi Avwe®‹vi K‡ib
weÁvbx Thomas De Kolmar|
 1801 mv‡j ÒPunched CardÓ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib Joseph Marie Jacquard|
 m¨vi Pvj©m e¨v‡eR‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK ejv nq|
 Pvj©m e¨v‡eR 1822 mv‡j ÒDifference EngineÓ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 Pvj©m e¨v‡eR 1833 mv‡j GbvjvBwUK¨vj BwÄb Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 c„w_exi cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvgvi n‡jb Lady Ada Augusta Laovelace|
 1930 mv‡j Mark-1 Kw¤úDUvi Avwe®‹vi K‡ib nvfvW© BDwbfvwm©wUi cÖ‡dmi Dr. Howard H
Aeiken|
 ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer) 1939 mv‡j hy³ivóª nvIqvB †÷U BDwbfvwm©wU Gi cÖ‡dmi
John Atanasoff Ges Zvi QvÎ Clifford Berry Mile Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK n‡jb John Von Neumann|

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 hy³iv‡óªi †ej BDwbfvwm©wU †Z 1948 mv‡j John Bardeen, William Shockely, Walter
Brattain UªvbwR÷i Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 UªvbwR÷i Avwe®‹vi Gi ga¨ w`‡q B‡jKUªwbK RM‡Z wecøe ïiæ nq|
 UªvbwR÷i ‰Zwi Ki‡Z †mwgKÛv±i wmwjKb I Rv‡g©wbqvg e¨envi Kiv nq, †hUv g~jZ Ggwcødvqvi
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii g~j †g‡gvwi wmwjKb w`‡q ‰Zwi|
 1958 mv‡j Jack Kilby Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U (IC) Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 1968 mv‡j BAROS K¤úvwb Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U wfwËK cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi B2500 Ges B3500
Dc¯’vcb K‡i|
 1971 mv‡j Dr. Ted Hoff me© cÖ_g gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 Henry Edward Roberts †K gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK ejv nq|

GKbR‡i Computer RM‡Zi cÖ_g

 we‡k¦i cÖ_g Ges GKgvÎ Kw¤úDUvi Rv`yNi hy³iv‡óªi AvUjv›Uv‡Z Aew¯’Z|

 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi ¯’vwcZ nq 1964 mv‡j cigvYy kw³ †K›`ª, XvKv‡Z|
 evsjv‡`‡ki Kw¤úDUvi †mvmvBwU cÖwZôv Kiv nq 1989 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g B›Uvi‡bU Pvjy nq 1996 mv‡j|
bvg ˆewkó¨
Mark-1 cÖ _g ˆe`y ¨ wZK Kw¤úDUvi
ENIAC-1 c~Y©v½ B‡jKUªwbK Kw¤úDUvi
EDSAC cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvg wewkó Kw¤úDUvi
UNIVAC evwYwR¨K fv‡e ‰Zwi cÖ_g B‡jKUªwbK Kw¤úDUvi
TX-0 cÖ_g UªvbwR÷i wfwËK Kw¤úDUvi
PDP-8 UªvbwR÷i wfwËK cÖ_g wgwb Kw¤úDUvi
IBM System 360 Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U wPc w`‡q ‰Zwi cÖ_g wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi
Intel-4004 cÖ_g gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi
Altair-880 cÖ_g gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi
IBM-1620 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g ¯’vwcZ Kw¤úDUvi
Kw¤úDUvi RMr evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi welqK gvwmK cwÎKv
(1991 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ nq)
BD News evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK wbDR G‡RwÝ

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

www.exambd.net
g‡Wj †U÷

1. wb‡Pi †KvbwU “Embedded Computer” system e¨envi Kiv nq?

K) Nwo L) Mvwo M) Gqvi KwÛkb N) me¸‡jvB mwVK
2. cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvg wewkó Kw¤úDUvi †KvbwU?
K) EDSAC L) MARK-1 M) ENIAC-2 N) HOWLN-1
3. UªvbwR÷i wfwËK cÖ_g wgwb Kw¤úDUvi †KvbwU?
K) PDP-7 L) PDP-8 M) PDP-9 N) PDP-10

DËi cÎ

1 N 2 K 3 L

Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖKvi‡f`

MVb Ges wµqv bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i Kw¤úDUvi 3 cÖKvi

Analog Computer Digital Computer Hybrid Computer

 Analog Computer:
 Analogy †_‡K ÒanalogÓ kãwU G‡m‡Q hvi A_© mv`„k¨|
 GbvjM Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡R m~²Zv Kg|
 †hgb: †gvUi Mvwoi w¯úW wgUvi, Operation Amplifier, Pide Roller BZ¨vw`|
 Digital Computer:
 ÒdigitÓ kã †_‡K ÒdigitalÓ k‡ãi DrcwË|
 wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri m~²Zv 100%|
 Avgiv †h mKj Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kwi Zvi †ewkifvM n‡jv wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi|
 Hybird Computer:
 nvBweªW Kw¤úDUvi n‡”Q GbvjM Ges wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii wgkªb|
 Input Analog wKš‘ Output Digital|
 e¨envit
 nvmcvZv‡j †ivMxi i³Pvc gvc‡Z|
 ü`wc‡Ûi Kvh©Kjvc wbY©q Ki‡Z|
 cigvYy kw³ Drcv`‡b|
 ‡¶cYv¯¿ wb‡¶c‡b|

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

AvKvi AvqZb I Kv‡Ri Dci wfwË K‡i Kw¤úDUvi Pvi cÖKvi

Super Mainframe Mini Micro or Personal

 Super Computer:
 mycvi Kw¤úDUvi cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û wewjqb wewjqb wnmve Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦i `ªæZZg mycvi Kw¤úDUvi n‡”Q Px‡bi ÒTiwanhe-2Ó|
 m¤cÖwZ fviZ ÒcigÓ bv‡g GKwU mycvi Kw¤úDUvi ‰Zwi K‡i‡Q|
 evsjv‡`k Av‡Q IBM RS/6000 SP Modeler bv‡gi GKwU mycvi Kw¤úDUvi|
 Mainframe Computer:
 evsjv‡`‡k 1964 mv‡j ¯’vwcZ IBM 1620 Kw¤úDUviwU wQj Mainframe Computer|
 e¨vsK-exgv j¨veiUwi wimvP© G Mainframe Computer e¨envi Kiv nq|
 Mini Computer:
 wgwb Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK Kenith H Walsen|
 cÖ_g wgwb Kw¤úDUvi n‡”Q PDP-1|
 wgwb Kw¤úDUvi‡K A‡bK mgq ÒMidrange ComputerÓ bv‡gI WvKv nq|
 Microcomputer:
 gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi Gi PwjZ bvg n‡”Q PC (Personal Computer)|
 PC †K cÖavbZ cvuPwU wefv‡M fvM Kiv nq| G¸‡jv n‡jvt
 Desktop: Awdm Av`vj‡Z GB ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiv nq|
 Laptop: 1981 mv‡j Gcmb †Kv¤úvwb cÖ_g j¨vcUc Avwe®‹vi K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki ‰Zwi cÖ_g
j¨vcUc n‡”Q Ò‡`v‡qjÓ| 11 A‡±vei, 2011 mv‡ji Ò‡`v‡qjÓ cÖ¯‘Z KviK †Kv¤úvwb
ÒTesisÓ| j¨vcUc Gi myweav n‡”Q we`y¨r Kg jv‡M Ges mn‡R enb‡hvM¨| m¤úªwZ evsjv‡`k
ZvjcvZv bv‡g Av‡iKwU Laptop ‰Zwi K‡i‡Q|
 Netbook: Netbook G cÖavbZ ÒUltra Low PowerÓ cÖ‡mmi e¨envi Kiv nq| †bUeyK
j¨vcUc †_‡K †QvU wKš‘ cvgUc †_‡K eo|
 Tablet PC: Tablet PC ‡Z Voice input e¨e¯’v _v‡K, hvi mvnv‡h¨ e¨enviKvix K_v
ejvi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 Palm PC or Palmtop: Palmtop †K PDA (Personal Digital Assistance) ejv
nq|

Kw¤úDUvi evm

 Kw¤úDUvi weU ev wWwRUvj ms‡KZ (0 ev 1) wn‡m‡e †WUv‡K cÖ‡mm Ges msiÿY K‡i|
 GB weU¸‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡i Af¨šÍ‡i mvwK©‡U PjvPj K‡i|
 ev‡mi cÖk¯ÍZv ej‡Z ev‡mi wfZi GKB mg‡q KZ¸‡jv weU PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv eySv‡bv nq|

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 †hgb: 16 weU evm gv‡b ev‡mi wfZi w`‡q 16 weU GKmv‡_ PjvPj Ki‡Z cve‡e|
 ev‡mi cÖm¯ÍZv hZ †ewk n‡e ZZ †ewk weU GKmv‡_ PjvPj Ki‡Z ci‡e|
 ev‡mi MwZ gvcv nq †gMvnvU©‡R|
 ‡h ev‡mi MwZ hZ †ewk ‡m evm w`‡q ZZ `ªæZ †WUv PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 mvaviYZ ev‡mi MwZ 4 †gMvnvU©R †_‡K 400 †gMvnvU©R ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i|
Computer Bus

System Bus Expansion Bus

Data Bus Control Bus Address Bus

 wm‡÷g evm:
 Kw¤úDUvi evm ej‡Z mvaviYZ wm‡÷g evm eySv‡bv nq|
 ‡WUv evm:
 ‡WUv ev‡mi cÖ‡¯’i Dci wfwË K‡i gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi‡K 4wU †kÖbx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq|
 wewfbœ we‡Ui cÖ‡mmi:
cÖ¯’ gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
4 weU 4004, 4040
8 weU 8008, 8080, 8085, 6800
16 weU 8086, 8088, 80188, 80286 Dos, Windows 3
32 weU 80386, 80376, 80486 Windows 98, Windows NT,
Unix
64 weU Intel Core i3, Intel Core i5, Windows Vista
Intel Core i7, Xeon, Intel
Itanium
 A¨v‡Wªm evm:
 wmwcBD Gi cÖavb †g‡gvwii †Kvb we‡kl A¨v‡Wªm‡K ms‡hvM K‡i|
 GB ev‡mi g‡a¨ w`‡q †g‡gvwi A¨v‡Wªm Avmv-hvIqv K‡i wKš‘ †Kvb ‡WUv Avmv hvIqv K‡ibv|
 wbqš¿Y evm:
 A¨v‡Wªm evm GKgyLx wKš‘ †WUv I K‡›Uªvj evm DfgyLx|
 G·cvbkb evm:
 wewfbœ ai‡bi G·cvbkb ev‡mi D`vniY:
 ‡jKvj evm: GwU `yB ai‡bi- †fmv I wcwmAvB|
 BDwbfvm©vj wmwiqvj evm
 dvqviIq¨vi
 GwRwc

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 AvBGmG
 ‡fmv evm:
 GwU 32 weU wmwcBD MwZ‡Z †WUv enb K‡i|
 ‡fmv evm me‡P‡q ‡ewk cÖ‡qvRb MÖvwd‡·i Kv‡Ri Rb¨|
 wcwmAvB evm:
 wcwmAvB evm 32 we‡Ui †jvKvj evm|
 eZ©gv‡b GwU‡K 64 weU ev 168 we‡Ui Dc‡hvMx Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 BDwbfvm©vj wmwiqvj evm:
 1998 mvj †_‡K Bb‡Uj gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi w`‡q ˆZwi Kw¤úDUvi¸‡jv‡Z GB evm e¨vcKfv‡e e¨envi
Kiv n‡”Q|
 dvqviIq¨vi:
 GLb ch©šÍ D™¢vweZ me‡P‡q `ªæZMwZi Kw¤úDUvi evm n‡jv dvqviIq¨vi|

Kw¤úDUvi †cvU©

 Parallel port:
 G‡K wcÖ›Uvi †cvU© ejv nq|
 VGA or Monitor port:
 G‡Z wc‡bi msL¨v 15wU|
 USB Port:
 G‡Z wc‡bi msL¨v 2-4wU|
 USB Gi c~Y© iƒc Universal Serial Bus|
 Serial Port:
 G‡Z 9wU wcb _v‡K|
 MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Port):
 Kw¤úDUv‡i Mv‡bi B‡j±ªwbK hš¿cvwZ ms‡hvM w`‡Z GwU e¨eüZ nq|
 PS/2 Port:
 1987 mv‡j AvBweGg PS/2 Port ÷¨vÛvW©wU Pvjy K‡i|
 Networking Port:
 B_vi‡bU †cvU© wcwmi ‡bUIqv‡K©i Rb¨ GwU GKwU RbwcÖq I `ªæZMwZ m¤úbœ e¨e¯’v|
 G‡K RJ-45 Port bv‡gI WvKv n‡q _v‡K|
 Audio port:
 AwWI Bb Kivi Rb¨ AwWI Bb ev gvB‡µv‡dvb †cvU© Ges AwWI AvD‡Ui Rb¨ AwWI AvDU ev
w¯úKvi †cvU© _v‡K|
 Vedio Port:
 wfwWI Bb ev AvD‡Ui Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i wfwWI Bbcyi I AvDUcy‡Ui †cvU© _v‡K|

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 Kw¤úDUv‡i Gi Rb¨ Avjv`v KvW© e¨envi Kiv nq|

 Game port:
 GKwU Av`k© †Mg †cv‡U© 15 wcb wewkó Kv‡b±i _v‡K|

Kw¤úDUv‡ii cvi½gZv

 1st generation computer:

 evqyk~b¨ wUDe ev f¨vKyqvg wUDe e¨envi Kiv nq|
 D`vniY: ENIAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC-1, MARK|
 2nd generation computer:
 UªvbwR÷i e¨envi Kiv nq|
 Fortan Ges Cobol Programing Language Gi e¨vcK e¨envi Kiv nq|
 D`vniY: IBM-1401, IBM-1620, IBM-1600
 3rd generation computer:
 IC e¨envi Kiv nq|
 High Language Program e¨envi Kiv hvq|
 D`vniY: IBM-360, PDP-8
 4th generation computer:
 VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) †UK‡bvjwR e¨envi Kiv nq|
 multi processors system G‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq|
 D`vniY: IBM-PC, IBM-3033, HP-3000
 5th generation computer:
 K…wÎg eyw×gËv Ges †ivewUK cÖhyw³i Pig weKvk|

g‡Wj †U÷

1. cÂg †Rbv‡ikb Kw¤úDUv‡i wK e¨envi Kiv nq?

K) evqyk~b¨ wUDe L) K…wÎg eyw×gËv M) IC N) Trangistor
2. evsjv‡`‡ki ˆZwi cÖ_g j¨vcU‡ci bvg wK?
K) ‡`v‡qj L) ejvKv M) wcwcwjKv N) PiwK
3. wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri m~ÿZv KZ?
K) 98% L) 99% M) 99.5% N) 100%

DËi cÎ

1 L 2 K 3 N
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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

Database System

 Data A_© DcvË Ges Base A_© n‡”Q mgv‡ek|

 ‡Kvb Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡g mwÂZ DcvË ev †iKW© mg~‡ni GKwU KvVv‡gve× msMÖn †K WvUv‡eR ejv nq|
 ev¯‘e Ges Aev¯Íe e¯‘i Av`k© †kªYxKi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖavb GKK nj Entity|
 ‡Kvb GKwU Entity Sheet Gi †h Dcv`vb¸‡jv H Entity Gi ‰ewkó¨ cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Attribute
ejv nq|
 wdì (Field):
 ‡WUv‡e‡Ri wfwË n‡”Q wdì|
 wdì n‡jv †mB ÿz`ªZg †WUv BDwbU hv e¨enviKvix GKB RvZxq †WUv‡K GKwU K¨vUvMwi‡Z bvgKiY
K‡ib|
 ‡Uwej (Table):
 GK ev GKvwaK †iKW© wb‡q †Uwej ˆZwi nq|
 cÖ‡Z¨KwU †Uwe‡ji GKwU wbw`©ó bvg _v‡K|
 ‡iKW© (Record):
 ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ K‡qKwU wdì wb‡q MwVZ nq GK GKwU †iKW©|
 wewfbœ †iKW© wewfbœ wdì wb‡q ˆZwi nq|
 Kx wdì (Key Field):
 ‡h wdì Gi Dci wfwË K‡i †Kvb †iKW© Luy‡R †ei Kiv nq Zv‡K Kx wdì e‡j|
 Key Field cÖavbZ wZb cÖKvi-
 Primary key
 Composite key
 Foreign key
 Database Language ¸‡jv n‡”Qt
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
 Data Manipulation Language ( DML )
 Query Language: GwU Avevi wZb cÖKvi-
 QUEL
 QBE
 SQL (Structured Query Language)

E-commerce

 E-commerce Gi cÖKvi‡f`
 Business to Consumer (B2C)

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 Business to Business (B2B)

 Consumer to Consumer (C2C)
 Consumer to Business (C2B)
 M-Commerce:
 1997 mv‡j wdbj¨v‡Ûi weÁvbx Helisinki cÖ_g M-commerce Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 RbwcÖq K‡qKwU µq-weµq Gi mvBU n‡”Q:
 bikroy.com: evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q RbwcÖq mvBU| 1jv Ryb, 2012 mv‡j bikroy.com hvÎv
ïiæ K‡i|
 OLX: 2006 mv‡j OLX hvÎv ïiæ K‡i|
 Ekhanei.com: 2006 mv‡j ekhanei.com hvÎv ïiæ K‡i|
 amazon.com: 5 RyjvB, 1994 mv‡j hvÎv ïiæ K‡i|

Cellular Data Network

 Mobile Communications KvR K‡i g~jZ cellular network Dci wfwË K‡i|
 Pjbkxj wWfvBm‡K ejv nq †gvevBj †÷kb Ges w¯’i wWfvBm‡K ejv nq Land Unit|
 ‡gvevBj †mev cÖ`vbKvix ev Service Provider Zvi AvIZvaxb GjvKv¸‡jv‡K †QvU †QvU As‡k fvM
K‡i, hv‡K ejv nq cell|
 GKwU A¨v‡›Ubv Ges GKwU †QvU Awdm wb‡q cell ‰Zwi nq|
 A¨v‡›Ubv mn †QvU Awdm‡K ejv nq Base Station|
 Cellular Network G †iwWI wdª‡Kv‡qwÝ e¨envi Kiv nq|
 mobile ev cellular telephone unit Gi cÖavbZ 3Uv Ask _v‡Kt control unit, transceiver,
Antenna system|
 ‡gvevBj †dv‡b cÖavbZ 2 ai‡Yi cellular technology e¨envi Kiv nqt GSM Ges CDMA|

GSM (Global System For Mobile Communication)

 GSM Gi RbwcÖq mvwf©m n‡”Q SMS (Short Message Service) Ges MMS (Multimedia
Message Service)|
 GSM Gi †fZi FDMA Ges TDMA technology e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 GSM Gi myweav n‡”Q international roaming; GPRS Ges EDGE myweav cÖ`vb K‡i;
 3rd generation mobile technology e¨envi Kiv hvq|
 me‡P‡q eo Amyweav n‡Q 120 wKwg. Gi evwn‡i †bUIqvK© _v‡Kbv|

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CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

 1995 mv‡ji †k‡li w`‡K CDMA technology Avwe®‹vi nq|

 CDMA †h c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K spread spectrum e‡j|
 eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k Citycell CDMA technology e¨envi K‡i|
 CDMA †K ejv nq Ògreen PhoneÓ|
 Internation Roaming Kiv hvqbv|

1G (first generation)

 1983 mv‡j evwbwR¨K fv‡e 1st Generation Mobile Phone Pvjy Kiv nq|
 1st generation †gvevB‡ji signal encoding n‡”Q FDMA|
 1st Generation G gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Ges †mwgKÛv±i e¨envi Kiv nq|
 D`vniYt Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) Ges Nordic Mobile Telephone
(NMT)|

2G (Second Generation)

 2G †gvevB‡j Signal Encoding n‡”Q FDMA, TDMA, CDMA|

 2G †Z me©cÖ_g wcÖ-‡cBW wm‡÷g Pvjy nq|
 2G †Z me©cÖ_g MMS Ges SMS Pvjy nq|
 D`vniY: GSM 900, GSM-R, D-AMPS BZ¨vw`|

3G (Third Generation)

 1998 mv‡j cÖ_g 3G †bUIqvK© Pvjy K‡i Rvcv‡bi NTT Docomo †Kv¤úvbx|
 3G †gvevB‡j signal encoding system n‡”Q TD- SCDMA Ges TD-CDMA|
 3G †Z g‡Wg ms‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g †gvevBj †dv‡b B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi Kiv ïiæ nq|
 3G †Z †iwWI wd«Ky‡qwÝ, pay-per-bit, pay-per-session, d¬vU †iU, symmatric bandwidth
myweav †`Iqv nq|
 D`vniY: UMTS, EDGE, HSPA|

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4G (Fourth Generation)

 4G Gi w¯úW 3G †_‡K 50 ¸b †ewk|

 4G †Z ultra broad brand e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 D`vniY: WiMax2, LTE|

g‡Wj †U÷

1. “CDMA” technology e¨envi K‡i †Kvb †gvevBj K¤úvbx?

K) wmwU‡mj L) MÖvgxb‡dvb M) iwe N) †UwjUK
2. 4th Generation mobile Gi speed 3rd Generation ‡_‡K KZ¸Y †ewk?
K) 40 ¸Y L) 50 ¸Y M) 60 ¸Y N) 70 ¸Y
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU e-Commerce Gi D`vniY bq?
K) B2C L) B2B M) C2C N) C2D

DËi cÎ

1 K 2 L 3 N

Computer Network

 Computer Network 4 ai‡Yi:

 PAN (personal area network)
 LAN (local area network)
 MAN (metropolitan area network)
 WAN (wide area network)
 PAN:
 PAN Gi range gvÎ 10wg.
 LAN:
 LAN Gi range 10wg. ev 10wg. Gi Kg|
 MAN:
 GK kn‡ii wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z wKQy Kw¤úDUvi ev wWfvBm wb‡q †h †bUIqvK© MwVZ nq Zv‡K
†g‡U«vcwjUb Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ejv nq|
 MAN Gi D`vniY n‡jv cable TV network|

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 WAN:
 †h mKj †bUIqvK© `~ieZ©x RvqMvi gv‡S Kiv nq Zv‡K IqvBW Gwiqv †bUIqvK© ejv nq|
 WAN Gi me‡P‡q fv‡jv D`vniY n‡”Q B›Uvi‡bU|

Network Topology

 Network Topology 6 ai‡bit

 Bus Topology
 Star Topology
 Ring Topology
 Tree Topology
 Mesh Topology
 Hybrid Topology
 Bus Topology:
 Bus Topology †Z †Kvb †K›`ªxq Kw¤úDUvi ev †nv÷ Kw¤úDUvi _v‡K bv|
 Bus Topology †Z me Kw¤úDUvi KvR K‡i GKwU single unit wn‡m‡e|
 Ring Topology:
 Ring Topology cÖavbZ circular|
 G‡Z †Kvb †K›`ªxq ev †nv÷ Kw¤úDUvi _v‡K bv; ZvB hw` GKwU Kw¤úDUvi ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq Zvn‡j me
topology Gi ¶wZ n‡e|
 Star Topology:
 Star Topology †Z †K›`ªxq ev †nv÷ Kw¤úDUvi _v‡K|
 hw` †nv÷ Kw¤úDUvi Gi †Kvb ¶wZ nq Zvn‡j me topology ¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡e|
 hw` GKwU †bUIqvwK©s Kw¤úDUvi ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq, ZLb topology Av‡M †hfv‡e Pj‡ZwQj †mfv‡eB
Pj‡e|
 Tree topology:
 Tree topology mainly extension of star topology|
 It works as layer by layer|
 Layer 1 means host computer and layer 2, 3, 4 etc are connecting computer|
 Mesh Topology:
 Mesh Topology †K ejv nq Òpoint to pointÓ linker|
 Hybird Topology:
 Hybird topolohy is made up of star, ring and bus topology|

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

‰`bw›`b Rxe‡b Z_¨ cÖhyw³

 wPwKrmv †¶‡Î:
 Cryosurgery GKwU wPwKrmv c×wZ hv AwZwi³ VvÛvq Amy¯’ wUmy¨‡K bó Ki‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq|
 ev‡qv‡gwUªK wm‡÷g nj Z_¨cÖhyw³i GKwU eo Avkxe©v`, hvi gva¨‡g Avgiv g„Z‡`n kbv³ Ki‡Z
cvwi, Acivax mbv³ Ki‡Z cvwi, gvZ… cwiPq ev wcZ… cwiPq wbY©q Ki‡Z cvwi|
 †Uwj‡gwWwmb ev e-prescribing Gi gva¨‡g wPwKrmv †mev †`Iqv hvq|
 Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i bZyb Jla Ges bZyb †ivM Avwe®‹vi Kiv hvq|
 evwYwR¨K †¶‡Î:
 e-commerce n‡”Q B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK mKj cÖKvi evwYwR¨K †jb‡`b|
 AbjvBb e¨vswKs myweav|
 m-commerce myweav|
 ERM (environment risk management)
 wk¶v †¶‡Î:
 cÖ‡R±‡ii gva¨‡g K¬vm †bIqv|
 cix¶vi DËicÎ Ges b¤^icÎ ‰Zwi Ki‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq|
 QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i Rxebe„„ËvšÍ msi¶Y Ki‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq
 ‡hvMv‡hvM †¶‡Î:
 e-ticketing Gi gva¨‡g AbjvB‡b evm, †U«b Ges †cø‡bi wUwKU KvUv hvq|
 Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i we‡k¦i GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Av‡iK cÖv‡šÍ gvby‡li mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq|
 m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui gva¨‡g AvenvIqv c~e©vfvm Kiv hvq|
 wfwWI Kbdv‡i‡Ýi gva¨‡g wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR Aí mg‡qi gv‡S Kiv hvq|
 we‡bv`‡bi †¶‡Î:
 Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i AbjvB‡b Mvb †kvbv Ges Qwe †`Lv hvq|
 Skype, imo Ges facebook Gi gZ †mvk¨vj wgwWqv‡Z mivmwi wfwWI P¨vU Kiv hvq|

SMART PHONE

 Smart phone works based on mobile computing platform|

 wKQy ¯§vU©‡dv‡bi bvg
 black berry
 Apple
 LG
 HTC
 Motorola
~ 506 ~
 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 Sony
 samsang etc
 Oppo
 Huweii
 wKQy weL¨vZ ¯§vU© †dvb Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
 Android
 iOS
 windows
 Firefox OS
 IBM saymon n‡”Q cÖ_g ¯§vU© †dvb|
 A¨vÛª‡qW Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ‰Zwi K‡i ¸Mj|
 A¨vÛª‡qW Gi cÖwZôvZv andy rubins|
 GÛª‡qW PvwjZ cÖ_g †dvb n‡jv HTC dream|
 iOs Operating system evRviRvZ K‡i Apple ink.
 2007 mv‡j apple cÖ_g iphone evRv‡i Av‡b|
 GÛª‡qW ¸M‡ji cÂg ms¯‹iY Gi bvg n‡”Q ÒlollypopÓ|
 GÛª‡qW ¸M‡ji mßg ms¯‹iY Gi bvg n‡jv ÒNAGETÓ|

A¨vcÕm (App’s)

 Applications Gi mswÿß iƒc App’s|

 GB Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv gvby‡li we‡kl ai‡bi KvR m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K|
 ‡gvevB‡ji cÖvb ejv nq App’s ‡K|
 g¨v‡mÄvi:
 g¨v‡mÄvi A_© ‡h Z_¨ enb K‡i|
 ‡mvk¨vj †bUIqvwK©s mvB‡U g¨v‡mÄvi K_vwU e¨eüZ nq|
 wKQz RbwcÖq †mvk¨vj †bUIqv‡K©i g¨v‡mwÄs mvB‡Ui D`vniY:
 ‡dBmeyK g¨v‡mÄvi
 jvBb
 ‡nvqvUm A¨vc
 ‡nvUmA¨vc:
 GwU ¯§vU©‡dv‡bi Rb¨ RbwcÖq g¨v‡mÄvi|
 P¨vU QvovI GB g¨v‡mÄv‡ii gva¨‡g Qwe Av`vb-cÖ`vb, wfwWI-AwWI wgwWqvevZ©v Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv
hvq|
 2009 mv‡j R¨vb KDg I eªvqvb G±b KZ…©K †nvqvUmA¨vc cÖwZwôZ nq|
 m`i`ßi: hy³iv‡óªi K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv|
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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv
www.exambd.net
 fvBevi:
 ZvrÿwYK evZ©v †cÖiY I wfIAvBwc Gi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq fvBevi|
 2 wW‡m¤^i, 2010 mv‡j GwU AvbyôvwbK fv‡e Pvjy nq|
 jvBb:
 ¯§vU©‡dvb, U¨ve‡jU Kw¤úDUvi I e¨w³MZ Kw¤úDUv‡i ZvrÿwYK evZ©v †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ A¨vc|
 GwU mvnv‡h¨ e¨enviKvix †U·U, Qwe, AwWI, wfwWI, wfIAvBc K‡_vcK‡_vb, wfwWI Kbdv‡iwÝs
mn Av‡iv A‡bK myweav webvg~‡j¨ e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 GB A¨vcwU AvbyôvwbK fv‡e Pvjy nq 2011 mv‡j|
 B‡gv:
 GB A¨v‡ci mvnv‡h¨ webvg~‡j¨ wfwWI Kj I P¨vU Kiv hvq|
 GB A¨vcwU‡Z eÜz I cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i mv‡_ GK‡Î MÖæc P¨vU Kivi myweav Av‡Q|
 U¨v‡½v:
 GwU cøvUdg© †g‡mwÄs mdUIq¨vi|
 GwU RbwcÖq n‡q‡Q wfwWI Kwjs myweavi Rb¨|
 GwU Uri Raz Ges Eric Setton KZ…K 2009 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q|
 eZ©gvb mg‡q Av‡jvwPZ wKQz A¨vcm:
A¨vcm KvR
Devi A¨vcwfwËK U¨vw·‡mevi †bUIqvK©
m¨vg, cvVvI, Devi g‡Uv, mnR ivBW A¨vcwfwËK †gvUimvB‡Kj †mev
KZ `~i BRTC evm †mev
Avjvcb miKvwi PvKzwiRxex‡`i Rb¨
Inform ATU cywj‡ki A¨vw›U-‡U‡ivwiRg BDwbU

g‡Wj †U÷

1. “WAN” ‡bUIqvK© Gi D`vniY ‡KvbwU?

K) †Uwjwfkb L) †gvevBj M) †iwWI N) B›Uvi‡bU
2. wb‡Pi †KvbwU “Point to point linker” bv‡g cwiwPZ?
K) Mesh topology L) Ring topology M) Bus topology N) Star topology
3. Apple KZ mv‡j Iphone evRviRvZ K‡i?
K) 2007 L) 2008 M) 2009 N) 2010

DËi cÎ

1 K 2 L 3 K

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

Z_¨ cÖhyw³ I B›Uvi‡bU

 Z_¨ cÖhyw³ (Information technology):

 Z_¨ msMÖn Gi mZ¨Zv Ges ˆeaZv hvPvB, msiÿY, cÖwµqvKiY, AvaywbKxKiY, cwienb, weZiY I
e¨e¯’vcbvi mv‡_ mswkøó cÖhyw³‡K ejv nq Z_¨ cÖhyw³|
 ms‡ÿ‡c GB cÖhyw³‡K IT ejv nq|
 wek¦MÖvg (Global Village):
 KvbvWvi weL¨vZ `vk©wbK gvi‡kj g¨vKjnvb me©cÖ_g Ô‡Møvevj wf‡jRÕ K_vwU e¨envi K‡ib|
 ‘The Gutenberg: The Making of Typographic Man’ Ges ‘Understanding
Media’ bvgK `ywU MÖ‡š’ g¨vKjynvb ‡Møvevj wf‡jR ev wek¦MÖvg Gi aviYv †`b|
 wek¦MÖvg cÖwZôvi Dcv`vb:
 Hardware
 Software
 Capacity
 Connectivity
 Data

B›Uvi‡bU

 †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡K e¨envi K‡i Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb cÖhyw³‡K ejv nq
B›Uvi‡bU|
 AvšÍR©vwZK †bUIqv‡K©i ¶y`ªZg ms¯‹iY n‡jv B›Uvi‡bU|
 1969 mv‡j cÖ_g B›Uvi‡bU Pvjy nq hy³iv‡óª|
 B›Uvi‡bU kãwU cÖ_g e¨envi Kiv nq 1994 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡k B›Uvi‡bU Pvjy nq 1996 mv‡j|
 B›Uvi‡b‡Ui RbK ejv nq Vinton Gray Cref †K|
 GKwU B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ hv hv cÖ‡qvRbt Kw¤úDUvi, g‡Wg, †Uwj‡dvb jvBb, mdUIq¨vi I
ISP|
 ‡cÖv‡UvKj:
 KwgDwb‡Kkb wm‡÷‡g Kw¤úDUvi Ges wewfbœ wWfvBm ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡a¨ ‡WUv UªvÝwgU c×wZ
mdUIqv‡ii gva¨‡g wbqš¿Y Kiv‡K †cÖv‡UvKj e‡j|
 Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i Rb¨ mycwiKwíZ wba©vwiZ ixwZbxwZB n‡”Q †bUIqvK© †cÖv‡UvKj|
 wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ ‡cÖv‡UvK‡ji bvg: TCP/IP, FTP (File Transfer Protocol),
IPX/SPX, NETBEUI, Appletalk, EtherNET BZ¨vw`|

~ 509 ~
 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 B›Uvi‡bU e¨eüZ †cÖv‡UvKj n‡”Q TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet

Protocol)|
 TCP/IP Gi 7wU ¯Íi i‡q‡Q|
 IP Address (Internet Protocol Address):
 B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖwZwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ GKwU cwiPq _v‡K, hv IP bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 IP cÖ`vb K‡i IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) bvgK hy³iv‡óªi GKwU cÖwZôvb|
 eZ©gv‡b IPv4 ev B›Uvi‡bU ‡cÖv‡UvKj fvm©b 4 Pvjy Av‡Q|
 IPv4 wm‡÷‡g cÖwZwU AvBwc A¨v‡Wªm‡K cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †gvU PviwU 8 we‡Ui evBbvwi (AK‡UU) msL¨v
cÖ‡qvRb|
 ZvB m¤ú~Y© msL¨v cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †gvU 32 weU cÖ‡qvRb|
 cÖwZwU AK‡UU‡K (.) Øviv c„_K Kiv nq|
 AvBwc G‡Wª‡mi cÖ_g `ywU AK‡UU †bUIqvK© AvBwW Ges c‡ii `ywU AK‡UU †nv÷ AvBwW cÖKvk K‡i|
 µgea©gvb †bUIqvK© we¯Í…wZi Kvi‡Y IPv4 Gi 32 we‡Ui A¨v‡Wªm AcÖZzj n‡q ‡M‡Q|
 GB mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ IPv6 bv‡g 128 weU AvBwc A¨v‡Wªm Pvjy Av‡Q|
 wWGBPwmwc (DHCP):
 DHCP Gi c~Y© bvg Dynamic Host Configeration Protocol.
 DHCP ¯^qswµq fv‡e †bUIqvK© Kv‡bKk‡bi AvBwc A¨v‡Wªm †`q|
 ‡hLv‡b g¨vbyqvwj AvBwc GmvBb Kiv KwVb ev †bUIqvK© A‡bK eo, †mLv‡b DHCP KbwdMvi Kiv nq|
 www : world wide web:
 1989 mv‡j world wide web Avwe®‹vi nq|
 Team Burnas Lee †K ejv nq world wide web Gi RbK|
 world wide web †K ejv nq B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gvwëwgwWqv|
 wKQz I‡qe eªvDRv‡ii bvg:
 Google Crome
 Mozilla Firefox
 Internet Explorer
 Opera
 Safari
 Netscape Communicator
 ‡Wv‡gBb Gi wewfbœ Ask:
http://www.facebook.com

Second level domain Top level domain

Country code Generic code

~ 510 ~
 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 Country code top level domain (ccTLD):

 ‡Kvb †`‡ki cwiPqg~jK `yB Aÿiwewkó kã|
 K‡qKwU †`‡ki ccTLD Gi D`vniY †`Iqv n‡jv-
ccTLD ‡`k ccTLD ‡`k
.bd evsjv‡`k .lk kÖxj¼v
.in fviZ .uk hy³ivR¨
.pk cvwK¯Í v b .us hy³ivóª
.bt fzUvb .cn Pxb
 Generic code top level domain (gTLD):
 eZ©gv‡b 7 ai‡bi gTLD Av‡Q|
 gTLD Gi D`vniY †`Iqv n‡jv:
gTLD cÖwZôv‡bi cÖK…wZ D`vniY
.com evwbwR¨K facebook.com
.org AevwbwR¨K RbwnZKi dsebd.org
.edu wkÿv buet.edu
.gov miKvix bcps.gov
.int AvšÍR©vwZK undp.int
 HTML (Hyper text Markup Language):
 nvBcvi‡U·U Ggb GKwU Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi c×wZ hv Ab¨ Z‡_¨i mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 HTML Gi RbK Teams bernarsli|
 eªvDRv‡ii gva¨‡g nvBcvi‡U·U WKz‡g›U cov hvq|
 GK wjsK †_‡K Ab¨ wjs‡K hvIqv‡K †bwf‡Mkb e‡j|
 GET Ges POST http me‡P‡q †ewk e¨eüZ nq|
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL):
 I‡qemvB‡Ui GKK wVKvbv n‡”Q URL|
 URL G _v‡K:
 Web protocol
 Web server name/Domain name
 Server directory/ Folder name
 HTML file name
 I‡qe mvP© BwÄb:
 Search Engine nj Ggb wKQz I‡qe‡cR †h¸‡jv e¨enviKvixi cÿ †_‡K Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq welqwU
Luy‡R †ei K‡i †`q|
 ‡hgb: Yahoo.com, Google.com|
 Google.com c„w_exi me‡P‡q eûj e¨eüZ mvP© BwÄb|

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 Bing.com gvB‡µvmd‡Ui bZzb mvP© BwÄb|

www.exambd.net
 wccxwjKv (13 GwcÖj, 2013) evsjv‡`‡ki c_g Ges GKgvÎ mvP© BwÄb, hv evsjv Ges Bs‡iRx `yB
fvlv‡ZB KvR Ki‡Z mÿg|
 Cookie/Web cookie/HTTP cookie/Browser cookie:
 I‡qemvBU †_‡K cÖvß e¨enviKvixi ÿz`ª Z_¨c~Y© †U·U‡K Cookie e‡j|
 e¨enviKvix GKB I‡qemvBU cybivq wfwRU Ki‡j Cookie Gi mvnv‡h¨ mn‡RB I‡qemvBUwUi
me©‡kl Ae¯’vq e¨envi ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

g‡Wj †U÷

1. GKwU B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM w`‡Z wK wK jv‡M?

K) Kw¤úDUvi L) g‡Wg M) †Uwj‡dvb jvBb N) me¸‡jv
2. Ôwek¦MÖvgÕ aviYvi cÖe³v †K?
K) ievU© g¨vKbvgviv L) g¨vKjynvb M) Uwb †eqvi N) AjeªvBU
3. wb‡Pi †KvbwU B›Uvi‡bU mvP© BwÄb bq?
K) WM cvBj L) AvjUv wfmUv M) B›Uvi‡bU G·‡cøvivi N) ¸Mj

DËi cÎ

1 N 2 L 3 M

wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖhyw³

E-mail (electronic mail)

 B‡gBj Gi D`vniY n‡”Q [email protected]|

 Sign Gi Av‡Mi Ask‡K ejv nq user name Ges sign Gi c‡ii Ask †K ejv nq domain
name|
 Sign Gi c‡ii cÖ_g kãwU †K host machine Gi bvg ejv nq|
 1972 mv‡j B‡gBj G‡W«‡m '@Õ wPýwU e¨envi Kiv nq|
 B‡gBj mvf©vi G POP ev IMAP Ges SMTP cÖ‡UvKj e¨envi Kiv nq|
 POP means post office protocol| †gBj mvf©vi †_‡K AvMZ †gBj MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ me©vwaK
RbwcÖq cÖ‡UvKj n‡jv POP3|
 SMTP means simple mail transfer protocol| Outgoing mail †cÖiY Kivi Rb¨ SMTP
cÖ‡UvKj †ewk e¨envi Kiv nq|
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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 wg_¨v Ges ¸iæZ¡nxb †gBj ¸‡jv †K ejv nq ¯úvg|

 CC means carbon copy|
 Bcc means blind carbon copy|
 GKwU Avjv`v dvBj‡K †gBj Gi mv‡_ mshy³ K‡i cvVv‡bv n‡j Zv‡K ejv nq attachment|
 wKQy weL¨vZ †gBj G‡Wªm Gi bvg n‡”Qt Gmail, Hotmail, yahoo, AOL mail|
 fax machine GKwU †Uwj‡dv‡bi mv‡_ mshy³ mv‡_|
 Telefax n‡”Q GK ai‡Yi †UwjwcÖ›Uvi|

Client Server Management

 ‡Kvb Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMÖnxZ Z_¨¸‡jv hw` GKmv‡_ Ges GKB mg‡q A‡bK e¨enviKvix e¨envi Ki‡Z
cv‡i ev †kqvi Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K server ejv nq|
 ** mvf©v‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ nh‡q †h †mev MÖnY K‡i Zv‡K ejv nq workstation ev client|
 Client Server †bUIqv‡K©i Rb¨ Windows 2000 Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g e¨envi Kiv nq|
 e¨enviKvix client terminal `yB cÖKv‡ii:
 Dumb Terminalt ïaygvÎ wK‡evW© Ges gwbUi _v‡K wKš‘ †Kv‡bv cÖ‡mwms BDwbU _v‡K bv|
 Smart Terminalt wK‡evW©, gwbUi Ges cÖ‡mmi BDwbU _v‡K|
 peer to peer network G †Kvb wbw`©ó mvf©vi _v‡K bv|
 Proxy Server Gi gva¨‡g e¨enviKvixiv Zv Z_¨¸‡jv †Mvcb †i‡L †bU eªvDwRs Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 ** Ping Command w`‡q host Gi mv‡_ Client PC Network Connection Ges Latency
Check Kiv hvq|

Z_¨ cÖhyw³i eo cÖwZôvb

 IBM:
 IBM Gi cÖavb Kvh©vjq hy³iv‡óªi wbD Bq‡K©|
 IBM †K ejv nq ÒBig BlueÓ|
 1984 mv‡j IBM 2nd Generation Computer IBM PC AT evRviRvZ K‡i, †hLv‡b AT
gv‡b Advance Technology|
 Microsoft:
 cÖavb Kvh©vjq: IqvwksUb|
 1975 mv‡j Microsoft cÖwZôv K‡ib wej †MUm Ges Zvi eÜy cj G¨v‡jb|
 Google:
 Google Gi cÖK…Z bvg n‡”Q Back Rub|
 ¸‡Mvj Gi cÖavb Kvh©vjq hy³iv‡óªi K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv‡Z|

~ 513 ~
 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 ¸‡Mvj Gi cÖwZôvZv Loray Page Ges Sargay Brin|

 Intel Corporation:
 Intel Corporation n‡”Q we‡k¦i me©e„nr †mwgKÛv±i wPc ‰ZwiKvix cÖwZôvb|
 18 RyjvB, 1968 mv‡j Intel cÖwZôv Kiv nq|
 Intel Gi cÖavb Kvh©vjq hy³iv‡ó«i K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv‡Z|
 Intel Gi cÖwZôvZv n‡”Qb Robert Noyes, Gordon Moore Ges Andrew Grove|
 Apple Inc.:
 1 GwcÖj, 1976 mv‡j Apple Inc. cÖwZôv Kiv nq|
 Apple Gi cÖavb Kvh©vjq n‡”Q hy³iv‡ó«i K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv‡Z|
 Apple cÖwZôv K‡ib w÷f Rem, Ronald Gueyan Ges Stiv Guniyak|
 Oracle Corporation:
 1977 mv‡j Oracle Corporation cÖwZôv Kiv nq|
 Oracle Gi cÖavb Kvh©vjq hy³iv‡óªi K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvi †iWDW wmwU‡Z|
 Oracle cÖwZôv K‡ib Lawrence Joseph Ellison, Bobs Minar Ges Add Guatis|

Cloud Computing

 Cloud k‡ãi A_© n‡jv †gN|

 Cloud kãwU B›Uvi‡b‡U iƒcK A‡_© e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 Cloud computing Gi cÖavb welq n‡”Q wb‡Ri e¨eüZ Kw¤úDUv‡ii hard drive Gi cwie‡Z©
†mevcÖ`vbKvixi †Kvb cÖwZôvb †_‡Kmvwf©m ev hard drive fvov †bIqv|
 2006 mv‡j wek¦ weL¨vZ A¨vgvRb I‡qe mvwf©m K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs ïiæ K‡i|
 K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs Gi wZbUv ‰ewkó¨ _v‡Kt resource skilibility, on demand, pay as you go|
 K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs Gi cÖavb mvwf©m g‡Wj wZb ai‡bi: infrastructure as a services, platform
as a services, software applications as a services|
 K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs Gi myweav:
 †h †Kvb RvqMv †_‡K Z_¨ WvDb‡jvW Ges Avc‡jvW Kiv hvq|
 wb‡Ri †Kvb nvW©Iqvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
 e¨env‡ii LiP Zyjbvg~jK Kg|
 A‡Uv‡gwUK mdUIq¨vi WvDb‡jvW m¤¢e|
 K¬vDW Kw¤úDwUs Gi Amyweavt
 data, information Ges program Gi Dci wbqš¿Y _v‡Kbv|
 K¬vD‡W Z_¨ jyKv‡bv bv _vKvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

g‡Wj †U÷

1. “Cloud computing” me©cÖ_g amazon.com Pvjy K‡i KZ mv‡j?

K) 2004 L) 2006 M) 2008 N) 2010
2. KZ mvj †_‡K Email address G @ wPý e¨envi ïiæ nq?
K) 1972 L) 1974 M) 1984 N) 1999
3. Oracle Corporation KZ mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq?
K) 1977 L) 1978 M) 1979 N) 1980

DËi cÎ

1 L 2 K 3 K

Social Networking

facebook twitter
 †dmeyK Pvjy nq 4 †deªyqvwi, 2004|
 †dmey‡Ki cÖwZôvZv n‡jb gvK© RyKvievM©|  2006 mv‡j twitter Pvjy nq|
 †dmey‡Ki c~e© bvg wQj facemash|  cÖavb Kvh©vjq t Sanfransisco California,
 †dmey‡Ki cÖavb Kvh©vjq hy³iv‡óªi USA|
K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv‡Z|  cÖwZôvZv n‡jb Jack Dorsi|
 †dmey‡Ki †¯øvMvb: Be connected|  twitter Gi m‡e©v”P 140 wU kã †cv÷ Kiv
hvq|
instagram  twitter Gi †cv÷ †K ejv nq tweet|
 twitter †K ejv nq B›Uvi‡b‡Ui 'SMSÔ|
 2010 mvj †_‡K hvÎv ïiæ K‡i|
 D™¢veK n‡jb Kevin Systrom Ges Mike Google plus
Krieger|
 instant camera Ges telegram †_‡K  28 Ryb, 2011 mv‡j ¸‡Mvj c­vm hvÎv ïiæ
Bb÷vMÖvg bv‡gi DrcwË| K‡i|
 instagram †kqvi Kiv wfwWI m‡e©v”P 15  Gi ‡¯øvMvb: Lets meet here|
†m‡KÛ|

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

Linkedin MeetMee

 cÖwZôv Kiv nq 2002 mv‡j|  2005 mv‡j hvÎv ïiæ K‡i|

 cÖavb Kvh©vjq t Mountain View,  cÖavb Kvh©vjq t Newhope Pensilvania,
California, USA| USA|
 cÖwZôvZv t Raid Hofman  c~e© bvg t myYEARBOOK
 ‡ckvRxex‡`i †mvk¨vj I‡qe mvBU|  cÖwZôvZv t Jiof Cook, David Cook Ges
Catherin Cook|
Tumblr
whatsApp
 2007 mv‡j hvÎv ïiæ K‡i|
 microbloging mvBU|  2009 mv‡j hvÎv ïiæ K‡i|
 cÖavb Kvh©vjq t New York, USA|  cÖavb Kvh©vjq t Mountain View,
 cÖwZôvZv t David Courp California, USA|
 cÖwZôvZv t Jan Koum Ges Brian Acton|
VK
snapchat
 VK means Vkontakte
 2011 mv‡j hvÎv ïiæ K‡i|
 me‡P‡q eo ivwkqvb social networking
mvBU|  cÖwZôvZv t Evan Spygel, Boby Marphy
 2006 mv‡j hvÎv ïiæ K‡i| Ges Ragy Brawon|
 cÖwZôvZv t Pavel Dhrubo
WeChat
classmates.com
 21 Rvbyqvix, 2011 mv‡j hvÎv ïiæ|
 cÖavb Kvh©vjq: †eBwRs, Pxb|
 1995 mv‡j hvÎv ïiæ K‡i|
 cÖwZôvZv: Svs wRqvIjs Ges gv ûZvs|
 cÖwZôvZv t Randy Conrads

YouTube
skype
 14 †deªæqvix, 2005 mv‡j hvÎv ïiæ K‡i|
 2003 mv‡j hvÎv ïiæ K‡i|  cÖavb Kvh©vjq: mvb åæ‡bv, K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv|
 skype n‡”Q GKwU VolP †mev|  evsjv‡`kx cÖwZôvZv m`m¨ n‡jb- Rv‡e` Kwig|
 ‡¯øvMvb: Take a deep breath|  ‡¯øvMvb: Broadcast yourself|
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Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

Robotics

 Robot †_‡K Robotics k‡ãi DrcwË|

 Z_¨ cÖhyw³i †h kvLvq †iveU Gi bKkv Ges MVb KvR m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡i Zv‡K i‡evwU· e‡j|
 Kw¤úDUvi wbqwš¿Z †h †gwkb gvby‡li g‡Zv KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K ejv nq †iveU|
 wewfbœ †`‡ki wewfbœ †ive‡Ui bvg:
 Rvcv‡bi murata company Gi murata boy|
 sony corporation Gi Iboo|
 honda company Gi asimoo|
 GKwU †iveU Gi Ask¸‡jv n‡”Q:
 power system mainly lead rechargeable battery _v‡K|
 Actuatort it is called hand and muscle of robot
 Sensing
 manipulation
 ‡ive‡Ui e¨envi:
 wPwKrmv kv‡¯¿ †iveU e¨envi Kiv nq|
 hyׇ¶‡Î e¨envi Kiv nq|
 wkí I KjKviLvbvq †iveU e¨envi Kiv nq|
 AwZ m~² KvR †hgb: IC Ges PCB evbv‡bvi Rb¨ †iveU e¨envi Kiv nq|
 ‡iveU †mvwdqv:
 K…wÎg eyw×gËvi DrK…ó D`vniY †iveU †mvwdqv|
 wbg©vZv: nsKs‡qi n¨vbmb †ivewUKm|
 ‡mvwdqv Bs‡iRx‡Z K_v e‡j|
 ‡mvwdqv †mŠw` Avi‡ei bvMwiKZ¡ jvf K‡i|
 ‡mvwdqvi wWRvBbvi: †WwfW n¨vbmb (hy³ivóª)|
 ‡mvwdqv XvKv Av‡m: 6 wW‡m¤^i, 2017 mv‡j|
 K…wÎg eyw×gËvi msev` Dc¯’vcK:
 we‡k¦ cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv K…wÎg eyw×gËvi msev` Dc¯’vcK Pvjy K‡i Px‡bi ivóªxq msev`gva¨g wmbûqv|
 GwU g~jZ GKwU cyiæl †iveU|
 GB †iveUwU †hŠ_fv‡e ‰Zwi K‡i‡Q Px‡bi wmbûqv Ges Pxbv mvP© †Kv¤úvwb †kv‡MvD WUKg|

Cyber Crime

 Crime committed in internet is called cyber crime|

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 * evsjv‡`‡ki mvBevi µvBg cÖwZ‡iv‡a Rb¨ ÒZ_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ AvBbÓ 2006 Kiv nq|
 mvBevi µvBg Gi cÖKvi‡f`t
 Computer virus
 Hacking: †h e¨w³ n¨vwKs K‡i _v‡K n¨vKvi e‡j| A‰eafv‡e hviv n¨vwKs K‡i Zv‡`i‡K µ¨vKvi
ejv nq|
 Spamming
 Cyber attack or vandalism
 Cyberstalking
 Cyber theft
 Phishing: email Ges instant message Gi gva¨‡g phishing Kiv nq| login or access
 Information Pywi Kiv cÖavb j¶¨ _v‡K wdmvi‡`i|
 Piracy
 Intellectual property theft
 Pornography or sex video

g‡Wj †U÷

1. m¤úªwZ Av‡jvwPZ †iveU †mvwdqv‡K bvMwiKZ¡ w`‡q‡Q †Kvb †`k?

K) evsjv‡`k L) fviZ M) †mŠw` Avie N) Pxb
2. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mvBevi µvBg bq?
K) Computer virus L) Computer software
M) Piracy N) Pornography or sex video
3. B›Uvi‡b‡Ui “SMS” ejv nq †Kvb Social Media ‡K?
K) Facebook L) Youtube M) Mig 33 N) Twitter

DËi cÎ

1 M 2 L 3 N

HOT COLLECTION

 1 b¨‡bv †m‡KÛ = 1 †m‡KÛ Gi 100 †KvwU fv‡Mi 1 fvM|

 Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖv‡gi GKwU wb‡`©kbv evievi m¤úbœ Kivi cÖwµqv ‡K ejv nq jywcs|
 gwbUi nj eûj Av‡jvwPZ AvDUcyU wWfvBm|
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ aviY ¶gZv cwigv‡ci ¶y`ªZg GKK wn‡m‡e bit kã e¨envi Kiv nq|
 8 bit = 1 byte
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ aviY ¶gZv byte G cÖKvk Kiv nq|
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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 Each bit represents a signal| Each byte represents a character|

 1 nibble = 4 bit|
 1 TB = 1024 GIGABYTE
 Viber Pvjy nq 2010 mv‡j|
 POST means power on self test|
 Three finger salute means Ctrl + Alt + Delete|
 My picture Ges my video G¸‡jv _v‡K my document Gi C Drive G|
 Hard disk _v‡K my computer Gi C Drive G|
 `„wónxb‡`i Rb¨ cÖ_g evsjv mdUIq¨vi n‡”Q eye sight|
 ABC function e¨envi Kiv nq mwVK gvb †ei Kivi Rb¨|
 SQRT function e¨envi Kiv nq eM©g~j †ei Kivi Rb¨|
 MOD function e¨envi Kiv nq fvM‡kl wbY©q Kivi Rb¨|
 ASCII means american standard code for information †hUv 7 bit alpha numeric
code|
 BCD means binary coded decimal|
 BCD made up of 4 bit|
 EBCDIC means extended binary coded decimal information code|
 EBCDIC n‡jv 8 bit Alpha numeric code|
 UNICODE n‡jv mainly 2 byte or 16 bit code|
 ANSI code means American national standards institute †hUv 8 bit numeric code|
 Computer program language 5 types|
 3rd generation language †K ejv nq high nodded language|
 Machine language n‡”Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii †gŠwjK fvlv|
 Second generation language †K ejv nq assembly language|
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii D”PZi fvlv‡K †gwkb fvlvq KbfvU© Kivi Rb¨ compiler or interpreter software
e¨envi Kiv nq
 4th generation computer language †K ejv nq non procedural language|
 4th generation language †K ejv nq rapid applications development tool|
 Example of translator soft ware: compiler, interpreter, assembler|
 UPS means uninterruptible power supply|
 IPS means instant power supply|
 'Hub' star topology wU host computer wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
 OSI model Gi †jqvi 7 wU|
 Global village m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`b Marshall Mcluhan|
 Component of global village: hardware, software, data, capacity, connectivity|

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 The Gutenberg: 'The Making of Typographic Man' and 'Understanding Media'

MÖš’ wj‡Lb Marshall Macluhan|
 MODEM kãwU MOdulator Ges DEModulator Gi msw¶ß iæc|
 IANA means Internet Assigned Numbers Authority|
 VoIP means Voice Over Internet Protocol|
 Youtube hvÎv ïiæ K‡i 2005 mvj †_‡K| hvi †bZ…Z¡ †`q evsjv‡`wk es‡kv™¢~Z Rv‡f` Kwig|
 Kw¤úDUvi KvR K‡i I-P-O Gi gva¨‡g|
 Data transmission speed †K ejv nq bandwidth|
 narrow band e¨envi Kiv nq †UwjMÖvwd †Z|
 Voice band e¨envi Kiv nq †Uwj‡dv‡b|
 Broad band e¨envi Kiv nq m¨v‡UjvBU KwgDwb‡Kk‡b|
 Bandwidth means Bit Per Seconds|
 Data transmission mode: simplex, half duplex, full duplex|
 Simplex data mode e¨envi Kiv nq †iwWI Ges wUwf †Z|
 Full duplex data mode e¨envi Kiv nq †gvevBj Ges †Uwj‡dv‡b|
 Optical fiber G Av‡jvi c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdj‡bi gva¨‡g Z_¨ cwienb K‡i|
 DWDM means Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing|
 WiMAX means Worldwide Interoperability For Microwave Access|
 WiMAX Gi wfZi IEEE 802.16 technology _v‡K|
 Wi-Fi Gi standard n‡jv IEEE 802.11
 Bluetooth Gi Standard n‡jv IEEE 802.15|
 1800 mv‡j weÁvbx William Harsly Bbdªv‡iW Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 Bbdªv‡iW Gi wave length 1 gvB‡µv wgUvi †_‡K 1 wgwjwgUvi|
 eZ©gvb we‡k¦ cÖhyw³i wewµ‡Z kxl© cÖwZôvb n‡”Q apple|
 The process of stanting or resetting computer is called Boot.
 Kw¤úDUvi Kivi ci cÖ_g KvR ïiæ K‡i processor|
 Kw¤úDUvi Ges ISP Gi mv‡_ Kv‡bKkb‡K ejv nq Homepage|
 VSAT means Very Small Aperture Terminal.
 m¤úªwZ eÜ nIqv Z_¨ cÖhyw³i cÖwZôvb n‡jv: Google Allo Ges Google Plus|
 Drone n‡”Q PvjKwenxb wegvb|
 BD‡ivwcqvb cigvYy weÁvbx‡`i M‡elYv cÖwZôvb n‡jv CERN|
 Bangladesh Gi cyber tribunal MwVZ nq 28 Rvbyqvwi, 2013 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi Drcv`b KviLvbv ‰Zwi K‡i IqvjUb †Kv¤úvwb; †hUv MvRxcy‡i Aew¯’Z|
 4G Gi Aci bvg nj Long Term Evolution|
 evsjv‡`‡k 4G †mev Pvjy nq 19 †deªæqvwi, 2018 mvj †_‡K|
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g w_ªwR †mev Pvjy K‡i †UwjUK|

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 evsjv‡`k dvBf wR †mev cÖwµqv gyjK cÖ`k©bx nq 25 RyjvB, 2018 mv‡j|

 wWwRUvj gy`ªv ev weUK‡q‡bi ‰eaZv w`‡q‡Q Rvcvb|
 iƒcKí 2021 Gi iƒcKvi wn‡m‡e cÖ_g wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k c`K cvb Aveyj gvj Ave`yj gywnZ|
 Pvu‡` †gvevBj †dvb UvIqvi ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q Vodaphone †Kv¤úvwb|
 ‡dmeyK †_‡K 5 †KvwU Z_¨ †envZ K‡i Cambridge Analytica|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g †ccvj †mev Av‡b †mvbvjx e¨vsK|
 UvP w¯Œ‡bi RbK Georhe Samuel Hust|
 †bU eøwMs Gi RbK Evan Williams|
 UvP w¯Œb †gvevBj †dv‡bi RbK w÷f Rem|
 '333' call number n‡”Q †`‡ki miKvwi Z_¨ Rvbvi bv¤^vi|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g mvBevi wmwU ejv nq wm‡jU‡K|
 'emoji' kãwUi Rvcvwb fvlv †_‡K G‡m‡Q|
 9 †m‡Þ¤^i, 2015 ¸Mj evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ wbDR mvwf©m Pvjy K‡i|
 LDC Gi cÖ¯ÍvweZ †UK‡bvjwR e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb Kvh©vjq Zyi‡¯‹|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g wWwRUvj f~wg e¨e¯’vcbv Pvjy nq PÆMÖv‡g|
 Freelancer means gy³ †ckvRxex|
 we‡k¦ cÖ_g 8k †iRy‡jkb wUwf Pvjy K‡i Rvcvb|
 eZ©gv‡b BÝUªvMÖvg Ges †nvqvUmA¨vc nj †dmey‡Ki Aax‡b|
 m¤cÖwZ Pxb †dmeyK e¨envi wbwl× K‡i‡Q|
 evsjv †Wv‡gB‡bi gvwjKvbv n‡jv WvK I †Uwj‡hvM gš¿Yvjq|
 Microsoft translator bangla language ïiæ nq 2017 mvj †_‡K|
 alibaba.com n‡jv Px‡bi Kgvm© cÖwZôvb|
 web engine Gi RbK Alan Amataz|
 internet world stats 2017 Abyhvhx evsjv‡`‡ki 44.5% gvbyl B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i|
 Apple ink. Gi CEO n‡jv Tom Cook|
 we‡k¦i me‡P‡q eo I‡qe †cvU©vj ÒRvZxq Z_¨ evZvqb Pvjy nqÓ 23 Ryb, 2014 mv‡j|
 †UwjUK m¤cÖwZ bvix‡`i Rb¨ AcivwRZv bv‡g GKwU c¨v‡KR Pvjy K‡i|
 FM radio broad casting Gi g‡Wj iv÷ª biI‡q|
 5G †mev Pvjy K‡i `w¶Y †Kvwiqv|
 wek¦ cÖhyw³i ivRavbx ejv nq `w¶Y †Kvwiqv‡K|
 IqvwksUb †cv‡÷i gvwjK n‡jv amazon.com|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g †gvevBj wUwf P¨v‡b‡ji bvg P¨v‡bj 26|
 B›Uvi‡bU e¨env‡i kxl© †`k Pxb|
 porn strom nj ivwkqvb n¨vKvi Mªyc|
 evsjv‡`‡ki WvK wefv‡Mi †gvevBj e¨vswKs †mevi bvg ÒbM`Ó|
 MNP means Mobile Number Portability|

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 eZ©gvb cvm‡cv‡U© 38 ai‡bi †mev _v‡K|

 †kL nvwmbv mdUIq¨vi cvK© †eRcvov, h‡kv‡i Aew¯’Z|
 wmwjKb f¨vwj Aew¯’Z K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv‡Z|
 eZ©gvb †dmeyK Gi cÖavb wbe©vnx n‡jb Sheril Senberg|
 gnv‡`kxq B›Uvi‡bU gnvmoK Gi cÖšÍveK n‡jv evsjv‡`k|
 Hyperloop nj evqyk~b¨ ¯’v‡b ga¨ w`‡q `ªæZ MwZ‡Z PjvPj c×wZ|
 g½j MÖ‡ni Ae¯’vb Kiv bvmvi me©‡kl Aóg b‡fvhvb Gi bvg insight|
 e½eÜy wmwjKb wmwU nvB‡UK cvK© ivRkvnx†Z Aew¯’Z|
 Sheikh Hasina Institute of Information Technology Ges Hitech Park Aew¯’Z
gv`vixcy‡i|
 †`‡ki cÖ_g B‡jKwU«K eB‡qi bvg '21 e book'|
 B›Uvi‡b‡Ui MwZ me‡P‡q †ewk biI‡q‡Z|
 wikileaks Gi †¯øvMvb n‡jv ÒWe open GovernmentÓ|
 a2i cÖK‡í mnvqZv Ki‡Q UNDP Ges USAID|
 ev‡qv‡gwUªK †iwR‡÷ªªk‡b evsjv‡`k 2q|
 Google chrome eªvDRv‡ii hvÎv ïiæ nq 2004 mv‡j|
 Baidu n‡jv Px‡bi GKwU RbwcÖq search engine|
 Primo smart phone wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb n‡jv IqvjUb|
 UC Browser Gi gvwjKvbv cÖwZôvb n‡jv Avwjevev MÖæc|
 evsjv‡`k cÖ_g fvi‡Z eªWe¨vÛ B›Uvi‡bU ißvwb K‡i|
 wbqwgZ †gvevBj Ks‡MÖm AbywôZ nq evi‡m‡jvbv, ‡¯ú‡b|
 we‡k¦i me‡P‡q †ewk gy‡Vv‡dvb we‡µZv cÖwZôvb Samsung n‡”Q `wÿb †Kvwiqvi|
 evsjv‡`‡k †gvevBj Acv‡iUi‡`i †RvU n‡”Q ÔGgUeÕ|
 PDF means Portable Document Format.
 webvg~‡j¨ B›Uvi‡b‡U Qwe, Z_¨ msiÿ‡bi mvBU n‡jv ÒWªce·Ó|
 ÒPxbÓ‡K we‡k¦i B‡jKwUªK eR©¨vMvi ejv nq|
 VK n‡jv ivwkqvi social site|
 OPPO smart phone Gi gvwjKvbvwab †`k Pxb|
 Òeø-y ‡nv‡qjÓ wfwWI †Mgm Avwe¯‹viK †`k ivwkqv|
 c„w_exi cÖ_g †`k wn‡m‡e mvBevi Av`vjZ cÖwZôv K‡i wdwjcvBb|
 facebook 2014 mv‡j whats up wK‡b ‡bq|
 CDMA means Code Division Multiple Acess.
 AbjvBb †jb‡`b cøvUdg© Paypal cÖwZwôZ nq 1998 mv‡j|

www.exambd.net
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35-40Zg wewmGm cÖkœ-DËi

35Zg wewmGm cÖkœ-DËi

 Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡gi ¯‹¨vbvi n‡jv BbcyU wWfvBm|

 Kw¤úDUv‡ii g~j †g‡gvwi ‰Zwi nq wmwjKb wPc w`‡q|
 ÒbackupÓ †cÖvMÖvg ej‡Z †evSvq wba©vwiZ dvBj Kwc Kiv|
 GKwU cÖwZôvb Gi wWfvBm fvMvfvwM Kivi myweav nj A_© mvkÖq, mgq mvkÖq Ges ¯’v‡b mvkÖq|
 google.com †Kbv‡ePvi Rb¨ bq|
 I‡qe eªvDRvi Qvov B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖ‡ek Kiv mnR bq|
 Kw¤úDUvi †g‡gvwi †_‡K msiw¶Z WvUv D‡Ëvj‡bi c×wZ‡K ejv nq read|
 MICR means Magnetic Ink Character Reader|
 Data Definition Language, Data Manipulation Language, Query Language nj
database language|
 Social networking site twiter cÖwZwôZ nq 2006 mv‡j|
 A¨vÛª‡qW n‡jv ¯§vU©‡dv‡bi Open Source Operating System|
 †gvevBj KwgDwb‡Kk‡b 3G †_‡K 4G †Z AwZwi³ eªWe¨vÛ B›Uvi‡bU †mev †`Iqv nq|
 Oracle Corporation Gi cÖwZôvZv n‡jb Lawrence J Ellison|
 ‡cÖvMÖvg †_‡K Kwc Kiv WvUv RAM G _v‡K|
 cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi hy³ K‡i †bUIqvK© ‰Zwi Kiv hvq|

36Zg wewmGm cÖk-œ DËi

 c+, java, assembly language, machine language G¸‡jv 3G Language bv|

 1 kilo byte = 1024 byte|
 wi-fi standard n‡”Q IEEE 802.11|
 wUwf wi‡gvU K‡›Uªvj Bbd«v‡iW wWfvBm hy³ Kiv nq|
 (1011)2 + (0101)2 = (10000)2|
 Wimax Gi c~Y©iƒc nj Òworldwide Interoperability For Microwave AccessÓ |
 correct equation according to boolean algebra is A + A desh = 1|
 8.8086 n‡jv 16 we‡Ui gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi|
 ÒPower SupplyÓ †gvevBj †dv‡bi BbcyU wWfvBm bq|
 Oracle nj Data Base Language|

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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 linkedIn GKwU Bussiness Oriented Social Networking Service, hv 2002 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ
nq Ges 2006 mv‡j GUv m`m¨ msL¨v 20 wgwjq‡bi †ewk nq|
 Communication System Gateway `yB ev Zvi AwaK wfbœ ai‡bi †bUIqvK© †K mshy³ Kivi
Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq|
 RAM n‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖv_wgK †g‡gvwi|
 Plotter n‡jv AvDUcyU wWfvBm|

37Zg wewmGm cÖkœ-DËi

 Kw¤úDUvi CPU Gi ALU MvwYwZK wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi KvR K‡i|

 1 wU 2 BbcyU jwRK †mU Gi AvDUcyU 0 n‡j hw` Gi BbcyU ¸‡jv mgvb nq - GB Dw³wU EX-OR
†m‡Ui Rb¨ mZ¨
 ÒCÓ †Kvb Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g bq|
 K¬vDW mvf©vi Gi me‡P‡q fv‡jv w`K n‡jv e¨enviKvixi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx Kw¤úDwUs †mev †`Iqv|
 IP-V6 adress 128 bit Gi|
 OMR GKwU BbcyU wWfvBm|
 UNICODE Gi gva¨‡g 65536 wU wPý‡K wbw`©ó Kiv hvq|
 A¨vÛª‡qW Acv‡iwUs Gi †¶‡Î mwVK evK¨ n‡jv G‡Z wbg©vZv ¸Mj, GUv wjbv· Kv‡b©j wbf©i Ges GUv
cÖavbZ UvPw¯Œb †gvevB‡ji Rb¨ ‰Zwi|
 IOS †gvevBj Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g evRviRvZ K‡i apple|
 EDSAC Kw¤úDUv‡ii WvUv msi¶Y Kivi Rb¨ Mercury Delay Lines Memory e¨envi Kiv
nq|
 e-commerece mvBUwU amazon.com 1994 mv‡j cÖwZôv K‡i|
 SMTP means Simple Mail Transfer Protocol|
 TCP w`‡q cÖ‡UvKj eySv‡bv nq|
 push and pop mvaviYZ ÒstackÓ Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z|
 wi-fi †bUIqvK© ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ Zvinxb ms‡hvM cÖ‡qvRb|

38 Zg wewmGm cÖk-œ DËi

 TCP/IP cÖ‡UvKj B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ me‡P‡q †ewk e¨envi Kiv nq|
 Ò@Ó wPýwU B‡gBj G‡Wªm G Aek¨B _vK‡e|
 Wikipaedia evwK wZbwU h_vµ‡g facebook, twiter, linkedin †_‡K Avjv`v|
 10101111 Gi 1's complement nj 01010000|
 Input-Reader Bus Kw¤úDUv‡i bus wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv nq bv|
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 Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ Av‡jvKewZ©Kv

 ROM wfwËK †cÖvMÖv‡gi bvg Firmware|

 NAND logic gate Gi output 1 nq hLb Gi me inpout 0 _v‡K|
 MS DOS nj gvB‡µvmdU Gi cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvg|
 Disk Defragmentation e¨envi Kiv nq wW¯‹ Gi dvBj¸‡jv cybwe©b¨vm Ki‡Z|
 google.com †ePv‡Kbvi mvBU bv|
 Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i OST g‡W‡gi †jqvi mvZwU|
 AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡i Av‡jvi cvjm e¨envi Kiv nq|
 B‡gBj MÖnY Kivi AwaK e¨eüZ †cÖv‡UvKj nj P0P3|
 A.Ā = 1 GwU mwVK bq|
 1 word = 8 bit|

40Zg wewmGm

 gyw`ªZ †jLv mivmwi BbcyU †bIqvi Rb¨ OCR e¨eüZ nq|

 Complier GKwU m¤ú~Y© Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg‡K GKevi Abyev` I m¤úv`b K‡i|
 Touch Screen GKB mv‡_ Bbcyi I AvDUcyU wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
 77, 15, 101 G¸‡jv A±vj bv¤^vi, wKš‘ 19 †Kvb A±vj bv¤^vi bq|
 GKwU wi‡jkbvj WvUv‡em g‡W‡j Tables Øviv Relation cÖKvk Kiv nq|
 Bluetooth GKwU Personal Area Network Gi D`vniY|
 ‡gvevBj ‡dvb Full-duplex Mode G †hvMv‡hvM nq|
 Time-shared OS Gi Rb¨ Round-robin scheduling policy me‡P‡q fvj|
 52(16) Gi evBbvix iƒc 01010010(2)|
 Netscape Navigator n‡”Q cÖ_g Web browser|
 Social Networking Site G Image, video, audio, text ¸‡jv e¨eüZ nq|
 Unauthorized access Gi Protection ‡`Iqvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq Firewall|
 TV remote Gi carrier frequency-i range n‡”Q infrared range G|
 CPU mvaviYZ Logical address generate K‡i|
 H.323 Protocol mvaviYZ VoIP Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq|

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